„Chaki“ dabartinėje lietuvių (rašto) kalboje

BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ Institute of Lithuanian Language KEY WORDS: borrowed khaki, semantics, construction, color, vocabulary, textbook. The object of this article is the lexical entity khaki. The aim is to investigate the khaki semantics in the present Lithuanian written language and to “see” the khaki color on the basis of the material of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language Textbook (CLT). Color names are examined from a syntactic-semantic aspect. The study showed that it is possible to talk about transitional shades of green (grass) and brown (earth) khaki. It turned out that in the current Lithuanian language the names of khaki color are used both alternatively and oppositively. This is related to the type of construction (attributive vs. predicative) and/or semantic conjunction (natural vs. artificial object). INTRODUCTION. THEORETICAL PRESUMTIONS Color, according to the definition of this word in the Lithuanian Academic Dictionary (LKŽe), is “the tone of visible light”. Being inherently connected to human seeing, or seeing universal (see the concept of SEEing), it interests physiologists, psychologists, physicists, chemists, art historians, 1 linguists. The latter are studying the names of colours in various aspects both abroad and in Lithuania (see Biggam, Hough, Kay, Simmons 2011; Kazlauskaitė, Ramanauskienė 2011: 178–179; Gritėnienė 2017: 136–137 and the abundantly cited literature there). This article is about the color called khaki. The aim of the study is to clarify the semantics of khaki in the current Lithuanian (written) language and to “see” the khaki color on its basis. To compare 2 the definitions of khaki in the dictionaries of individual languages and in the studies of color names; taking this into account and based on the material of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language Textbook (CLT), to define the meaning of khaki in contemporary Lithuanian language; discuss the usage of khaki in a compound and sentence; identify its possible synonyms; from contexts define khaki color. Names of this color in the article 1 Plačiau apie tai žr. Wierzbicka (1996: 78–82, 287–301) ir ten cituojamą literatūrą. 2 When the article refers to a word as a color term, it is marked in italic (khaki), when it refers to a color (hue) it is marked in vertical (khaki). Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Chaki in the present (written) Lithuanian language | 2 are examined BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 from a syntactic-semantic point of view. As far as we know, this has not been studied in the Lithuanian language. This is a text-based study. Research material – 409 sentences from Vytautas the Great universiteto Kompiuterinės lingvistikos centre sudaryto DLKT 3 . The theoretical reference point of the research is the approach to color presented in Ekaterinos Rakhilinos (2007) and her and Galina Paramei (2011) works. Rakhilina (2007) relies primarily on Anna’s Wierzbickos (1990; dar žr. 1996: 291) mintimi, kad spalvos konkrečioje kalboje nėra abstrakcijos; reference to the culturally salient realities that reify that color. For the ethnolinguistic definition of the meaning, or concept, of color, in Rakhilina’s view, the constructional-based framework in which the name of the color is (may be) used is also important. The use of the adjective with the meaning of color in attributive and predicative constructions is analyzed (e.g.: khaki uniform was new and the new uniform was khaki). Furthermore, when examining the name of the color, it is additionally proposed to consider its semantic with nouns denoting so-called natural or artificial objects (natural objects / junglumą (angl. combinability) (Rakhilina, Paramei 2011): spalvą reiškiančio būdvardžio vartoseną surfaces vs. artefacts) (e.g.?chaki lichen and khaki uniform). According to this, it is possible to determine the materialization of color (color reification): objects that are (can be), "coloured" with 4 that color. Rakhilina (2007: 367–368, 375–376; see also Rakhilina, Paramei 2011: 121tt) argues that the path of the new, in other words, secondary colour terms, the name of the colour, into the linguistic system is long. In particular, in its view, the adjective ‘colour’ is unrestrictedly associated with nouns denoting man-made artefacts, i.e. the colour attributed to such objects is ‘artificial’; man painted them like that. Then the secondary name penetrates into the domain of color names with natural objects, i.e. (very) limited connections with nouns denoting objects that have such a color by nature; finally used without restriction with all nouns. Saulutė Juzelėnienė (2001: 19), having examined the semantics of adjectives with the meaning of colour in Lithuanian poetry of the 20th century, found that “adjectives with the meaning of colour are most often associated with nouns denoting objects that are characterized by colour. However, two cases are clearly distinguished: 1) the holder of the property is certainly “of a certain / such color” <...>; 2) the holder of the characteristic is not necessarily “of a certain color”. In other words, some things 3 DLKT prieiga internete: http://tekstynas.vdu.lt. Medžiaga straipsniui rinkta 2018 metų vasario, kovo are naturally green (green in the months. 4 For more on the difference between natural and artificial objects, see Rakhilina, Paramei (2011: 124) and the literature cited there. Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Kaki in the present Lithuanian (written) language | 3 grass), others BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 are given color by humans (green dress). There are cases where the natural color of an object in the broad sense differs from its typical color name (see green frog). Rakhilina (2007: 375–376) with Paramei (2011: 129) state that first the secondary name of the color is used with the noun color (cf. khaki uniform), then the model is made into a variable adjective denoting the color (cf. *khaki (variantiškai) imamas vartoti be jo (plg. chaki uniforma), kol pagal kalboje vyraujantį darybos uniform). The authors also draw attention to the following: if the secondary name of the color is combined with nouns denoting brownish-green lichen or khaki lichen). natūralius daiktus, kurį laiką kartu vartojamas ir senasis, kitaip, pirminis, spalvos pavadinimas (plg.: The article combines the structural approach to meaning with the cognitive one. Here, the interrelationships of words in a combination and a sentence are analyzed, and what information is expressed by them is examined, i.e. what is verbalized khaki concept as changing conceptual information, content of thought, strategy, which is encapsulated in the consciousness of language users (see Jakaitienė 1988: 42–43, 57–94; 2010: 17–18, 45–46, 50). On its basis, it would be possible to talk about 5 the so-called linguistic worldview as an understanding of the content recorded in language elements; a certain interpretation of reality in language (for more see Gudavičius 2007: 10, 2009: 11–17, pg. Wierzbicka 1996: 13, 15 and the literature cited there). On the other 6 hand, as we will see below, the concept of khaki in Lithuanian is not unique – it is ethnocentric. Semantic analysis, structural, descriptive, comparative methods are applied in the study. 1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE OBJECT OF INVESTIGATION: The adjective khaki is a common loanword in many languages, which came to Lithuanian through the neighboring, neighboring and / or other languages from the Persian language, where khak means “earth, dirt”. In the international dictionaries of words (TŽŽ1 1985: 83; TŽŽ2 2007: 188) khaki is defined as Atsižvelgiant į tai, toliau žiūrima šio žodžio reikšmės ne tik lietuvių, bet ir latvių, rusų, lenkų, vokiečių, anglų kalbų žodynuose bei spalvų pavadinimų tyrimuose. “a reddish-green color; a fabric or garment of that colour’. In the expository dictionaries of the Lithuanian language khaki appeared recently. It is used as an unchangeable adjective, meaning "reddish green (color)", e.g. Rutkovska, Smetona, Smetonienė (2017: 22) use the term world view in language 5 (WSL). 6 The ethnolinguistic concept of the concept is also used in the works of Yuriy Stepanov (1997), Svetlana TerMinasova (2000), Valentina Maslov (2001). See also the literature cited there. Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Chaki in the current Lithuanian (written) language | 4 is provided by BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 the General Lithuanian Dictionary (BŽe). The name of the color in question is not in the academic Lithuanian Language Dictionary (LKŽe) and the Contemporary Lithuanian Language Dictionary (DŽe). In the Language Advice Booklet (KP4 (L1) 2005: 36) for lexical purposes, khaki is proposed to be 7 replaced by the compound brownish green (color). In the supplemented and corrected lexicon Language Tips (KP4 (L12) 2013: 21) khaki is considered as a secondary variant of the norm, the compound brownish greenish (color) – the main (neutral). On the basis of synonymy, sentences with brownish green were also selected from the DLKT for the study (see section 2). In the dictionaries of the neighbouring Latvian language, khaki (lat. haki) is defined as "greenish-brown" (lat. zaļganbrūna) (LLVVe; LVVe) or "reddish-yellow, reddish-green" (lat. brūngandzeltena, brūnganzaļa) (MLVVe); fabric of this color. In the 2006 Latvian language dictionary (LVV 2006: 334) khaki is given as "yellowish or greenish grayish brown" (lat. dzelteni vai zaļganpelēki brūns). According to the Russian dictionaries, this (Russian: хаки) is the color of "brown-green" (Russian: коричневато-зеленый) (SRJ 1984: 746; TSRJe), "brown-green with gray" (Russian: коричневато-зеленый с серым) (TSRJ2e) or "gray-green with brown shade" (Russian: серовато-зеленый с коричневым оттенком) (NTSSRJe; SRJ IV 1988: 590). In Polish, khaki means "grey-green" (kolor szarozielony) (DSJPe), "grey-brown-green" (kolor szaro-brązowozielony) (SJPe) and "yellowish-brown" (kolor żółto-brązowozielony) (SJPe). yellowish-brown, half-brown or grayish 8 brązowo-zielony) (SOJPe); tokios spalvos audinį. German dictionaries define this English-borrowed adjective (German: khaki / kaki) as "earth brown" (German: Erdfarbe, erdbraune Farbe) (DW 2000: 705) or "ins Gelbliche übergehendes Erdbraun" (DUDEN 2007: 917). In English, khaki means "a dull green-brown or yellow-brown colour" 9 (LDOCEe), "a dull greenish or brownish-yellow colour" (OXFORDe, pg. CONCISE 1995: 10 744) or ‘a drab yellowish-brown dust-colour; sometimes with a greenish tinge’ (DC 2003: 223); 11 fabric or garment of that colour. 7 Avoidable – this,,shows that the evaluated phenomenon is not legitimized as a norm of general language: it is avoidable as already non-normative and no longer having a perspective or still non-normative, insufficiently studied, etc.” (KP4 (L1) 2005: 11). 8 For example, Polish khaki synonyms: moro, olive, grayish green. Online access: https://synonim.net/synonim/khaki. Greyish green as a khaki synonym is also provided by DSJPe. 9 Plg. : Brown – from the colour of moist earth (DUDEN 2007: 331). Brown – golden yellow (DW 2000: 293). 10 ,,Dull – [a]s regards colours, dim or indistinct; lacking in brightness or vividness. Synonyms include: obscure, flat, drab, [...] blurred, gloomy, colourless“ (DC 2003: 142). 11 ,,Drab: Dull brown or grey colour; of a dull light-brown or yellowish-brown; lacking in colour. Also olive drab" (DC 2003: 142). Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Khaki in the current Lithuanian (written) language | 5 See that the BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 definition of khaki in Lithuanian is the narrowest; khaki with this meaning is also found in Latvian and Russian dictionaries. The neighbouring Latvian adjective khaki has the most potential meanings. This color covers different shades of green, brown or yellow. By definition, the names of simplex or complex 12 lexemes are synonymous. Syntactically, the composite name of a color is an adjective compound (BJ), the main focus of which is the adjectives of different syllables meaning color greenish, green, brown, 13 brown or yellowish, yellow, dependent – adjectives meaning color greenish, brownish, yellowish or 14 grayish. The adjective that is the main focus of the compound means the dominant (main) color, the dependent adverb says the shade of the color represented by the adjective. The definitions of the adjective khaki in the dictionaries are summarized in Table 1 according to the relation of the main color and shade, corresponding to the main and dependent elements of the adjective compound. It is important here whether (and how) the distinct khaki meanings are differentiated in the language. For example, which meaning of khaki is meant when, say, there are Khaki coloured passengers (MLVVe). TABLE 1. The adjective khaki definitions in dictionaries Subordinate BJ word, meaning shade of color Main BJ word, Greenish yellowish (English) or yellowish (Latvian, Polish, English meaning predominant color Pilkšvai (lenkų k.) arba pilkšvai rusvai Green / greenish (rusų, lenkų k.) Rusvai (lietuvių, latvių, rusų k.) Žalsvai pilkšvai (latvių) arba Brown / brownish k.) žalsvai (latvių, anglų k.) Rusvai (latvių, Yellow / yellowish vokiečių, anglų k.) Žalsvai (anglų k.) Invariable khaki is a denominative: made from the product of human work of such a color – fabric, embroidery of the noun khaki (khaki (fabric of such a color) > khaki (color) > *khakinis (-ė); plg.: bordo (wine) > bordo (color) > bordinis (-ė); sand (fine, loose soil (according to 12 Plg. : ,,The description of a wordʼs meaning may wary, legimately, in completeness form one work to another, but it should not differ in its basic content. A ,,definition“ is meant to represent the truth about a wordʼs meaning“ (Wierzbicka 1996: 259). 13 ,,Simplex lexemes have meanings, which cannot be determined from internal components. They all have or had noncolour physical-object senses in addition to colour senses“ (White 1990: 188). 14 ,,Secondary colour terms either have or have had polysemous entity colour relationships. If the colour term has both entity sense and colour sense, it is a transparent colour term” (Casson 1997: 232t, dar žr. 1994: 6). LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ. Chaki dabartinėje lietuvių (rašto) kalboje | 6 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DŽe)) > beige color > beige). This adjective, as a secondary color name, is related to the four basic colour terms: green, brown, yellow, and gray. 15 The dark colour in question (plg. dull, grab 16 colour) is a mixture of two (brown and green, gray and green, yellow and brown, green and yellow) or three colors (grey, brown, green or green, yellow, brown); belongs to the green, brown and/or yellow range. In other words, khaki belongs to one of the basic color concepts. Anitra Roze, a researcher of Latvian colour names, attributes khaki to the concept of green (2005: 123tt; cf. 2018: 233). Alexander Vasilevich, Svetlana Kuznetsova and Sergei Mishchenko (2005: 180), who have described and catalogued the names of colors in Russian in various aspects, state that khaki, which came into the Russian language in the late 19th century, in the present Russian language denotes a wide range of shades of grayish-brown-green color (Russian: диапазон оттенков серовато-коричневато-зеленого цвета; trans. dar plg.: grayish-green with a dirty yellow tinge (t. p.: 123); khaki definition in NTSSRJe; SRJ IV 1988: 590; TSRJ2e). Alongside olives, bales, peas, lettuce and other names for green, Julia Zolnikova (2009: 89) mentions khaki. Henrika Florén (2005: 9, 25) attributes the name khaki, which came into English in the 18th century, to the brown colour. More specifically, khaki, being between brown and green, is more in the brown range (e.g.: 25, 37) (see definition of khaki in LDOCEe). The author reached this conclusion based on surveys of 20 respondents 17 without visualization (stimulation), where native speakers were asked what color one or another word reflects. Is khaki a univocal word in contemporary Lithuanian? Considering that this adjective is a loanword and the aforementioned dictionary definitions of it in other languages, it is assumed that Lithuanian users can perceive khaki in a similar way as users of other languages. It is assumed that the present Lithuanian khaki, in addition to the mentioned, may have another (s) meaning (s). 15 Apie pagrindinių spalvų pavadinimus atskirose kalbose ir jų suvokimą plačiau žr. pvz.: Berlin, Kay (1969); Wierzbicka (1996); Hardin, Maffi (1997); Florén (2005); Pink (2005); Vasilevich, Kuznecova, Mishchenko (2005). 16 For more information on light and dark colors, see. Wierzbicka (1996: 288tt). But plg. DLKT sentences: (i) Niūrios chaki spalvos sienos, stalas, rašomoji mašinėlė, spinta... (ii) He was wearing a black leather jacket, a dark (berod khaki) golf. 17 ,,For khaki the classifications are divided between brown and green, with a majority of thirteen surveys marking khaki as brown (13/20). Six categorise khaki as green (6/20), and there is one mark for white (1/20“ (Florén 2005: 25–26). Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Khaki in the present Lithuanian (written) language | 7 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Figure 1 shows the khaki color according to one of its synonymous names – rusvai žalia. This khaki is dominated by green, or grass, color. Due to the addition of brown, or 18 chestnut, peat, earth, wood, chocolate, etc. (see Figure 2), it has a brownish hue. If the 19 mixed spoken colors are predominantly brown and less green, we see (ii) greenish 20 brown khaki. 21 22 23 1 PAV. Chaki spalva Also pg. : (i) Brownish green 24 (ii) Greenish brown 25 18 Green – like grass (about color), grass color (BŽe); which is grass-colored (DŽe); such as grass (LKŽe). In the definitions of the adjective green, grass is mentioned in all the aforementioned Latvian, Russian, German, English dictionaries. 19 Brown – like chestnut seeds (about color), chestnut seeds color (BZ). Plg. : Cinnamon, roasted coffee, ripe acorn colour (NTSRJe). 20 Brown – which peat color (DŽe). Plg. : brown to dark yellow (LCe). ,,I believe that <...> brown can be thought of as the colour of the ground [naked earth]; or at least as that colour which is likely to make people think of the gound“ (Wierzbicka 1996: 327). 21 Brown – from the colour of moist earth (DUDEN 2007: 331). Brown – the colour of earth and of wood (DC 2003: 70). 22 Brown – as of dark wood or rich soil (CONCISE 1995: 166). 23 Brown – one that has, for example, chocolate, roasted coffee color (LLVVe, LVVe, MLLVe). 24 Spalvos paveikslėlis rastas Google vaizdų naršyklės paieškos laukelyje įrašius rusvai žalia ir green chaki. When writing this article, I also looked for other pictures to illustrate the color. 25 The color image was found by entering zaļganbrūna in the search box of the Google image browser. Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Chaki in current Lithuanian (written) language | 8 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 2 PAV. Green and brown according to prototype 26 2. EMPIRINĖS MEDŽIAGOS ATRANKA IR SKIRSTYMAS As said, to examine khaki chosen on the basis of the text. The majority of the DLKT, created since 1992, consists of written, often edited, texts of different genres: journalism, fiction, non-fiction or administrative literature. Some of them are translations. There are few examples of oral language in DLKT. In the DLKT advanced search box, type khaki to select sentences with it. Considering the possible synonymy of color names, the compound names mentioned in dictionaries were also selected for the study. For example, entering brown in the search box will result in a sequence of selected examples with different forms of brownish greenish (-a) / greenish (-a) / yellowish (-a) / yellowish (-a), entering greenish – with greenish brownish (-a) / brownish (-a) and so on. The search criteria used matched. The DLKT found 101 examples for khaki. Those who repeat are not counted in the study. According to the Russian query DLKT found 202 samples, grey – 192, and greenish or yellow – 282 and 475 cases respectively. Paying attention to the dictionaries of other languages provided 26 The prototype is a natural reality well-known to the linguistic community, recognized as a color spreader (Kazlauskaitė, Ramanauskienė 2011: 179; also on this issue cf. Wierzbicka 1996: 289–290; Gudavičius 2009: 66– 69). LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ. Chaki dabartinėje lietuvių (rašto) kalboje | 9 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 the definition of khaki and assuming that the semantics of the Lithuanian language khaki is perhaps close to the ones provided in the dictionaries of the aforementioned languages, from the examples of grayish, ruddy, greenish, yellowish, selected successively and different forms of the names of the mentioned composite colors (greenish brown, yellowish brown, etc.). From the 1252 samples found, 409 sentences with minimal context (300 characters according to the DLKT concordance line width) were selected for the study, where the common and composite names of colors are used: 96 sentences with khaki, 61 sentences with brown, 69 sentences with gray, 114 examples with yellow and 69 – with greenish. According to the color (without distinguishing its saturation), the sentences taken for analysis in Table 2 are divided according to whether the name of the color is used as a noun compound (DJ) or sakinio lygmeniu. Pagal spalvos sodrumą duomenys išskleisti 2a lentelėje. Sakinio lygmeniu kiek more frequently used composite names of more saturated colors. However, given the relatively small number of examples, it is considered that the saturation of the color does not have a substantial effect on the use of the composite name of the color in a word combination or sentence. Color names are usually used for attribute functions specific to an adjective. TABLE 2. Simple and composite color names Color Name in (all found in verbs and y) number of forms) the forms of Sentence (substantiverelatives ly, Example 37 predicativelKhaki 91 (95 per cent) 5 (5 per cent) 96 Brownish (greenish) 8 (80 per cent) 2 (20 per The adjective conjugation indicator of the meaning Green (red) brown is a noun denoting an artificial would rather correlate with the noun compound khaki (see sentences 30–33). There are no examples in (72.5 per cent) 14 (27.5 per cent) 51 object (see sentences 27–29). In other cases of attributive and predicative usage, brownish green the DLKT such as khaki-coloured karos, karos is khaki-coloured or long khaki-coloured waistcoat, 20 (45.5 per cent) 24 (54.5 per cent) 44 green Greyish cent) 10 32 (76 per cent) 10 (greenish) green (24 per cent) 42 16 (59 per Greyish (reddish) brown Yellowish (reddish) brown cent) 11 (41 per cent) 27 64 (56 per cent) 50 (44 per cent) 114 waistcoat – long, khaki-coloured (see sentences 20, 23–24). The use of common khaki is restricted when 18 (72 per cent) 7 (28 per cent) 25 Total: 286 (70%) 123 (30%) 409 (100%) LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ. Chaki dabartinėje lietuvių (rašto) kalboje | 16 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 it comes to natural objects. Thus, khaki is usually perceived as a brownish green, with which a person can paint something (see also sentence 34), and khaki and brownish green are synonyms when denoting the color of an artificial object (see also below). 