Bendrinės kalbos regionai jaunųjų lietuvių kalbos bendruomenės narių požiūriu: kompetencija ir vaizdiniai

D. AliūkAitė, E. MErkytė-ŠvArciEnė. Bendrinės kalbos regionai jaunųjų lietuvių kalbos bendruomenės narių požiūriu: kompetencija ir vaizdiniai 155 DAIVA ALIŪKAITĖ vilniaus universiteto kauno humanitarinis fakultetas ERIKA MERKYTĖ-ŠVARCIENĖ vilniaus universiteto kauno humanitarinis fakultetas GENERAL CONDITIONS The Young and the Restless IN THE VIEW OF THE COMMUNITY MEMBERS: kOMPEtEnciJA ir vAiZDiniAi KEY WORDS: common language, common language regions, common language community member, common language competence, common language image, perceptual dialectology. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS It can be argued that the locality mark, in the context of the common language (bk) user, is a concomitant mark1. Usually, when describing a bk representative, a system of factors is mentioned, which includes the consumer's education, social-cultural experience. After all, even a certain profession or activity of the consumer can be a clear reference to a bk representative2. Anyway, the location tag does not fall among the significant factors3. It should be noted that when speaking about bk, the opposition between urban and rural cannot be completely ignored, because usually this difference is often related to the already mentioned pronunciation1. Of course, such observation would not be appropriate when speaking about the standard languages of those countries (in our case – bk), which are based on the language of the capital. 2 Bk is usually associated with the public speaking professions, i.e. TV, radio, etc., although, as recent sociolinguistic studies show, these areas are also characterized by a more diverse expression, primarily because the roles of TV, radio hosts are not only played by representatives of the target (i.e. this field) education (see more tamaševičius 2012). 3 Of course, taking into account the layers of dialectal experience of consumers and the bk base dialect, representatives of some Lithuanian regions can a priori be assumed to be better bk representatives than those of other regions, but in the absence of specific data, these are only considerations. unlike the speakers of regional dialects, the language of bk speakers does not indicate their origin and place of residence. Of course, it sakyti, kad bk atstovų kalba neturėtų išduoti jų kilmės ir gyvenamosios vietos. 156 kAlBOS kUltūrA | 85 must be admitted that this is an optimistic scenario. more precisely would be a factor of miamą įtaką formuojantis vartotojo bk įgūdžiams pirmiausia todėl, kad švietimo sritis a priori siejama su bk. Dėl objektyvių priežasčių (plg. išvysweaving (and of socio-cultural experience, which often has to do with the infrastructure, the educational institutions, the diversity of the labour market, etc.) cities are undoubtedly attractive centres for educated members of the language community, so the attempt to associate bk representatives primarily with the city may be partly correct. Furthermore, traditional dialectology also makes a distinction between urban and rural dialects, according to which dialects are primarily searched for in the countryside (cf. nOrM criteria4), although bk dialects should also be searched for in the cities. Of course, it would be inaccurate to unequivocally assess an educated member of the language community as a more potential representative of bk, and a less educated one as a likely representative of other variants, usually dialectal codes, semi-dialectal codes. this approach greatly simplifies the concept of language variantity. on the other hand, the subject of this article does not require the consideration of the exact correspondences between the sociolinguistic portrait of a given user and his speech code. In view of the very different history of bk creation, development, and tradition of use in different countries, often even the theoretical models of the spread of language variants in society presented by geolinguists or sociolinguists (cf. Peter Trudgill’s trapezoid or triangle scheme, depicting the system of regional accents and social code barriers, see Trudgill 1983: 41) are only partially accurate, i.e. suitable for generalizing the situation of language variantity in a particular country, when there is a very clear social structure of the society, well-known models of language education applied in that society, etc. Theorists who devote considerable attention to the concept of standard language (in our case – bk) (see Hilton 2010: 58–69; for theoretical discussions on bk also see Aliūkaitė 2009a: 164–168) express doubts about whether the sentential form of the standard exists at all. For example, according to Deborah Cameron, in essence only writing realizes the myth of a standard language (i.e. bk) (quoted from Jafte 2000: 500). more in-depth analysis of these 4 Akronimas nOrM apibendrina tokį tarmės atstovo sociolingvistinį portretą: nonmobile, older, rural male = sėslus, vyresnio amžiaus, iš kaimo [paryškinta mūsų – D. A. ir E. M.