Prielinksnis „apie“ administracinėje lietuvių kalboje

BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ Institute of Lithuanian Language KEY WORDS: preposition about, meaning of the word, administrative language, syntax, titles of documents. In the administrative language, the general means of expression acquire specific features of use, taking into account the specificity of the area of use of this language. Although the norms of administrative language differ little from those of general language, the choice of language means in this area of language use, which is particularly strictly regulated, is determined by the peculiarities of administrative style and certain special requirements. One of the characteristic features of the administrative style is standardization, which, on the one hand, helps to express the same ideas precisely and uniformly, on the other hand, standard means of expression with a broader meaning outcompete other, more specific means of expression with more varied shades of meaning. The article examines the functioning of one of the common means of expression of administrative style – the preposition about constructions and its relationship with competing expression variants. The aim of the article is to examine the use of the preposition about meanings in dictionaries and other works of linguistics, its use in administrative language and the reasons for the prevalence of the preposition about construction and competition. Data for the article were collected from administrative texts published in different online databases in order to better reflect current usage: mainly based on the language of documents published in the Register of Legislative Acts (TAR) and the database of European Union legislation and other public documents “EUR-lex” in recent years, for comparison and to clarify changes, data were taken from the administrative literature part of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language Textbook (DLKT). In different linguistic publications, the meanings of the prefix about are described in a slightly different way. The most concise, most generalized description of the basic meanings of the preposition apie is given in DŽe: here it is indicated that the preposition about is used 1) to denote the subject in question; Vladimir Vladimirovich. Prefix about in administrative Lithuanian | 2 2) denoting approximate BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 time, measure, quantity; 3) marking an object or place around or near which something is happening or being done. The DLKG gives more significance to this prefix. It is stated that the preposition about constructions can denote 1) the path of movement, surrounding the object from all sides (rounded the lake); 2) location from all (or several) sides of the object (people standing around the kartotinio) vietą netoli daikto (sukinėjas vyrai apie kalvę); 4) kalbos, minties objektą (kalbėjo fire); 3) action (usually about fire, thought about the future); 5) approximate time, quantity or place (returned around noon, gathered about a hundred people, lives around Šiauliai) (DLKG 2006: 448). 1998: 367–373) further grouped the preposition about meanings. He argues that the preposition about in constructions usually indicates a place, – more precisely, a certain object about which it is moved around; about something arranged in a circle; near which the repetitive action takes place; about which something is being turned; which is being worked on; as well as the approximate location. It is also noted that the constructs in question can mean approximate time or quantity, often referring to the spoken or thought object. The linguist emphasizes that the preposition of all meanings about the constructions dependent on the noun becomes indicative and denotes the characteristic of the object or phenomenon. This is the most commonly used definition of a language in general. USE OF THE PREFIX ON CONSTRUCTIONS IN ADMINISTRATIVE LANGUAGE In order to find out which meanings of the prefix about are most typical of administrative language, 500 cases of use of the prefix about in administrative language texts published in different online databases were reviewed. Of the 500 DLKT sentences reviewed, in which the prefix about constructions is used, in 273 cases about constructions are used to indicate the subject of discussion, in 215 sentences they are used to indicate a sign, in 15 sentences they indicate an approximate amount, time or place, and only in three sentences they indicate a place around which one is moving. After examining 509 cases of the preposition about use in documents published by the TAR in 2018, it became clear that in 339 sentences the preposition about construction is indicative, in 164 it denotes the spoken object, in 6 – approximate amount or time; no structures were found to mark the area around which they were moving. A review of 504 sentences with the preposition about constructs found in European Union translation documents published in 2017–2018 yielded very similar results: 343 indicative constructions, 154 cases where the object in question is indicated, and in 7 sentences the preposition about is used to indicate an approximate quantity. Although this study is small, it reveals fundamental consumer tendencies. Vladimir Vladimirovich. Preposition about in administrative Lithuanian | 3 The results of the BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 analysis show that in administrative texts the preposition about constructions are most often used with two meanings: a) (speaking, thinking, etc.) to mark the item and (b) to represent a sign: (a) The supervisory authority shall notify the Registrar of Legal Persons and the European Securities and Markets Authority of the granting or withdrawal of an authorisation and publish it on the supervisory authority’s website. Law, TAR, 2018 06 14, No. 9854; From the content of the legal act it is possible to judge about a person’s social status, physical condition. Order, TAR, 2018 10 31, No. 17558; The security officer together with the cybersecurity manager periodically informs users about the security of electronic information and cybersecurity. Decision, organizuoja naudotojų elektroninės informacijos saugos ir kibernetinio saugumo mokymus, įvairiais TAR, 04.12.2018, No. 19662; Member States shall, to the extent possible, retain the rights previously granted to Union certificates of formal qualifications issued pursuant to paragraph 1 of this Article; This applies in particular to the special authorisations referred to in Article 6. Directive (EU) 2017/2397, OJ L 345, 27.12.2017; The entity must be warned within the period specified in the contract that the contract will not be renewed. Decision, TAR, 25 October 2018, No. 16582; (b) The flag Member State may provide the Commission with details of Union fishing vessels which are eligible to conduct fishing operations in the waters of a third country under the relevant agreement. Regulation (EU) 2017/2403, OJ L 347, 28.12.2017; Information on a possible conflict of interest shall be recorded in the minutes of the Commission meeting. In addition, in order to minimize risks or prevent incidents involving medical devices, manufacturers should establish a risk management system and a system for reporting incidents and field safety corrective actions. OJ L 117, 05/05/2017; EU reference laboratories shall meet the following criteria: [...] have the necessary knowledge of international standards and best practices. OJ L 117, 2017 05 05; Spread ideas about Lithuania’s common strategic objectives, which can be achieved through EU investments TAR, 2018 11 14, No. 18375. However, much less often the preposition about can be used to indicate an approximate time or quantity, e.g. : The average duration of the trip is about 3 days. Decision, TAR, 2015 12 09, No. 19486; <...> the total EU investment in infrastructure amounts to about 50 billion EUR. EUR. Commission report COM/2018/066 final, 14.02.2018; It is projected that about 410 000 children will receive an additional child benefit, reducing the poverty risk rate for children from birth to the age of 18 by about 2.7 percentage points (from 25.6 to 22.9%). Under the COSME programme, it is planned to allocate about 2.3 billion euros for the promotion of SMEs in the period 2014 – 2020. Eur. Decision, TAR, 2015 12 09, No. 19486; Such questions were additionally submitted about 20 Vladimir Vladimirovich. Prefix about in administrative Lithuanian | 4 DLKT. You can also specify the BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 location around the object: The exception is private forests up to 100 m away from the forest owners' farms in the DLKT. The approximate notation is not suitable because of the requirement of accuracy in administrative style, and therefore the latter values are not typical of administrative language. Thus, the characteristic meanings of the prefix about in administrative language are two and they reikėtų išsamiau panagrinėti. Prefix about constructions to indicate the object (content) of the conversation are used with verbs that mean a) the simple act of speaking (and listening) (to speak, say, hear); b) various shades of information transmission (report, inform, warn, remind, announce, hint); (c) thinking, knowing (to think, to know) and the acts of will related thereto (to decide); (d) the indication of information (indicate, mark,), e.g. : (a) This is particularly relevant in the case of larger entities, such as corporations or governmental entities, which use the services of a service provider to provide their business with IT infrastructure or services, or both infrastructure and services. Regulations COM/2018/225 final; The same can be said of criminal offences and the penalties imposed on them. Regulations COM/2018/225 final; <...> at least 75 percent of respondents would indicate that they have heard about the corruption prevention measures implemented by the IRS. Order, TAR, 12 May 2017, No. 8056; b) Where the personal data breach is likely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of data subjects, the personal data breach must be notified to the supervisory authority. Order, TAR, 2018 10 26, No. 16705; The lessor has the right to unilaterally terminate the contract before the deadline by giving written notice to the tenant not later than one month in advance. Decision, TAR, 25.10.2018, No. 16582; <...> failure to submit data on the income, profits or assets of a natural or legal person to the tax administrator in order to avoid taxes or other contributions, the amount of which does not exceed one hundred basic penalties and penalties, after this institution has reminded in writing about the obligation to submit them, entails a fine <...> Law, TAR, 28.11.2017, No. 18857; <...