Iš kur kilęs „kìbiras“ („kibìras“)

V. DrotVinas. Where the kvass comes from 169 VINCENTAS DROTVINAS Vilniaus pedagoginis universitetas There are several opinions about the origin of the word “kibbar” in Lithuanian language. The eye of Kazimieras Buga this word attracted primarily because of the spelling. In the “Report of the Editor of the Lithuanian Language Dictionary” he indicated that the dictionaries published do not mark the accent of the word and the prefix of the accented vowels: “from such dictionaries, even if you want, you will not learn how to pronounce one or another rarer word. Let’s say, someone needs to find out how to pronounce these words […] buckets ‘viedand rai’ and buckets ‘treškas’ (wood) scraps, šatrai” (Lietuva, 1921, No. 91). Furthermore, he wrote that “[a] good dictionary would give us the answer that we should pronounce […] kibber ‘viedrai’ and kibiraa (Būga 1959: 379). Based on the difference in pronunciation and semantics, the Lithuanian language dictionary indicates a pair of homonyms: 1 kkbiras (kibobras) “a small dry twig, branch, thorn” (for the origin see Smoczyński 2007: 283) and 2 kibobras “a vessel for drawing and carrying water from a well” (LKŽ V 1959: 725); For the pronunciation of kibbar "water drawn from the well vessel" see more. Vitkauskas 2006: 125. In the current Lithuanian dictionary (1972, 1993, 2004, 2006) there are two pronunciation variants: kibiar and kkbiras. The State Lithuanian Language Commission has decided to consider kkbiras (3b) as the main variant of pronunciation, and kibbars (2) as the secondary variant. In the article "Slavų–baltų etymologijos" K. Būga explained the origin of this word: Lithuanian kibbarras = transl. I'm sorry. The prefix -ira-s was compared with the prefixes inkst-iras, bimb-iras (Būga 1958: 326). The origin of the word bucket has been tried to explain differently by Viktor Kamantauskas, Lithuanian linguist, translator (1899–1951). He has prepared a Short Study of Lithuanian Dialect (I–II, 1928–1929), a dictionary of borrowed words and their Lithuanian equivalents Kalbėkime lietuviškai (1933). In a short dictionary of Lithuanian language irregularities and barbarisms (1928) V. Kamantauskas presents a dictionary of spelling and pronunciation irregularities of barbarisms, doubtful or incorrectly corrected words by language correctors, intended for “ordinary society and schoolchildren”. The corrections are based on the opinions of K. Būga and Rygiškių Jono, F. Kuršaitis, P. Skardžys, the old authors M. Daukša, K. Sirvydas, S. Daukanto, M. Valančiaus. He writes about the origin of the word kibiras: „A bucket, with which the Lithuanians of the language 170 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 83 to give ‘foreignness’ viedrą, is as non-Lithuanian as viedras (which comes from the Hebrew language).” (Kamantauskas 1928: 35). Jonas Jablonskis soon responded to V. Kamantauskas’ dictionary, publishing a collection of commentaries on the dictionary under the pseudonym Rygiškių Jono (Mūsų kalbos žodynėlio dalykai, 1929). Without going into a broader review of J. Jablonski’s individual comments, it can be said that in V. Kamantauskas’s corrections the linguist often lacks a more detailed argumentation of his opinion. It requires “to be more eloquent”, i.e. to give more vivid examples of language usage, illustrations; says that he does not fully understand the corrector's arguments; sometimes shows that the author of the corrections is not always right, because he does not recognize the differences in dialects or genders of the verbs; reminds that the suitability of some examples of S. Daukanto, F. Kuršaitis should be evaluated critically, etc. This is reflected in the linguist's opinion about the origin of the bucket. J. Jablonski doubted the interpretation of the origin of the word bucket, assessing the author's statement skeptically: "The author derived the bucket, apparently, from the Jewish language, but does not say from which current Jewish word it is formed. This news of the author is really unexpected for me. Before making such strict assertions about a bucket or bucket, the author needed to support those assertions at least as clearly as possible." (Johnson 1997: 44–45). Thus, such an unargued interpretation of the word origin J. Jablonskis considers "news", but does not specify the word origin himself. According to Lithuanian dictionaries, kkbiras (kibbiras) is a Western Highland word found in the dictionaries of Lesser Lithuania – the 17th century manuscript German-Lithuanian dictionary Lexicon Lithuanicum: Eymer wiedras, kibbiras 33a. ; Schöpffeymer kibirras 76a. In the Lithuanian dictionary, the history of its fixation begins with the 17th-century dictionary Clavis Germanico-Lithvana: Eimer. Wēdras, ô. M. Kibbiris, ô. M. C I 23 (but only wiedras is found in the biblical illustration here, as in the dictionaries of Konstantinas Sirvydas). The word bucket is also found in the dictionaries of Jakubas Brodovskis, Pilypas Ruigis, Kristijonas Gotlybas Milkas, Georg Heinrich Ferdinand Nesselmann, Friedrich Kuršaitis and later ones, in the songs of Antanas Juška, in the Lithuanian folklore collections of August Schleicher, August Leskien and Karl Brugmann. It was also written by Jonas Jablonskis himself (LKŽ V 1959: 725), and is now widely used in common language. Why did V. Kamantauskas take the word bucket from the Jewish language? Let's see what could be its source in Yiddish. The Jewish word emer "bucket" (← German Eimer) itself was not directly related to the Lithuanian word kibiras (Jankelovičius, Kačergis 1940). The Hebrew word ceber “low wooden vessel with a bucket”, which was probably associated with Lithuanian kibiras, V. DrotVinas. 