„Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenynas“ ir naujadarų tyrimų perspektyvos

BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ Institute of Lithuanian Language LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE NEW WORDS DATA BASE AND PERSPECTIVES OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH KEY WORDS: new word, word formation, word root, word nest, semantic word formation. INTRODUCTION Based on the Lithuanian language new words database (hereinafter – ND, Database), the article reviews some constructive connections of the new words presented in this source, aims to determine the directions of further research on the formation of new words and to get to know more thoroughly the possibilities of ND as a means of such research. The database, as a constantly updated collection of new vocabulary, can be analyzed in various aspects: origin (borrowing, derivatives), form (words, word combinations, quotations, abbreviations), norms (normative, non-normative, uncodified vocabulary), semantics (new meanings) and others (ND, access on the Internet: http://naujazodziai.lki.lt/?Apie_duomenyna). It is not only a source of new language phenomena, but also one of the current means of studying the state and development of words, providing an opportunity, in addition to the new words themselves, to obtain information about them that is important for word formation studies – definitions and other semantic interpretations, references to origin, authentic examples of usage. su šaltinių nuorodomis, dažnai padedančių patikslinti naujažodžio reikšmę ar (ir) atsiradimo (work) circumstances, etc. The ND user who is interested in word formation receives a minimum of information about the constructive relationships of the new word of interest – he is provided with the co-root words recorded by the ND: “New words usually do not exist alone in the language, but are borrowed or made entire nests of them. The new words are linked by links” (ND, access on the Internet http://naujazodziai.lki.lt/?Apie_duomenyna). This allows an approximate estimate of 1 the specific 1 True, not always all, and not always the same related words compared to the presentation of other co-rooted words in the records. For example, the new word karkadienis "Kar kar ice cream appearance day (symbolic birthday)" records algadienis in the column of related words; ticket date; dumpling day; mamadienis; melonadiene; non-talk day; pizza day; pigeon; putadiene; sofaday; Tuesday; Father's Day; Valentine's Day; Valentine's Day; a good day, but not a bad day; a birthday man, -ė; the birthday boy, -ė; talk day; non-working day; non-Saturday; half-birthday (from this related words only halfjubiliejus; pusknygė; pusrezultatas; pustautis, -ė), Daiva Murmulaitytė. 2018-10-01 | 2018-10-01 | 2018-10-01 | 2018-10-01 | 2018-10-01 | 2018-10-01 | 2018-10-01 | 2018-10-01 | BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 2018-10-01 | 2018-10-01 | 2018-10-01 | 2018-10-01 | 2018-10-01 | 2018-10-01 | 2018-10-01 | 2018-10-01 | 2018-10-01 | 2018-10-01 apie jo populiarumą, poreikį, įsitvirtinimą vartosenoje, pasitikslinti semantiką ir kt. Tačiau | 2018-10-01 | 2018-10-01 | 2018-10-01 Their composition by hand, i.e. the initial processing of the entire material, would take too much time, so in the meantime it was limited to the study of new creations of Lithuanian origin, new words borrowed from roots, touching only some new words (new word combinations, quotations and abbreviations are not included in the research material), on August 31, aspektais (norint palyginti ir pan.). ND 2016 m. kovo 31 d. buvo apie 3 200 naujadarų, skolinių ir mišrios darybos 2016 – about 3,400, newly found new creations were filled in the nests formed by the study of individual root words. 2 1. LINES OF RESEARCH IN NEWWORD BUSINESS RELATIONS ND new words can be studied in different directions based on word formation relationships. Several of the most promising, interrelated, would be distinguished according to the following aspects: 1) roots, 2) verb categories (verb affixes), 3) lexical semantic groups. 1.1.The first direction is the examination of common root words and their interrelationships, the formation, analysis and comparison of constructive nests, explaining the following things:  whether the nest is abundant; juice day; a family day; vaikadienis (relative words of this – only mamadienis; tėvadienis; vaikišė; vaikjuostė; vaikmašis; įsivaikinti; šėtonvaikis); Retrieved 25 August 2016. 2 Statistical data are approximate, partly due to the procedure of data submission in the Database. For example, kai kurie daiktavardžiai ir būdvardžiai, matyt, dar nenusistovėjus jų vartosenai ar kol kas nepakankamai ją after investigation, ND are presented in one record, i.e. counted as one word, for example, their names and (or) descriptions created (used) by emigrants according to the time of emigration (waves) pirmawanis, -ė; second wave, -ė; Some examples of usage clearly indicate a recorded noun (It is not easy to detect signs of first-wave life in the United Kingdom) or an adjective (<…> only third-wave arrivals are now flooding into the church <…>), and in some cases the part of the speech is difficult to identify or requires at least a larger context (It happened to interview those people who look like second-wave). Also see plenatinis, -ė – even with more context, it is not clear whether it is an adjective (if in the example speaking about plenatinis rinkėjai the noun rinkėjai is omitted), or a noun (Although medical experts disagree whether the fullness has an effect on the human body and well-being, but such people are Seimo nariai tikina, kad pilnaties paveikti rinkėjai kreipiasi turėdami keisčiausių prašymų, pasipiktinimų ar skundų. even called “perfect” in the corridors of the parliament and often cause not worry, but smiles). The same ambiguity is found in another example of this newcomer found in the Internet usage: <...> one of my co-workers is full, she even spits on clients with her comments... it seems I'm bothering her even while breathing <...> (http://83.246.46.152/prisiminkdev/lt/diskusijos.zinutes/127541/ka-veikiat?page=649. Examples of the use of new words found on the Internet here and elsewhere in the article are presented unchanged, the punctuated text places are marked <...