> no mention is made of the suitability of the site for extreme water sports – power kiting, sailing. The supervisory authority shall apply the following measures of influence: <...> publicly announce the violation of this Act and other implementing acts of this Act and the person who committed it. Law, TAR, 2018 06 14, No. 9854;. c) According to the 2017 population surveys, only slightly more than half of the respondents were aware of their opportunities and ways to participate in public management processes. LRV nutarimas, TAR, 2018 03 28, Nr. 4679; If the Contracting Party becomes aware of a specific risk to a Vladimir Vladimirovich. Prefix about in administrative English | 5 or a series of flights to or from the BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 territory of the other Contracting Party, it shall inform the other Contracting Party thereof. Decision, TAR, 2018 11 17, No. 20621; <...> from the content of the legal act it is possible to judge about the social status, physical condition of a person. Order, TAR, 31 October 2018, No. 17558; (d) Each annex to the contract shall be specified in the contract itself. Order, TAR, 2018 10 31, No. 17558; If there is no need to evaluate, this is noted. Order, TAR, 2018 10 31, No. 17558. Significant preposition about constructions are formed with nouns, usually having connections with verbs that are used with this preposition. Considering that the most characteristic meaning of the preposition about constructions with verbs is to indicate the speaking, thinking subject, we can see similar shades of meaning in indicative constructions: the preposition about construction describes the content that characterizes some information object. It can be indicated by a verb noun with the suffix -imas (usually the verbs from which these nouns are made have the prefix about), e.g. : Tourists most trust the opinions of other tourists and reviews about (see review about) specific tourist routes, attractions or services provided. Decision, TAR, 2015 12 09, No. 19486; Joint work, coordination of actions and information about (see inform about) the activities carried out should also help to more effectively use resources and expertise at the national level. If a municipally managed enterprise does not achieve the objectives set out in the expectations letter or if it has achieved them partially, a written explanation must be received from the municipally managed enterprise about (see explain about) the reasons why the relevant objectives have not been achieved and what actions will be taken. The decision. TAR, 2018 12 07; Changing the perception of the population about (cf. specific flight, it shall inform the Contracting Party. TAR, 2018 11 14, No. 18375. Another characteristic semantic group of nouns with which the preposition about constructions can be formed in administrative language, in general, designates the spoken or thought subject, especially often used constructions with the words information and data, e.g. : If not all the required documents are provided, the information on the missing documents shall be entered in the information sheet. Decision, TAR, 2018 10 03, No. 15664; The company calculates the need for funds to pay the aid according to the data provided by the credit institution on the paid interest. Order, TAR, 2018 06 29, No. 10916; <...> the client is professionally employed or has been employed in the financial sector for at least one year in a position requiring knowledge of the services to be provided to the client or the transactions to be concluded. Act, TAR, 2018 06 14, No. 9854; the applicant in the complaint relies on abstract statements about the non-pecuniary damage suffered. Order, TAS, 2018 06 04, No. 9154; To spread ideas about the common strategic objectives of Lithuania, which can be achieved by using EU investments. TAR, 14 November 2018, No. 18375; RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Prielinksnis apie administracinėje lietuvių kalboje | 6 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 The object of information characteristic of administrative language are various documents (information documents) or certain named parts of documents or certificates in them, e.g. : The required experience of the supplier may in particular be proved by certificates from the contracting authorities of previous contracts duly executed. Resolution, TAR, 2018 06 01, No. 9061; When the tender is won by the participant who offered the highest amount in the envelope, but did not appear at the tender (auction), no later than within 7 working days from the commission’s written notification of the tender (auction) results must appear to sign the tender (auction) protocol. Procedures for a program competition or a survey commence when the contracting authority publishes a notice of a program competition or a survey in accordance with the procedure set out in point 25 of the Description. Decision, TAR, 2018 06 01, No 9061; The Commission <…> shall submit a report to the European Parliament and the Council every four years on the implementation of this Regulation and future developments. Regulation (EU) 2018/643, OJ L 112, 02.05.2018; The Ministry of Environment shall hold a meeting of the Commission no later than 10 working days after the deadline for the submission of the Commission members’ reasoned conclusions on each Project and the evaluation scores to the