Teigiamų alelinių būdvardžių ir jų vedinių aktantų raiška

BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ SEMĖNIENĖ Institute of Lithuanian Language EXPRESSION OF POSITIVE ALLELIC BUDGETS AND THEIR LEADING ACTANTS 1 KEY WORDS: subject-oriented allelic predicate, adjective, adjective derivative, actant, reciprocal construction, morphosyntactic expression. 1. Introduction Adjectives analogous, equivalent, equal, parallel, similar, proportional, identical, identical, equal, symmetrical, synonymous, perpendicular, etc. are lexical (inherent) reciprocals 2 (Lexical reciprocal), or allelic predicate. In this case, a mutual relationship between at least two 3 participants in the situation is expressed by allelic predicates. Inherently, the relationship is symmetrical, such predicates are divalent. 4 For example, in the reciprocal construction son likes father, the participants in the mutual relationship (son, father) are represented by the adjective similar with two valent actants: the subject noun and the indirect object in the prepositional construction in with the suffix. Martin Haspelmath (2007: 2091) says that there is a tendency to represent mutual situation mutants as a single actant, i.e. typically all mutants involved in the situation are chosen as a reference point, rather than any one of them. Then the allelic predicates both 1 I am sincerely grateful to Aistė Pangonytė, senior specialist of the State Lithuanian Language Commission (hereinafter – VLKK), for her question, which drew my attention to the issues discussed in the article. I also thank the respected anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments, which helped to improve the article. 2 The article talks about the masculine and feminine forms of these adjectives. The so-called nameless family remains aside. 3 ,,Lexical reciprocals (also called allelic predicates) can be defined as predicates that express a mutual configuration by themselves, without necessary grammatical marking. They consist of a semantically restricted set of predicates whose meanings generally fall into the class of social actions and relations ('marry', 'quarrel', 'friend'), spatial relations ('adjoin', 'next to'), and relations of (non-)identity ('same as', 'different from', 'resemble')“ (Haspelmath 2007: 2090). 4 For more information on the concepts of mutuant and reciprocant, reciprocal and symmetrical, and mutual, and their scope, see: Haspelmath 2007. Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. The expression of positive allelic adjectives and their derivative actants |2 BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 actants in the sentence are expressed in the plural form of the noun or pronoun or two and ant, woman daiktavardžiais ar įvardžiais, sujungtais sujungiamuoju jungtuku ir. Kaip matyti 1–2 sakiniuose, žmogus and man – morphosyntactically are equally salient – goes patient [P] can also be perceived as the 5 atliepiančiu subjektu; tiksliau kalbant, toks patientas sutampa (susilieja) su komparatyvu [Comp] 6 ir jį comparative [PComp] (see sentences 1a–2a, where both actants of the adjective are expressed in one plural form). This can be seen in the valence-reduction of syntactic actants: equals, similars are used as univalents. These use cases are called simple constructions or monadic constructions. 7 (1) It is also concerned about human and environmental harmony. He says, "The man and the ant are equal." DLKT (1a) They 8 are equal. (2) Woman and man: so different and so similar… It is said that we are born with the destiny and meaning of being on this earth. DLKT (2a) They 9 are similar. One of the participants in the mutual relationship can be understood as a comitative (friend) subject (see sentences 3-4). This comitative subject of monadic constructions, marked by a preposition with and subjunctive, is lowered morphosyntactically and pragmatically. In sentence 3, the man is more morphosyntactically superior and pragmatically more important, in sentence 4 – the woman. The combination of vowel and number in sentences 3-4 indicates that the preposition with the construction denotes the subject (as in sentences 1-2). (3) Žmogus su skruzdėle yra lygūs. (4) Woman and man are similar. 5 Patient [P] – the function of the recipient of the effect of the action or the holder of the state, characteristic of both living and inanimate objects, as well as abstract things (the horrors of war [P] are hostile to human nature) (Vaičiulytė-Semėnienė 2001: 30). 6 The comparative [Comp] is the function of the comparison standard, which goes alongside the patient of the state and is characteristic of the object with which something is compared, is compared (the son is similar to the father, the translation is close to the original) (Vaičiulytė-Semėnienė 2001: 30). 7 ,,Simple constructions are those in which both reciprocants are expressed by the subject” (Nedjalkov, Geniušienė 2007: 396). ,,A monadic construction which groups the participants in the relation in the subject NP while losing an object NP“ (Hurst 2010: 290). 8 For example, the monadic construction with the adjective verb: Although the modern Mexican generation,,European” – the rights of women and men are equalized, but,,macho” is still,,macho”. DLKT 9 Plg. monadinę konstrukciją su būdvardiniu veiksmažodžiu: Tėvo ir sūnaus balsai panašėjo, kol visai supanašėjo (cited by Sližienė 1998: 115). Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Expression of positive allelic adjectives and their derivative actants |3 BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 From sentences 1-4 it is clear that the position of one of the two arguments of spoken bivalent adjectives remains,,free”. It can be filled with a nonvalent reciprocal marker having the status of a free member: a monosemantic reciprocal anaphora with one another, one to one another, a placeholder among themselves or between themselves (see sentences 5-7). Such mutual relationship markers that are 10 correferential to the subject’s denominator, as seen in sentences 8–9, may be necessary, i.e. the second argument position must be filled. In other words, in some cases the reciprocal markers representing, actualizing and specifying the mutual relationship are used as modifiers (so-called reduplication, or double reciprocals), in others they are used as substitutes. 11 – kaip valdiniai (dar plg.: Jie pasibučiavo (vienas su kitu) vs. Jie pabučiavo vienas kitą.). (5) “But we are rich too,” Hans insisted. – If two rich people meet, then they are equal with each other (see among themselves). Do you agree with that? DLKT 12 (6) The street is as narrow, as narrow, as gloomy and abandoned, as are almost all the wooden, broken, similar to each other (compare with each other, between each other) houses lined up in the ground. As if no one lived there for a long time... DLKT (7) More similar to each other (compared to each other), of course, were the common bilingual answers in Russian and Lithuanian. DLKT (8) Are the vectors {1; -3; 0} and {4; 1; 2} perpendicular to each other? Why? DLKT (9) *Are the vectors {1; -3; 0} and {4; 1; 2} perpendicular? 