>. Retrieved April–October 2016. In this case, the ambiguity arises from the place of the noun in the sentence, which makes it doubtful whether it is an adjective, i.e. a noun, or an adjective used after the adverb. On the other hand, there are on the Internet and unambiguous adjectives of the word full, -ė vartosenos (pabūsiu piktoji pilnatinė ragana :D). Daiva Murmulaitytė. Data base of new words in Lithuanian language and prospects of research on new BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 words | 3  it consists of derivatives of several stages of construction; or a previously fixed word,  ar jis plačiai išsišakojęs, ar atvirkščiai – dauguma naujadarų remiasi tuo pačiu nauju rather than made of each other;  how many new words themselves have given new creations;  how regular and isolated, occasional structures relate in the nest;  how far the new forms are from the original word of the nest, i.e. whether they are based on simpler morphologically structured base words or are made from more complex morphologically structured base words;  how much of the novelties are unusual (mixed, analog, contamination, etc.) work, etc. These studies should subsequently be supplemented by an analysis of the frequency of use by newcomers, which could reveal:  how much and how the ability to form new words depends on the frequency of their use;  whether the more frequently used novelties create more abundant and/or wider nests compared to the less frequently used;  whether they tend to become other newcomers and how frequent the latter are;  whether, to what extent and how the place of the new word in the word nest (its stage of development) is related to the frequency of its use, etc. 1.1.1. It has been found that in the period of the study, the ND has presented new words (derived, hybrid, semantic new words) with approximately 800 Lithuanian roots (including their variants, e.g., darb-/dirb-, did-/didž-, krau-/krov-/krūv-/kro-, lenk-/link-/lank-, vers- /verč-/vert-/virkščir etc. – 876). Most of the new words have the root language- (40). Other more common roots: raš- (35 new words); dien- (26); person- (21); work-/work, network-, word- (19 each); head, lead/lead/lead (16 each); count-/count-, scatter-, stir-, work-, place- (14 each); many-, many-, many-, many-, many- (13 each); CD/DVD, LP, tape (12 each); dvi-, laik1- (see time), vald-/valdž- (each 11); bat-/bač-, dėž-, kab-, teis-, važ-/vež-, žal-, žin- (po 10) and so on. 375 roots (aikšt-, al-, alyv-, an-, band1- (cf. bandelė), band2- (cf. bandyti), bėg-, čiuž-, duon-, gam-, kiem-, lauk-, maž-, mėg-, pien-, rat-, slap-, sūr-, šyp-, tam-, trūk-, uog-, vabzd-, vaist-, žing-, žiūr-, žvirbli, etc.) occurred in only one new word. Therefore, about 47% of the roots are in constructively single, i.e., non-entering into constructive nests, new words. However, it should be noted that the research is based on publicly available data, and in the New Words Storage (about the structure of the ND and the data processing layers see section 2.1) can also be found http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:BX0VuptrEZQJ:bloodyrose.forumlt.com/t68 9p50-gyvenamasis-namas+&cd=2&hl=lt&ct=clnk&gl=lt; all niakti vedinių vartosenos šaltiniai žiūrėti 2016 daugiau minėtas 375 šaknis turinčių vedinių ar dūrinių. Be to, reikia dar turėti galvoje, kad Daiva Murmulaitytė. Lithuanian language new words database and prospects of new word research | 4 BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Not all related words of new words appear immediately in the database, because ND does not have the aim of finding a new word and trying to create a constructively complete picture, purposefully searching for its co-root words or derivatives of the same constructive affix. 1.1.2. As a departure from the main idea, it is worth discussing one specific example. For example, ND is the only subordinate of the root (probably already subordinated) niauktas „tamsintas (about car windows)“. The use of the Internet shows that there is also its abstract form: a jeep with “scrambled” rear windows, through „Susikaupęs, lėtai iškvėpęs orą pro nosį, nemirelis ryžtingai pajuda prie Sailui priklausančio which absolutely nothing was visible. As far as he knew, such a blind glass “destruction” is not allowed by law. It's scary to even think what the police could have experienced trying to stop this car. Furthermore, usage shows (and this should not be surprising, especially if the ND-presented niauktas, 3 -a is considered a participant), that the new transitive uses the base verb niaukti: <...> kaip niaukti/dazyti is dvieju spalvu? <...> Front bumper and bonnet need to be painted, so I decided to repaint the whole car, or to paint it with a matte color; This page lists companies whose main activity is: 4 Break the car windows. Thus, ND sooner or later should appear and semantic rework niaukti 5 „dark (e.g. windows)“ (not necessarily car, because can be niaukti and residential windows, etc.), the transfer of the LKŽ presented niaukti 1. the meaning of „clouds envelope, cover, obscure“. On the Internet there is also a derivative of the latter lexicon – the abstract of the verb: grazus passatukas, jei langus patamsintų tai pagražintų <...> I don’t know, I don’t need the darkening at all... my own if I darkened, it would be only all the windows, at the back about 50%, and at the front the weakest, or I wouldn’t dark at all. Since abstracts (both nouns and verbs) are regular derivatives (Urbutis 1978: 100, 267–268), in the case of the new word niauktas, -a, it was 6 immediately possible to guess that it is not solitary in the usage, which, after examining, can already form a constructive nest of at least four members. Without further investigation, it seems that the nest could be like this (see Figure 1). 7 3 http://www.mb1.lt/showthread.php?t=12027. 09 08. 4 5 https://www.spec.lt/paieska/niakti-auto-stiklus. 6 http://www.passat-club.lt/forum/viewtopic.php?f=6&t=3120&start=10. 