Lietuvių rašytojų naujadarų darybos ir semantikos ypatumai

BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ Šiaulių universitetas NEW WORKS OF LITHUANIAN WRITERS AND FEATURES OF SEMANTICS KEY WORDS: noun, noun, derivative, noun, potential noun, adjective noun, adjective meaning, lexical meaning. INTRODUCTION As a system, language is constant, but at the same time it changes. The composition of the dictionary is constantly changing in two directions: outdated, unnecessary words (or their meanings) are deleted from it, but at the same time new words (or new meanings) appear (Jakaitienė 2010: 171, 203). The latter process is primarily determined by the need of the users of spoken and written language to name new realities or the desire to name a thing with a name in a different, distinctive way. Therefore, in Lithuanian (as in any other language) there are 1 constantly new words, a large part of which are new words. New words in the spoken and written 2 Lithuanian language (including new creations) are studied from various aspects (origin, construction, semantics, distribution, etc.) (Girčienė 2013, 2015; Inčiūraitė-Noreikienė 2015; Mikelionienė 2002; Miliūnaitė 2012, 2014; Murmulaitytė 2014, 2016b; Vaskelienė 2007, 2010, 2011, 2012, etc.). The aim of this article is to discuss the peculiarities of the construction and semantics of novels found in Lithuanian writers’ works. The object of the study is twenty books by thirteen 3 Lithuanian writers (see list of sources). In the thesis applied analysis, interpretation, calculation 4 methods. 5 1 A number of new words are recorded in the Lithuanian New Words Database (ND) (see. Miliūnaitė 2015; about the database, the prospects of researching new words and the possibility of including new words in the Common Lithuanian Dictionary (CLD) see Miliūnaitė 2015. Murmulaitytė 2016; 2016a). 2 “Only such a new word, which has arisen as a result of word formation in that language, is suitable for the term of new word maker” (Urbutis 2009: 37; for new words and new word makers see also Jakaitienė 2010: 205–215). In the article, the new words are considered to be those that are not recorded in the Lithuanian Language Dictionary (LKŽe), the Contemporary Lithuanian Language Dictionary (DLKŽ), the General Lithuanian Language Dictionary Heading (BŽa), the Digital Lithuanian Language Dictionary Supplementary Catalog (LKŽPK) and the Lithuanian Language New Words Database. Although this category of novelties includes both regular works and not quite typical / occasional works, the chosen selection criterion is considered to be possible and objective. 3 For valuable comments and suggestions, the author thanks the secret reviewers of the article. 4 Some of the constructs found in the works of Lithuanian writers (e.g., čiurlioniškas, -a; donelaitiškas, -a; Dostoevskiškas, -a; viršmentalinis, -a, etc.) can be considered as new constructs conditionally, because they are used in other texts as shown by the data of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language Textbook (DLKT) and the internet search engine Google (G). To say who is the author of such a creation is difficult; Article 11 does not ask for this task. 5 The authors (and books) were chosen randomly: rarer (attention-catching) constructs were selected from the prose works of Lithuanian authors of different generations, then checked whether they are recorded in JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ. Lietuvių rašytojų naujadarų darybos ir semantikos ypatumai | 2 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Tirtose lietuvių rašytojų knygose rasti 397 LKŽe, DLKŽ, BŽa, LKŽPK, ND nefiksuoti dictionaries, databases, etc. (after checking the constructs: 202 nouns, 123 adjectives, 36 verbs, 36 adverbs (see Figure 1). Toliau straipsnyje jie nagrinėjami sugrupuoti pagal kalbos dalis. 1 PAV. Parts of the language 1. FUNCTIONAL AND SEMANTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NOUN CONJUNCTIONS Noun conjugations consist of four main forms of conjugation: most of the conjugations are derived from suffixes (114) and punch (72), much less from prepositions (8), derived from endings (5), 3 conjugations are considered to be conjugations with a non-established system of conjugation stages (see Figure 2). 2 PAV. A relatively small number of selected nouns remain for analysis). It is worth mentioning that the language of some authors’ works has been studied in one or another aspect (see Akelaitienė, Žiliūtė-Batavičienė 2011; Barauskaitė 2001, 2001a; Bražėnas 2007; Gustatienė 2013; Libonaitė 2005; Poškuvienė 2013), but no works on the novelty of selected works have been found. 51 per cent 31 per cent 9 per cent 9 per cent nouns adjectives verbs adverbs 56 per cent 36 per cent 2.5 per cent 4 per cent 1.5 per cent adverb-derived priešdėlių vediniai puncture-derived limb injuries dariniai su nenusistovėjusia darybos pakopų sistema Jolanda Vaskeliene. Peculiarities of Lithuanian Writers’ Novels and their Semantic Structures | 3 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 The majority (94%) of noun conjugations are based on words included in dictionaries. Another noun is composed of a word that is not realized by the norm, but is easily imagined, i.e. a potential base word – also a noun (about potential base words see 1. Urbutis 2009: 6 150, 241, 341). 1.1. The derivatives of the prepositions, according to their operative meaning, are divided into lexical units of the 7 operative – regular, potentially constructed (about regularity and potentially constructed see Urbutis 2009: 315–322) kategorijas, tikslinga aptarti kartu. Pasakytina, kad visų autorių kūriniuose gausu abstrakčiosios – abstractly constructed verbs (1) and nouns (2). Most of them belong to constructed types, e.g., abstract verbs 8 usually have suffixes -imas (-ymas), -tis, -esys (apsimokslinimas, duonėjimas, išbūtinimas, papaišymas, pasilabanaktinimas, stribukavimas, triušėjimas, žvangenimas; burn, burn out, burn, burn out, burn out, burn out, burn out, burn out, burn out plasticity, spreading, whistling, silence, trioshesys), abstractions of nouns – suffixes -umas, -ystė, -ybė (blindness, outblowing, cowishness, soft-bodiness, orphanhood, sacrality, rigidity, unity, completeness; begging, crippling, single-mindedness; impermanence, predictability, moderation). There are also new forms of other types of action: the suffixes -smas (gelmas), -snis (kūksnis), -astis (mūsastis, žeismastis), -ava (angeliava), the non-active type -la (see LKG 1965: 301) (stingla, spengla), the non-Lithuanian-origin suffix -izmas (hamletizmas, šopoholizmas). The lexical meaning of the abstracts of verbs and nouns that best retain the categorical adjective meaning is clear even without a larger context, e.g.: apmirtis „apmirimas“ (When this happens, you pass through all the inevitable stages-stations: shock, denial, anger, blame-seeking, crushing, apathy. accumulate “accumulation” (This is not scatteredness, but accumulating at everything as if at one K166–167); spreading “(pa)spreading” (poetry dies the moment that spreading is suppressed, tired K47); blindness “the possession of that which blinds; the ability to dazzle” (This summer morning – <...