10 “The present internal pronoun, especially in more abstract nouns, sometimes denotes the way of performing an action. Such a pronoun in the sentence is a circumstance of the way. <...> Somewhat more pronounced, more representative of the common language, occurring also in dialects, in fictional literature are the localities of the manner, which are... But they also have some, sometimes even more common substitutes for the language. Women <...> began to whisper to each other” (Šukys 1998: 300). See further:,,The construction of the prefix between sometimes denotes an object, more precisely – objects between which there is some discrepancy, conflicts or communication. <...> Conflict or communication can also be expressed by a phrase between oneself. <...> Tokiam tarp savęs yra sinonimiškas apstabarėjęs vietininkas tarpusavy(je), plg. Pasitarė tarp savęs – Pasitarė tarpusavy(je)“ (Šukys 1998: 515). 11 This expression of the actant, when the other form does not provide any new information supplementing the meaning of the predicative word, Dalija Tekorienė proposes to call doubled expression of the same semantic actant (e.g., they are opposed to each other; pairs are similar to each other) (Tekorienė 1985: 74). 12 ,,Explicit expresions of the reciprocal meaning are the phrases tarpusavyje/tarp savęs <...> containing the reflexive pronoun save, and savo tarpe <...>, but they can be used with reciprocal verbs (formally reflexive and lexical) exclusively, to intensify or specify the reciprocal meaning; e. g: We are chatting with each other. They are friends with each other” (Geniušienė 2007: 636t). Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Expression of positive allelic adjectives and their derivative actants |4 As BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 mentioned, mutual situation mutants are also expressed as two separate predicate actants. In such cases, one of them is said, for example, as the subject noun corresponding to the patient in sentences 10-15, and the other as an indirect object reflecting the comparative, which in spoken discontinuous or dyadic constructions is marked differently: as a noun, as a preposition to or with constructions, cf. : 13 (10) The son [P] is already equal to 14 the father [Comp]. (cited by LKG3 1976: 475) (11) The father is equal to the son. (12) The son [P] is like the father 15 [Comp]. (cited by Šukys 1998: 393) (13) ?Tėvas panašus į sūnų. (14) Line AB [P] is perpendicular to line CD [Comp]. (cited by Šukys 1998: 149) (15) *Straight CD perpendicular to line AB. Comparing sentences 1-15 shows that the inherent symmetry of the spoken predicates differs. The equal used in sentences 10–11 is symmetrical: it denotes an inverse (reversible) symmetric relationship between the two actants of the predicate P, x (subject) and y (object): if x is equal to y, then y is equal to x. In addition to these typically symmetrical, there are those that are more difficult to invert: semi-symmetric, quasi-symmetrical, sometimes-symmetrical or asymmetric. 16 17 13 ,,Discontinuous constructions are those in which the second reciprocant is a non-subject“ (Nedjalkov, Geniušienė 2007: 396). ,,A dyadic construction which creates a symmetric situation by placing one participant in a subject NP and another in a comitative phrase“ (Hurst 2010: 290). 14 ,,The prepositions sulig, with with innagininku are used when comparing objects that correspond to each other in some respect. <...> The prefix with the meaning of comparison with the shade of identity is used also in adjectives equal, identical, as well as in combinations of verbs and nouns of the same root. The son is already equal to the father. The frog wants to compare with the ox. Knight and pawn are equal. The joker: he compared the elephant to the fly. The equation of day and night" (Valiulytė 1967: 91t; cf. LKG2 1971: 641t). ,,The prefix į, partly su expresses the similarity of objects in such combinations, the main focus of which is the adjective panašus <...>: panašus į tėvą, panašūs vienas į kitą, (vaikai) panašūs su tėvais“ (Valiulytė 1967: 94). 15 ,,The prefix in with the suffix is used to indicate comparison of similar objects“ (Valiulytė 1967: 90). ,,The prefix to in the meaning of comparison relationship is used when it is necessary to say that one thing is similar to another, i.e. has the characteristics of another thing, said by the dependent member of the word combination” (Valiulytė 1964: 107). ,,The prefix į is also used in consolidated word combinations made up of the noun and adjective of the same word. In such cases, the uniformity of homogeneous objects in some respect is said. That beautiful, that big peas – grain to grain (all equal)” (Valiulytė 1964: 108). Similar opinion of Elena Valiulytė also see. LKG2 1971: 621t. 16 Plg. ,,A non-symmetrical relation becomes,,a relation that has at least one asymmetrical instance“ (Partee 2008: i. e. 4). Pavyzdžiui, Jiedu pasisveikino implikuoja, kad Jis pasisveikino su ja arba Ji pasisveikino su juo, bet nebūtinai atvirkščiai, if she greeted him, he did not necessarily greet her. 17 Plg. ,,An asymmetrical relation becomes ,,a relation that has no symmetrical instances“ (Partee 2008: 4). Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Expression of positive allelic adjectives and their derivative actants |5 BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 12-15 sentences. Less symmetric allelic predicates may be used as symmetric; cf. sentences 16–17, where 18 the mutual relationship is determined by one common feature (comparison criterion) – appearance. In other words, symmetry is graded (gradual). The use of reciprocal constructions is related to inherent symmetry: typical symmetrical predicates (equal, equal) are used in monadic and diadic constructions, 19 less symmetrical or asymmetrical – in monadic or diadic constructions (parallel, also cf. near, “almost equal, corresponding to what”, e.g. : Translation close to original (LKŽe), but *Original close to translation; See also: Translation and original are close,?Original and translation are close, *Original and translation are close). (16) The son looks like his father. (17) Dad looks like his son. Sentences 16 and 17 (as well as sentences 10 and 11) interpret the same interpersonal situation differently. In the 16th sentence, the reference point is chosen to be the son, said by the patient noun of the subject, the indirect object (to the father) of the preposition, which is expressed by the comparative construction. The same situation is interpreted differently in the 17th sentence: the father, who is the subject of the sentence, is chosen as the point of reference, and the son as the indirect object that