7 In this and the following figures, the numbered columns indicate the stages of production; the grey background shows the lexicons already fixed in the ND supporting sources; the affixes of the noun are in small capital letters, the new nouns are in bold. The number of new nests in the nest is indicated in parentheses next to the initial word. The following contractual abbreviations are used: anl – analog work, dpp – changes in the basis of work; kd = contaminant derivatives; ntp – atypical work; sd – semantic construction, i.e. transfer of meaning, etc. vrt – vertinys. Detali žodžių pateikimo lizde eilės tvarka dar svarstoma, derinama ir tikslinama, nes kiekvienos ; the methodology of presenting words of the part of the speech has its peculiarities, but its basic principles would be as follows: at the beginning, the derivatives of the same part of the speech are presented, then the derivatives of other parts of the speech; first the adverbial, then the prepositional and final derivatives, followed by the punctual (first those in which the initial word of the nest goes the first sandu, then Daiva Murmulaitytė. Lithuanian New Words Database and Perspectives of New Words Research | 5 BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 SD 1 2 temdyti“ langus)“ DEAFNESS „clouds to cover, to niaukTAS cover, to darken (ppr. niauktUMAS niaukti niaukti prk. 1 PAV. It should be noted that the abstract niaukti of the verb is not a semantic, but a lexical reconstruction, made from a new (translative) niaukti lexicon. This is a homonym of the fixed noun niaukimas in Lithuanian, because the latter is based on another verb niaukti2 “to rain”: niauk mas → 2 niaukti: That rain rains and rains, and there is no end to its raining. Thus, returning to the discussion of the numerical data, it is concluded that the mentioned 47% of Lithuanian roots in the Database are not a precise reference when speaking about the creation of new words in general and when judging about the creational relationships of new words. They do not show that such a large number of new words with Lithuanian roots do not have related new words, i.e. do not go with their base words, do not form new or expand former construction nests. A more accurate picture can be formed only by further investigating the presence and usage of possible, but not included in the ND, at least regular derivatives of the new word. They should be searched for purposefully, for example, after finding an adjective (depending on whether it is qualitative or relative) – check whether its abstracts with prefixes -umas, -ybė, as well as prefixes -inis, -ė are used; -iškas, -a Vedic, suffixes -ai adverbs; if a verb is found – whether there are its abstracts with suffixes -imas/-ymas, person names with suffixes -tojas, -a; -ejs, -a and so on. In order to get an even more accurate picture of current word formation, of course, it would be necessary to use computer-based new word traps that select new words from large textbooks, because ND data is collected manually, “therefore the work is not fast and its results can only show the most general quantitative tendencies of new lexicon” (Miliūnaitė 2015: 171). 1.1.3. Below are some more examples of new word formation niches, which show how different the new word formation relationships of the ND can be. those in which it is the second, these are aligned to the right margin, and so on. ; finally go the derivatives of mixed and atypical action. In addition, the same type of functional group (e.g., prepositional derivatives, punctual derivatives, etc.) are listed in alphabetical order within their groups. DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ. Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenynas ir naujadarų tyrimų perspektyvos | 6 BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 1 2 3 pilti papildA pilstukUKAS pilDYTI PApildyti pilstukINI- (5) kišenpildis, -ė NKAS, -Ė pilnatINIS, pilSTYTI pilNAS, -A -Ė 1 2 2 PAV. New words in the creation slot ND fixed 5 new forms with the root pil-. The nest consists of the derivatives of three stages 8 of construction, there are no new constructions of the first stage. The recorded novelties are of various types – consonant, terminal, consonant-consonant, consonant-consonant. The third-level prepositional derivatives have three prepositions. However, the nest is not large, the production chains are short and unvaried (see Figure 2). diena dykadienis pilnATIS algadienis (26) gimtadiebirthday birthdayINInINKAS, -Ė bilietadienis pusbirtadienis kalbadienis karkadienis ntp doldūnadienis mamadienis melionadienis nekalbadienis NKAS, -Ė nelovadienis anl nesėštadienis anl picadienis 8 It should be noted that here and in other pictures only new words and their base words (new and previously fixed) are shown, all other derivatives of the nest's original word already included in dictionaries are not shown. Daiva Murmulaitytė. Lithuanian New Words Database and Perspectives of New Words Research | 7 BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 1 2 Valentine's day puta day sofa day juice day family day father's day cake day grandfathday cheap er's day valentine's day 3 PAV. According to ND data, the nest of the word diena has expanded by 26 new words (see Figure 3). The absolute majority of them (88%) are first-order derivatives, i.e. they are based on the initial nest word. 92% of the novels are punched, in all of which the base word diena goes in the second sand. There are atypical derivatives (karkadienis "the day of the appearance of the ice cream "Kar kar" (symbolic birthday)"), analogous derivatives (nelovadienis, nesėdadienis, cf. nekalbadienis). It is unavoidable to use morphologically more complex (prepositional) or otherwise longer first verses, often international ones. Compared to the nest of the pilti newfounder, this one is more abundant, but simpler in structure and more homogeneous in the way it is constructed. The same is true when comparing it with the nest of nouns of another noun – head (see Figure 4), although at first glance those nests may seem similar – 2 stages of construction, the majority of nouns (69%) also consist of puns. However, in those punches the base word glava is used about equally often in both the first and the second sandu. More complex suffixes. morfeminės struktūros yra nebent būdvardis riestainiagalvis, -ė, kurio pirmasis sandas turi 2 1 2 head galvIZMAS (16) galvoti galvojIMAS sd galvoTOJAS, -A kalbėti kalbIŠIUS sd DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ. Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenynas ir naujadarų tyrimų perspektyvos | 8 BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 1 2 galvajuostė 1 2 3 kalbinti galvos skausmas kalbAINIS galvažmogis benzingalvis, -ė bukagalvis, -ė bukagalvIZMAS kinkagalvis pumpūgagalvis, -ė riestainiagalvis, -ė valdžiagalvis kalbINTI (40) NEkalbti nekalbadienis 4 PAV. This nest is characterized by 2 cases of semantic construction – the derivatives of the word galvoti (galvojimas „Arvydas Šliogerio Lithuanian word for philosophy“ and galvotojas, -ė „special word for Lithuanian philosophers“) have acquired new meanings (see also about this. Murmulaitytė 2016a). kalbainIŠKAS, -A kalbainIZMAS plg. galvosūkis, kalbišIŪTĖ kalbA galvotrūkiais galvotrūkiais galvahaklis galvaspjautė galvaplovė kalbaknisys, -ė kalbosofas, -ė kalbotarša kalbotakis bdv. anglakalbis, -ė Daiva Murmulaitytė. Lithuanian New Words Database and Perspectives of New Words Research | 9 BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 1 2 3 English-speaking, -ė dkt. native speaker, -ė arabakalbis, -ė bd. Arabic-speaking, -ė dkt. sign language, -ė dkt. native speaker, -ė bdv. kalbUONIS, -Ė dkt. Spanish, -ė bdv. Spanish, -ė dkt. klišej, -ė bdv. Lithuanian speaker, -ė dkt./bdv. soft-speaking multilingual French-speaking, -ė bdv. Russian-speaking, -ė bdv. Russian-speaking, -ė dkt. Slavophone, -ė bdv. Swedish-spedkt./ bdv. aking, -ė dkt. German-speaking, -ė dkt./bdv. language narrow-speaking speaking everyday public speaker, -ė arabakalbė 5 PAV. Talking making socket new words Daiva Murmulaitytė. Data base of Lithuanian new words and perspectives of research on new words | 16 BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 naming derivatives. More research material is needed to investigate the innovations and trends in this category of work more thoroughly. It is more difficult to search for it in the Internet usage, because they are not potential derivatives. So far, we can only see that when the need to name new realities (father, bishop) arises, the usual ways of working are adapted according to form and the possibilities of semantic motivation are expanded. 1.3. Another possible direction of studying the relationships of new verbs is according to lexical semantic groups. 1.3.1. An example could be about 40 new words, made from real names, people’s surnames dažniausiai – asmenvardžių, ir pavadinimų. Didžioji jų dalis remiasi dažnai minimų žinomų (gražuliada, grybauskizmas, kubiloidas, putleris, čiviliuoti, žvagulintis, (snoriada, snoriukas, nusišalčiūtinti, janutiena, Kalantinės, šrioderizacija ir kt.), dalis – įmonių, partijų pavadinimais apsisnorinti, nusnorinti (: Snoras), tvarkietis, -ė, darbietis, -ė (cf. party Uber, which uses mobile „Tvarka ir teisingumas“, Darbo partija), uberizacija „JAV įkurtos tarptautinės pavėžėjimo apps to call the service, expansion; form of activity of this nature – sharing economy” and others. A few individuals are of peculiar creation and semantic motivation (the box “the name of the peculiar sculptures of one artist (made from the name of the carver’s wife Rūta)”, balsevičiai “the name of a newly discovered species of mushrooms according to the name of the family that discovered them”, vingiųjonizmas “slowness of thinking and acting as a cultural norm” (: Vingių Jonas). 1.3.2. More in detail, the authors looked at new names made from names of Lithuanian politicians or people connected with politics in one way or another. There are 10 of their NDs: adamliks, gražulėjimas, gražulesnis, -ė, gražuliada, gražulizmas, grybauskizmas, grybokratija, kubilizmas, kubiloidas, uspaskizuoti, so they are based only on the names of 5 politicians (Valdas Adamkus, Petras Gražulis, Dalia Grybauskaitė, Andrius Kubilius, Viktoras Uspaskich). It is clear that the number of new words in this group that have entered the ND is very small, compared to what can be found in the Internet usage, which shows that there are considerably more such new words, assessed both by base words and by construction affixes. After selecting the names of several other famous politicians and the most common affixes of this lexical semantic group (-ietis, -inis, -ė (bdv.), -inis, -ė (dkt.), -izmas, -istas, -ė, -oidas), the derivatives of such construction were purposefully searched on the Internet. All of them are to be considered new words according to the ND concept, since derivatives of personal noun origin are usually not included in general dictionaries, and thus are not recorded in ND supporting sources. Undoubtedly, this is not a comprehensive description of this lexical semantic DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ. Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenynas ir naujadarų tyrimų perspektyvos | 17 BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 group of newborns, but after considering these data (see Table 2) it is possible to make some assumptions and draw guidelines for in-depth studies. TABLE 2. List of Lithuanian politicians by party (surname) Darbo Derivatives of other production -ietis, -ė -ininkas, -ė -inis, -ė bdv. -inis, -ė dkt. -oidas -izmas -istas, -ė V. Adamkus – + + + – + + proadamkinis, -ė adamliksas (ND) A. Brazauskas + + + + – + + L. Graužinienė –––+ dgs. –+ –+ A. Kubilius + + + + + + + afiksai + P. Gražulis + + + + dgs. –+ + gražulėti gražuulėjimas (ND) gražulesnis, -ė (ND) ‘free V. Landsbergis landsberginis ‘tam uspaskinis ‘Uspaskich’ gražuliada (ND) + + D. Grybauskaitė + + + + –+ (ND) (ND) fungicracy (ND) + + + + + + progrybauskinis, -ė tikras automobilis’ dpp (ND) + dpp + dpp + dpp + dpp kubilinės šustauskinis prolandsberginis, -ė paksoidinis, -ė kitų pavardžių šustauskininkas + dpp + dpp + dpp + + dpp + dpp + dpp + tomaševskininka s vėsaitizmas + + + + + + atostoguspaskizuoti (ND) butkevičinis lubiniai os’ R. Ozolas –? + ? ? + + + R. Paksas + dpp V. Uspaskich + kirkiliniai pankiniai paleckiniai kirkiloidas paulauskoidas tapinoidas uokizmas + paulauskizmas Vediniai iš Daiva Murmulaitytė. 