- Š.] insights would be possible with such precision (see chambers, trudgill 1998: 29). D. AliūkAitė, E. MErkytė-ŠvArciEnė. Bendrinės kalbos regionai jaunųjų lietuvių kalbos bendruomenės narių požiūriu: kompetencija ir vaizdiniai 157 lą, pasirinkus tam tikrą teorinę perspektyvą ir sukaupus duomenų. Šio The aim of this article is to consider why bk becomes a common code, i.e. a variant that is associated with a specific city, region, etc., in the view of the members of the common language community. The paradigm of perceptual dialectology (about the provisions of perceptual dialectology see more in the article "Perceptual dialectology: a new approach to linguistics") Preston 1988: 373-395; 1989; 1999: xxiii-xl; long 1999: 198–226; inoue 1999: 147; Diercks 2002: 51–70; Evans 2002a: 95–975; see also Aliūkaitė 2006: 88–89; 2007: 52–61), which legitimized the approach of the simple member of the language community6 primarily in dialectological studies, essentially made it possible for the so-called perspective of language feeling (German: Sprachgefühl)7 to be found not only in studies related to dialectal discourse. Thus, the research problem – bk regions through the eyes of young members of the Lithuanian language community – is discussed by studying the images of bk variants of ordinary members of the language community. The almost objective projection of these images, which becomes the object of the analysis of this article, is the linguistic attitude of language users and evaluators towards texts-stimulants, represented in the works of representatives, in which the methodology is created, refined, supplemented in one aspect or another. For more information on perceptual dialectology research in the world, see HPD1 taisyklingumo, suprantamumo, panašumo į bk, patrauklumo ir, žinoma, 5 Pažymėtina, kad čia pateikiami tik chrestomatiniai perceptyviosios dialektologijos paradigmos 1999; HPD2 2002; PD 2010. 6 The term ordinary member of the language community refers to those members of the language community who do not have professional linguistic knowledge. At the 19th Sociolinguistics Symposium in Berlin this year, representatives of perceptual dialectology and folk linguistics discussed in one of the final discussions of the event “Folk linguistics and society: Discussion” which subject meets the criteria of a non-professional member of the language community. There has never been a consensus. The dichotomy professional vs. non-professional in each case relates to the subject of research. even in the investigative case, it is not entirely correct to say that the participants in the study do not have professional knowledge. In schools, pupils receive knowledge about bk, they are taught bk (during Lithuanian language lessons), even the instrumental language of the teachers is often bk or at least they try to have bk. On the other hand, it is precisely this degree of “professionality” of the subjects that determines the intrigue of the study – whether the school has a significant influence on the language proficiency of the ordinary member of the language community. 7 For further details on the distinction between “language feeling” and “language reality” (Sprachwirklichkeit) formulated by H. Büld in 1939, see Goeman 1999: 136. 158 kAlBOS kUltūrA | Localization of 85 texts-stimulants in so-called mental maps (angl. mental map)8. The tasks of regularity, comprehensibility, similarity to bk, attractiveness, mental map of text-stimulants are traditional parts of the work of perceptual dialectology researchers. During the research, the most regular, attractive, etc. dialect codes are identified from the point of view of the members of the language community. from the mental map task, when the subjects have to locate audible dialectic texts-stimuli on the map, the continuity (and spatial) judgment of the dialects of the users is determined. Similarly, the inclusion of bk texts-stimulants in perceptual dialectology studies allows the researcher to assess the attitudes of the ordinary member of the language community, beliefs about bk, as well as the value of place in the sociolinguistic portrait of the bk speaker, i.e. to determine whether the ordinary member of the language community associates the bk representative with some region. It can be argued that by determining the bk localization parameters of the members of the common language community, the perceptual bk competence of the users is also clarified to a certain extent. This segment of the sociolinguistic competence is important for refining, on the one hand, the guidelines for mother tongue education, and on the other hand, it is significant in terms of cultural education in general, of which dialect education is (should be!) an integral part. Furthermore, to a certain extent, the bk visual system reveals the dialect competence of the