reflects the comparative. Such subject-oriented (Knjazev 2007: 119; Nedjalkov, Geniušienė 2007: 415) allelic predicates 1–17 in intransitive sentences differ from object-oriented predicates 1–17 in intransitive 20 sentences. Knjazev 2007: 119; Nedjalkov, Geniušienė 2007: 415) in sentences 18–20. In transitive sentences, the mutual relationship is between two objects: when one of them is a direct object, and the other is an indirect object, marked in sentence 18 with a construction, or they are both in the sentence 18 ,,We may conclude that the degree of familiarity of the actants of a symmetric predicate is inversely correlated with the degree of the interchangeability“ (Knjazev 2007: 141). As Leonard Talmy says, from a pragmatic point of view, the object of comparison (the thing that is being compared) is less stable and smaller than the standard of comparison (the thing that is being compared with): “the entity chosen as ground, is, usually, more stable, bigger in size, more complex geometrically than the figure” (Talmy 1983: 231, quoted by Knjazev 2007: 142). 19 ,,Mutual situations are rarely fully symmetric“ (Haspelmath 2007: 2088; for a similar opinion see also Knjazev 2007: 116t). For more on the graded symmetry of allelic predicates, see here. Partee (2008). 20 ,,In subject-oriented constructions, the reciprocants [i.e. two obligatory symmetrically related semantic arguments] are denoted either by the plural subject in simple reciprocal constructions or by the subject and non-subject, mostly a non-direct object in discontinuous reciprocal constructions“ (Nedjalkov, Geniušienė 2007: 415). LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ. Teigiamų alelinių būdvardžių ir jų vedinių aktantų raiška |6 BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 is a direct object, said homogeneously in plural form in sentence 19 or heterogeneous with a conjunction and in sentence 20. (18) At first people identified the gods [P] with nature [Comp]. (quoted from Sližienė 2004: 297) (19) You identify things that are actually completely different [P]. (cited by Sližienė 2004: 297) (20) People 21 identified gods and nature. Next, the article will talk about positive subject-oriented allelic predicates (adjectives), which are inherently divalent, i.e. open two free spaces for their arguments; The semantic definition of the actants of such a predicate depends on the interpretation of mutual situation mutants, i.e. on which participant or participants of the situation are chosen as the reference point. In a sentence, the mutual relationship of two or more mutants is expressed by reciprocal – monadic and/or diadic – constructions. They typically say a complex event; a join action or plurality of events, two sub-events, i.e. two (or more) simultaneous propositions (if we say John is equal to Peter, we also say that Peter is equal to John, acknowledging pragmatic, morphosyntactic or other differences). 22 Attention will be paid to the peculiarities of the expression of the second actor – the indirect object and the tendencies of use in the subject-oriented diadetic constructions. In order to discuss this, it 23 is important to know what Lithuanian grammar scholars say about the question of the indirect object notation of the adjectives (see chapter 2). Then, based on the data of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language Textbook compiled by the Vytautas Magnus University Computer Linguistics Center (hereinafter – DLKT), the tendencies of objective act of allelic adjectives are described (see chapter 3), the peculiarities of adjective derivatives are discussed (see chapter 4) and all this is summarized (see chapter 5). 21 But plg. The examples given in LKŽ with the verb to compare “to consider something the same, equal, similar; “To compare with what”: A. Baran compares such a wicked man to an evil beast. A non-darm drunk man is compared to an animal by Sz. You dare to equate me with him? Ms. 22 Examples of attributive or predicative usage, where the objective actant is implied and becomes clear from the context, e.g. : Confectionery company,,Vilniaus Pergalė“ with an analogous (compare with it) Tallinn Renaissance direction, neo-baroque, in the įmone ,,Kalev“ bendradarbiauja jau metus laiko DLKT; Amžiaus pabaigoje kilo nacionalinės aspiracijos, susiklostė „lenkų beginning of the 20th century – a peculiar “manor style”. Similar development is also typical for manor houses built in Lithuania. In the mid-19th century, the Levandauskas DLKT discussed the breakthrough stage. 23 ,,The are reasons for considering the simple construction to be basic for grammatical reciprocals and the discontinuous for a lexical reciprocals“ (Nedjalkov, Geniušienė 2007: 383). Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Expression of positive allelic adjectives and their derivative actants |7 BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPRESSION OF THE INDIRECT OBJECT OF ALLELIC CHARACTERISTICS GRAMMATICS IN THE WORK Atsivertus lietuvių kalbos gramatikos darbus matyti, kad nuomonės aptariamų būdvardžių object expression question differ. For example, Adelė Valeckienė in the academic Lithuanian grammar (hereinafter – LKG) (LKG3 1976: 240) writes that the adjectives lygys, tolygus, tapatus, etc. of the compounds with a noun are used to denote a person or thing to which something corresponds or does not correspond. She believes that with adjectives equal, similar, identical, etc. object, which some corresponds or does not correspond, is marked and with the innagininku and preposition with, for example, while his brother, who was with him like two drops of water, joined the same manor (LKG3 1976: 254; also see 15, 475; for a similar opinion see Jakaitienė, Laigonaitė, Paulauskienė 1976: 49, 227). In addition to the adjective similar, the preposition is used to describe the object to which the comparative object is similar (LKG3 1976: 250). Elena Valiulytė in the Grammar of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language (hereinafter – DLKG) (2006: 514) states that adjectives lygus, tolygus, identical, synonymous are used with the noun. With the adjectives equal, similar goes also with the construction:,,the son is equal to the father, we and the brother are similar (but: he is like a brother)“ (DLKG 2006: 523). Nijolė Sližienė, describing the sentence models of DLKG (2006: 615), also maintains the view that, for example, the equal complement of an adjective can be said both as a noun and as a preposition with a construction. Jonas Šukys (1998: 148t), discussing the usage of adverbs and prepositions in Lithuanian, writes that,,there are adjectives that control the object beneficiary. It is usually adjectives close, <...> 24 opposite, perpendicular... <...>". For the sake of conciseness (economicity), shortness or synonymity with similar (to what) the linguist (Šukys 1998: 34t) suggests the object beneficiary to choose and use international analogous, proportional, perpendicular <...