27) Mom took a deep breath and removed the remaining dishes from the table. - No, Nesta. I know it's hard, but until things get right, nothing will happen. It is perfectly matched with brownish-green trousers (see khaki trousers) and a T-shirt. “It’s so unfair. 28) The loose silhouette of the 1980s banker suit is updated with refined fabrics. Leather jackets, brownish-green trousers (compare khaki trousers), fitted silhouettes, squeaky white shirts are combined with richly printed ties. 29) Beautiful and massive scenes. It is truly fascinating that the painter managed to make at least thirty brownish-green shades from three colors (cf. thirty khaki shades). Well, I wish Kroonta success and further ingenuity. 30) Milda walks along the bank of the river looking at the brownish-green water (cf.?looking at the khaki water, but: looking at the khaki-colored water), the bank of the river flattens, descends into a damp meadow, and the girl gets into the ayers. 31) Horror invades me. Large white eyes are swollen and jumping out, like huge fullers on both sides of the spy. Oh, my God! Giant tentacles [of the monster] tear through the water, they stretch far and upward, brownish green and glittering (cf.: monster tentacles, *khaki and glittering, but: monster tentacles, khaki and glittering), covered with suckers, it waves with them, it dots with them, it makes a swirl. We're getting caught up in that whirlwind. I'm trying to scream. 32) The body of the common carrus is high, flattened on the sides, with large scales. The sides are usually golden in color. The back is convex, dark, brownish-greenish (cf.: *back of the carriage – dark, khaki, back of the carriage – dark, khaki). In peat waters, they are darker. LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ. Chaki dabartinėje lietuvių (rašto) kalboje | 17 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 33) For fresh consumption and processing. On young branches the fruit clusters are long, on old ones of medium length. The axis is thin, curved. The stem is long, brownish green (cf.: *stem – long, khaki, but: khaki coloured), thin. 34) Reaction with concentrated sulphuric acid, 96% ethanol and 10% iron(II) sulfate solution – the solution turned brownish green (saponins) (cf.?the solution turned brownish green; turned khaki, but: turned green, *turned khaki). 4.1.2. In the Russian and Polish dictionaries, khaki is defined as gray, along with russian and green. There are no examples of DLCT where the compounds grayish brownish green, brownish green with grey or similar are used. However, there are some, such as sentences 35-37, where the use of different forms of grayish green would allow this color name to be associated with khaki (cf. DSJPe). In other words, if the uniform color, which is typically perceived as khaki, is also grayish green, it can be assumed that gray is (may be) one of the shades of khaki and also falls within the range of green khaki. On the other hand, the possibility of contrasting grayish green with brownish green shows them in different shades of green, cf. : The man was not wearing a grayish-green, but a brownish-green – khaki uniform,?The man was wearing a grayish-green, but a brownish-green – khaki uniform (see also sentence 38). Users of modern Lithuanian distinguish 30 between khaki and olive green, i.e. brownish green and grayish green (see sentences 39–42). 35) I knew I 31 was defeated. I turned back. The flowers waved like happy, familiar children as I carried them to the hallway. I felt stupid with my grayish-green volunteer uniform (see khaki volunteer uniform) and unnecessary, unlike doctors and nurses – in white – or even cleaners – in brown – uniforms. 36) Uniform – made of camouflage patterned fabric. Knitted T-shirt, sweater, beret and winter knitted hat are of a dim grayish green colour (cf. dim khaki colours, dim khaki), shoes and belt are black. 30 Plg. ,,Officer green [–] dark grey-olive“ (Vasilevič, Kuznecova, Miščenko 2005: 164). ,,The shade of spring [is] light blue-green or slightly lilac“ (t. p.: 154). ,,Oливковый [–] цвета ,,Olive [–] the yellowish-green colour of спелых оливок или пареной травы, желтозеленый (t. p.: 122, plg. 81). unripened olives. <...> Olive drab [–] the olive green of US army uniforms“ (DC 2003: 278). 31 In the 1990s, she appeared in the soap opera The Girl Who Knew Too Much. Her hair spindėjo, o akys buvo juodųjų alyvuogių spalvos. – Betės šeimoje buvo prieštaraujančių mūsų sprendimui, – pasakojo Lloyd. Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. 37) From everything – from the voice of the young man, BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 especially from the voice, from the manner, from the hard, as if carved face, that is, that beautiful, finally even from his grayish-green jacket (cf. from his khaki jacket) – some kind of waves spread, which we do not really want. With people like this one, neither pasiginčysi, nei pasiderėsi. 