Ministry of Environment. Order, TAR, 2018 07 27, No. 12535; Promoting business and local government cooperation to form a favourable public opinion about business and entrepreneurship. Decision, TAR, 2018 11 26, No. 19001; In the text of a draft decision of a normative nature, the drafter must include a provision on the publication of the decision in the Register of Legislative Acts. Order, TAR, 2018 10 31, No. 17558; All persons specified in the resolution make a statement about the execution of the document, they are visible to all employees. Order, TAR, 2018 10 31, No 17558, These records shall contain a justification for the definition of the responsibility of each assessment staff member and records of the conformity 2017 05 05. assessment activities carried out by each of them. OJ L 117, RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE PREFIX ON USE Recommendations on the normativity of the prefix on constructions are given in the Second Syntax Booklet of Language Advice Use of Prefixes and Adverbs. The prepositions about the place, object, approximate time, approximate place and approximate quantity of constructions with verbs are considered to be normative. It is emphasized that this prefix is not suitable in the titles of documents gali būti vartojamas su kalbėjimo ir panašių reikšmių daiktavardžiais. Taip pat nurodoma, kad to indicate the general scope of their content, for example: Apie pavardžių rašymą (=On the writing of surnames) (decision); On awarding of bonuses (=On awarding of bonuses) (order), but used in the headings of documents to indicate the type: certificate of receipt of remuneration, notification of delivery of parcel (KP S2: 32). Similar prefix Vladimir Vladimirovich. Prefix about in administrative Lithuanian language | 7 about the BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 peculiarities of usage, but much more extensively, described by Jonas Šukys. He indicates that the preposition about constructions is suitable to describe only the essence of the content of information documents and gives examples: information about the progress of negotiations, notification about the direction of reform, certificate about the composition of the family (Šukys 1998: 367–373). These publications describe the possibilities of correct use of the prefix about constructions and the cases in which it cannot be used. KancKP gives a very clear recommendation – the construction with the prefix about is not recommended to be used with the noun report nor with the verb settle: report on compliance with norms (= report on compliance with norms), report on the work of 1996 (= report on the work of 1996)” (KancKP 2002: 38). In the online version of this publication (KancKPe 2007) this provision is mitigated. As can be seen from the cited publications recommending language norms, in the clerical (administrative) language the use of the prefix about is quite clearly restricted in the titles of documents, this prefix is considered an inappropriate expression, except for information documents. Such a reservation was determined by the characteristic feature of the construction of this prefix – to indicate the content of the subject of notification, therefore, of course, the prefix about is most suitable in the titles of information documents. However, the use exception is provided only for three words that denote different types of documents: information, notification, certificate. Admittedly, these are the most common and common types of information documents, but there is a need to expand this list. Firstly, from the translations of European Union documents spread report about, this construction can be used to describe the content of the report when other means of expression (prepositional compound or construction report about) are not suitable because of the meaning, possible ambiguity or when the position of the prepositional is already occupied, e.g.: report about employees (for further arguments see. Vladarskienė 2009). Another possible case – a warning about. The use of the TAR is not common, but the preposition because is not always suitable because of its rather broad meaning. There are no clear arguments why this design could not be used. Most of its use in names. However, it should be noted that the stabdo griežtokas reikalavimas prielinksnio apie konstrukcijų vengti dokumentų warning is an abstract of the verb to warn, and this verb means "to tell in advance, to inform (indicating the consequences): In. something about the danger." (DŽe) and can be used with the prefix about. Therefore, in cases where such an information document is required, the use of the prefix about construction in its title is justified, e.g. : A warning of possible suspension of the licence shall be lifted if the infringements identified are corrected within the period specified in the warning. Decision, TAR, 2018 02 23, No. 2879; Warning about possible work with a specific source of ionizing radiation Vladimir Vladimirovich. The prefix about administrative suspension in Lithuanian language | 8 in BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 cases specified in the law is formalized by order of the superior. Order, TAR, 2017 07 04; The period of notice of possible dismissal from the internal service is doubled for an official who has no more than 5 years left before acquiring the right to receive a full old-age pension. Law, TAR, 