> prepositions with constructions unusual“ (p. adekvatus 25 , analogiškas, sinonimiškas. J. Šukys sako, kad ,,su būdvardžiais panašus, tapatus, 504; cf. Šukys 1978: 101). Adjectives equal, parallel controlling object denoting preposition with 26 24 “The beneficiary is usually said to be the object, i.e. the thing and the person to whom the action is directed, to whom something is done” (Šukys 1998: 147). ,,A noun attached to an adjective means an object <...> to which the attribute is directed“ (LKG3 1976: 239). 25 Plg. VLKK consultation on the question:,,Which verb is required by the international adjective „adequate“? The enjoyer. The same as the same, the same as the same. : His salary is adequate to the position held.’ (cited from: http://konsultacijos.vlkk.lt/lit/292) 26 For example:,,With adjectives similar, analogous preposition with constructions is better not to use" (Šukys 1978: 101). Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. The expression of positive allelic adjectives and their derivative BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 actants |8 constructions (Šukys 1998: 504; 1978: 101). According to parallels J. Šukys suggests to use parallels (Šukys 1998: 34). J. Šukys ir Aldonas Pupkis Kalbos patarimuose (toliau – KP) (KP S2 2003: 98; plg. Šukys 1998: 154) states that,,panašus, -i (similarity) with 27 which is avoidable (vngt.): She is similar to a brother (– to a brother). The similarity of the child to the father is obvious.” In their opinion, avoidable being and object user with parallels; Here it is advisable to choose a preposition with a construction, for example, Ta linija paraleliai trikampio pagrindui (– su trikampio pagrindu) (KP S1 2003: 43; similarly Šukys 1998: 154, 504). And with adjectives analogous, close, identical, proportional, symmetrical, identical must be avoided prefix with construction; object to be called utilitarian, for example, French foreign policy proved not to be the same as American policy (– American policy) (KP S2 2003: 98t). J. Šukys and A. Pupkis consider the uniform use of the adjective with the prefix su as a secondary (but possible) variant of the noun, e.g. : No child is equal to his parents (ǁ zu seinen Eltern), perpendicular together with From what has been briefly said, prielinksniu su esąs kalbos klaida ir bendrinėje kalboje nevartotinas (ntk.). the question arises as to which expression of the indirect object the speaker tends to choose. The answer to this and other questions is sought by discussing the material provided by the DLCT (chapter 3). Here, meanwhile, it becomes clear that in sentences of type 10-17 an indirect object expression preposition can be expected with a construction, which, for example, with equal would be a noun (free) variant, with similar – avoidable, and with perpendicular – unusable. In other words, the following notation of the indirect object of the spoken allelic predicates is possible: áAcc (similar), Dat/suInstr (equal), Dat (parallel) or suInstr (parallel). 3. INDIRECT OBJECT EXPRESSION OF ALLELIC CHARACTERISTICS IN DLCT The majority of the DLKT consists of written, often edited, texts of different genres (journalistic, fictional, non-fictional or administrative literature). Some of them are translations. There are obviously fewer examples of oral language. The article is based on 2,464 examples of different genres, where the diadic constructions use the masculine or feminine gender forms of different adjectives: adekvatus, -i; analogous,-a; equivalent, -a; identical, -a; parallel, -i; equals, -i; similar, -i; proportional, -a; symmetrical, -a; synonymous, -a; statmenas, -a; case, -i; equal, -i. 27 ‘vngt. – shows that the evaluated phenomenon is not legitimized as a norm of general language: it should be avoided as already non-normative and without prospects or still non-normative, insufficiently studied, etc. (KP S1 2003: 9). Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Expression of positive allelic adjectives and their derivative actants |9 BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 These sentences, where these adjectives are used in diadic constructions, were selected in order of precedence from the DLKT by entering an adjective without ending, for example, adekvat (the used search criterion begins). 82.5 per cent (2,034 sentences) of the sentences are with the indirect object, 14.4 per cent (354 sentences) – with the preposition in construction and 3.1 per cent (76 sentences) – with the preposition with construction. The distribution of the available substance is shown in Table 1. 1 LENTELĖ. Alelinių būdvardžių netiesioginio objekto raiška diadinėse konstrukcijose Adjective Indirect object Number of sentences SUINSTR –127 (96.95 %) 4 (3.05 %) 131 (100 %) –100 – 225 (98,7 %) 3 (1,3 %) 228 (100 %) – 68 (100 %) – 68 (100 %) (76.9 %) 30 (23.1 %) 130 (100 %) –178 (91.3 %) 17 (8.7 %) 195 (100 %) 350 (98.3 %) –6 (1.7 %) 356 (100 %) –10 (100 %) –10 (100 %) –41 (100 %) –41 (100 %) 3 (1.9 %) 157 (98.1 %) –160 (100 %) –416 (97.4 %) 11 (2.6 %) 427 (100 %) –251 (99.6 %) 1 (0.4 %) 252 (100 %) adequate, -i 1 (0.4 %) 221 (98.7 %) 2 (0.9 %) 224 (100 %) analogous, -a equivalent, -a –201 (99.5 %) 1 (0.5 – 39 (97,5 %) 1 (2,5 %) 40 (100 %) %) 202 (100 %) identical, -a parallel, -i equal, -i similar, -i parallel, -i synonymous, -a perpendicular, -a identical, -i equal, -i proportional, -a symmetrical, -a resolution OF TOTAL: 354 (14.4 %) 2034 (82.5 %) 76 (3.1 %) 2464 (100 %) ĮACC DAT Table 1 shows that, with the exception of the adjective panašus, -i, according to the law of language economy, there is a tendency to say the indirect object of spoken adjectives equally – with the noun. There is also the same, "having almost or completely the same characteristics, the same", the indirect object of which is said with a preposition with a suffix and, for example: (21) Pajedykit va. – Mam, prijedlem toliko, ne želimo više. – Taste it. – We ate a lot of everything, whether we wanted it or not. – Look, Eglutė and Linus are the same. DLKT Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Expression of positive allelic adjectives and their derivative actants |16 (46) BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 The work of the leak-maker is clean and has nothing to do with the leakage of sewage. However, one similarity between the peephole and the leak still remains. The result of both of their work are the details. DLKT Taking into account J. Šukis's idea that between father and son there was a dispute of objective meaning between the construction related to the predicate (verb) there was, we should say that the same is true, for example, in sentence 47, where the predicate goes find (BETWEEN WHAT?). Syntactically, it seems possible to discern a connection with circumstantial – spatial – prepositions between constructions in