2018-01-18 | 18 The term "political" is used in a negative sense to refer to a particular BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Pirmiausia atkreiptas dėmesys, kad nagrinėtų naujadarų kūryba susijusi su visuomenės politician or person associated with politics. Naturally, such persons can be viewed differently, different word-making tools are used to name or describe them, their activities, supporters. More or less neutral nouns are derived with suffixes -ietis, -ė; -nieks, -ē; -inis, -ė (bdv.), and the -izmas, -oidas adverbs are connoted negatively regardless of context. Not all surnames are constructed, and this apparently does not depend on the frequency of their use. A person may be constantly mentioned in the media because of his or her high positions or actions, but he or she may not have exceptional political views or the qualities of a strong leader who gathers supporters, so the public does not need words to describe his or her policies, management style, supporters, etc. On the other hand, you do not have to be a politician to be appreciated for your active activities. For example, one of the latest innovations – tapinoid, which appeared only in recent months due to the very active civic, socially mobilizing and, obviously, not everyone’s liking activities of the writer and journalist Andrius Tapinas, also cf. other recent innovations from his surname – tapinadienis; tapinistic, -ė; tapinism; Tapin teeth and others. Regarding the new words themselves, the affix -ism, characteristic of philosophical, names, is distinguished. The grammar states that this suffix is easily distinguished in many international words, but in the Lithuanian language itself new derivatives with it are usually not made (DLKG 1996: 103). religinių meninių, politinių krypčių, sistemų, visuomeninių ir politinių santvarkų Apparently, the personal noun derivatives of this suffix are an exception, since there are quite a few new ones (e.g., in a 2011 conversation with Jurgita Girčiene, a researcher of new lexicon, she mentions “an infinite number of new words associated with the surnames of well-known politicians: these include “adamkizmas”, “gentvilizmas”, “kirkilizmas”, “kubilizmas”, “landsbergizmas”, “paulauskizmas”, “paksizmas”, “prunskizmas”, “šustauskizmas”, “valinskizmas”, “zuokizmas”, “uspaskizmas” <...>” (Zailskaitė 2011). One website even publishes a small, non-linguistic list of names of Lithuanian politicians, media, public figures and entertainment personalities. It does not explain the words, but only indicates from which person's surname they are made. In addition, with this suffix can be formed also the names sudarytas tokių vedinių žodynėlis, kuriame yra apie 20 naujadarų, besiremiančių dabartinių of another category of action – words and expressions characteristic of someone (DLKG 1996: 141, LKG 11 1965: 416), cf. landsbergism. Some of the derivatives of this group of lexical semantic nouns have changed the basis of the noun. First of all, this applies to the non-Lithuanian surname of V. Uspaskich, from which two suffixes -inis, -ė vedic uspaskichinis (listeners may be grateful to V. S. for http://lietuvosdiena.lrytas.lt/aktualijos/partija-be-pasitikejimo-zlugusipartija.htm?utm_source=lrExtraLinks&utm_campaign=Copy&utm_medium=Copy, accessed 2016 10 17. paksinės ir uspaskichinės partijų išrinkimą į Seimą <...>) ir uspaskinis (eilinis uspaskinis 11 http://naujienos.istorija.net/2010/01/lietuviskieji-izmai.html, žiūrėta 2016 10 17. Daiva Murmulaitytė. Lithuanian language new words database and prospects of new words research | 19 BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 stumbling and falling on Lithuania), the latter has a fractured stem. Fanaticism has other roots, and they usually come from evil. From a personality with no humanistic views. In the best case, these are kaikarizmas, bradauskizmas, grybauskizmas, pakxizmas, uspaskichizmas (which, thanks to fate and a healthy instinct of self-protection, has been pushed into the framework of the rules of the democratic game) and uspaskizmas (the title of A. Ružos’ book Three Lithuanian “-isms”: an overview study of 12 landsbergism, pakxizmas and uspaskizmas). Also in this aspect, see graužininis, -ė (are those Graužininiai really healthy and do they understand what parliamentarian means) – a noun made for a more convenient pronunciation by morphemically shortening the surname Graužinienė. It is possible that these secondary reasons (alongside political, personality, etc.) also contributed to the fact that the latter name has 13 generally given few vedas. On the other hand, the above-mentioned non-Lithuanian surname is no less “uncomfortable” in terms of morphology, but its nest is characterized by a wealth of morphologies. Perhaps, for phonetic reasons, prunskism (: Prunskienė) also has a changed basis of construction, but väsaitism (: Vėsaitė) does not – *prunskienism and *vėsizmas would not be so convenient to pronounce. Female surname suffixes may be omitted for other reasons, such as avoiding too long nouns, e.g.: grybauskizmas, pogrybauskinis (: Grybauskaitė), but cf. nusišalčiūtinti (: Šalčiūtė). The basis of the work is further shortened in hybrid fungicracy – undoubtedly in order to achieve additional semantic connection with the generic noun fungi and the resulting stylistic connotations. 1.3.3. In these times of the Internet and social networks, society reacts very quickly to one or another event, immediately expresses its opinion on various issues, especially those that have been raised, and does so freely, without restriction (the creation of new words in this field often oscillates on the border of play on words and bullying). Individual, occasional, situational, authorial new words appear quite a lot and they do not disappear immediately, as in colloquial language. And the lexical semantic groups in question seem to increase especially during recent political events. For example, during the Seimas elections, when the public is extremely sensitive to the actions of politicians and people who want to become politicians, a whole series of name-changes were made on Facebook directly in front of the eyes of Juozas Pundzius, Ramūnas Karbauskis, Juozas Olekas, Audronė Pitrėnienė, Birutė Vėsaitė, Rolandas Paksas and many others. pavardžių: – Will he punch or punch out? – Apsikarbauskins, išsipundzins ir nusiolekins toliau pitrėnintis. 12 13 https://www.tv3.lt/komentarai/161832/a-kubilius-darbo-partijai-belieka-issivaikscioti; Retrieved 17 October 2016. Daiva Murmulaitytė. Lithuanian New Words Database and Perspectives of Research on New Words | 20 – I BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 think it will cool down and get cold. – The possibility that everyone will be stunned is not ruled out  - I'm betting on it. – They’ll pull it out and pull it back after the elections. <...