users, i.e. the study determines whether the dialect code is distinguished from the non-dialectal one. This knowledge is important for geolinguists, sociolinguists and representatives of normative linguistics. It should be noted that, when preparing the research instrument discussed in this article, it was decided to include bk texts-stimulants in the perceptual research, guided by a certain research tradition and experience. During the 2004–2006 study of “perception and evaluation of dialectal speech”, one of the evaluated dialectal texts-stimuli was obtained, in which only the so-called accompanying bk image of members of the ordinary language community was realized. ji rytų aukštaičių anykštėnų bruožai, duomenys leido fiksuoti netikslų paas many as 40.63 percent of all res8 the term mental map proposed by Greta Willis Diercks (2002) is used in the works of perceptual dialectology researchers as well as the term cognitive map (e.g., clopper 2004: 6). In addition, researchers sometimes use similarly meaningful terms (most likely self-designed, without a clear tradition), such as cognitive landscape and mental landscape (see Wales 1999, lecture material). For more information on mental map tasks in the works of perceptual dialectology researchers see Aliūkaitė 2007: 174–182; Aliūkaitė 2009b: 164–179). D. AliūkAitė, E. MErkytė-ŠvArciEnė. Bendrinės kalbos regionai jaunųjų lietuvių kalbos bendruomenės narių požiūriu: kompetencija ir vaizdiniai 159 31.92% of all respondents9 stated that the aforementioned dialect text did not differ from bk (for more on this study, see Aliūkaitė 2009a: 160–187). to continue investigations to clarify other Panašūs duomenys gauti ir per 2008 m. tarminių nuostatų tyrimą (žr. Aliūkaitė, Merkytė 2009: 259–274)10. Užfiksuotas netikslus bk vaizdinys paskaaspects related to bk. Thus, in this case, the basis for the consideration of the problem of the introduction of bk is part of the data of the complex perceptual dialectology study, primarily aimed at the perception and evaluation of dialectal speech (tk). The investigation took place in November 2009, December 2010 and January 2011. During the study of perceptual dialectology, the a priori provisions of tk evaluation were clarified, the features of the sociolinguistic portrait of the tk discourse creator, the perception and evaluation of specific tk texts-stimuli according to the criteria of comprehensibility, regularity, aesthetics and similarity to bk, the orientation of the continuity of dialects of members of the common language community was investigated from the data of the mental map task. 13 texts-stimulants were inserted and 3 bk texts-stimulants were evaluated. These 3 texts-stimulants undoubtedly represent bk norms (in terms of contract and others), because they were composed from the recordings of the CD, which was added to teach journalists, actors, educators, lawyers of the correct pronunciation11. According to the diversity of linguistic means, all 3 bk texts-stimulants are equivalent – they are verbal, visual prie Lietuvių kalbos bendrinės tarties (2004) knygelės. Plokštelės įrašai buvo fragments of artistic style. The first text stimulus is spoken by a woman, the second and third by a man. The subjects evaluated both tk texts-stimulants and bk texts-stimulants according to the criteria of regularity, attractiveness, comprehensibility and similarity to bk. Sample 9 – 548 respondents aged 13-17 years. The research was carried out by pupils of Ukmergės Dukstynos primary school, Ukmergės Šilo secondary school, Kaunas „Ąžuolo“ Catholic school, Marijampolės 6th secondary school, Alytus district Pivašiūnai secondary school, Skuodas district Bartuva secondary school, Kretinga district Kartena secondary school and Rokiškis district Pandėlis secondary school. 10 46 students from Milikoniai secondary school in Kaunas (with the help of teachers Audronė Babajan and Violeta Sventkauskienė) and 40 students from Grybo secondary school in Lukšiai (with the help of teacher Aldona Urbaitienė) participated in the study. 11 dialect texts-stimulants selected in order to reveal the whole Lithuanian dialect diversity. 6 texts-stimuli belong to the Altai dialect (i.e. western Altai Kaunas (2 texts), western Altai Šiauliai, southern Altai, eastern Altai Panevėžys, eastern Altai Širvintos), and 4 – to the Žemaičių dialect (i.e. western Žemaičiai, southern Žemaičiai Raseiniai, northern Žemaičiai Kretinga, southern Žemaičiai Varniai). 9 dialectal texts-stimuli were taken from lktcH (2004), and the text-stimulus of western Kaunas Highlanders (Šakių r.) – from lt (2005). The analysis of their perception and appreciation in this article is focused only to the extent necessary to discuss the research problem of the article more clearly. 