sentences, when a third is said between two (or more) concrete objects (or their totality), e.g., The ship got stuck (WHERE?) between the ice (quoted from Šukys 1998: 513). in sentences 47–49, the inter-constructions are formed on the basis of the inter-constructions locatives; they tell the space of the sign’s expression, and in sentences 44-46 they are used as attributive. Semantically, such a construction between is related to the similarity of the word implying the mutual relationship, which by means of semantic transfer (can be) perceived as some abstract object (thing) (cf. What (similar) thing did you find (WHERE?) between me and your chosen one). How does such a locative between construction relate to an inherently interrelated between itself construction? Among themselves there is a subject-oriented modifier, i.e. having a semantic interface with it (they are similar among themselves). Semantic connection with the predicate argument, i.e. 35 orientation, has also a typically circumstantial between construction, which can be promoted from modifiers to subordinates (Between them (WHERE? WHO?) there is similarity; Similarity (WHAT? WHO?) between the sisters ended here). (47) However, the greatest similarities are found between Helmold's account and the sixth chapter of Le Bon's life, which describes in particularly rich detail the annual meeting of the Saxon tribes' union. DLKT (48) I tried to forget. It's gone. No one else can replace you for me. Maybe I deserve a glass of champagne? P. S. I am sorry for you, Audrey. What similarity have you found between me and your chosen one? Did you call? You're fighting unnecessarily, because I'm not the one. DLKT (49) The scientist’s attitude towards the sensory world is quite the opposite. His invisibility is quite different from his visibility. There is no similarity or symmetry between them. By crushing the phenomenon with the pliers of the method, the scientist tries to grasp and bend to his will the transcendental being “himself”. J. Pakerys (2006: 125) points out that from the point of view of creation, the noun cooperation between writer and translator is related to the verb writer and translator bendradarbiauja (t. y. monadinėmis konstrukcijomis). Vadinasi, daiktavardinis panašumas tarp tekintojo 35 The term orientation is used according to A. Holvoet (2009: 99). LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ. Teigiamų alelinių būdvardžių ir jų vedinių aktantų raiška |17 BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 and the leaker in sentence 46 refers to similar attributive relationships as the mother and daughter (see them) similarity in sentence 38. When connecting the prefix between constructions with monadic constructions in sentences 1–2, 5–7, the grammatical and semantic reasons for the use of between have to be searched in comparison with the latter used in sentences 38–43. The examples given by the DLKT show that the choice of the preposition between constructions is influenced by the syntactic extension of the noun compound: between is chosen when the main focus of the noun compound and/or its dependents have their own modifiers (attributes) (see sentences 50–54; also cf. sentence 41). The categorical expression of the dependent elements (see sentences 55–57; also cf. sentence 48) also determines the use of the verb. Looking at sentence 58, two interpretations are possible: the relationship is expressed between children and people important to them (similar to, for example, sentence 57) or between the children themselves as a bounded set and people important to them. The fact that the perception and actualization of all mutants as a closed group influences the expression of mutual relationship is also visible in sentences 59-61. Thus, in those cases when the relationship between the mutants in a closed group of mutants is to be updated or is being updated and specified, the choice is made among themselves, between each mutant separately – one to another, etc. (see sentences 62–63; also 36 cf. sentences 5–7). The fact that the expression of the actualization and specification of the mutual relationship can be limited by the semantic parameters of the mutual situation, more specifically, the parameter of configuration, is also visible in sentence 64, where one to another is determined by the 37 so-called chain configuration (as in sentence 61 – pairs 38 (pair)). But this still needs to 39 be considered in more detail separately. (50) His painting is wide and powerful. Cezanne went to live and paint in Provence, rarely leaving. Pissarro:,,How strange to see the similarity between his Overo and my Pontoise landscapes (cf. strange to see the similarity of his and my landscapes;? strange to see the similarity of his Overo and my Pontoise landscapes)! In fact, we have always been together! DLKT 36 E.g.,,[S]entence should not be abused between itself, especially when it duplicates the recursive form of the verb and when it is clear from the sentence which actors and how the action is connected. Instead of saying They both met constantly argue with each other, it is enough to say both met constantly argue with each other” (Šukys 1998: 515). 37 ,,The <...> parameter configuration comes into operation once multiple participants are involved, since then the possible permutations of who acts on whom can also vary“ (Majid, Evans, Gaby, Levinson 2011: 31). 38 ,,A could act on B who could act on C who could act on D, resulting in a linear series of events (A → B → C → D)“ (Majid, Evans, Gaby, Levinson 2011: 32t). 39 ,,A and B, and likewise C and D, could be in strong symmetrical interaction, but with no interaction between the pairs (A ↔ B; C ↔ D)“ (Majid, Evans, Gaby, Levinson 2011: 32t). Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Expression of positive allelic adjectives and their derivative actants |18 (51) O. BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Spengler and his followers were not the only ones who saw the similarity between the present,,descending” Europe and the dying ancient world (see seeing the similarity of Europe and the ancient world,?seeing the similarity of,,descending” Europe and the dying ancient world). DLCT (52) Such crimes were reported to the police through official reports, and Florida journalists often noticed and reported similarities between crimes committed in distant locations (see?The Florida Crime Scene: Crimes Committed in Distant Locations, 1999). DLKT (53) He surrenders to the impression of a symphony, it seems to him that all the events of life and the world pass through his eyes. However, when he comes to his senses, he cannot point out any similarity between the playing and what he saw (cf.?can not point out any similarity between the playing and what he saw). DLCT (54) There are no compelling arguments for attribution that this is only an introduction to a more serious work. By the way, several