38) The bullet was a bullet from which you could escape or get it, and the two sides stood opposite each other, marked by their colors – red and black or khaki and gray-green, without ambiguity, or at least it looked like that at the time. 39) The darker its shade, the longer it will defend its own interests. Olive green is a mixture of green and gray, so it is believed that it promotes betrayal, deception and self-deception, disincerity. And the desire to blame. 40) Oda balta į melsvumą, kartais su pilkai žalsvu alyvuogių atspalviu (pietietiškas tipas), eyes dark brown or blue, grayish-blue, gray, turquoise or walnut color. 41) Yashima was already breathing steadily. In the candlelight he observed a young Greek woman with a straight forehead and an olive-colored face. Bending over her pelvis, she worked in silence. 42) From the apples on the bed, next to the pillow, two grayish green hay leaves fall. – Whose apples? – asks the mother. - Petrine gave 32 it. Green, but delicious. The fact that there are transitional cases between olive and khaki green, i.e. gray, brown, greenish can be mixed, is shown by the noun compound used in the 43rd sentence grey-greenish her back and the comparison of the back of the flame with the color of the spruce bark. Figure 3 shows that the back of the flame mentioned in the sentence is actually grey-brown-green. 43) Only the flame keeps drawing and drawing its uncomplicated verses. It lies somewhere on a dry spruce branch. You won’t notice it immediately, because its grayish-green back resembles the bark of a spruce tree. But then she turned to us – and in the dusk her fiery breasts ignited. A real living flame. 32 Plg. hay color in English. ,,Hay [–] a light olive green“ (DC 2003: 198). ,,Olive green [–] a colour similar to olive“ (DC 2003: 278). Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Chaki in current Lithuanian (written) language | 19 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 3 PAV. Flame and spruce bark color In the case of khaki in contemporary Lithuanian, sentences 44-46 are also relevant. In these sentences, the change of the name of the colour olive from grayish green to khaki shows the criteria of change and transitoriness related to the semantic conjunction (natural or artificial tikros aplinkybės gali pakeisti (pakeičia) prigimtinę natūralaus daikto spalvą; ji tarsi perdažoma, object). This is interpreted as more artificial. Typically, the Atlantic Ocean (or another body of water) is (perceived) blue, grayish-green color it,,coating“ under certain circumstances, for example, in the 44th sentence before the storm, raging storm (cf. Early autumn painted (green) meadows in khaki colors; See also sentence 30). Similarly it could be with the pale dawn color in the skirtingu laiku ryte (rytais) skirtingose vietose aušra (gali būti) matoma skirtingomis spalvomis ar 45th sentence: shades of color, i.e. grayish green is not a typical and constant dawn color; it is changing. If so, then the criteria of change and transientness allow Irena’s eyes to be khaki in the pavyzdžiui, Nuo vaikystės Irenos akys buvo (pilkšvai) žalios, o dabar tapo chaki spalvos; Iš laimės 46th sentence, (greyish) green Irena’s eyes became khaki (cf. turned khaki), but?Irena’s eyes are khaki from birth; ?Irena was born with khaki eyes. 33 44) In a dream Ricki saw that the grayish-green waters of the Atlantic (cf. *khaki Atlantic 34 waters, khaki Atlantic waters), painted this color before the storm, came closer and closer to the car like a tide wave, and he tried to open the door like a furious one. 33 But plg. : The upper side of the leaves [of broadleaf, i.e. lichen] [is] brownish or grayish greenish (cf.?the broadleaf is khaki coloured), turns bright green when wet (cf. when wet becomes khaki coloured). Cited from: https://www.delfi.lt/grynas/gamta/misku-savanoriai-kviecia-prisijungti-pazink-misko-kerpes-irsamanas.d?id=63054274. 34 See the definition of this color in Russian:,,зеленый тайфун [–] серо-оливковый“ (Vasilevich, Kuznecova, Mishchenko 2005: 151). Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Khaki in the present Lithuanian (written) language | 20 at BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 45) Kai ėjau, buvo vos po septynių. Blyškioje pilkšvai žalsvoje aušroje (plg. blyškioje chaki the dawn of color) they looked like war refugees, with pale faces, bound up in the remains of a floating circus. 46) In old age they were already somewhat faded, but how beautifully they must have been educated in youth! And Irena's eyes were only grayish green (cf. was only khaki, but:?Irena's eyes were always khaki). Vaitkus stepped out of the car and said hello, holding the medicines in his open hand. 4.2. Correlation of the colour names greenish brown and khaki in a sentence and in a compound The above-mentioned Latvian and English dictionaries provide the basis for discussing the relationship of greenish brown, which includes greenish brown, with khaki. If the 47th sentence suggests that greenish brown may be related to khaki, where the characteristic priskiriamas drabužiui, ir anksčiau minėta chaki ir rusvos koreliacija. Jei platesni nei turimi of color is confirmed by the contexts, then it would be possible to talk about the fact that in the 48th to 50th sentences the potential khaki is limited by the aforementioned semantic and syntactic criteria. The construction used in the 49th sentence saw her big, greenish brown eyes could be interpreted according to the 46th sentence. Usually I see Indrė’s eyes brown; dancing very close to her I saw that Indrė's eyes are (seemed) greenish brown. Different than usual, eye color (pa)vision could be said by the construction dancing very close I saw that Indrė eyes are khaki color. For similar semantic reasons, it is possible to say in the 50th sentence kaki színű kéz vagy a sakok keze volt khaki színű. Moreover, the 51st sentence shows that the potential use of khaki (colour) may be limited by other structural criteria: the noun compound is expanded with conjugative and inconjugative signs where it would be unclear with what khaki (colour) is semantically combined (cf. drowned in khaki-colored grass or drowned in khaki-colored light). 