160 kAlBOS kUltūrA | 85 Pastebėtina, kad, vertinant bk tekstą-stimulą, panašumo į bk kriterijus, in the eyes of the researcher, may seem superfluous and contrary to logic, darant tyrimo instrumentą, paprastajam kalbos bendruomenės nariui tokia strategija yra pagrįsta. tyrimu siekiama aiškintis ne bk kaip abstrahuotos sistemos vertę, o bk vaizdinį paprastojo kalbos bendruomenės nario sąmonėje, taigi tokia užduotis (t. y. panašumo į bk kriterijus) kaip tik ir lemia but, with the ability to determine the conformity or non-conformity of the bk image of the simple member of the language community to bk realization. In addition, the semantic differential evaluation scale provided to the subjects mo teksto-stimulo atitiktį bk (žr. 1 pav.). for expressing the evaluation allowed to record the evaluated1 PAv. The most important task for the discussion of the research problem of this article is the task of the mental map of the perceptual dialectology research. In the mental map task, the subjects were asked to mark and write down the location from which they thought the speakers were coming. The task provides a map with marked municipality boundaries and centers, taking into account that the respondents are representatives of the younger generation and may lack geographical knowledge. Dennis R. Preston (1989), the creator of the principles of perceptive dialectology, also assumes this. The article examines the data of the survey carried out in Kaunas, Klaipeda, Panevezys, Šiauliai, Telšiai and Alytus cities13. An anonymous study was conducted after 30-40 minutes for each group of city participants. The total sample of the study was 276 respondents. the age of the subjects was 14-18 years. 12 Other scales, such as 5, 6, 9 points, may be used in studies (see Al-Hindawe 1996: [1–9] for more). 13 The study in question was not limited to the cities mentioned above. In total, more than 500 questionnaires were collected from all over Lithuania (e.g., Šakiai, Kalvarija, Kartena, Kretinga, Varniai, Radviliškis, Ramygala, Varena, etc.), but in the article it was decided to analyze the data of only 6 cities of geolinguistically different linguistic environment, because in other research points the samples of the subjects were very uneven (from a few to several dozen persons). therefore, it would be biased to talk about trends until sufficient and consistent data have been collected. The survey questionnaires are stored in the Department of Lithuanian Philology of the Faculty of Humanities of Vilnius University. D. AliūkAitė, E. MErkytė-ŠvArciEnė. Bendrinės kalbos regionai jaunųjų lietuvių kalbos bendruomenės narių požiūriu: kompetencija ir vaizdiniai 161 Bk AtPAŽiniMAS ir lOkAliZAciJA: kOMPEtEnciJA ir vAiZDiniAi We will note that the study involved subjects from different linguistic backgrounds (see Table 1). 1 lEntel. research participants linguistic environment City number of respondents western highland people kauniai14 kaunas 35 western highland people šiauliškiai Šiauliai 40 eastern highland people panevėžiškiai Panevėžys 53 South Highlanders Alytus 46 Western Samogitians Klaipėda 56 Northern Samogitians Telšiai 46 Although in the 20th century the discourse about the equalization, mixing, and similarization of dialects with bk was very widespread (and, let us admit, justified), recent geolinguistic studies in Lithuania show that not all domains are tended to be ignored by the dialect code15. On the level of conscious attitudes, we can even talk about the revival of dialects. Of course, it must be admitted that it is often appropriate to speak not about the traditional dialect, i.e. a clear, discrete variant of speech associated with a certain area, but about a certain code continuity between bk and dialect, i.e. regiolect. regiolektas denotes a certain derivative of bk and dialect relations, similarity, equalization (direction: dialect → common language) (more about regio14 in the following article the code abbreviations of the groups are used: vAk – students of Milikoniai secondary school in Kaunas (helped by Lithuanian language teacher Audronė Babajan), vAš – Šiauliai Lieporių gymnasium (helped by head of the social sciences, Lithuanian language, technological, artistic and physical education department reda Šteimantienė), rAp – students of Panevėžys „Aušros“ secondary school (helped by deputy Daina Jasiūnaitė), PA – Alytus Adolfo Ramanausko-Vanago gymnasium (helped by deputy rita Baubonienė), vŽk – Klaipėda „Ąžuolyno“ gymnasium (helped by deputy vida rudokienė), ŠŽt – students of Telšių „Džiugo“ secondary school (helped by deputy Janina Šalkauskytė). 15 See the website of the project “Contemporary geolinguistic research in Lithuania: optimization of the point network and interactive dissemination of dialect information” (project code no. vP1-3.1-ŠMM-07-k-01-028, supervisor prof. Danguolė Mikulėnienė) www.tarmes.lt, which presents the latest results of the project. tarmių tyrimo duomenys, t. y. trumpi pokalbių, monologų fragmentai iš visos lietuvos. Skelbiama medžiaga rodo, kad tarmiškai žymėta raiška būdinga skirtingų kartų atstovams. 