researchers have held the opinion that there is some similarity, even portraitual, between the Munich miniature and the Telšiai painting (cf.?there is some similarity, even portraitual, between the Munich miniature and the Telšiai painting). Those who deny this similarity have used the portrait of the Austrian emperor Franz II (1768-1835) as an example. DLKT (55) I will honestly admit: I do not see any similarities between us and you (cf. *I do not see any similarities between us and you). Perhaps it is precisely for this reason that we are interesting and attractive to each other. An Italian is an aesthetic, a Lithuanian is not. DLKT (56) [Attracted] attention to Vico in 1777, but until 1797 he does not mention him in any of his publications, and later does not examine Vico's concepts in detail and does not see similarities between himself and Vico (cf.?ir savo bei Vico panašumų neįžvelgia). DLKT (57) Are you looking for parallels between yourself and the characters you play (see *are you looking for parallels between yourself and the characters you play)? Some of the characters, you see that some of them have many of the same traits as you have. So much for the parallels. DLKT (58) Children who have found similarities between themselves and people who are important to them increase their sense of self-worth. DLKT (59) And the axioms of Euclid’s geometry – “equal to one and the same, equal among themselves,” or “the whole more than the part” – are beyond doubt. DLKT (60) I only notice that those children of exile are a kind of separate part of the youth: they do not show themselves too much anywhere, they communicate more with each other than with others. And their communication is much quieter, not like all these. DLKT (61) 44 players competed in the Swiss system (10 rounds). Each pair played two games against each other, with white and black pieces. DLKT (62) Abudu were like twins, you could only tell them apart by the stars on their shoulders: the chief had four and the driver two. DLKT Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. The expression of positive allelic adjectives and their derivative actants BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 |19 (63) Next to the figure of the villagers from Konya: mother, father, daughter, grandfather, uncle, all resembling each other like two drops of water – this is the result of numerous intermarriages. DLKT 40 (64) The steps of Vedanta, Taoism, Stoicism, Sufism and Pantheism gradually led to an objective conception of the absolute. Steps are similar to each other (*between themselves), because they were the same through the same, but also different, because they led forward – to the maturity of human consciousness. DLKT The names of the possessor of the noun property with the suffix -muo we have from statmenas, lygus – straight, “perpendicular straight line”, lygmuo, “equivalent, quite equal substitute”, and with the ending 41 -ė from paraleliagretus, paralelus – parallel “a line that is in one plane with another line and does not intersect with it, parallel”, paralelė “a line or plane, parallel to another line or plane”, by which, “a thing <...> is named according to an external feature (color, shape, size, etc.)” (LKG1 1965: 357, 366; DLKG 2006: 122). Compare sentences 65-73. It is clear from these that such property-holder names have only one construct copied noun, or a preposition-with-noun construction, which may remain implicit, as in priklausomą dėmenį: iš būdvardinio junginio (statmenas kam, lygiagretus su kuo) į ypatybės turėtojo sentences 71–72. These statements show the reduction of the valent actants of the names of the property holders. In sentence 73, the construction of the preposition between with the genitive remains ambiguous: it can be understood as the expression of the predicate (draw) of the locative act (draw WHERE? – the circle is drawn between the lines (see on the board)) or as one of the drawing arguments – the parallel attribute says the location 42 (draw WHAT PARALLEL?), which is limited by two objects (an adult and a child); parallel is with them in the same plane, more precisely, between them (see parallelism between them was disputed). (65) The results of the test, we can draw the following conclusions, which are called the law of light reflection: • the falling beam, the reflected beam and the perpendicular to the mirror surface at the point of beam fall are in one plane. DLKT 40 See also the usage in the DLKT when an individual participant in a mutual situation is brought to the fore: All these great princes, - Koko remembered, - were similar to each other: a beautiful face that meant nothing, green eyes, thin hands...The aristocracy can be partly compared to people who, having been in the kingdom of truth, where, according to Master Ekhart, "the archangels, the fly and the spirit are similar to each other", suddenly lost the gift of speech. 41 Dalija Tekorienė, discussing the descriptions of relational [otherwise, allelic] adjectives in the forms of požymius, teigia, kad ,,jie gali remtis <...> erdvės santykiais: paralelu, statmena, tolima, artima, pvz.: Nekreipk dėmesio į tai, adjectives which are perpendicular to the plane” (Tekorienė1990: 74). 42 Plg. The LKŽ definition of the noun parallela – “a line that is in one plane with another line (except mine – L. V.-S) and does not intersect with it, parallel”. Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. The expression of positive allelic adjectives and their derivative actants BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 |20 (66) We see that the fiber, having reached the mirror, is reflected from it. From the point of the mirror where the light beam falls, we draw a perpendicular to the surface of the mirror. DLKT (67) Through the point of light falling into the water, let us draw a perpendicular to the water surface. We will see that when moving from air to water, the beam of light approaches that perpendicular. DLKT (68) From the intersection point O of the diagonals ABCD of the rhombus, a perpendicular OM is raised to the rhombus plane. Prove that taškas M yra vienodai nutolęs nuo visų rombo kraštinių. DLKT (69) One person is not equal to another 43 . LKŽ (70) There is therefore only room for approximate reasoning and approximate analogies. It seems to me, for example, that it is quite possible to draw a parallel with erotic pleasure. Barthes does not reject this comparison either. DLKT (71) Only he is righteous who answers his conscience. Because if you want to find a right angle, you have to be 44 able to draw a perpendicular from heaven to earth. Love, hope and dream are all beautiful, but even those who are at the top have to descend to the bottom, to the inner hell. DLKT (72) A perpendicular is drawn from the intersection 45 of the lines to the axis of abscissa, indicating at which point of abscissa the moda is. DLKT (73) A woman suggests drawing a parallel between an adult and a child: if a child is afraid of 46 a dark room, we find a way out – we suggest turning on the light. DLKT From the adjectives discussed are also possible the following derivatives denoting occurrence – intransitive verbs with suffix -ėti: (su-)panašėti,,(pa-)daryti panašiam“, (su-)tapatėti,,(pa-)darytis 47 48 43 E.g.: [Christ] is the likeness (equal) of God. LKŽe 44 See the description of the valency of the verb vesti, „ką ilgą tiesti, rengti, statyti“ in N. Sližienė’s Lithuanian Verb Conjugation Dictionary (2004: 439). 