„Didelis dėkui“ ir „dėkui labai“ dabartinėje lietuvių (rašto) kalboje

BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas A LOT OF THANK YOU AND THANK YOU VERY MUCH IN CONTEMPORARY LITHUANIAN (WRITTEN) LANGUAGE KEY WORDS: gratitude construction, emoticon, inversion, actual part of sentence, interlingual communication. The subject of this article is the thanks construction thanks, thank you very much and big thanks, thank you. The aim – based on the material of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language Textbook (CLT), to clarify the relationship of spoken thanks expressions with very thank you (ačiū), thank you very much, I am very grateful, great thanks and thank you very much, I am very grateful or so on. ; influence of word order of other languages on inverse expressions of gratitude in Lithuanian. The constructions of gratitude are examined from the syntactic-semantic, relevant aspect of the sentence breakdown. The study showed that the recipient chooses the inverse thank you very much when he wants to emphasize the thank you very much or its modifier very much, similarly as thank you very much, thankful I am very much case. The examples of DLKT showed that a big, sincere thank you is used in cases where the addressee perceives the thank you as a noun; In the (in)transitive sentence, big, sincere thanks goes in the position of the predicate argument according to the analogy big, sincere thanks (I say sincere thanks to you (sincere thanks), you deserve sincere thanks (sincere thanks)). 1. Introduction 1.1. THEORETICAL PRESUMTIONS In terms of the language norm, the Lithuanian 1 thanks constructions ačiū (thank you) labais 2 dėkui (thank you) ir didelis dėkui (thank you) are evaluated differently. For example, 3 Antanė Kučinskaitė (1985: 29, see also 1990: 32tt; 1 According to the theory of pragmatics, gratitude constructions are performative, and in this article they are understood in a broad sense, based on the view of Egidijus Zaikauskas (2002). for symptoms, see Plačiau apie performatyvumą kaip sintetinį reiškinį, turintį gramatinių, leksinių-semantinių bei pragmatinių section 4.4. Zaikauskas 2000, 2002 and the literature cited there. 2 Plg. DLKŽe: dėkui – a word used to express gratitude, thank you; thank you – a polite word used to express gratitude, thanks. BLKŽe: thank you – a word used to express gratitude; thank you – to say thanks. 3 Furthermore, when speaking about constructions with very thank you, thank you very much, great thanks or similar, in mind are and tapačios su ačiū ir atvirkščiai. Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Many thanks and thank you very much in the current Lithuanian (written) language | 2 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 2007: 496) states that instead of the uncreatively translated big ačiū from Russian, "it would be more Lithuanian to say very ačiū". Danguolė Mikulėnienė, author of the booklet How You Don't Need to Speak (KNK 1991: 9, 26), believes that both thank you very much and sincere thank you are unnecessary values, which should be changed to thank you very much, sincerely thank you, thank you, very sincerely thank you. Jonas Šukys (2003: 293; 2006: 304) is of the same opinion: the great thanks taken from the Russian language should be corrected and, first of all, following the example of the English language, in the thanks very, “the adverb very to the end cannot be 4 lifted”. Thank you very strongly suggested to avoid in the State Lithuanian Language Commission considered and Rita "The 2000s in the United States" (PDF) (2009). The same opinion, on which it is common to rely, is also given in the consultation bank of the State Lithuanian Language Commission (VLKKe): according to 5 the neutral order of the acknowledgement and acknowledgement word in the combination (sunny 6 day, very beautiful) avoidable thanks very much is advised to change to very thank you and / or very thank you, and the construction big thanks is correctable. The opinion of Professor Albinas Drukteinis in the VLKKe consultation bank is also different. In his opinion, thank you is not a very translational and avoidable construction, because it is a typical inversion when the more important word is put forward. Also, Alex Girdenis (1996: 302) has pointed out that many criticized thanks very rare in the Žemaičiai and do not hurt their ears. Such and similar examples are also found in the current Lithuanian written language (see sentences 1-2), on the basis of which the reasons for their use and (un)suitability for use are explained. 1) – Maybe really give me, I’ll get some. – Thank you, thank you very much. 2) I would like to thank the Head of the Department of Educationology, Prof. Dr. M. B., for her constant encouragement and encouragement in the preparation of the methodological įpratę. O tamsta, jaučiu, ne žemės knisėjas. – Iš ko jaučiat? – Iš balso. Iš ko gi daugiau? publication. Thank you very much. I would be grateful for comments and suggestions. 