> bleached to blinding VP80); soft-bodiness “compassion” (Biron, hating himself for such soft-bodiness, muttered SR115); single-heartedness „love for one, loving one person“ (Em love is exceptional, it is a special variant of single-heartedness KE121). Sometimes, the novelizations (e.g., potential reference words in the article are marked with an asterisk*, novelizations in the sentence (or sentence fragment) are highlighted, the meanings of novelizations are presented as understood by the author of the article; the word or combination of words to which attention is drawn shall be underlined. 9 6 7 In the thesis, based on the usage and insights of Pranas Kniūkštas (1976; 1998), the term functional meaning is used, and not the term functional meaning presented in the Kalbotyros terminų žodynas (KTŽ 1990: 43). It is worth noting that both terms are used in the DLKG (see 2005: 229-231 et al.). 8 They are particularly numerous in Donald Kayo's prose; this tendency is also visible in examining texts by other Lithuanian authors (see. mentioned publications of J. Vaskeliene). 9 Probably based on the adjective soft meaning "sensitive, merciful; ‘concessional’ MRLs. Jolanda Vaskeliene. Peculiarities of Lithuanian writers’ novels and their semantics | 4 atpirktis ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 „redemption“, apsimokslinimas „acquisition of such knowledge“) or sentences connected by common roots, e.g. : Because pain would be the beginning of redemption. And there is no redemption here K155; Darkly educated. Darkly educated means that you are unable to reach neither true knowledge nor the limits of <...> ignorance K78. Potential innovations incorruptibility 10 „incorruptibility, that which does not decay“ and predictability „prediction, saying the right thing without knowing it“ are used alongside the fixed derivatives of the dictionaries of analogous construction immortality and boredom, e.g.: it is necessary that this body should be clothed with incorruptibility, this decaying body should be clothed with immortality SR171; there is such boredom, pavartotas reikšme „anapusybė, ne ši realybė“, pvz.: Paprasti žmonės juos vadina anapusiais, such predictability DK28–29. The ending -is derivative of the anapusis is probably spokesmen – dausomis, philosophers – transcendental sphere K317. Although some abstractly rely on potential (assumed) base words, the stages of action are clear, e.g. pasilabanaktinimas: *pasilabanaktinti: *labanaktintis: labanakt, išbūtinimas: *išbūtinti: *būtinti: būtis (see LKŽPK presented įbūtinimas), bekiaušiškumas: *bekiaušiškas: *bekiaušis: kiaušis, bereikšmiškumas: *bereikšmiškas: bereikšmis, bemintiškumas: *bemintiškas: bemintis, paradoksiškumas: *paradoksiškas: paradoksas, priešybiškumas: *priešybiškas: priešybė, vieninteliškumas: *vieninteliškas: vienintelis, žeismastis: *žeismas: žeisti and so on. The meaning of these novelties (pasilabanaktinimas “to say bad night”, bekiaušiškumas “unbelief, lack of a firm opinion”, besiniekinamumas “absence of meaning”, etc.) is also clear from the context, e.g. : For that evening ritual, they even invented a secret word – “accomplishing” KE200; Your allergy to the harmony of the humbled, whose manifestations <...> you despisingly call “becauseness” 11 K337; Contradictions that cannot be opposed, <...> praising one while belittling the other (e.g., meditations of thought and thoughtlessness, abstraction and image) K231; the genial poetry of the Earth, the only one that conveys it <...> through subtle poetic means: intonation, pause, phonetics, rhythmic structure, word meaning, play, allusion, metaphor, meaninglessness K178; mystery <...> and paradoxicality K299; the contradiction of their [mind-loving contradictions] cannot be categorically denied either K300; We love the singleness of her [meditation] K133; A piece of paper with one word is rolling by. By name. "Zeismastis". Maybe a good DD100. Repetition of the same sentences, e.g. : Freedom in this case would mean a kind of de-existentiation. I am not talking about beingness in a negative sense, but in the sense that one day the human spirit will have to master Non-Being, its secret K228. The usual nouns velniava and savastis allow us to better understand the meanings of the new nouns angeliava and mūsastis, e.g. : Hell, real those sunflowers or supposed, existing 10 It is considered to be a synonym of the LKŽPK fixed product indestructibility. 11 Perceived novelty of the word – it is said that the novelty is deliberately devised. Jolanda Vaskeliene. Peculiarities of the creation and semantics of Lithuanian writers' novels | 5 is ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 ar haliucinuojančios 12 sąmonės paribyje?! <...> Velniava, angeliava!.. KE141; be literatūros savasties nebūna jokios literatūros mūsasties, nebūna ir pačių mūsų BLB35 (adresato dėmesys drawn by repeating the co-root words mūsastis and mūsų). In a broader (historical post-war) context, it is understood as the potential reference word of the novelist Č112. As stated by LKG stribukavimas (: *stribukuoti : *stribukas : stribas) reikšmė, pvz.: ten už mano stribukavimą davė (1965: 314-315), with the suffix -izmas are formed names of philosophical, religious, artistic, scientific, political directions, systems, orders. With this suffix, the new Hamletism “Hamlet’s Ideology” is based on a personal name (a certain variant of Hamletism K94), and the abstract shopaholicism “addiction to buying; being a shopholic“ made from barbarism shopholic (so that today’s attack of shopholicism would not end in cruel pagiri EK132). 13 Persons are named by the suffixes -ėlis, -ė, which distinguish the category of actors and possessors of verb characteristics; -ukas, -ė; -tojas, -a; -ėjas, -a with vedic suffixes atsibeldėlis, -ė; įmitėlis, -ė; -ė, -ė; mad man, -ė; mad man, -ė; a fugitive, -ė; stray, -ė; syllabic, -ė; curiosity, -a; analgesic, -a; aprengėjas, -a, does not have suffixes -onis, -ė and -aila with derivatives melžionis, -ė and pašaipaila, this category includes the endings -(i)us and -a with derivatives vonkius, baksnius, prisega, partraida, vulgarity-based form nuopisa. Most of these derivatives (even without a broader context) have a clear lexical 14 meaning, essentially coinciding with the constructive, e.g. atsibeldėlis, -ė “someone who has knocked from somewhere, who has come to live” (it does not matter whether he is local or, according to her, atsibeldėlis VP39); nužutėjėlis, -ė „a mad, not very intelligent person“ (to take advantage of the openness of this mad man KE20); smalsautojas, -a „who (too) curious is curious“ (even in the most remote corner of the summer park there are <...> intruders and curious or patented gossips EK110); analgesic, -a "who reduces pain" (knower of human souls and their analgesic SR269). To understand the meaning of some new words, e.g., aprengėjas "who dresses someone", paklydžiukas "who lost, is lost", pabėgiukas "who fled, a refugee", easier and because of the commonly used words kirpėjas, pamestinukas, e.g.: visiems talkino kirpėjai ir aprengėjai SRII64; Tapome pamestinukais, pabėgėliais, paklydžiukais K237. The meaning of some occasionally used (only used in that text and suitable for that text) nouns requires a broader lexical context to be understood, for example, that the noun melžionis is based on the verb milzti (milk) is apparent from the context: giants milked the flooded clouds, from the cloud milk they made a drink called čvikiu, and from that time on those who loved čvikiu have been called čvikiai. 12 See 3.2. 