45 See the description of the valentia of the verb to lower, „draw from above down (about a perpendicular)“ in N. Sližienės Lithuanian Verb Conjugation Dictionary (1998: 44). In order to obtain a line perpendicular to a line b, a sheet of paper must be folded so that the two parts of a line b coincide. The fold line is called the mesh, perpendicular to the straight line b. DLKT 46 See the description of the valency of the verb brėžti,,vesti, braukti (liniją)“ in N. Sližienė’s Lithuanian Verb Conjugation Dictionary (1994: 155). 47 Evalda Jakaitienė DLKG (2006: 390) refers to such adjective verbs as state changes (mutative). 48 In this sense, the Christian development is the resemblance to Christ and the change and renewal of man, based on continuous conversion and transition to eschatological reality. Holiness is a continuous conformation to Christ, a alignment of our lives with the Father’s will and the plans of Providence. Holy is the priest who zealously performs the will of God in the DLKT. Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. The expression of positive allelic adjectives and their derivative BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 actants |21 pačiam“, (su-)vienodėti, „(pa-)darytis vienodesniam, vienodam“. Such verbs of the event 49 or course are substantive and, “depending on the text in which they are used, they can indicate 1) the gradual appearance of a characteristic and 2) the gradual increase of a characteristic” (DLKG 2006: 390). The prefix to the construction controls and the verb nešti derivative panėšėti in 50 sentence 74. 51 From sentences 74-81 it is clear that the notation of the indirect object of adjective verbs coincides with the notation of the indirect object of the base adjective in some places, but differs from it in others. Based on the material provided by the DLKT, we can speak more specifically about the expression of the indirect object with the finite forms of all persons and numbers. In sentences with finite like and like-like forms, the indirect object is said as a preposition to and a suffix (in all available 200 and 450 sentences, respectively), while in sentences with finite like-like forms, the indirect object is said as a preposition with and a suffix (it is used in 93.3% of available examples, or 70 sentences out of 75). It turns out that the notation of the indirect object of adjective verbs is related to the inherent 52 attributes of these verbs. The indirect object of the condition of the verb panėžti or of the event panašėti is expressed by the preposition į and the suffix, i.e. by analogy similar; to resemble the course of the event, it is more often said by choosing another reciprocal notation – a preposition with a construction (see also: Astronomers count spring from March 23, when the day equals the night (DLKT); Growing up, it crosses other grasses and is comparable to trees. (LKŽe); 53 "Scythian motris comparans men narsybė[je] S.Dauk. (LKŽe); That your teaching is like torture (LZ)). 49 Plg. : The narrowing of the sphere of use and the identity of the language itself with the German language ultimately undermined the prestige of the Lithuanian language, devalued its value in Lithuanian consciousness (quoted from http://mokslolietuva.lt/2014/07/prisilietus-prie-atgrasiosproblemas/). This is the art of the actor’s identification with the character (quote: http://www.zodynas.lt/terminuzodynas/t/tapatejimas). But only in this way he unites with Heaven and transcends the dimension of humanity – but not transcending it, but rather identifying with Heaven through it, i.e. “breaking through” the anthropocosmic space in it in the DLKT. 50 A similar opinion is held by Klementina Vosylytė (1995: 70): “In Lithuanian, the derivatives of -ėti verbs from qualitative adjectives usually denote a process – the gradual acquisition or strengthening of the characteristics expressed by the main word”. 51 For more information on the use of the word, see the related article. Vosylytė (1995: 70tt). J. Šukys (1998: 393) maintains a different opinion and states that "from the adjective prefix to the construction requires the adjective similar and its derivatives – noun similarity, verb panėšėti". 52 The same tendencies of morphosyntactic notation can be seen in the examples of the verb noun similarity provided by the DLKT (in 32 sentences the preposition with and conjunctive are used), cf. : The likeness of the shareholders to that of which they are shareholders is through the likeness to that in which they have a share that the true identity of that thing is attained. The identity of the shareholders, truly attained through likeness to the object of participation, is the deification of the deifiable. 53 For more information about the mutual meaning of the prepositions su and su-si in Lithuanian, see 2007: 653tt. LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ. Teigiamų alelinių būdvardžių ir jų vedinių aktantų raiška |22 BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 (74) With their eyes burst, they looked at the overturned car, which [the car] carried from afar into the barn overturned by the storm. (cited by Šukys 1998: 393) (75) The son [P] became more and more like the father [Comp]. (quoted from Sližienė 1998: 115) (76) St. Augustine says: “The soul becomes like that which it loves”. DLKT (77) You won’t see anything more realistic – even the white clouds and 54 those resembled the earth. DLKT (78) Your black eyebrows are like wings that envelop green stars. (79) In late classical Roman law, the position of the procurator generally gradually became identical to that of the cognitior. Google (80) It is felt that the prices of most goods are equalizing with the previous [prices] in litas. Google (81) Who will be interested in us if we surrender to globalism and lose our identity? – Without uniqueness, a person becomes one with others. Google The semantic definition of subject-oriented allelic predicates (adjectives) actants depends on the interpretation of the participants of the situation, i.e., on which participant (s) of the situation is chosen as the reference point. This reflects the choice of reciprocal (monadic or diadic) constructions. In those cases where the reference point is selected as all the participants of the mutual situation, in monadic constructions told by the subject, the mutual relationship can be updated and specified with the denominator of the subject by correferential reciprocal markers. The semantic parameters of mutual relationship and the perception of mutants as a closed group influence the choice of reciprocal constructions. In a reciprocal anaphora, each participant is actualized separately (John and Mary are similar to each other; Abudu are similar to each other), among themselves or between themselves – a closed group of participants (They are similar to each other; between themselves). In monadic constructions, the subjects of a divalent adjective are said by a plural noun or pronoun (Jiedu are similar), by two nouns or pronouns joined with and (Jonukas and Marytė are similar), or by a noun or pronoun with a preposition with and a noun construction (Jonukas and Marytė are similar). 