7 Monografijoje išsamiai lietuvių kalbos etiketo formulių semantiką ir pragmatiką Giedrė Čepaitienė (2007, also see 2014) with examples of inverse word order not 4 Avoidable –,,shows that the evaluated phenomenon is not legitimized as a general language norm, it is kaip jau nenorminis ir neturintis perspektyvos arba dar nenorminis, nepakankamai ištirtas ir pan.“ (KP2 (S3) 2009: 9). 5 avoidable See, for example: https://www.kretinga.lt/node/10056 (accessed 2018 10 20); http://www.santaka.info/?sidx=44556 (žiūrėta 2018 10 20). 6 See http://www.vlkk.lt/konsultacijos/98-didelis-aciu-didelis-dekui (accessed 2018 10 20). Also see: http://www.vlkk.lt/naujienos/pakomisiu-naujienos/kp3-syntakse-iii-dalis-apsvarstyta-antrakart. “It was decided not to consider saying thank you very much or thank you very much as a mistake. Of course, the most appropriate is very much ačiū (thank you), but the word order of Lithuanian is quite loose, the circumstances are used both before and after the note, for example, labai žaviuosi and žaviuosi labai, labai dėkoju and dėkoju labai. 7 When people are named by name in illustrative examples, only their initials are retained. Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. A big thank you and thank you very present in Lithuanian (written) doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 language | 3 times relies (e.g. : I thank them with all my heart T; My lady! Thank you very much for 8 taking care of me Bit 477; Thank you very much, I don't know where I would have been without you GyvK (Čepaitienė 9 10 2007: 184, 187; see also p. 188)), but thanks very much leaves without comment. This article is based on the assumption that both thank you with all my heart and thank you with all my heart used in the first sentence are motivated constructions chosen for similar reasons. It goes from grammatical to pragmatic criteria and looks at what influences the choice of using thank you very (and) or great, sincere thank you. So the subject of this article is the expression of gratitude thank you very much, thank you very much. The aim of the study is to discuss the use of constructions dėkui labai, didelis dėkui and their relationship with labai dėkui; thank you very much, thank you very much; grateful I am, I am grateful; great thanks and so on. Based on the material of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language Textbook 11 (CLT), to analyze the expressions of inverse word order thanks in the current Lithuanian written language; compare them with examples of neutral word order; discuss the correlations of word order in translations; find out the reasons for using big thank you and so on. This is a text-based and translation-based study. The research material is 800 Lithuanian sentences from the DLKT compiled by the Computer Linguistics Center of Vytautas Magnus University. For the study, samples with thank you were selected in turn, where these words have adjectives, adverbs, prepositions grateful, thank you dėkingas, -a, padėka, -ą, ačiū, dėkui. Į išplėstinės paieškos laukelį įrašius vieną minėtų žodžių wholeheartedly, thank you very much, etc. For the study, 120 sentences were selected, in which the konstrukcijomis reiškiamų (atributinių, būdo) modifikatorių, pavyzdžiui, didelė padėka, labai performative verb dankoju has prepositional or postpositional modifiers (see sentences 3–4), 270 sentences with dėkui, ačiū, 280 – with dėkingas, -a and 130 sentences with padėka, -ą, when they are used with prepositional or postpositional modifiers (see sentences 5–9, also see section 3.2. 1-2 sentences). 3) Dear Aunt George, thank you very much for the lovely penalty. 4) The time is very favorable for me. Thank you all from the bottom of my heart. 5) – So if you are a subscriber for a year, that’s discounts, you know. – Mm... – Gives either more minutes, or actuals, wa... – Well, thank you, thank you very much! 8 T corresponds to the abbreviation DLCT used in this article. 9 1995. pp. 5–6. "Biography". London: Routledge, 1968. 10 GyvK – gyvoji kalba. 11 Online access: http://tekstynas.vdu.lt. The majority of the DLKT consists of publications (63.8%), some texts are translated from other languages. Samples from DLKT collected in September 2018. Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Great thanks and thanks very much in the current Lithuanian (written) language | 4 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 6) The Buddha called him and said: “Chunda, I have tasted only two dishes in my life, for which I am extremely grateful. The first time it happened in Sudzata and helped me to achieve Enlightenment, the second time – in this house.” 7) After knocking the door, he returned to his office. Roger took the keys. “I am very grateful for what you have told me, Mr. Bitner. Thank the members of this committee. But I... I... I'm uncomfortable when I have to accept gifts. 