13 Its variant shopaholikas is included in the ND (see also Murmulaitytė 2016b: 13); as Google data shows, both variants of the word are used. 14 This noun may also be a variant of the borrowed oath "husband or wife, spouse" presented in the LKŽ. JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ. Lietuvių rašytojų naujadarų darybos ir semantikos ypatumai | 6 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 milk cows KR16. It is also clear from the context that the noun prisega is used in the lexical meaning of “wife”, e.g. : That my buckle is deliberately hidden by my neighbor Č141. Names of persons with noun characteristics are new forms formed with suffixes of own and foreign origin -ininkas, -ė; -uolis, -ė; -ulis, -ė; -one; -ukas, -ė; -nykas, -ė; -orius, -ė; -ra; -grapes; -istas, -ė and -ikas, -ė: birontininkas, -ė (: Birontas); plural, -ė (: Plural); a bohemian, -ė; furtininkas, -ė (: furta "gate"); incest, -ė; jazz, -ė; glotnuolis, -ė; laisvuolis, -ė; empty, -ė; blue; string, -ė; the machine operator; the squeaker; šūdra (: shit); backward; slalomista, -ė; panceristas, -ė (: Pancer – actor); The lexical meaning of some vedic verbs, 15 which is essentially the same as the operative one, can be understood even without a wider context, e.g.: bohemininkas, -ė „the man of Bohemia“ (And already as Bohemians we are sitting on the 26th floor 16 of the hotel „Latvija“ KN202); jaazuolis, -ė "jazz lover" (A true jazz lover should feel strange KN115); glotnuolis, -ė „something sweet, pleasant, gentle“ (as if he had expected something more from such a glotnuolis SR161); laisvuolis, -ė "free man" (The man was either completely deaf, or a pig pretending to be a free man GD368); incest, -ē "one who engages in incest" (among whom were thieves, murderers, <...> incestuals and daughter rapers SRII180); panceristas, -ė „Pancerio šalininkas“ (Pancerists were 17 wearing animal costumes UR84). In Juozas Aputis’s work, the word slalomininkas („slalom athlete“ in 18 DLKŽ) is not used as a fixed word in the dictionaries, but its constructive synonym slalomistas, e.g.: puffling into the water, the wolf would turn around him, drowning, in circles, would escape like a slalomist from the orbit of rotation, but would quickly return A22–23. The context allows us to understand that the derivative kaimuva of the dialectal type of action (see LKG 1965: 362) is used in the meaning of “a rural thing, a rural reality”, e.g. : Who are you today, Onute, in the entertainment world? DK118-119. Other examples of the usage of new words in this category of words: both for the many and for the bureaucrats, who <...> were shooting at each other with deadly glances SR201; the window of the door opened and through its grille the eyes of a suspicious doorman shone SR242; the sky of the Old Town thickens with clouds EK129; where can you see something through all this, you empty-headed one K296; all the householders were staring at each other, except for the fat-breasted stringer KE249; there was a tractor driver, not a tractor driver, but still some kind of machine operator, because he was wearing overalls A225; wait, you bastard! KE240; you would feel like a murderer, eternally guilty of self-reproach, a shit incapable of free thinking and feeling K276–277; you will soon notice that you are not always on your way with ironics K59. 15 "Normal-Driven Machines". 16 The noun šūdra could also be a variant of the international word šudra (in ancient India – one of the 4 most important ravens (looms), the lowest in their hierarchy <…>“ (TŽZ 723) or the result of contamination of both words (šudas and šudra). 17 In the same text, the non-dictionary group name jazzuomenė is used. The meaning of angelija (: angel) as ND. 18 Daiktavardis remiasi būdvardžio glotnus, -i reikšme „malonus, švelnus“, pvz., Glotnus žmogus DLKŽ. JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ. Lietuvių rašytojų naujadarų darybos ir semantikos ypatumai | 7 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 To the category of persons by origin are assigned suffixes -ietis, -ė having quite clear lexical meanings; -iškis, -ė Vedic hamburgietis, -ė (: Hamburgas) "Hamburg resident"; parlaukietis, -ė (: Parlaukis) "inhabitant of Parlaukis"; overseas, -ė (: overseas) "overseas resident"; donbasiškis, -ė (: Donbass) "inhabitant of Donbass"; šaukliškis, -ė (: Calls) "Inhabitant of Calls"; e.g.: sometimes I felt, as if the features of the Hamburgers were pouring at me KN164; Talkininkai, neighbors, guests from Parlaukiai or from some Kaunas Č32; So far as an absurd joke I remember the words of one decent overseas woman K131; said a very satisfied Donbass man and proudly stretched his neck A276; He is only one of them, the shouting TG22. The name of the village is derived from the word "Kaunis" (Kaunas) meaning "city of Kaunas" or "city of Kaunas". In a broader context, there is a feeling of denigration, which is probably why the atypical suffix -oidas was chosen for names of persons by origin, which is usually not given in the lists of affixes (see LKG, DLKG, Pakerys 1994), but in the case of opposition of the verb, it is distinguishable (cf. diphthong Kazlauskaitė 2000: 52): Tikras Kaunoidas. "K325". With the suffixes -ynas, -ynė, -uma and -idė of the place-name construction category, the nouns tarvydynas, stribokynas, vėmalynė, judruma, drakonidė are formed. The meaning of some vedas is clear, e.g., mobility “moving place” (In the very mobility, sitting against the wall of the palace <...> was an old woman DK9); Others need context to understand: tarvydynas (: Tarvydas – the character of the work) “place where Tarvydai live” (drawn into the tarvydyn’s trough carrying stewed cabbage SR47); stribokynas (: *stribokas: stribas) "stribok / strib's home" (There was the stribokynas itself and security BLB97). Metaphorical meanings are given to the newly created drakonide and vomiting, which are used in the sense of a terrible place, and which refer to a flow of words, e.g.: floating in a drakonide of Rembrandt-like shades K317–318; Everyone is satisfied with a half-mastered verlibri and a vomiting of almost meaningless random words TG158. 19 Gana aiškią reikšmę turi kuopiniu pavadinimu laikytinas priesagos -ija vedinys esinija (: esinys) „esinių visuma“, pvz.: Sutapai su savimi, su jais, su visa esinija K160. O naujadaro "angels, a group of angels" requires context to be understood – it is about heaven, e.g. : Say it without saying – have a sense of humor heaven and his ghosts, and his angels have! K434. as the names of the result Pavieniai naujadarai skirtini įvairioms kitoms darybos kategorijoms: veiksmo are to be considered the adverbs -alas and -(i)onė derived from džeržgalas, kraigalionė, as the name of tools – the adverb -iklis derived from skaliklis (: skalauti), as the names according to the gender difference agronomienė, pastalininkaitė (: pastalininkas, see LKŽPK), as the deminutives draugaitė (So were we, indistinguishable friends GD19) and kelnaičkos (as it fell, kelnaičkos fell to him on the heels Č174), as the adverb -ka has from foreignness šnapsorius derived 19 Apie jį žr. 2.1. JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ. Lietuvių rašytojų naujadarų darybos ir semantikos ypatumai | 8 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 derivative snapsorka (Palubinskytė was snapsorka A29). The meaning of some forms (agronomienė „agronom’s wife“, pastalininkaitė „the pastal’s daughter“, kraigalionė „what is prikraigaliota, prirašyta“ and so on) is quite clear: I go and meet the agronomist herself A87; on several other bodies lay the poor pastalininkaitė SRII172; this his kraigalionė definitely did not fit for publication DD171. For example, the context helps to understand the meaning of the new word skaliklis, which means “a tool for rinsing” – alongside the derivatives of the analogous word used in the dictionaries: Ištasas arsenalas dantims – šveitikliai, skalikliai, valikliai, scrapers DD93. The lexical meaning of Naujadaro džeržgalas (as the bicycle is called in the work) is far from the functional one – to understand it, we need a wider context: just burn that džeržgalas on the ground Č26. 