> – It turned out that he blew and was also blew. – 14 Pundziava total. It is unlikely that these situational new forms will be adopted and established in general usage, but they perfectly illustrate the wide possibilities of constructing noun verbs with the suffix -inti and their conjugated derivatives. Some innovations, apparently, quickly become historicisms, such as Kubilius’s “free vacation” – a characteristic reality of the period of A. Kubilius’s leadership of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania (2008–2012), which arose as a result of the 2008 global financial crisis, e.g. : I want to be understood correctly: we are perfectly aware that money does not grow on trees, but what kind of solidarity can we talk about if we, library employees, have to take unpaid leave to pay for the heating and electricity of library premises? We already knew the taste of the “Kubiliai” because at the beginning of the year the municipality allocated only half of the amount needed for these services, and then also deleted the Landsbergis “car 15 Mercedes-Benz 126” (JŽ, http://www.zodynas.lt/jaunimo-zodynas/L/landsberginis; accessed 2016 10 17), e.g.: “Mercedes-Benz 126” nickname: Landsberginis (the then Lithuanian state leaders had loved these cars. They, even if used narrowly, could probably be included in ND. 16 2. DATA AS A CONTEMPORARY WORDPRESS STUDY MEASURE 2.1. ND handling components We have already mentioned the reflection of the functional connections of new words in ND (see section 1.1.1). It should be recalled that before the new words appear in ND, they first enter the digital New Words Database (hereinafter referred to as the Database), which consists of heading and usage data, and from there into the New Words Database (hereinafter referred to as the Database). 14 Plg. https://www.facebook.com/haroldas.mackevicius?fref=ts; Retrieved 19 October 2016. 15 http://www.alytausnaujienos.lt/alytausnaujienos/spausdinti/?nid=4100; accessed 2016 08 16. 16 http://m.autoplius.lt/tyrimai/nuotrauku-galerija/populiariausios-automobiliu-pravardes-2-dalis, žiūrėta 2016 10 17. Daiva Murmulaitytė. 21 The Lithuanian Language New Words Database and the Perspectives of Research BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 of New Words | 21 The Lithuanian Language New Words Database is the main tool for collecting, systematizing and describing new words. From this, processed and selected, the data enters the ND. Sometimes a new word travels this path very quickly, and sometimes a considerable amount of time passes between its inclusion in the Kartotekos heading and its appearance in the ND before the word’s Kartotekoje naujažodžių ir vartosenos pavyzdžių buvo keliskart daugiau, nei pateikta ND. origin, semantics, etc. are investigated. According to data from the end of 2014, at the end of 2015 the ND heading words exceeded 3 000, and about 11 700 illustrative examples of usage were provided (Miliūnaitė 2015: 163–164, 172). In mid-2016, almost 3,500 new words were described in ND (Miliūnaitė 2016: 48). All three sources of new words (Kartoteka, Kaupykla and Duomenynas) are constantly updated. Thus, it is obvious that there will be more and newer, only unprocessed, information in the Kartotekas than in ND, which is the only publicly available source. This is important and must be kept in mind when examining the constructive relationships of new words, when speaking about their construction nests and the completeness of the latter, about regular and potential constructions. In principle, the most accurate and up-to-date picture of a certain period could be obtained from the Kartotekas data (header), provided that the origin of the new word and, most importantly, its semantics, do not raise any doubts. True, in some cases, in the ND only the heading new words and the information message “New word added to the heading of the database. Information is being collected.’ For example, 2016 08 27 so was presented Afro-Caribbean, -a; the archbishop; adopt, etc. The very presence of such words next to the words afrocaribean, -ė, archbishop and adopted included in the ND is significant in the study of the constructive relationships of new words. On the other hand, the analogous terms babatukas, kalčis, janutiena, katariumas presented in ND at first glance do not say much without definitions or at least without the envy of the usage. In the latter two cases, it is possible to guess that the new word has something in common with the well-known journalist Rūta Janutiene and with cats. It is easy to convince yourself of this by looking a little on the Internet: <...> a Lithuanian injured by all kinds of Janukovičius is no different in his attitude to politicians’ lies from the Russian watermen who glorify Putin; catarium – a 17 special house for cats, where they can enjoy the fresh air, so that the kittens do not sit at the window and do not look out through the glass, but always, whenever they want, be outside. They can go out at any time, just like lions. This shows that in the study of new word formation, less information is needed than is necessary for the new word to appear in ND, some data can be quickly obtained by searching for 18 examples of the usage of the new word. However, it is obvious that the new word itself must be known, i.e. the new word must already be recorded at least in the initial chain of the three sources mentioned (Archive, Repository, Database). 17 http://www.delfi.lt/news/ringas/lit/r-sadauskas-kvietkevicius-siulau-melagiu-diena-perkelti-isbalandzio-1-- osios-ir-pavadinti-trecioko-diena.d?id=70608144, žiūrėta 2016 08 27. 18 http://augintinis.lrytas.lt/pamatyk/kaunieciu-namuose-kilmingu-katinurojus.htm?utm_source- =lrExtraLinks&utm_campaign=Copy&utm_medium, žiūrėta 2016 08 27. DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ. Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenynas ir naujadarų tyrimų perspektyvos | 22 BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 2.2. The problem of the distinction between lexical and semantic novelties 2.2.1. Some ND vocabulary has more than one meaning. Since the aim was to create only a general picture of the vocabulary presented in the ND, to determine the approximate volume of the research material (by morphemically breaking down and grouping new words according to Lithuanian roots) and to provide guidelines for further research, so far we have been interested in words rather than individual lexicons. Undoubtedly, a detailed study of the formation of new words will be possible only at the level of lexices, especially bearing in mind the problem of the difference between new words and new meanings (semantic new words), which has been more or less discussed on various occasions (Miliūnaitė 2015: 175–178, Murmulaitytė 2014: 12–14, also cf. Miliūnaitė 2016: 48–49, Murmulaitytė 2016b: 17). It is briefly recalled that the formal criterion for the classification of these phenomena is generally followed in ND, taking into account whether the word was recorded in the supporting sources of ND: LKŽe, DŽ6 and TŽŽ (http://naujazodziai.lki.lt/Index.asp?Apie_duomenyna). This pilot investigation did not go into the problem in question in any greater detail. Obviously, one of the first steps in expanding the study would be to distinguish between lexical and semantic neologisms based on constructional oppositions and semantic development of words. We can mention only a few examples that prove that the formal criterion of fixing a word or its meaning in supporting sources will not be suitable for solving this problem in the future. For example, ND both dizziness "dizziness; kalbėti niekus; būti karštai (bet nepagrįstai) įsitikinus ar susižavėjus kuo nors“, tiek svaigimas ‘wandering; talking about nonsense; unreasonable but passionate belief or admiration of something” are considered new meanings of the word. However, only the verb could be considered a constructively semantic novelty, i.e., the result of semantic development, and its abstract is undoubtedly a novelty arising from the new lexem svaigti, and not semantically derived from other lexems of the verb noun svaigimas. Another example is the shortcut. 5 new meanings of this word are fixed in ND (1. „short film“; 2. „short poem“; 3. „short blouse“; 4. „short skirt“; 5. „short-legged dog“), in LKŽ it is fixed in the meaning „short little train“. In ND, the plural noun trumpukai "shoes with short heels" is also classified as a noun. It is obvious that the new lexems are different results of the specialization of the lexicalisation of the deminutive, whose action means “what is short”, i.e., they arose each time on the basis of an unlexicalized primary derivative, rather than evolved one from another (or from the first, fixed, lexem in LKŽ). What is different is the hedgehog "barbed strip of forced braking cars on the road". The new lexicon clearly relies on the basic meaning of the long-established word hedgehog “such a small animal, covered with spikes (Erinaceus europaeus)” (LKŽe) and has emerged from its transfer to different categories of construction – the new chewing-gum lexicons, when analyzed constructively, should be considered būdu. Plg. leksema blakė „slapto klausymosi ir stebėjimo įranga“ atsirado lygiai tokiu pačiu Daiva Murmulaitytė. 23 way, but not in Lithuanian language – cf. English (American) bug 3. „a miniature BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 microphone, typically concealed in a room or telephone, used for surveillance“ (OD, prieiga internete: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/bug), 4. „a small piece of electronic equipment used for secretly listening to what people are saying“ (MD, prieiga internete: http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/american/bug_1), taigi lietuvių kalboje ji yra pasiskolinta 19 . Another example – teething toy, ND classified as a new meaning of the word, with additional information: “The Lithuanian Language Dictionary” (LKŽe) kramtukas, -ė is in the meaning “who bites, chews” – to name a living being”. There are two types of lessons: 1. “most often a toy-shaped chewing tool for massage gums during teeth sprouting, safely getting used to eating solid food, etc. ; Boneor toy-shaped chew for dogs’; 2. ‘chewable food (usually a treat) or food supplement’. However, it should be borne in mind that in the LKŽ there is a fixed substantivum mobile (masculine and feminine noun), a suffix -ukas, -ė derivative, belonging to the category of the construction of names of actors and possessors of verb characteristics (DLKG 1996: 111). The first of the new lexems could be regarded as a derivative of the suffix -ukas, belonging to the toolmaking category, with the meaning of “a tool for chewing” (DLKG 1996: 131). Or it, like the second one, could be considered a deminutive of the ending -as of a derivative, which according to the meaning of the action would be the name of the result (object) of the action (DLKG 1996: 125), made with the suffix -(i)ukas, -ė (chew-up: chew-up: chew-up). Taigi mažiausiai dėl dviejų priežasčių – skirtingų gramatinių ypatybių ir priklausymo not semantic (meaning), but lexical new constructions, newly made words. 2.2.2. By way of derogation, one aspect of the ND structure should be noted: the type of the new word (new word, new word meaning, newly borrowed root word, newly borrowed quotation, etc.) is indicated in the general information section of the description of the new word, i.e. it applies to all the lexems (meanings), which are further presented separately in the section of the description entitled “Meanings and usage”. It would appear that no matter how many new lexems of a given word are discovered, tegali būti vienos, t. y. tos pačios, rūšies – arba naujadarai, arba naũjos žodžio reikšmės 19 This is not only the case in English, but also in Latin. From the movies everyone knows - "bug" or "flea" называется устройство, призванное вести скрытое наблюдение. Это может быть микрофон или видеокамера (http://planeta.by/article/680, accessed 2016 10 08); Bookmarks (abbreviation from "bookmarking devices"; suddenly, "bugs", from English bugs, also known as "bugs", "fleas" etc.) <...