171 is found in contemporary Yiddish dictionaries, for example: Русско-еврейский (идиш) словарь [...], 1984: 60, 619; cuber = ceber = ciber „цэбар“ (Астравух 2008: 202); Polish language ceber, cebr. In the Lithuanian language, the variants of this loanword are known as cãbaras, càberis and cabakas, cèberas "low wooden dish, rėčka, half-cup", as well as cèberis, cẽberis, ceberỹs, cebekas, cẽbras, cèbras 1 see ceberas, 2 bidonas (LKŽ II 1969: 8). The origin of the Polish words ceber and cebr is not clear. Alexander Brückner writes that the Polish ceber has nothing in common with the German Zuber, Zober, but is only deceptively similar to the Lithuanian root kib- "to hang, to hang, to hang" (Brückner 1989: 56, 107). However, the polonism ceber, cebr is derived from the high German dialect word zuber, zuibar (compound word zwei "two" + beran "to carry") (Duden 2001: 952; Paul 2002: 1211); cf. also Zuber’s “big double container for water”, unlike Eimer’s “bucket” (Pfeifer 1995: 1624). According to Fasmer, the Slavic form čьbьrъ is related to the Lithuanian bucket "ведро". Recent Polish etymology dictionaries indicate that ceber has nothing to do with Lithuanian kibiras, noting that kibiras is only “a drawing vessel that is constantly hanging from the lever of the well” (Bańkowski 2000: 109). Thus, kkbiras (kibobras) is undoubtedly a Lithuanian word. LITERATūRA B a ń kow s k i A. 2000: Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego. Tom I, A–K, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo naukowe. B r ü c k ne r A. 1989: Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo wiedza powszechna. B ū g a K. 1958: Славянобалтийские этимологии. – Rinktiniai raštai 1, Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla. B ū g a K. 1959: Lietuvių kalbos žodyno redaktoriaus pranešimas. – Rinktiniai raštai 2, Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla. Duden 2001: Duden das Herkunftswörterbuch. Etymologie der Deutschen Sprache, 3. völlig neu bearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Duden Verlag. F r a e n ke l E. 1962: Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg–Göttingen. J a n k e lov i č i u s Ic., K a č e r g is S. 1940: Kišeninis Lietuvių Kalbos Raktas. Žydiškas–lietuviškas Žodynas. Stud. Ic. Jankelovičiaus ir S. Kačergio leidinys, Kaunas: C. Kagano spaustuvė. Kamantauskas V. 1928: Trumpas kalbos netaisyklingumų ir barbarizmų žodynėlis, Kaunas: Valstybės spaustuvė. LKŽ 1969: Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 2. Atsak. redaktorius J. Kruopas, Vilnius. LKŽ 1959: Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 5. Atsak. redaktorius K. Ulvydas, Vilnius. 172 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 83 Pa u l H. 2002: German Dictionary. History of meaning and structure of our vocabulary. 10th revised and expanded edition by Helmut Henne, Heidrun Kämper and Georg objartel, Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen. P f e i f er W. 1995: Etymological Dictionary of the German, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich. 1929. "The Language of Ours". Separate observation on V. Kamantauskas’s “Dictionary of the Irregularities and Barbarisms of Trump’s Speech”, Kaunas: Tulpės Bėvės leidinys. S m o c z yń s k i W. 2007: Etymological Dictionary of Lithuanian Language, Vilnius. 2006. pp. 10. "The History of the Word". – Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 55, 125–126. A s t r a v u x A. 2008: Yiddish-Belarusian dictionary, Minsk: Medisont. F a s m e r m. 1986: Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language. Москва: Прогресс. Tom II, Gauta 2010 10 26 oN THE ORIGIN oF KÌBIRAS (KIBÌRAS) Summary The article discusses the origin of two Lithuanian homonyms, namely, 1. kė biras, kibųras ‘a small dry twig, a dry branch’, and 2. kėbiras ‘a container to carry water and draw it from a well’ (Lietuvių kalbos žodynas, 1959, vol. The Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian (Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, 2006) gives two stress variants for the second homonym: kųbiras, kibųras. The dictionaries of Lithuanian provide convincing evidence testifying to the Lithuanian origin of the word. This word originates in the Western Highlanders (Aukštaitian) subdialect, it has also been traced in some dictionaries that were published in the 17th century. in Prussian Lithuania, or Lithuania Minor, it is found in dictionaries and folklore collections. Moreover, the word belongs to the general lexicon of current Lithuanian. Etymologists K. Būga (1958, 1959), E. Fraenkel (1962), A. Brückner (1989), M. Vasmer (1986), and A. Bańkowski (2000) suggest different interpretations of its origin: oSlav. cьbьrъ (< oHG zwibar) and Lith. kib-ti ‘an. ?“, kyb-oti „an. ?“ VINCENTAS DRoTVINAS Vilniaus pedagoginis universitetas T. Ševčenkos g. 31, LT-03111 Vilnius, Lithuania [email protected]