1.2. 8 nouns are formed with p r i š d ė l i ai s. The prefix bevediniai bekaiušis and besūlė are considered potential derivatives: the first refers to a person, and the second adds to the list of names of inanimate objects (about bevediniai see LKG 1965: 431–432). In Lithuanian, both nouns and adjectives are made with the prefix be-, which most often denotes the lack of what is said by the base word. Usage shows that sunless is a noun with meaning 20 „dark place, no sun“: Onions from the hillside went to the sunless basement EK134. The word beauty is used in a figurative sense – so-called skirted men: Scottish people need to put bread loaf behind their shirts to look even more like bobs, because they already have skirts, and called them beauty because, according to them, under bobs skirts, as is known, there are no eggs SR208. Vedic pomentē “place under the plate” and polākštē “plate placed under another plate” that meet the requirements of the action type with the prefix posudari: the first denotes the place at the 21 bottom of the object that is said by the main word, and the second denotes “the object that is or is intended to be at the bottom of the object said by the main word” (LKG 1965: 431), e.g. : Watch the night like with a knife in a poment K362; in a beautiful faience plate with silver pole SRII104. The place is marked by the prefix subordinates paręė (: Riešė) "place along Riešė" and pažolė "place along the grass", e.g.: bet apie 8 mėnos išsisklaidys, paręės alejų ir žilvičių lapai pradžius GD308; Tarp medžių 22 pažole vingūrė tankus mėnulis KE116. To understand the meaning of “almost fog” in the prefixed 23 noun prierūkis, context is needed: ir taip prietemoj, toks buvo prierūkis, nuvažiavo balzganu 24 20 LKŽe, BŽa fixed only the adjective besuulis, -ė. 21 There are many examples of the noun poľašt'a in DLKT and Google (a spoon is placed on a plate DLKT; main plates are placed either on a plate or on a lined napkin G), but it is not included in the dictionaries. 22 The name of the river is mentioned in the text. 23 The fact that the noun pažolė is not included in the dictionaries, additions, etc. may be a circumcision – the LKŽ has fixed the adverb pažoliais. 24 Only in the context it becomes clear that the preposition prerūkis forms the opposition of action with the noun rūkas and not with the verb prirūkti. Jolanda Vaskeliene. Peculiarities of Lithuanian writers’ novels and their semantics | 9 keliuku ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 A72. With the prefix closed derivative zasapnis (: sapnas) is called that which is beyond the dream: Well dressed in their own and other <...> citizens' dark zasapnis caves KE180. 1.3 Out of the 72 d ūr i n ų nouns found in the works of Lithuanian writers, 63 are with the second noun accent. These are determinative punches – their first focus 25 narrows (precise) the second means something – basically the meaning of such constructs is equal to the meaning of a word combination (see more in Urbutis, 2009: 49–51), e.g.: badavietė „place of hunger“, sielaspengsmis „the sound of the soul“, žodžiagarsis „the sound of the word“. The first element of 28 punches is a noun: badavietė, bobkalnis, elephant-foot, lizard-legged, gaidponis, garsasiūlis, krišnosparnis, krūtinhaukiai, langastiklis, manšlajūrė, almond-tree, obelžiedis, siūlagarsis, siūlašmogis, smėlkelis, šiknaskylė, sūdmėsė, veiksmažmogis, vidurkaktis, vilklaikis, spiaklynis, žmogživvis, žmogbirkštis, žodžiagarsis, žvaigždėraštis, žvilgsniašūdis, the same two nouns (siela 26 and the LKŽPK submitted noun skanavimas) are the basis of punches sielaspengsmis and skangsmasielis. 21 the first point of a punctuation with the second noun point is based on an adjective: aukštikilmis, -ė; drinking day; a drunkard; long-tailed; hot water; kiurašiknis, -ė; a pathway; claw-foot, -ė; compound feed; a silly film; crazy, -ė; rausvaikis, -ė; weak ears; cross-beam; liquid 27 curly hair, -ė; password; gross, -ė; soft-toothed fish, -ė; a holiday; light sand; strong, -ė. There are only a few other types of punches: the first punch-breaker, -ė, is based on verbs; šikdarbis ir varvaklynis dėmuo, iš įvardžio ir daiktavardžio sudarytas dūrinys saviparodija, iš prieveiksmio aukštyn ir daiktavardžio koja – aukšynkojis, iš skaitvardžio ir tarpuerdvis; Several of daiktavardžio – devynbėdis, -ė; iš prielinksnio tarp ir daiktavardžio erdvė sudarytas dūrinys the adverbs have one non-Lithuanian element: the noun egomanija, formed from the Latin word ego pusministris ir pusvadis, o dūrinio pirstmergė pirmasis dėmuo sudarytas iš ištiktuko. and the noun manija, the adverb hyperspace has a part of hyperin the first element, indicating the exceeding of the norm (TŽŽ 299), the adverb judologas has a part of -logas in the second element, and the adverb judologas has a part of -logas in the fifth element” (Keinys 1999: 69), thus nurodančiu žmogų, kuris tyrinėja pirmuoju dėmeniu nurodytą sritį, o naujadaro karvalogija antrasis dėmuo -logija nurodo ryšį su mokslu (apie -logas, -logija žr. TŽŽ 444). 25 „Didžiausios sudurtinių daiktavardžių dalies antrasis sandas remiasi daiktavardžiais ir tik maždaug kas the new forms confirm this tendency. 26 BŽa pateiktas analogiškos darybos dūrinys žvaigždėlapis. 27 The first point of the punch is probably based on the adjective kvaišas, -a, although it is not excluded that it may be related to the verb kvaišti. Jolanda Vaskeliene. "The 16th edition of the Literary Critics and Writers' Circle". The meaning (and the ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 part of speech) of a noun is revealed in a word combination or sentence, e.g.: on his face, on the crackling, wormy, <...> filled with little by little crackling blackheads K367; That autumn was long, warm and very plum TG27; He lies naked on the water. Arms extended in both directions. It's like giving up. Against this stiff rigidity VP128; turning away from the furniture that has been decayed by eyes and 40 hands. Stiff, silent VP29; Above the mountains at the other end of the valley – a cloud, in the stiff air smoke almost does not disperse VP70; her mocking sisters SRII124. Naujadaras šabakšynuotas, -a is formed by analogy with the derivatives used next to the same suffix in the dictionaries: akmenuotas, -a, krūmuotas, -a: there were only Naujokai pastures: akmenuotos, krūmuotos, šabakštynuotos, – one name that pastures TG72. 2.2. Derivatives of p r o t eins. The type of prepositional noun-less nouns (see LKG 1965: 590) includes the new forms benootolis, -ė (: nuotolis) "without distance" and bepalatis, -ė (: palata) "without chamber". These adjectives are formed by analogy with the fixed derivative consonants, -ė; non-directional, -ė; bevietis, -ė – the lexical meaning of the newly created word is emphasized and the attention of the addressee is drawn by the repetition of analogous nouns: what seemed already lost for ages, acutely emerged from the grey, soundless, distant, directionless fog GD364; the ward was overcrowded, and there were maybe twenty of us, such homeless and homeless people, TV167. 