2018 07 16, No. 12049. The constructions of the prefix about may be replaced by other means of language with a similar meaning. Elena Valiulytė stated that “the preposition about constructions with a suffix can always be replaced by a suffix, losing a little information: this suffix only indicates an object, without connection with external circumstances” (Valiulytė 1995: 60). This difference in meanings is more precisely defined in the Language Tips: “To indicate an object indirectly, the construction of the preposition about and the finalis is used, and to indicate a direct object, the finalis is used” (KP S2: 32). In administrative language, this feature is used appropriately to mark certain shades, e.g. : The issuing authority may need to be aware of these circumstances (see know these circumstances) in order to be able to react quickly, possibly gathering electronic evidence from another service provider. Regulations COM/2018/225 final; If a Contracting Party becomes aware of a specific risk (see specific risk) to a particular flight or series of flights to or from the territory of the other Contracting Party, it shall inform the other Contracting Party thereof. Decision, TAR, 17 December 2018, No. 20621. Another common means of expression in administrative language – the preposition about construction – aggressively pushes the preposition about constructions out of its typical positions, where it is necessary to specify the spoken or thought content more specifically. Pranas Kniūkšta (2005: 150) clearly distinguished the meanings of the prepositions because and about and advised not to confuse them. Both of these prepositions are necessary in administrative language to express different shades of meaning, but they should be used where they are appropriate. The preposition om vartotinas is used when talking about more specific things, and the preposition om dėl is used when talking about more general, abstract things, which reikšmės ir skiriasi, tačiau prielinksnio dėl konstrukcijos yra dažnesnės, nes jomis galima are often denoted by the abstracts of verbs, especially with the suffix -imas (-ymas). Although prepositions about and because describe more nuances of meaning (Vladarskienė 2014). The competitive position of the prefix because in the administrative language is better for several reasons: firstly, because of the broad meaning and greater prevalence; secondly, there is the law of analogy: the choice of expression is influenced by constructions with because that have become standard statements; thirdly, there is some influence of language Vladimir Vladimirovich. Preposition about in administrative Lithuanian language | 9 recommendations, BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 because they are more strictly formulated for the use of preposition about in administrative language, and thus encourage the use of preposition about (especially in ambiguous cases). APPENDIX ON PLACE IN SENTENCES When it comes to the proper use of the preposition, one should also pay attention to its place in the sentence (in the word combination). DLKG (2006: 656) writes that prepositional constructions usually follow the denoting noun, which is common in business language, and especially necessary in administrative language, where the aim is extremely clear accuracy. However, there are cases where the preposition is not written after the word it denotes, but describes its construction, e.g.: information known from experience about the reasons for the variation of measured indicators (=information about the reasons for the variation of measured indicators is known from experience; not experience about the reasons, but information about the reasons). Order, Council of Ministers, 2016 07 08, No. 19388; Determine the targeted tourism segments of Lazdijai district municipality, their needs and the most appropriate marketing channels for the dissemination of information about the tourism potential of the region (= dissemination of information about the tourism potential of the region; not dissemination about the tourism potential, but information about the tourism potential). Decision, TAR, 2015 12 09, No. 19486; Insufficient amount of information about extreme water activities (= amount of information about activities; not amount of information about activities, but information about activities). Decision, TAR, 09 December 2015, No. 19486); copies of certificates or archival documents on past wages and/or service years (= copies of documents on past wages and/or service years; not copies of salary, but copies of salary documents), personal data. Order, TAR, 2018 10 26, No. 16705; Visual method – aimed at forming images about the objects of the world surrounding the child (= forming images about the objects of the world surrounding the child; not forming about the objects of the world, but images about the objects of the world). Decision, TAR, 26 June 2017, No. 10752. Such an inappropriate choice of word order increases the possibility of a double perception of the text and does not meet the requirement of administrative style accuracy. CONCLUSIONS The dictionaries indicate that the preposition about is used to denote the object of speech or thought; marking the approximate time, measure, quantity; marking an object or place around which or at which something happens or is done; with nouns denotes a characteristic of an object or phenomenon.