8) I am grateful to the helpers, my assistants who worked at various times: Mr. P. P., V. Š., doc. J. Z. Sincere thanks to the employees of the newspapers “Tėviškės žinios” and “Kauno apskritis”, who opened the pages of their publications to my suggestions and reflections. 9) The book was designed by artist R. P. and text layouter S. V. I would like to express my sincere thanks to them for this. In order to investigate the influence of the word order of other languages in the construction of thanks, the article refers to the material of the online translation dictionary LINGUEE. LINGUEE 12 provides translations of the selected word (or word combination) according to the selected language pair, for example, Lithuanian-English. Here you can find words in minimal context, parallel in išverstus įvairiuose tekstuose (Europos Sąjungos institucijų teisiniuose bei politiniuose tekstuose, patent documents, websites of companies, organizations and universities). Examples were searched by choosing the following language pairs: English→Lithuanian, German→Lithuanian and vice 13 versa, thank you so much, danke schön, thank you very much, thank you very much, etc. The ir paieškos laukelyje įrašius, pavyzdžiui, žodžius Dankeschön, padėka, dėkui arba konstrukciją translations found with the acknowledgement structures in question are from the following websites: eur-lex.europa.eu, europa.eu, europarl.europa.eu. Furthermore, 128 acknowledgment expressions are used, where the main element of the acknowledgment structure in both or one of the translation languages has a (modal or attributive) modifier. Specifically, out of 128 examples, 36 are examples where the same Lithuanian sentence is translated into both English and German (i.e. 18 Lithuanian→English and 18 Lithuanian→German) (see sentences 10–11), 20 are examples where the same Lithuanian sentence is related to different directions of translation: 10 Lithuanian sentences are translated from English (English→Lithuanian) and the same 10 from Lithuanian to German (Lithuanian→German) (i.e. English→Lithuanian→German) (see sentences 12–14); 15 German 13 sakinius). Be jų, dar yra 14-a anglų kalbos sakinių, išverstų į lietuvių (anglų→lietuvių) ir 10 sentences translated into Lithuanian (German→Lithuanian) and 33 sentences translated from Lithuanian to German (Lithuanian→German) (cf. 12 Online access https://en.linguee.com/. 13 There are no Lithuanian-Russian or Russian-Lithuanian translations in the LINGUEE translation dictionary. Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Many thanks and thank you very much in the current Lithuanian (written) language | 5 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 sentences). There are 15 German→Lithuanian and 61 Lithuanian→German examples, as well as 24 English→Lithuanian and 28 Lithuanian→English examples. 10) I am very satisfied with your precise and specific answer, so thank you very much. I am very satisfied with your very precise and concrete answer, so thank you very much indeed. 11) I am very satisfied with your precise and specific answer, so thank you very much. I am very satisfied with your very precise and concrete answer, thank you very much for it. 12) Mr President, thank you very much for these two reports – which we can evaluate as being for the new Parliament and, probably, for the current Commission still, as well as for the new Commission... Mr President, thank you very much for these two reports – which we can see as being addressed to the new Parliament and perhaps to the still incumbent Commission, as well as to the new Commission … 13) Mr President, thank you very much for these two reports – which we can see as being addressed to the new Parliament and perhaps to the still incumbent Commission, as well as to the new Commission To the Commission... Mr President, I would like to thank you very much for these two reports, which will provide the new Parliament, and probably the current and the new Commission, with the necessary information. Evaluation to be submitted... 14) Thank you so much for being here with us. Thank you very much for being with us. 15) And sincerely thank him for his care. I sincerely thank him for his care. 16) Zunächst auch von meiner Seite ein ganz herzliches Dankeschön an den Berichterstatter, Klaus-Heiner Lehne, der hervorragende Arbeit geleistet hat... First of all, I would like to thank the rapporteur, Mr Lehne, very much for his excellent work. Thank you very much, Mr President. Thank you very much, Mr President. The paper is based on the approach of Elizaveta Kotorova (2013a, 2013) and her and Wolfgang Gladrow (2015, 2017) to the basic unit of communication – the act of speech, which they define as a unified model of speech behavior (UMSP) (Russian: модель речевого поведения (МРП), German: Modell des Redeverhaltens (MRP)). Speech behavior pattern). It is structured the same communicative LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ. Didelis dėkui ir dėkui labai dabartinėje lietuvių (rašto) kalboje | 6 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 a set of statements with a purpose. Based on Anna Wierzbicka’s (1972, 1985, 1987; 1991) theory of semantic metalanguage and semantic primitives, the authors claim that the content and 14 structure of the ilocutional SEM are universal. The expression in individual languages (may vary), (may be) determined by different cultures. The interrelated statements entering into one or another SME form a system – a communicative-pragmatic field, the dominant of which is the 15 communicative goal of the addressee, characteristic of all elements of that field. In terms of expression, the structure of the field is graduated: it consists of prototypical (central) and 16 (more) peripheral means of expression. For example, the prototypes of the expression of communicative pragmatic greeting and thanks fields differ in Russian and German (Здравствуйте! 17 resp. Guten Tag! Hallo!; Спасибо resp. danke). In each communication situation, the recipient, taking into account the communicative goal of the SME, the communicative-pragmatic factors and structure, chooses the most appropriate statement from the communicative-pragmatic field in one or another language. Such a concept of the SGM as an act of speech proved useful to 18 talk about possible (on the basis of LINGUEE) correlations and / or differences in the gratitude expressions and word order in Lithuanian, English, German languages. 19 The position of the addressee, the relationship with the content of the message and with the person to whom the message is addressed, in written language is shown by the relevant 20 sentence division – the division of sentence parts according to their information load. In different languages, the relevant means of expression of sentence division may be Vaskelienė tapačios ir (arba) skirtingos (pvz.: Lambrecht 1994; Holvoet 2003: 91t; Griškevičienė 2008; 2015 and the literature cited there). According to Jolanta Vaskeliene (2015), the main 14 According to the theory of semantic primitives, Anna Wierzbicka (1987: 214) defines the act of thankful speech as follows: "I know that you have done something that is good for me. I say: I feel something good towards you because of that. I say this because I want to cause you to know what I feel towards you. I assume that you would want to hear me say this to you“. this because I want you to feel something good“ (Wierzbicka 1991: 157) on Russian and German strategies of gratitude see. Kotorova (2013); for Swedish and Polish, German strategies of thanks see. Plg.: „I know: you did something good for me; I feel something good towards you because of this; I say Zborowski (2005) and the extensively cited literature there. 15 Apie skirtingų kultūrų įtaką lietuvių ir anglų prašymų strategijoms pasirinkti plačiau žr. Hilbig (2009); 16 „Под термином «коммуникативно-прагматическое поле» понимается соответственно взаимосвязь language patterns of expressions within the framework of the same strategy of communicative action” (Kotorova 2013a: 60). 17 „Коммуникативно-прагматические поля соединяют инвентарь разнообразных грамматических, лексических, словообразовательных, топологических и просодических средств, служащих для выражения of a certain illocutive purpose” (Gladrow, Kotorova 2015: 32). 18 „Одна и та же иллокутивная цель может быть в разных языках и культурах выражена разными средствами, также распределение средств по полю может зависеть от языка и культуры. В этом смысле полевая модель является удобным инструментом для сопоставительного анализа, она может обеспечить наглядные результаты” (Kotorova 2013a: 64; see also Kotorova 2013). 19 „В составе полной перформативной формулы можно выделить, как правило, четыре составляющих: компоненту Действия, компоненту Говорящего, компоненту Адресата и компоненту Повода (для совершения речевого акта). <...> Каждая из составляющих перформативной формулы может иметь similarities and differences in the grammatical layout in each of the compared languages” (Gladrow, Kotorova 2015: 31t). 20 For a review of the theoretical work on the actual sentence part, see Vaskelienė (2015) and the literature cited there. Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Great thanks and thanks very much in the current Lithuanian (written) language | 7 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 The indicators of the actual division of Lithuanian sentences are the neutral and inverse word order and the logical conjunction. Axel Holvoet (2003: 91) mentions three means of expressing actual division: intonation, segmental indicators (that) and word order. Lambrecht (1994: 6tt) also talks pagrindiniu rodikliu, bet pripažįsta, kad „tik dalis žodžių tvarkos reiškinių atspindi aktualiosios skaidos skirtumus“ (Holvoet 2003: 98). Be šių aktualiosios skaidos raiškos priemonių, Knudas about the criteria of sentence structure (active vs. passive), functional sentence types (constatative vs. interrogative vs. exclamative), the choice of lexical units and their status in the sentence (see my machine broke down; my machine broke down). „[l]ithuanian language word order Vytautas Ambrazas Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatikoje (DLKG 1996: 645) teigia, kad depends mainly on their syntactic connections and semantic relations in the sentence and on the actual sentence division, on the needs arising during communication to highlight and emphasize certain parts of the sentence“. The DLKG distinguishes between neutral and inverse models of free word order. In neutral models of free word order, “words are arranged according to their usual usage tendencies and the addressee is not asked to pay attention to such order” (DLKG 1996: 646). Such patterns of word order are stylistically insignificant. For example, “[i]ndirect adverbs usually go before direct adverbs”, and the “neutral and predominant place” of modal adverbs and the respectively meaningful verb forms and prepositional constructions is before the verb (DLKG 1996: 651, 653; Ambrazas 1982: 107) (see sentences 18–19; cf. sentence 3). 18) He forgives marty for all the inconveniences she has done so far. (quoted from DLKG 1996: 651) 19) [Aš] nuoširdžiai dėkoju šios gimnazijos direktoriui G. V. už pakvietimą. DLKT Inverse, i.e. stylistically marked, models are conditioned by context, language situation. Inverse is the place of the circumstance of the manner after the verb (know well, said 21 clearly) or the place of the conjugative after the noun (homeland dear, home forgotten) (Ambrazas 1982: 22 108; DLKG 1996: 653tt; 2010: 192 pp. ) „Groups of syntactically related words are usually separated when one wants to emphasize some of their words, give them greater 21 For example, “Another one, having heard somewhere that adverbs at the end of a sentence are not suitable for our language, whether they are necessary or not, always puts the adverbs before the verb, although sometimes because of the structure of the sentence itself, and especially because of the logical accent, the adverb must be at the end. In this way, sometimes, even with good intentions, the diversity and flexibility of the language can be levelled” (Žirgulys 1962: 10). 22 ,,Jablonskis did not avoid changing the place of the indicative and indicative word in a compound sentence when necessary. <...> Speech mixed with the noise of bottles, cups and glasses. <...> There are also some unusual word orders. <...> Then a new life began for the old inhabitants of Europe. <...> If it were not known that these sentences are by J. Jablonski, some would probably jump to improve them, especially to correct the ‘wrong’ word order” (Žirgulys 1962: 13t). Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Great thanks and thanks very much in the current Lithuanian (written) language | 8 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 meaning load and are therefore moved to the beginning or end of the sentence” (DLKG 1996: dar žr. t. p.: 653; Ambrazas 1982: 107t; Pikčilingis 2010: 191 23 ; Žirgulys 1962: 14) (žr. 20–21 646; sentences, cf. sentences 7 and 4). 20) I am not a master. (Quoted from DLKG 1996: 646) 21) We live well. (quoted from DLKG 1996: 653) The choice of one or another (neutral or inverse) word order model depends heavily on the relevant sentence division – theme and rhyme. “Rem is the most important part of the narrative in terms of communication. <...> Usually the theme is told before the rhyme. The rhyme, which is to be said earlier, at the beginning of the sentence, is emphasized or distinguished by a certain intonation or 24 inverse word order” (DLKG 1996: 646t; see also Ambrazas 1982; Vaskelienė 2015). 25 According to A. Holvoet (2009: 23), it can be assumed that “from two participants in the situation – a living, personal agent and a dead patient experiencing his action (John uses the newspaper) – the speaker will universally be inclined to choose the agent as the subject (even if it is for the principle žinomas kaip topicworthiness – inherentinis temiškumas)“. Taigi pagal neutralios žodžių tvarkos ir of empathy) (this inclination is a correlation of the actual sentence division in Lithuanian sentences. It can be said that “the subject is the result of the dramatization of an unmarked theme, and the unmarked theme, in turn, relies on the inherent thematicity related to agency and life” (Holvoet 2009: 25), and to assume that according to the 21st sentence (We live well) it is possible to justify the expressions of gratitude (=4) I thank you with all my heart, (=1) thank you cordially, and (in)appropriately used (=2) sincere thank you, apparently related to daiktavardine (=8) nuoširdi padėka (žr. toliau). The article is of the opinion that the expression of gratitude chosen in the letter can be explained as pragmatically motivated (Lambrecht 1994: 11t, 29, 41); moving from structure to pragmatism. In order to verbalize his communicative intentions, the addressee does not create new structures, but uses those already existing in the language creatively and competently (cf. Lambrecht 1994: 26tt, 31). The study applies descriptive, comparative, syntactic-semantic analysis methods. 