41 G a l ū n i ų derivatives: from the verb grimzti with the endings -us, -i is formed the adjective grimzdus, -i “in which one plunges” (October nights are deep and deep B114), with the endings -as, -a is formed the derivative nepasotas, -a (: nepa(si)sotinti) “insatiable, unconsuming”: Netrukus vėl sulėkė tie nepasotos ereliai KR129. 42 2.5. In Lithuanian, adjectives usually have a "lexicological meaning that is clearly dependent on both elements" (LKG 1965: 591) and often have a noun (noun or adjective) second element. The first element of such punctuations is usually a word associated with a noun (the second element) as its notation (see LKG 1965: 596; DLKG 2005: 229). In the works of Lithuanian writers, 44 adjective punctions are found, of which 42 are with the second noun accent. Most often, the first mark of punches is adjective. They indicate a distinctive feature of the object marked with the second accent, tell what the 40 Apie jį žr. 1.1. 41 In the work of Leonardo Gutauskas, there is no comma between the uniform marks. 42 It is difficult to say for sure that this is not a noun with a prefix (only one example with this form has been found). JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ. Lietuvių rašytojų naujadarų darybos ir semantikos ypatumai | 17 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 object has special (for more see LKG 1965: 596–597; DLKG 2005: 229): didžiakilpis, -ė, didžiapautis, -ė; sad-eyed, -ė; blue pants, -ė; soft-lipped, -ė; murzinanosis, -ė; gray-necked, -ė; wide-necked, -ė; 43 fat-breasted; red-haired, -ė; raudonplytis, -ė; raudonmūris, -ė; redshirt, -ė; red-haired, -ė; transparent feather, -ė; stealth aircraft, -ė; green bottom, -ė; green, -ė; green-eyed, -ė; žilakuokštis, -ė. The lexical meaning of some knots coincides with the constructive meaning, e.g.: didžiakilpis, -ė "which has large loops" (Knots are very elaborate, big loops KE47); pilkakaklis, -ė "with a gray neck" (Pilkakaklis kovas. Doroja balkone batono skiltelę K284); rausvasonis, -ė "with a pink or red side" (Attached to the wild pear of the rausvasonis KE215). Adjectives describe named or implied nouns denoting specific things, e.g. : There are those who stand on a hill, squeezed, big-footed, and the whole world is a herd of cows under their feet LM79; only the sad-eyed head of the family SR82 stopped them; Two blue-pants militiamen wandered around the town TV167; he lent me and a stroller to the herd of those black-haired chatty girls GD20; a wide-nosed calf-feeder K401; that’s the way of that fat-breasted stringer KE149; tries to lift a fattened red-haired cat on the window sill K363; leaning against a red-brick chimney K353; into a red-brick maternity home K396; hears a little red-shirted man crying behind a bush K305; Therefore, the patient stone god turned into a transparent feathered bird of hope KR23; It doesn’t matter who it is – a limpet, a man-bird, a stealth-winged angel or a centaur K250; like a bartender into a high glass <...> a splash of cold water from a clay pitcher and the green-bottomed glass turns a bubbly color of milk mist VP14; the naive Hollywood comedy hero smiles foolishly, not a gray-haired old man KE150. The lexical 44 meaning of some punishments is far away from the constructive, for example, the adjective soft-lipped, -ė, which describes personified sadness, is used in the figurative meaning of “not hurtful, not oppressive” ([sadness] Light, soft-lipped, not changing. The adjective žaliasielis, -ė, meaning „who is green in color“, describes the seabed and the field (Ir staiga iš tos žaliasielės senos K321; thousands of transparent parrots, briefly flashing over the green-eyed field K322), and the adjective žaliažvilgsnis, -ė, means „who has green eyes“ (sunrise, green-eyed woman K295). Striped crafts, -ė; beautiful smile, -ė; multi-flame, -ė; multifaceted, -ė; broad-minded, -ė; wide-hearted, -ė; broad smile, -ė; prastakilmis, -ė has the adjective meaning “having that, characterized by what the second accent shows, defined by the first” (DLKG 2005: 230). The lexical meaning of some puns basically coincides with the constructive meaning, e.g., strižuotarėmis, -ė „which with striped frames“ (su strižuotarėmiais akiukais K453; with astonished eyes watched that 43 It is believed that the first point of the dumping words didžiakilpis, -ė and didžiapautis is based on the adjective didelis, -ė, rather than didis, -i (about the inconsistency of semantic and formal measurement see Urbutis 2009: 101). 44 See 1.3. Jolanda Vaskeliene. Peculiarities of the writing and semantics of Lithuanian writers’ novels | 18 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 They [writers] live there in a sufficiently diverse alternative usage), e.g.: gražiašypsnis, -ė gyvenimą KN129; [vyriškis] Plačiašypsnis, retos padermės K416; o prastakilmiai nugalėtojai siautėjo kaip senovės barbarai GD120), kiti dūriniai turi perkeltinę reikšmę (metaforiška „pleasant, bright“ (in a hurry to tell a strange and beautiful smile, men one after another įspūdį, kurį sukėlė viena užsienio radijo laida K253); plačiadūšis, -ė „kuris atviras, atlapaširdis“ (jo capitulated before that broad-minded raven SRII147); broadhearted, -ė "who has a great heart" (broadhearted love saleswoman SR45). Adjectives apvalažandis, -ė („which form is similar to cheeks“); putliažandis, -ė („which form resembles a plump cheeks“); rantytanosis, -ė ("which has 45 a wrinkled nose") has the adjective meaning "similar to the object indicated by the second spot, defined by the first". And these novelties are accompanied by epithets, e.g.: she [the girl] no 46 longer resembled that round-legged cherry tree SR167; Behind the window – the strangest clouds of chubby-legged birds K285; They [the children] were the first to notice the rippled fishing boats BLB17. Dūriniai of two nouns – auksakanopis, -ė, elephant-legged, -ė, sword-bearing, -ė, false-eyed, -ė and 47 poršasnukis, -ė – indicate “a distinct part of the object of the sign, which is said by the second sandu, and described by the first” (DLKG 2005: 231). Adjectives auksakanopis, -ė "with golden hooves" (the golden-hooked deer never takes a step GD418); ivory-footed, -ē "whose legs are like elephant's" (This was also unclean, of untreated skin color and smell, ivory-footed KE173); poršasnukis, -ė "whose muzzle resembles that of a porch" (paršasnukiai kipšiukėliai jūs mano K452) the first dot tells what the part of the object represented by the indicative word resembles. Two punishments have a figurative meaning of similarity: sword-bearing, -ē “whose teeth are (sharp) as a sword” (Sword-bearing tiger, if not more B84) and false-eyed, -ē “deceitful” ([day] white-tooth and false-eyed, secretive and open-hearted, fiery, moving away EK146). Several punches are made up of a verb and a noun. This type of non-deterministic constructs is a participant and shows the distinct part of the indicative object. All the direct meaning punches may be wounded with flamingo falcons pirmasis dėmuo (kaip yra įprasta) remiasi veiksmažodžio neveikiamosios rūšies būtojo laiko K359; pulled out his cut-off arrow SRII288; around are plenty of puffed-up, wrinkled-neck, eina konkrečių daiktavardžių epitetais: laužtasparnis, -ė (: laužtas, sparnas); nupjautabuožis, -ė (: nupjauta, buožė); surauktakaktis, -ė (: suraukta, kakta), pvz.: o gal ir ne drugeliais jos užsiklojusios, self-accumulated “creators” K188. 