54 But plg. DLKT example: You are not like them, and you do not try to resemble them. - Look like? With whom? I still distinguish between the concepts of nation and people. - But do you agree that every nation has the power it deserves? Chess! Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. The adjective predicate, which is an indirect object in diadic constructions, is BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 denoted according to three prevailing strategies: with a noun (equal, parallel, perpendicular, identical, etc.), with a preposition in with a suffix (similar) or with a preposition with a suffix (equal). The language is used for economic purposes. Vediniai iš būdvardžių išlaiko pamatinio žodžio inherentinę tarpusavio reikšmę ir valentingumą. In constructions of property names or property holders, the predicates may remain implied. Properties In turėtojų konstrukcijose priklausomojo dėmens sintaksinis būtinumas yra mažesnis. the name constructions of properties made from monadic constructions, the subject is indicated by the adjective (their similarity (they are similar); Similarity of Jonukas and Marytė (Jonukas and Marytė are panašūs)) arba kilmininku ir prielinksnio su ir įnagininko konstrukcija Jonuko su Maryte panašumas (Jonukas and Marytė are similar)). The subject of monadic constructions is adjectively related to the dependent element of the property names, which is also expressed in the construction of the preposition between with the noun (the similarity between them, Jonukas and Marytė, was obvious (they, Jonukas and Marytė, are similar)). This type of prefix between is taken from the localative constructions (cf. The letter is here, among the thrown things, between the pen and the book; Between them, Jonukas and Marytė, there is a similarity (there is a similarity in them)). Grammatical and semantic factors influence the use of the locative preposition between nominations: syntactic expansion of the compound, categorical expression of the dependent elements, the nature of the mutant actualization. Due to the quantitatively scarce DLKT data, it is difficult to generalize the tendency of marking the dependent element of adjective nouns, which reflects the indirect object of the base adjective. The expression of the indirect object of adjective verbs coincides in one place with the notation of the subordinate of the base adjective, which is the indirect object (panašus į ką – like what; equal to what – (to) equalize with what), elsewhere can differ or differs from it (similar to what – to resemble what, equal to what – to equalize with what); identical to whom (with whom) – identify with whom). Different markings are affected by the adjective verb. ŠALTINIAI DLKT – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstynas, sud. Kauno Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto Kompiuterinės lingvistikos centras. Prieiga internete: http://donelaitis.vdu.lt. LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ. Teigiamų alelinių būdvardžių ir jų vedinių aktantų raiška |24 BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 LKŽe – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas, elektroninis variantas. Red. kolegija: Gertrūda Naktinienė (vyr. red.), Jonas Paulauskas, Ritutė Petrokienė, Vytautas Vitkauskas, Jolanta Zabarskaitė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2005. – Atnaujinta versija, 2008. Prieiga internete: www.lkz.lt. LITERATŪRA DLKG 2006: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatika. Redagavo Vytautas Ambrazas. 4-as patais. leidimas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. Geniušienė E. 2007: Reciprocal and reflexive constructions in Lithuanian (with refrences to Latvian). – Reciprocal Construction 2, Nedjalkov, Vladimir P. (ed.). John Benjamins Publishing Company: Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 633–672. Haspelmath M. 2007: Further remarks on reciprocal constructions. – Reciprocal Construction 4, Nedjalkov, Vladimir P. (ed.) John Benjamins Publishing Company: Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 2087–2116. Holvoet A. 2009. Bendrosios sintaksės pagrindai, Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas. Holvoet A., Judžentis A. 2003. Sintaksinių ryšių tipai. – Sintaksinių ryšių tyrimai [= Lietuvių kalbos gramatikos darbai 1], Holvoet, Axel, Artūras Judžentis (red.). Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 11–35. Hurst P. 2010: The syntax of lexical reciprocal constructions. – Proceedings of the LFG10 Conference, Butt, Miriam, King, Tracy Holloway (eds.), 290–310. Prieiga internete: http://cslipublications.stanford.edu/290 (žiūrėta 2016-02-10). Jakaitienė E., Laigonaitė A., Paulauskienė A. 1976: Lietuvių kalbos morfologija, Vilnius: Mokslas. Knjazev J. P. 2007: Lexical reciprocals as a means of expressing reciprocal situations. – Reciprocal Construction 1, Nedjalkov, Vladimir P. (ed.). John Benjamins Publishing Company: Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 115–l46. KP S1 2003: Kalbos patarimai, kn. 2: Sintaksė: linksnių vartojimas (S1). Sudarė Rita Miliūnaitė. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. KP S2 2003: Kalbos patarimai, kn. 2: Sintaksė: prielinksnių ir polinksnių vartojimas (S2). Sudarė Rita Miliūnaitė. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. Labutis V. 1998: Lietuvių kalbos sintaksė, Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla. LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ. Teigiamų alelinių būdvardžių ir jų vedinių aktantų raiška |25 BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 LKG1 1965: Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 1. Fonetika ir morfologija. Redagavo Kazys Ulvydas, Vilnius: Mintis. LKG 2 1971: Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 2. Morfologija (veiksmažodis ir kt.). Redagavo Kazys Ulvydas, Vilnius: Mintis. LKG 3 1976: Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 3. Sintaksė. Redagavo Kazys Ulvydas, Vilnius: Mintis. Majid A., Evans N., Gaby A., Levinson S. 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