162 kAlBOS kUltūra | 85 lektą žr. Hoppenbrouwers 1982: 186–196). Olandų tyrėjo kornelijaus Antonijaus Johanneso Hoppenbrouwerso pasiūlytas regiolekto terminas kai kurių autorių (plg. Bellmann 1998: 23–34) dažnai pasirenkamas ir kelių panašėjančių tarmių dariniui įvardyti. In selecting the sample, the principle was that the participants of the study must be from different linguistic backgrounds, which is important for the analysis of the data obtained from the study. although, considering the mixture of different expressions, i.e. regiolect, the division of the subjects into those of the dialectal environment of western Altay Kaunas, Šiauliai, etc. is more conditional and somewhat too strict. yet to say that the subjects are from different linguistic backgrounds is correct. it is unquestionable that the attitudes of different groups of subjects to tk and bk, as well as the system of dialect visuals and bk visuals depend on their place of residence, which has a mark of a specific expression (dialect, regiolect or others – it is no longer so important). It is important to add that even in the big city the possibility of hearing purely dialectal or some dialectally marked expression or at least images of dialectal expression is not lost16. this, of course, is related to the relatively late migration to cities, and thus to a relatively short urbanistic tradition16 Data from the project “Cities and Languages” show that the inhabitants of all the major cities (Vilnius, Kaunas, Klaipeda) claim to distinguish dialects fairly well (see kliukienė 2010: 95, 99). 2 PAv. Mental map task cija. On the other hand, the density of so-called D. AliūkAitė, E. MErkytė-ŠvArciEnė. Bendrinės kalbos regionai jaunųjų lietuvių kalbos bendruomenės narių požiūriu: kompetencija ir vaizdiniai 163 social networks17 with relatives or acquaintances in a different dialectal environment is also important here, which determines at least perceptual skills of different expression, thus may have an influence not only on the so-called dialectal, but also on the bk competence. Expanding the evaluations of three bk texts-stimulants, which were encoded in the research questionnaire with the letters F, i and M (see Figure 2, which presents the fragments of the questionnaires with the completed mental map task18), it is first of all said that the research data allows us to reasonably speak about the inaccurate bk image of the members of the younger generation of the language community. Strictly stating that bk perception competence is limited would not be entirely accurate and correct, because the subjects evaluate all three bk texts-stimulants according to the criterion of regularity and similarity to bk with very high scores (7-point semantic differential scale), thus firmly separating them from the other ten evaluated stimuli of tk texts (see table 2 and figure 3)19. 2 lEntel. Bk texts-stimuli criteria of regularity and similarity to bk scores (in points) Bk texts-stimuli group of subjects F I M rAp regularity 6.0 5.3 5.8 Similarity to bk 5.9 5.2 5.9 Regularity of PA 6.5 6.2 6.1 Similarity to bk 6.5 6.3 6.3 vI regularity 6.4 6.2 6.2 Similarity to bk 6.3 6.1 6.0 17 For more information on the concept of social networks, see Milroy, Milroy 1992. 18 We note that bk texts-stimulants are associated with big cities. This tendency is one of the most common among all groups of subjects, see the article below. 19 It has already been noted that this article does not analyse the data on the evaluation of tk text-stimulants, which is the subject of other articles. For comparison, we will briefly note that only the text-stimulant of the western highland Kaunas dialect, which was assessed by the subjects of all groups with the highest scores, the highest average evaluation of regularity is 5.5 points, the highest average evaluation of similarity with bk is 5.8 (as assessed by the subjects of the vŽk group); the regularity and similarity to bk of other 9 text-stimulants are much lower, cf. the similarity of the text-stimulant to bk of the Southern Highlanders is assessed at 4.1 points, the regularity – 3.7 points (as assessed by the rAp group of subjects); the similarity of the text-stimulus to bk is assessed by 3.2 points, the regularity – by 3 points (as assessed by the subjects of the PA group) and so on. 170 kAlBOS kUltūrA | 85 years of the family, t. y. For the North. Of course, it was a very expected result that none of the subjects from the SZt group associated the bk code with the linguistic homeland. In addition, such data are also important geolinguistically. thus it is clear that the pronounced dialectic layer clarifies the competence of bk. different insights about the linguistic homeland are encouraged by the evaluations of bk texts-stimuli of Kaunas city (vAk). We can talk about the autostereotypical attitude of young people from Kaunas – in Kaunas they speak the most correctly, therefore they speak bk. The Lithuanianness of Kaunas city is not questioned, this is confirmed and it seems