45 This stitch has a connecting vowel -a-, not -ia-, as is usual for stitches of this type, e.g., roundhead, roundbottom, etc. 46 The name is probably derived from the meaning of the noun nosis, which means "a protruding, pointed part of an object (the front of a ship, the spout of a dish, the end of a shoe, etc.)". 47 Šis darinys kūrinyje vartojamas ir kaip daiktavardis, žr. 1.3. JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ. Lietuvių rašytojų naujadarų darybos ir semantikos ypatumai | 19 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Thousand-faced, the quantitative noun thousand with the first accent, which is considered to be a potential form, indicates the number of parts of the object represented by the designative word, but in the text this new form is used in a figurative sense – the personified poetry described by it has not exactly a thousand, but simply many faces, in other words, it is diverse: therefore, poetry is 48 meant to be not only two-faced, but also thousand-faced, but not in the demonic, but in the divine sense K248. The novelist is self-sufficient, -a (: himself, sufficient) is considered to be a derivative of the unmade type from pronouns and adjectives (see LKG 1965: 601). This adjective is used in the meaning of “one who is self-sufficient” – it essentially repeats what is said in the adjacent word combination: great nations are self-sufficient, they are self-sufficient, and unnecessarily DK62. The newly-founded supramental, -ė, used in the meaning "above the mental", is based on the prefix above and the international adjective mentalinis: Supermental sphere K142. 49 2.6. in the texts under consideration, 9 nouns are to be regarded as derivatives of m i šr i os d a ryb o s: 50 with the prefixes iki-, poir and the suffixes -iškas, -a; -inis, -ė to form new forms ikidonelaitiškas, -a „was before Donelaitis“ (Ikidonelaitiškaji Lietuvos era, neįtikėtina DD189); pre-Columbian, -ė "before Columbus" (the plain pre-Columbian spirit was clearly missing KN184); pre-mobile, -ė KN122 "before mobile phones" (Ikimobiliakinė balanos gadynė KN122); post-decadent “arose after Descartes” (post-decadent thinking K252); preeminent, -ė "occurring before the exit" (difficult to describe preeminent state K169). Although the noun potragedinis, -ė could theoretically be based on the adjective traginis, -ė, it is 51 believed that it forms a constructive opposition with the noun tragedija (hence, it is the result of prefixation–sufixation), since it is used in the meaning of “appearing after the tragedy” (a hero who experiences the catharsis of the potragedic space K148). As derivatives of a mixed verb (composition–suffixation) can be considered the substantive above and the nouns with suffixes -inis, -ė and -iškas, -a, viršliteratūrinis, -ė; superconscious, -ė; -a. Derivate superliteratūrinis, -ė; supraconscious, -ė formally could be based on the adjective literary, -ė and ND fixed noun supraconsciousness, but semantically they are closer to the word combinations: supraliteratūrinis, -ė "being above literature, higher than literature"; supraconscious, -ē "above consciousness, higher than consciousness". The novelists use noun epithets of various meanings, e.g. him will lack some "non-literary" or "superliterary" light 48 Thus, the new word tūkstantveidis, -ė is based on the meaning of the base word tūkstantis "signifying an undefined multitude" in Lithuanian. 49 Apie šį darinį, vartojamą ir Viktorijos Daujotytės tekstuose, žr. Vaskelienė 2016: 162. 50 For mixed methods of production, see Urbutis 2009: 340–342, Keinys 1999: 82, adjectives with prefixes and suffixes are mentioned in LKG 1965: 591. 51 In the text of Kęstutis Navakas, the pre-mobiliakinis novel is based on the jargon word mobiliakas (see. The consultation bank of the State Lithuanian Language Commission. Online access: http://www.vlkk.lt/konsultacijos/791mobiliakas (accessed July–August 2017). Jolanda Vaskeliene. Peculiarities of Lithuanian Writers’ Novels and their Semantic Structures | 20 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 K76; the birdlike nature of the “Fly” is present in two worlds at once – the subconscious and the 52 superconscious K248; this will be done only after accumulating enough radiant energy, Grace and superconscious transparency K338. Naujadaras smulkiahuliganiškas, -a is based on the adjective smulkus, -i on the noun chuliganas and has the suffix -iškas, -a (In his [work] we had to redeem our petty hooliganistic sins TV66). 53 3. CREATIONS AND SEMANTICS OF VERBS AND THEIR FORMS SPECIFICATIONS In the texts of Lithuanian writers, 36 new forms of verbs (and their forms) have been found: 25 are made with prepositions, 9 with suffixes, 2 are considered to be verbs with an unsettled system of construction stages (see Figure 4). 4 PAV. The majority of the conjugations (28, i.e. 78 per cent of all conjugations) are based on reference words included in the dictionaries, 8 (i.e. 22 per cent) are based on potential reference words. 3.1.Verbs are composed with 8 prepositions: su- (sumondžionėti, sudizaininti, suformatuoti, suka binti, suklemensėti, supopierėti, sustulpėti), pa- (pakiaulavoti, pakiaulinti, pavioletuoti), nu- (nušurmuliuoti, nužlebsėti, nuvampyrinti), pra- (pravirventi, praskurnėti, pratursenti), iš- (išgąsdinti, išmėšlinti, išsipūsti), į- (įskausminti, įsikaburkštiti), ap- (apsibumbuluoti), at- (atvibruoti), par- (parkriokinti), už- (užsiiržinti). Most (18) 52 It is worth noting that the novelty, as well as the nonliterary prefix -ė used next to it, is written in quotation marks. 53 Galima ir kitokia šio naujadaro darybos interpretacija: kadangi žodžių junginys smulkus chuliganas yra acquired an independent meaning, it can be said that the adjective smulkiahuliganiškas, -a consists of this word combination with priesaga -iškas, -a. 69 per cent 25 per cent 6 per cent priesagų vediniai priešdėlių vediniai dariniai su nenusistovėjusia darybos pakopų sistema Jolanda Vaskeliene. The 21 prepositional derivatives are based on dictionaries fixed base verbs, e.g.: ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 sumėdžionėti (: monkėnėti), suformatuoti (: formatuoti), nušurmuliuoti (: šurmuliuoti), praskurnėti (: skurnėti) and others, several (7) – on potential base words: sudizaininti (: *dizaininti: design), suka binti (: *ka binti: language), suklemensėti (: *klemensėti: Klemensas), supopierėti (: *popierėti: paper), pakaaulavoti (: *kiaulavoti: pig), pavioletuoti (: *violetuoti: violetinis?), nuvampyrinti 54 (: *vampire: vampire). Prepositions modify the meanings of the main verbs in various ways – they give additional characteristics to the action expressed by the base word. Prepositional destructors indicate the intensity of the action, its finality, e.g.: supindžionėti "turn into a monkey", sudizaininti "finish designing", suformatuoti "finish formatting", suka binti "turn into language", suklemensėti "turn into Clement / become like Clement", supopierėti "turn into paper", sustulpėti "turn into a column, become like a column". The meaning of some Vedas is revealed in a 55 minimal lexical environment (He touched a silver fork on the table. No, not the one that he created himself, “designed” by DK10; Even if you speak, that language is formatted quite differently KN49; So basically we are not talking about the powerlessness of reality, but of the linguistic (spoken?) 