> (http://lurkmore.to/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8; see 2016 10 08. Daiva Murmulaitytė. Data base of new words in Lithuanian language and prospects of research on new BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 words | 24 (with the problem under discussion in mind). However, it is not excluded that there may be leksema atsirado semantinės raidos (leksikalizacijos, specializacijos, reikšmės perkėlimo) cases where one word is new and the other has been re-created, for example, based on the semantics (palyginti su jau fiksuotąja leksema). Žinant, kad ND skiriant leksinius naujadarus nuo of another reference word, the formal criterion mentioned above is usually followed (whether the word has already been recorded in the reference publications or not) (Miliūnaitė 2015: 175–179), such a feature of the structure of this database does not seem unsystematic. However, by studying the formation of ND data and reclassifying some semantic new creations into lexical ones, it is obvious that several leximes may not be of the same kind. In general, bearing in mind the problem of the difference between lexical and semantic novelties, which has been little studied up to now, and becoming more and more convinced that it is multifaceted and deserves a separate, in-depth study, it seems that it would be necessary first of all to select all semantic novelties from ND and to investigate the history of each of their emergence, as well as the semantic and constructive connections with other lexical elements of the same, already fixed, word. The main groups of them should be clarified, the criteria for both the semantic new creations of ND themselves and their difference from lexical new creations should become more transparent, and a more accurate picture of the current word and semantic creation should be formed. This could be another interesting and promising direction of research. CONCLUSIONS 1.The database of new words in Lithuanian language is not only a source of new linguistic phenomena, but also one of the means of studying the current state and development of words, providing the opportunity to obtain information about them that is important for word formation studies – definitions and other semantic interpretations, references to origin, authentic examples of usage with references to sources, which often help to clarify the meaning of a new word or (and) the circumstances of its emergence (formation). 2. ND new words can be studied in different directions in terms of word formation relations. Some of the most promising, interrelated, would be the following: by roots (creation and analysis of verb nests), by verb categories and their characteristic verb affixes, by semantic lexical groups. 2.1. After creating the nests of the ND newword formation, it would be visible, what part of them is made up of newwords, how far these are away from the original word of the nest, i.e. how many stages of formation in the nest can be distinguished, how many newwords themselves have given newwords, what part of the newwords are atypical formations, how many of them have changed the basis of formation, etc. It was determined that in the investigated period, ND presented new words (derived, punched, hybrid, semantic newcomers) with Daiva Murmulaitytė. Data base of Lithuanian new words and prospects of research on new words | 25 800 BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Lithuanian roots. About 47% of them occurred in only one ND newword. The majority of these are not nei pusė ND naujadarų šiame šaltinyje turi giminiškų žodžių ir sudaro su jais darybos lizdus. abundant, but there are also abundant, comprising 26-40 new verbs (roots of language, writing, day, person, work/work, word, etc.), covering 4-5 stages of creation (e.g., words writing, working creation nests). It should be noted that the mentioned 47 percent by no means indicate that such a proportion of new words with Lithuanian roots do not have co-root new words, i.e. do not go with their base words, do not form new and do not expand former construction niches, etc. By targeted searching for regular new word formations (e.g. nouns and veiksmažodžių abstraktų), interneto vartosenoje jų dažniausiai randama. 2.2 A small study of fixed tool names in ND, carried out to test the possibilities of the second direction of research, allows to assume that, according to the LKG and DLKG data, the last former suffix of this category of work -tuvas gives up its positions to the second according to the consistency former suffix -iklis and the sixth -yklė. Interestingly, the non-coherent suffix -klis ND has as many as 6 derivatives (8 lexemes) and occupies the fifth place in terms of consistency. Ten of the prepositions described in the grammar (-tas, -tis, -eklis, -klas, -tė, -(i)oklis, -ikas, -stis, -ta, -tuvis/-tuvys) were not found in the ND. When studying ND material, this aspect is not forgotten and, perhaps, more important is the opposite direction of research – considering as a starting point not the descriptions of grammar, but the ND data themselves, among which, probably, it is possible to find phenomena not described in grammar, atypical writing, analogous, individual novelties, etc. 2.3.The study of a group of lexical semantic ND neologisms – several dozen derivatives of personal noun origin, e.g., gražuliada, grybauskizmas, kubiloidas, putleris, čiviliuoti, žvagulintis, janutiena, Kalantinės, etc. – revealed that only a very small part of them entered the ND. The Internet use of new creations, made, for example, from the names of Lithuanian politicians, shows that they are much more abundant. More or less neutral nouns are derived with suffixes -ietis, -ė; -nieks, -ē; -inis, -ė (adjectives), and the -ism of adverbs (in the sense of noun characteristic, not characteristic phrase), -oidas Vedic regardless of context are connoted negatively. The ND could include, perhaps, the Kubilius’s “free holidays” and the Landsbergis’s “Mercedes-Benz 126 car”, which are already becoming historicisms. 3.In evaluating ND as a tool for studying the relationships of new word formation, attention should be paid to several points. 3.1. ND is not intended exclusively for word formation. In preparation for comprehensive research in this field, its database should provide the possibility of constructively and morphemically splitting new words, forming their construction nests, fixing morphemical patterns, etc. 3.2. Formal criteria for the assignment of lexical and semantic novelties in ND (word fixation in supporting sources) convenient for presenting new words in ND and many