quite reasonable that bk texts-stimuli are attributed to Kaunas city. naujausi sociolingvistų duomenys (plg. ramonienė 2011); šiuo atžvilgiu researchers note (cf. Milroy 2001: 539) that ordinary members of the language community often identify the standard language (in this case – bk) with the national language. It is believed that in this case as well the abstract language concepts, i.e. bk and national language, are shaken. Some of the participants assign the most regular, most similar to bk (this is revealed by the corresponding estimates) texts-stimuli to the most Lithuanian city of Lithuania. Of course, the already mentioned factor of linguistic origin is also not to be ruled out. a logical and logical tendency to associate the text with the highest scores with their place of residence. Especially this is true delis can be characteristic of some tada, kai vertintojai jaučiasi kalbiškai saugūs, ir jų kodas turi atvirąjį prestižą. Manytina, kad kaip tik toks bk ir savo gimtojo kodo sujungimo moyoung cowboys. with regard to the vAk group, there is another predisposition. A part of Kaunas city respondents used bk text-stimulants (8.6 per cent, M text-stimulants – 5.7 per cent). such data could partly be due to the already linkę lokalizuoti kuo arčiau kauno, pavyzdžiui: kėdainiuose (F tekstą-stimulą – 17,1 proc. i tekstą-stimulą – 5,7 proc.), kaišiadoryse (i tekstą-stimentioned linguistic origin factor – it could be reasoned according to the model: this is spoken, if not in the immediate environment, then certainly somewhere nearby. In general, the data of some research groups encourage the idea of bk zones that are close to big cities. The study shows that in the bk zone fell kaišiadorys, kėdainiai, vilkaviskis, Šakiai and trakai. only the PA group did not attribute bk texts to the Kaišiadorys. in Kėdainiai at least once and at least one of the bk texts were localized by the subjects of all groups (it has already been mentioned that even a tendency was recorded among the subjects of the vAk group). In Vilkpėdė and Šakiai there were also some of the participants in each group who attributed at least one of the bk texts to these cities. D. AliūkAitė, E. MErkytė-ŠvArciEnė. Bendrinės kalbos regionai jaunųjų lietuvių kalbos bendruomenės narių požiūriu: kompetencija ir vaizdiniai 171 Manytina, kad trakai tiriamųjų dažnai pažymimi kaip bk zona ir neatskiriami nuo vilniaus. kitaip paaiškinti, kodėl trakai mentaliniame žemėlapyje yra gana svarbi zona, yra neįmanoma, plg.: 27,5 proc. vAš grupės tiriamųjų šiame mieste lokalizuoja i tekstą-stimulą ir 10 proc. – M tekstąan incentive; 10.9 per cent The SRT also assigns the text-stimulant M to the tracks; in trakia M text-stimulus is also localized by 5.7% of rAp group subjects. We note that it is surprising that among the stereotypical bk cities: F text-stimulus was localized once by vAI and once by SZT; i pakliūva Marijampolė22. Šiam miestui bk tekstai-stimulai priskirti vos kelis text-stimulus was assigned to PA, vAk and vAš by the subjects once each; one vŽk subject attributed M text-stimulus to Marijampolė. such data suggest the opposite. It is possible that Marijampolė has a greater geolinguistic value for ordinary members of the language community, i.e. it is more associated with dialectal speaking than with bk. On the other hand, it is also likely that the inaccurate bk image is so far away from the real bk that objectively closer bk codes are no longer considered similar to bk by the members of the ordinary language community. This would, of course, indicate a particularly poor competence of the members of the ordinary language community in bk. Of course, with only the data of the provisions, strict generalizations would be incorrect. The subjects were not asked where they speak most correctly, where they speak bk, where they speak most similarly to bk, etc., so it is not possible to be sure that if different questions and different text perception tasks had been presented, Marijampolė would have been equally valued as a marked city, not associated with bk, but with tk. It can be said that the subjects marked 41 locations (city or town) in the mental map task (table 3 shows how many different cities were mentioned in each case). some cities (localities) are already beginning to acquire the prototypical bk city (locality) value (for the city of Vilnius, which is evaluated in this way, see Čičirkaitė, vaicekauskienė 2011: 57–76). 22 E.g.: remember the subjective evaluation of language studied by laima Grumadienė in 1980 using sociolinguistic methods. the investigator's data showed that there were previously different attitudes. then 45 older students from Vilnius schools participated in the study. 