56 reality K83), others need a broader (the work’s) context (He said, the ninefolds survived and the ninefolded KR111 – Klemens is the protagonist of the work). Some prepositional conjunctions are used in a figurative sense: the action of an inanimate thing is transferred to a person (He still waves his hand to Kerše (the hand is not visible in the plaque, but it does not matter) and becomes silent, papered, becomes a silent product of polygraphy B56; This – now a guest at home – sat stumbled DK93) or, conversely, an inanimate thing (abstract Ego) is described as a participant of a specific verb signifying an action (the particle of a monkey-like Ego K390). The newjars pakulauti and the hybrid pakulauti are synonyms – both used in the meaning of “to make a pig”: Maybe I owe him? Or maybe he's a bit overweight? I know how to beat it Č192; if you want to beat someone, you want to beat Č108. The meaning of the intensity of action is given by the noun pavioletuoti, based on a potential word of non-Lithuanian origin, formed by analogy with the usual prepositional subjunctives pabaltinti, pabludinti used next to it. The name is derived from the Greek word for "autumn" (autumnos, "autumn") and the Latin word for "tree" (arbor, "tree"). Several nouns are made with the prefix nu-: the verbs nušurmuliuoti „to move away while buzzing“ and nužlebsėti „to go, to slip away“ show that the action marked by the main word is directed away (And about the just-buzzed holidays or days of general drinking 54 The verb has the foreign suffix -avoti (see. The list of major language errors (word structure). Accessed: http://www.vlkk.lt/aktualiausios-temos/didziosios-klaidos/zodziu-sandaros (accessed August 2017). 55 It is not excluded that the verb stumble is a value. 56 When perceiving the novelty, attention is drawn to the novelty in the work. JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ. Lietuvių rašytojų naujadarų darybos ir semantikos ypatumai | 22 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 There is only one more inventive advertising inscription EK70–71; And he smiles as he looks down at his farm Č161). The occasional form of the verb navampyrinti (most likely used in the meaning of “depleted by a vampire”) indicates the intensity, the completeness of the characteristic arising from the action: love (God, the Universe, a child, a tree, an animal, a starry sky...) – and you will have no energetic worries, you will never feel exhausted like a lemon, depleted by those who are already empty. K119. The prepositions pravirventi, praskurnėti, pratursenti indicate that the action of the base word takes place by someone's side (this is the typical meaning of the prepositions, see LKG 1971: 285; DLKG 2005: 403). The significance of derivatives that are considered potential derivatives (all used to describe a certain (fast) passage) becomes clear from the context, e.g. : Such, but much 57 smaller [devil], in the night slipped on the floor and flew into the cave LM14; no one is driving so far, even the puppy does not look Č169; Through the yard at the moment, when this or that happens, it can be a hostess Č156. Two new forms are made with the prefix in-: the verb įsikabulkšti „to climb“ shows that the action is directed in a certain direction – in this case upwards (He had the habit of going into the forest and climbing on the highest spruce A32), while the verb įskausminti „to hurt“ has the meaning of intensity (Silence… It covers our ears hurt by noise with royal silks K295). Verbs that are considered to be potential derivatives are formed with the prefix of-, which modifies the action expressed by the base verbs: the verb „išsprūdzdinti“ (to escape with difficulty) denotes the direction of the action expressed by the main verb from the inside to the outside (Reikėjo išsisprūdzinti iš palovio A104), while the verbs „išgąsdinti“ (to make scary) and „išmėšlinti“ (to smear with manure) denotes the intensity, the finality of the action (Ne metai taip išgąsdino Broniaus balsą, o tarnyba A102; Pavydėkit visi, neįmesti į vandenį ir neišmėšlintieji! With other prefixes, one new form was found: apsimumbuluoti, atvibruoti, nulaušti, parkriokinti, užsiirėžinti. The prefix apsibumbuluoti is used in the meaning "to go with bubbles", and the prefix 58 atvibruoti in the meaning "to approach by vibrating, shaking, shaking". The active participants of both verbs are epithets of nouns: her breasts tightened by a grey sweater that had become bulky seemed to have increased by two sizes DD173; Only love is a reality that has echoed into the psychological level K102. The derivative of the prefix nulaušti „intruušti“ means that while the action marked by the main word is taking place for some time, something (in this case a hat) is degraded (Antanas, putting on a better jacket, putting on a hat that is not so terriblely nuloušti Č117), the derivative of the prefix parkriokinti „(with a bang, loudly) to carry, to bring“ 59 57 The novels have additional semantic components. 58 It is worth mentioning that the new forms nulaušti, parkriokinti are based on different meanings of the verbs lygti, kriokti than those given in the dictionaries. 59 Apie priešdėlio nureikšmes daugiau žr. LKG 1971: 279–281. Jolanda Vaskeliene. Peculiarities of Lithuanian writers’ novels’ writing and semantics | 23 shows that ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 “during the action marked by the main word, something is directed or deviates from it” (TV86), and the į namus“ (LKG 1971: 282) (kolchozas davė du traktorius, kurie ant tam tikslui padirbtų velkių prepositional initiator „uzsigrūdinti“ indicates the intensity of the action (delnias užsiirėnusio negriebė A38). 3.2. 9 new forms are derived from the suffixes -auti, -čioti, -inėti, -telėti (-telti), -uoti, -uliuoti. The meaning of some forms is easily understood, e.g.: kugždinėti „slowly, little by little, kugždinti, move, krutėti“ (Iš tolo matyti, kaip viduje kažkas kugždinėja Č165); chatter “all chatter” (the machine chattered as if it knew the way to VP18); „ne kartą šviesti, sužibėti“ (he looked at her, waving in the beginning of the evening light VP81); „to be lonely“ (to be with the lonely spirit of the fields K258). The context implies the meaning of the verb hallucinate, which is based on a non-Lithuanian origin: “to be as in hallucinations, unrealistic”: Hell, are those sunflowers real or supposed, existing or hallucinating on the brink of consciousness?! KE141. The Vedic verbs tvirktelėti, meaning “a little (out of) pervert, let go” and mąstelti, meaning “a little, briefly think”, formed with the suffix -telėti (-telti), which denotes a minor action, are not typical because of the inconsistency of the meaning of the suffix and the basic word: these spicy, perverted stories were sprinkled as if with spices on the conversation by DD61; mąstyti never thought, perhaps only thought, but subtly by KE175 – in the latter example a striking 60 figure of repetition. The term is most commonly used in the sense of "to be alone". The attention of the addressee is drawn by the participants used next to the noun Esybė, which describe, specify it: vieninteliujanti, pašnejanti, esanti: A person, <...