47) That's what the lady you danced with for a short while wanted to tell you, because she was very unwell that night for some subtle reasons. She was wearing a greenish-brown sweater (see khaki sweater) and brown jeans. Her hair is dark, wavy. 48) Deer live in dry, sun-heated places (steppes, forests, mountains up to 1.5 km high). The brownish or khaki color of the lizard hides it well between stones and grasses. They live in pairs, hiding at night in caves, under stones, under the bark of stumps. Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Kaki in the present Lithuanian (written) language | 21 close, I BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 49) Arba šoku. Indrė grįžtelėjo į mane. Jos veidas – lygių, švelnių moteriškų bruožų – buvo visai saw her big, greenish brown eyes (cf.: *I saw her big, khaki eyes; I saw her big, khaki eyes) under her dark eyelashes. “You’re beautiful,” I said and grabbed her shoulders. 50) I don’t even know how old this woman is, maybe younger than my mother and older than my grandmother, her hands, which she wipes into a rough canvas apron, are greenish-brown like pine branches (cf. hands, like pine branches – khaki coloured), the apron is stained by the leaves, and the pancakes, which she rolls with her fingers, smell like wood… 51) I descend the left slope of the ditch, cross the stream and slowly browse up the right slope, drowning in the greenish-red light of tall grass, tree leaves and bushes (cf.?drowning in the khaki (colour) light of tall grass, tree leaves and bushes), stumbling in swamp moss, spotting slimy mud and crawling to the top of the slope. 4.3. Correlation of colour names: brownish or greenish yellow, yellowish brown and khaki, in sentence and compound The definition of khaki in Latvian, Polish, German and English dictionaries refers to a brownish yellow or yellowish brown. The fact that the Lithuanian khaki has a similar meaning, mentioned Section 3.2. According to the analogy of the beige color, the compound names of the color used in sentences 52–56 are (may be) close to the ordinary khaki, whose attributive or predicative use in sentences 57–61 is not possible because of the aforementioned semantic criteria. On the other hand, the 62th sentence (see also sentences 39, 56) shows that if the color of a natural object is perceived as unstable, it can be represented by the combination khaki. 52) The calm brownish-yellowish colours (cf. calm brownish khaki colours) sometimes so vividly blend with gold that even the breath is choked. 53) The patterns are silhouetted, always monochrome, dark, arranged on a brownish-yellow background. 54) You were blonde, you wore a yellowish brown coat, you held a dark bag of Bear beer in your hand. 55) He wore the so-called Palm Beach line, yellowish brown, elegantly sewn, obviously very expensive. 56) True, the white cover color has turned yellowish brown over time. LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ. Chaki dabartinėje lietuvių (rašto) kalboje | 22 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 57) It is basically a brownish yellow dog with a black,,saddle“. The head, legs up to the thighs and elbows, the lower part of the trunk and the chest are brownish yellow, and the ears are darker brownish yellow. 58) Here is a brownish-yellow spotted butterfly fluttering along the road. He sat down on the path – and disappeared, because the bottom of the wings is grey-brown as the earth. 59) Maple wood is hard and sturdy. It has a yellowish-white or brownish-yellow color, very beautiful texture, shiny. Furniture, musical instruments and decorative items are made from maple wood. 60) The colour of both types of coats is white, cream, golden, pink, grayish yellowish brown, tricolor (white, black and yellowish brown) and black yellowish brown. 61) Petals of medium length and thickness, slightly curved. Their bark is yellowish-brown, greenish, with a gray waxy coating, lentils are small, rare, brown. Leaf buds of medium size, conical, recessed. 62) Until the age of two months they are grayish-blue, blue-eyed, from three months their coat takes on a grayish-silver shade, and the eyes turn yellowish-brown. The true color of coat and eyes appears only in puppies aged eight months. There are three varieties of this breed, which differ only in coat. It is suggested that in English, khaki may be synonymous with the compound greenish-yellow. Including this mixed color in the potential khaki shades would at least allow the 63rd sentence, where the grass typically correlated with green (in this case, meadow) is greenish yellow. 63) The prolonged episode violates the structure of the performance, but at the end it becomes clear again: the whistles crackle, two women lie on the greenish-yellowish background of the meadow. 4.4. Correlation of the colour names grayish brown and khaki in a sentence and in a compound In the neighbouring Latvian language grayish brown is (may be) one of the meanings of the adjective khaki (see figure 4). The context of the 64th sentence and the 5th picture would allow us to talk about a similar meaning of khaki in Lithuanian: the earth’s grayish brown may be close to shades of sand (see footnote 28; cf. sentence 25). In this context, khaki becomes possible in sentences 65–66. Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Chaki in current Lithuanian (written) language | 23 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 4 PAV. Greyish 35 brown and brown 36 5 PAV. 64) Here is a brownish-yellow spotted butterfly fluttering along the path. He sat down on the path – and disappeared, cut out. It is called a carp. 65) Goose feather in an unfolded book. nes sparnų apačia pilkšvai ruda kaip žemė. Jo sparneliai tokie keisti, lyg kas būtų juos grubiai The folds of clothes fall down in beautiful lines. Colors on a brown (e.g. khaki) background. šaltos: mėlynas apsiaustas ir pilkai žalias (plg. alyvuogių spalvos) apatinis drabužis pilkšvai 66) The view from the other side of the room, opening onto the busy, crowded railway platform where the selection took place, and the gloomy grayish-brown brick barracks still dazzling (cf. dunksančius niūrius chaki plytų barakus); visą tą reginį vainikavo metalinė arka su užrašu, just turned to here: ARBEIT MACHT FREI. 35 The color image was found by entering grayish brown in the Google image browser search box. 36 The color image was found by entering pelēki brūns in the search box of the Google image browser. Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. The potential correlation of the colour names grayish-brown and BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 khaki in sentences 65–66 leads us back to cases of use of khaki with an unclear meaning without a broader context, for example in sentence 67. Based on the principles of language clarity and economy, speakers usually avoid such usage. It may also be that language users interpret “ambiguous” khaki cases according to the typical khaki color – uniform green. Taking into account all that has been said, it becomes clear that khaki in the broad sense is a transitional shade of two colors. According to the color prototype, green and brown khaki echo grass and earth khaki. The latter includes the palette of shades of sand mentioned in the article (yellowish-brown, yellowish-brown, grayish-brown, yellowish-greenish-brown, etc.; cf. sentence 68), the first – grass shades (yellowish-brown or greenish-yellow; cf. sentence 69). 67) – Come in! – I called, and Buddy Willard entered the room, holding a khaki hat in his hand... 68) The tincture produced is clear, greenish-yellowish-brown in colour (cf. khaki colour), with a specific slight odor and an astringent, tart taste. 37 69) The hop heads are cut and dried. In Tasmania, special dryers are built near hop plantations – dried cones must remain greenish-yellow, not rotten. Why is the monkey so valued? Is there no other substitute for flavoring beer? APIBENDRINIMAS IR IŠVADOS After analyzing 96 examples of the present Lithuanian written language with khaki and comparing them with its potential synonyms in 313 sentences, it became clear that this adjective may have the meanings of “(soft) (gray) brownish green (color)”, “(soft) grayish (and) or greenish (and) or yellowish brown (color)” and “(soft) brownish or greenish yellow (color)”. The green and brown prototype galima kalbėti apie pereinamuosius žolės ir žemės chaki atspalvius. Pagal smėlio atspalvių analogiją generally distinguishes the broadly perceived earth khaki from the grass khaki, which is typically correlated with the color of military uniforms. 37 See also the sentence where khaki is restricted due to the aforementioned semantic criteria: Yellowish, [t. y. riestalapė raguotė]. Cituojama iš: https://www.delfi.lt/grynas/gamta/misku-savanoriai-kviecia-prisijungtigreenish, brownish shades of samana pazink-misko-lerpes-ir-samanas.d?id=63054274. Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Kaki in the present (written) Lithuanian language | 25 The color of khaki is BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 described by simple and/or composite name. In modern Lithuanian, the names of this color are used both alternatively and oppositively. This is related to the type of construction and/or semantic connectivity. Khaki (colours) is usually used with nouns denoting artificial objects (khaki uniform, khaki walls), rarely with nouns denoting natural objects (khaki sand, khaki spices). The latter usage is influenced by the criteria of temporaryness, change (Indra’s eyes looked / turned khaki from happiness,?Indra’s eyes are khaki from birth; *Lich – khaki). The semantic connectivity of compound khaki names is unlimited. Semantically khaki may be ambiguous. The composite name of the color – more defined, clearer. 38 Most often the adjective khaki goes as an attribute in a noun compound, rarely as a predicate (New uniform – khaki). In the predicate position, khaki is more common (Sienas – khaki color). In modern Lithuanian, khaki and khaki colors can be used alternatively with nouns denoting artificial objects (khaki (color) sienos). Compound of khaki color dažnesnis. Skolinys chaki žengia pirmuosius įsitvirtinimo lietuvių kalboje žingsnius. ŠALTINIAI BŽe – Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas: elektroninis variantas. Vyr. red. Danutė Liutkevičienė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2015. Prieiga internete: http://bkz.lki.lt. CONCISE – The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Ninth Editon. Ed. Della Thompson, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. DC – A Dictionary of Color, Ian Peterson, 2003. DLKT – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstynas. Sudarė Kauno Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto Kompiuterinės lingvistikos centras. Prieiga internete: http://donelaitis.vdu.lt. DŽe – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Vyriausiasis redaktorius Stasys Keinys, 7-as pataisytas ir papildytas leidimas. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2012, XXVI, 969 p.; elektroninis variantas, 2015. Prieiga internete: www.lkiis.lki.lt. 38 Apie spalvų paprastųjų ir sudėtinių pavadinimų aiškus ir neaiškus (angl. transparent resp. vague) gradaciją plačiau žr. Smith 2005 ir ten cituojamą literatūrą.