44 per cent of respondents in Kaunas and 42 per cent in Vilnius), 31 per cent of the respondents considered 27 per cent of Kaunas residents to be Vilnius residents, the rest did not answer the question. Asked to compare the language of Marijampolė and Kaunas, 49% of the students valued Marijampolė more than Kaunas, and 22% – Kaunas teigė, kad normine kalba šneka vilniaus miesto gyventojai. Beveik tokia pati dalis mokinių nurodė, kad literatūrine (t. y. bk) kalba šnekama Suvalkijoje ir kapsuke (dab. Marijampokalba, 24 proc. – rytų Aukštaitijos. kai anketoje buvo paprašyta atsakyti į klausimą, ar vilniečių, ar suvalkiečių kalba panašesnė į literatūrinę, 56 proc. apklaustųjų nurodė suvalkiečius, (for more see Grumadienė 1980: 91–93). 172 kAlBOS kCultūra | 85 are things on the level of attitudes and beliefs. The sociolinguistic concept of bk, which distinguishes common language in the system of variants, is not clear to the subjects. On the other hand, only systematic code observation studies would provide data on language reality (German: Sprachwirklichkeit) (see Goeman 1999: 136 for more on H. Büld’s difference between language reality and language feeling) and would be the basis for talking about an accurate or inaccurate bk image, but these are the objectives of other studies. 3 L'Entel. Number of cities and towns listed in the mental map by the respondents Group of cities and towns listed F text-stimulus i text-stimulus M text-stimulus rap 16 16 20 PA 9108 vaš 7 13 17 ŠŽt 14 12 16 vŽk 11 14 22 vak 11 15 15 iŠvADOS ir PriElAiDOS In answering the research question – why bk becomes a common code in the view of the ordinary members of the language community – two most important aspects are mentioned. The data of the perceptual examination are evaluated as diagnostic. On the one hand, the folk taxonomy per se becomes clear, on the other hand, the practical directions of the applied activities of language researchers, the guidelines for language education that need to be refined, etc., become tangible. The good competence of young members of the language community to perceive bk encourages the insight that bk undoubtedly functions in the field of education, on the other hand, the mental map task shows that this code is not clearly conceptualized, i.e. the concept of bk that is not properly nuo regioninių, socialinių variantų ir pan. tyrimo rezultatai akivaizdžiai rodo, kad norminamosios kalbotyros ir sociolingvistikos paradigmoje teidistinguished in the language education process is little known to the tampa įvietintu kodu, vadinasi, beveik pakliūva į regioninių variantų sistemą. Žinoma, teigti, kad bk yra regioninių variantų sistemos narys, iš esmės D. AliūkAitė, E. MErkytė-ŠvArciEnė. Bendrinės kalbos regionai jaunųjų lietuvių kalbos bendruomenės narių požiūriu: kompetencija ir vaizdiniai 173 subjects, and bk is defective in their consciousness. However, such a paradoxical scheme of bk perception works among users and, it is believed, may even influence the linguistic taste and language preferences of users. The emerging tendency to associate bk with vilnius and kaunis shows that the younger generation of the language community members have confused images of social cultural attractions and language ideals. such localization of bk can be explained as a peculiar complex of the capital and the big city in general. Of course, as for the ordinary appraiser of speech, this is very lawful and natural. The big city is a social aspiration, thus it becomes also a linguistic aspiration. Therefore, the bk code is more of a code for a big city than for any other city from the point of view of the ordinary appraiser. The situation that the competitive relationships emerge precisely between Vilnius and Kaunas is very likely: Vilnius is determined by the aforementioned capital status, Kaunas – the image of the most Lithuanian city. Representatives of perceptual dialectology from very different countries23 obtain similar data, i.e. positive cultural, social connotation places usually collect positive ratings and in the evaluators' mental speech variants da and kaunas). therefore, it is in no way appropriate to devalue the beliefs and žemėlapiuose. tas pat pasakytina ir apskritai dėl kalbinės gimtinės vaizdinio mentaliniuose žemėlapiuose (tiriamuoju atveju dėl bk minėtini tik klaipėimages of ordinary members of the language community. an inaccurate depiction of a common member of the language community cannot be considered incorrect. you just need to distinguish very clearly between the researcher and the user perspectives. From the researcher’s point of view, it would be incorrect to say that bk is a localizable code, because it operates on the data of bk’s scientific definition, in general conceptualization. From the point of view of the user, i.e. the ordinary member of the linguistic community, it is correct to say that bk is a code that is made public, because the user relies on firmly established24 or very ephemeral stereotypes, preconceptions, linguistic taste, etc., i.e. on those quantities to which the error criterion cannot be applied at all, because in this case the ordinary member of the linguistic community would be immediately transferred to the expert level. that is, the two systems of knowledge, the professional and the amateur, would be mixed, and these are cognitive things that must be taken into account. There is no doubt that inaccurate bk images of members of the common language community are a separate and quite important object of study. 