> looking at the Esybė, which is the only one in the secret of space (maybe even – sneezing; participant being is not appropriate in this case), soon begins to be pursued by paranoia K389. A potential reference word is the noun blaspheme (: *šventžodis: šventas, žodžiai? K222 (in the sentence repeated words with roots šventir and slov-). žodis), vartojamas reikšme „sakyti gražius, šventus žodžius“: Šventi ir sykiu šventžodžiaujantys 3.3. Naujadaras pasigrūdinėti (: grūdinėtis / pasigrūsti) laikytinas dariniu su nenusistovėjusia darybos pakopų sistema, nors neatmestina, kad tai mišrios darybos derivative – derived from the verb grūstis with the prefix pair suffix -inėti. The verb pasigrūdinti means a repetitive action “many times, slowly crowding” (Outdoor they have fun pasigrūdinėja prie stalelių Č197). The occasional, only used in that text and appropriate for that text, is considered to be the verb dvivienišiauti, meaning "to feel alone when being two". Although there are no stumbling verbs in Lithuanian, this noun can be treated as a stumbling from the noun presented by ND vienišaauti 60 In the form mąstelti there is a visible layer of morphemes (mast-yti + -telti). Jolanda Vaskeliene. Peculiarities of Lithuanian writers’ novels and their semantics | 24 and the ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 quantitative noun two or to treat it as a product of a mixed noun having a discontinuous form to (sandūra dvi, vienišas, -a ir priesaga -auti). Bendrašakniai naujadarai vienišiauti ir dvivienišiauti be used in the same sentence: When I am alone – I am single, when I am with her – I am double single KE162. 4. FEATURES OF THE PRODUCTION AND SEMANTICS OF APPLICATIONS In the texts of the Lithuanian writers in question, 36 unfixed adverbs found in LKŽe, DLKŽ, BŽa, LKŽPK, ND have a mode meaning and are composed with the constitutive suffix -ai: 10 Vedic derived from dictionaries fixed base words: alpulingai, druktuoliškai, gudragalviškai, makabriškai, marginaliai, pasišventėliškai, rutiniškai, konspiraciškai, naujaiarakktiškai, vijurkiškai, and 26 Vedic rely on potential base words, most of which (23 derivatives, or 86 percent of adverb new-forms) are -iškas, -a new-forms of the suffix: albatrosiškai (: *albatrosiškas: albatrosas), berazumiškas (: *berazumiškas: berazumis), ciceroniškai (: *ciceroniškas: Ciceronas) and others. Many new words are used as hidden comparisons (or metaphorical epithets), e.g.: drunkenly sick thinking – thinking [sick] like a drunkard; šnipsko sprašivati – to ask [smartly] as a stealth; thoughts spin swirling – thoughts spin [fast] like swirls; roodžiukiškai dudena – dudena like a rooster; 61 kangaroo jumping – jumping like kangaroos; pinch physiotherapy – pinch as a physiotherapist; laughing sensually – laughing like a sensual. It is worth mentioning that the meaning of all adverbs derived from dictionaries fixed (1) and from potential base words (2) in a word combination or sentence is clear: (1) [girl] graceful as a mountain starlet, alpulously craving as a source KR38; with a vague and drunkenly sick thinking K239; it is not worth asking in a witty way K232; his laughter macabrely drowned under the dome of the church DD189; shrimps as an object in this context would seem very marginal KN140; Life is not lived, but hard, patiently, sacredly <...> pushed into Procrus' bed K39; She did it daily, routinely KE196; the gynecologist's reminder to routinely check for cervical cancer DD95; they conspiratorially keep silent K365; So maybe it is not worth narrowly absolutizing this too K250; if his mind did not turn so whimsically K357; debilistic (: *debilistic: debil), eurocentric (: *eurocentric: eurocentrism), cock-centric (: *cock-centric: cock), deep-centered (: *deep-centered: deep), haidnic (: *haidnic: Haydn), heterosexual (: *heterosexual: heterosexual), homeric (: *homeric: Homer), kafkian (: *kafkian: Kafka), kangaroo (: *kangaroo: kangaroo), kineziterapeutiškai (: *kineziterapeutiškas: kineziterapeutas), kvatokliškai (: *kvatokliškas: kvatoklis), likimiškai (: *likimiškas: likimas), mantriškai (: *mantriškas: mantra), medūziškai (: *medūziškas: jellyfish), mocartiškas (: *mocartiškas: Mozart), neišmanėliškai (: *neišmanėliškas: neišmanėlis), nuovarginai (: *nuovargingas: nuovargis), pajaciškai (: *pajaciškas: pajacas), savigrioviškai (: *savigrioviškas: savigriova), emeraldiškai (: *smaragdiškas: emerald), stiliai (: *stinglus: stingi), vabališkas (: *vabališkas: beetle), 61 vieninteliavai (: *vieninteliavas: vienintelis). Jolanda Vaskeliene. Peculiarities of Lithuanian Writers’ Novels and their Semantic Structures | 25 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– BENDRINĖ KALBA 90 (2017) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 (2) like a guardian angel, an albatross-like unskilled messenger of the Anapusites K143; he's just like 62 that, recklessly shooting Č74; he preaches with inspiration. Sometimes in a ciceronian rhetorical way Č195; among the debilly acting unfortunate madmen K294; Those articles are often eurocentrically intelligent K279; the baritone of a half-boy who is cock-dubbing K358; if you do not love others, you will never be able to love yourself deeply K102; Let us remember <...> his haidnically graceful edge of language K302; Browsing her [women] only becomes more beautiful and against her will becomes heterosexually predatory KE190; Homerically mocking one-sided passion K39; the novel’s finale <...> rather Kafkian Borchessian KE79; Then the little woman <...> jumped down the side of the hazel KE35; Marta gently, but firmly, kinesitherapeutically pinches her forehead, and Algis begins to whisper 63 DD44; To concentrate consciousness on the ray and be enlightened by it. Unthinkingly, Mozartianly easy, quatockly K291; East of Berlin it always sounded like KN19; I will never be able to intonate properly, mantrically accurately pronounce a single line K271; he handled it in an unintelligent way SRII72; And it is raining in the park, hardly as tired as it is slapping K463; he made a sensitive mockery of KE88; Lately he fell into despair more and more often, sometimes even self-destructively DD163; emerald golden <...> feathers brought from Brazil GD384; the water was so rigidly calm VP26; crawling like a bug K79; you yourself <...> were the only one called and deleted from all lists K73. Newjar in jellyfish is used alongside the similarly constructed form in bird: Eliezaras <...> birdlikely stood up, funny and at the same time somehow like a jellyfish bowed KE150. CONCLUSIONS 1. The majority of novelties found in the works of thirteen Lithuanian authors (82%) consists of nouns and adjectives. Most of the nouns belong to the noun types and are considered potential nouns (especially abstracts, names of characters, names of persons by origin, suffixes -iškas, -a; -ingas, -a adjectives, many nouns and adjective conjugations, prepositional verbs, adverbs). There are also occasional formations (to fight, to think). 2. The largest groups of noun conjugations are the derivatives and conjugations of suffixes. The works of all authors are rich in abstract lexical units (abstract verbs and nouns in 48% of the novels). The second type of stitches is usually based on a noun (88% of stitches). 3. The majority of adjective conjugations (82% of adverbial adjectives) consist of the -iškas, -a derivatives. They are abundant in the works of all authors. Suffixes -iškas, -a adjectives 62 Apie jį žr. 1.1. 63 Apie jį žr. 2.1.