23 For example, French variants in Quebec, Canada (see Evans 2002b: 83–86), Turkish dialects (see Demirci, kleiner 1999: 263–282), Dutch bk and dialects in the Netherlands (see (see Bezooijen 2002: 13-30) and others. 24 it must be admitted that some statements even have a real basis – cf. Kaunas is the most Lithuanian city, so where else bk users can be. 174 kAlBOS kUltūrA | 85 litErAtūrA Al-Hindawe J. 1996: considerations when constructing a Semantic Differential Scale. – La Trobe Papers in Linguistics 9, [1–9]. Aliūkaitė D. 2006: Perceptual dialectology: the image of dialect. – Language in the context of different cultures. 16, Daugavpils: Saule, 87–95. Aliūkaitė D. 2007: Dialectal speaking and common language: the cultural value of objective and subjective differences. PhD dissertation, Vilnius University. 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Gauta 2012 11 05 rEGiOnS OF tHE StAnDArD lAnGUAGE FrOM tHE POint OF viEW OF yOUnG MEMBErS OF tHE litHUAniAn lAnGUAGE cOMMUnity: cOMPEtEncE AnD iMAGES Summary System of factors which is referred to when modelling a representative of a standard language includes education as well as social and cultural experience of a user. User’s profession or activity could also become a clear reference to the potential representative of the standard language speakers. From a theoretical perspective location mark is not one of the important factors, though theoretical models not always precisely correspond to the system of user’s attitudes and beliefs. the aim of this article is to discuss why the standard language becomes a localized code in the point of view of the young members of the language community. the researched problem – regions of the standard language from the point of view of the young members of the lithuanian language community – is being correctness, intelligibility, discussed researching the images of the standard language variants prevalent in this group of users. linguistic attitudes of the language users and estimators towards similitude to the standard language and appeal of textstimuli and localization of D. AliūkAitė, E. MErkytė-ŠvArciEnė. Bendrinės kalbos regionai jaunųjų lietuvių kalbos bendruomenės narių požiūriu: kompetencija ir vaizdiniai 177 text-stimuli in so-called mental maps provide more or less an objective projection of these images. the investigation of the standard language localization issue is based on a part of the data collected during a complex research of perceptual dialectology carried out in november 2009, December 2010 and January 2011. A task of mental map of perceptual dialectology is the most important for the research of this issue. the research was carried out in schools and gymnasiums of kaunas, klaipėda, Panevėžys, Šiauliai, telšiai and Alytus. A total sample of the research included 276 respondents at the age of 14–18. the research data shows that the standard language is unlocalized only in scientific perspective. in the taxonomy of the members of the language community this code is associated with particular places. the place marker is not stereotypically unambiguous and accurate, but certain trends can be established. two clear markers of the sociolinguistic portrait of the standard language user can be brought out: more frequently the standard language user is associated with major cities of lithuania (vilnius or kaunas) rather than other towns and the standard language user can be the user of the respondent’s linguistic homeland code. Data from some of researched groups suggests an idea about the standard language zones near the cities or major towns. the research shows that kaišiadorys, kėdainiai, vilkaviškis, Šakiai and trakai could be included into such zones. During the task of mental mapping the participants of the research marked 41 places (large or small towns) in total. Some of these places start gaining the value of prototypic standard language place. this is the matter of attitudes and views and the respondents are not aware of the sociolinguistic concept of standard language. Only systemic research of the code observation would ensure “linguistic reality” of the data and become the basis for talking about the precise image of the standard language. KEYWORDS: standard language, regions of the standard language, ordinary member of the language community, standard language competence, standard language image, perceptual dialectology. DAivA AliūkAitė vilniaus universiteto kauno humanitarinis fakultetas Muitinės g. 8, lt-44280 Kaunas [email protected] ErikA MErkytė-ŠvArciEnė vilniaus universiteto kauno humanitarinis fakultetas Muitinės g. 8, lt-44280 kaunas [email protected]