23 “[E]very part of a sentence, after all, has one, usual, unique place, which, when changed, gives the word a certain accent – the whole sentence changes intonationally. And it is easy to explain: our eyes will always turn to the word that is used as if in the wrong place. In other words, what is expressed in speech by raising the voice, intonation, which is emphasized in written language by changing the usual word order, or inversion” (Pikčilingis 2010: 191). 24 This was also shown by the empirical study presented by J. Vaskelienė (2015), based on 35-hour recordings of various texts, the theme goes before the rhyme in 77% of all analyzed sentences. 25 “The analysis of 26,066 sentences of texts of various styles revealed that <...> 10% of rhymes go sakinių, kuriuose pateikta vien nauja informacija, laikytini rema“ (Vaskelienė 2015: 90). „Pastarojo modelio sakiniai before the theme, 13% are more common in texts of artistic and everyday styles, dialogic language” (p. 97). Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Many thanks and thank you very much in the current Lithuanian (written) language | 9 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 2. SEMANTICS OF APPRECIATION In the communicational aspect, constructions of thanks are statements where thanks are marked as a model (strategy) of polite behaviour between communicators (addresser and recipient). As G. Čepaitienė (2007: 180) writes, quoting other authors, “thankfulness has a clear elocutional purpose: the purpose of the saying is to make the addressee understand that the addressee appreciates what the addressee has done before” or still promises to do, “and for these actions of the addressee <...> feels grateful”. Thus, thanksgiving is the recipient’s reaction to a past or future action of the recipient (see Wunderlich 1976: 77, 83). The recipient, in order to express his feeling of 26 gratitude to the recipient, has it (Zaikauskas 2000: 157). Thanksgiving creates a special atmosphere of sukurti taip, kad padėkos „ištarimas padarytų kalbėtojo intenciją atpažįstamą pagal aplinkybes“ the communicative act, which “is characterized not only by politeness, but also by friendliness, 27 kindness, sincerity. <...> In all cases, when thanks are expressed, the addressee occupies either a lower, or only equal to him [the addressee] hierarchical position” (Čepaitienė 2007: 180t; cf. Czachur 2006: 20tt; Jakaitienė 2010: 158). In discussing the expression of gratitude, G. Čepaitienė (2007: 182) draws attention to the dictionary definitions of the essential words of gratitude: The Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language (DLKŽe) does not reflect the entire semantic structure of the performative thank. The verb to thank and the noun to thank are the semantics of speech, which indicate that the feeling of gratitude is expressed in language. The adjective grating, -a, which in the apibrėžtyse, skirtingai nei priešdėlinio padėkoti „pareikšti padėką, pasakyti dėkui“, nėra minima dictionaries (DLKŽe, General Lithuanian Dictionary (BLKŽe), Lithuanian Dictionary (LKŽe)) is given as “expressing or feeling gratitude”, for example, He is grateful to me for the help; I am still grateful for his advice (see also sentences 6-7). The adjective in question, in addition to the mentioned speech, 28 also has a positive sense. The recipient has a reason (typically a positive motive) to feel/be grateful to the recipient as the cause of his/her positive state (see Kotorova 2013: 417). Piotras Zborowskis (2004: 159t, 2005: 53tt; cf. Kotorova 2013: 417), considering that verbs expressing thanks in languages are etymologically closely related to nouns denoting thinking, thought (cf. German danken and Gedanke, English thank and think, Swedish tacka and tack), states that the semantic structure of such verbs lies in positive 26 Plg. LKŽe: gratitude – a feeling of gratitude for the good done, thanksgiving. Plg. Thank you, thank you, thank you, thank you, thank you. 27 Plg. : „[T]he speaker influences the hearerʼs mental representation of the world“ (Lambrecht 1994: 43). 28 Plg. MRLs: feel – 1. experience a sensation. BLKŽe: feel – 1. experience some feeling, sensation. The verb to feel the connection (valentness) see. Sližienė (1994: 324). Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Great thanks and thanks very much in the current Lithuanian (written) language | 16 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 38) Judging by the weight of the gold, it is obvious that you have made your pockets bigger. I thank you very much for that, too. Here's what we're going to do now. We'll charter a ship, sail north, find the children and rescue them. 54 39) My parents, who raised me with great freedom and love (for which I thank them from the bottom of my heart), took their heads by the shoulders when, after I had finished my nineth grade and had only reached the age of eighteen, I unexpectedly announced to them that I had been accepted to work. 40) His spirit of steel and will of granite today became his body and symbol on the wall of this military school. I feel your love and thank you on behalf of the family sincerely, willingly “windily” (see I feel your love and thank you sincerely on behalf of the family). 41) You are probably thinking about how to get to the ferry quietly, right? "I think," Frodo admitted, "although there is nothing to think about—you have to go, and that's it. Thank you very much for your hospitality! You won't believe it, Mr. Mushroom, but I've been afraid of you and your dogs for thirty years. Unnecessarily, of course. 42) – Why don’t I imagine? I can imagine everything perfectly, dear mm... "Love," the woman introduced herself. – And thank you from the bottom of my heart. Believe me, Love! – Why “trust me”? – the woman was surprised. “I said clearly that I believe in you. Similarly, the recipient chooses inversion when he wants to draw the attention of the recipient to the intensity of his gratitude and thanks by choosing the constructions of the adjective predicate with I. Then, as can be seen from sentences 43-47, the mode modifiers, unlike the neutral word order in sentences 48-50, are said before the participle connection, i.e. in place of the subject (I). 43), “I am greatly grateful to God, whose will has made me a man of aspiration throughout my life.” 44) – For whom have you created very beautiful stair railings? - Instinct. And I am very grateful to him. The friendship was so strong that he even thought about setting up an art company. I cannot publish his name. 45) Algi, I am sincerely grateful to you for visiting me in the hospital at a time when the mood was really down. I am especially grateful to You for the book “Bread and Clouds” that You left me. 54 Plg. DLKT sentence: In closing, dear Mr. Z., I thank you once again most sincerely for your words of comfort and hope In your letter. LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ. Didelis dėkui ir dėkui labai dabartinėje lietuvių (rašto) kalboje | 17 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 46) I am no longer grateful to the security guard who showed me that letters and words can be read differently. The same applies to God’s scripture. 47) When I was a little girl, I knew one bob. I am very grateful to her. Her name was Annette, and she was called "My Angel," and maybe she was actually an angel exiled to a liquor store. 48) It is not difficult for me to tell about the beginning – it is engraved in life. I am extremely grateful to my parents. I am grateful to them for all the life lessons that happened until my 20th birthday. 49) – I am very grateful to you, lady. We're still rising. I think we'll have to fly up for a while. 50) I am wholeheartedly grateful for all my misery and infirmity, for everything that is imperfect in me, because it leaves me hundreds of gaps through which I can escape. Even more, the intensity of the addressee’s gratitude is emphasized in the exclamative sentences 51–54, where the way as or the interrogative how, -ia is used at the very beginning of the sentence (see also sentence 55). 51) Yes, Jesus... when it was time to speak about the fruits, You were silent... how thankful I am to You for this (cf. Oh how thankful I am to You!)! After all, all I can do is allow You to keep Your Word in me. 55 52) I don't believe in any gods. I believe in the World. So, dear World, how grateful I am to You that I am. That I could enjoy the rainbow colors of my childhood. 53) – You mean Jasper? – realised Jolanta. - Malina, he's not a-in-ti-ke-ti-an! When I think that I could have married Victor... how grateful I am to you (see I am very grateful to you!)! I've only just learned what real life is. I just feel... -... a gust of spring wind, huh? – we both finished with Eva. 54) – You have no idea how grateful I am to you. “Nothing to worry about. I love it incredibly, kad jums visos dienos atrodo skirtingos, man jos visiškai vienodos. 55 We all particularly love the works for children by Petras Cvirka, Salomėja Nėris and other writers. I am most grateful to the teacher for the love for the book that she instilled in me. This love, which has not faded so far in my later life, was especially important, because I had to learn from the books what I did not hear. Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Great thanks and thanks very much in the current Lithuanian (written) language | 18 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 55) – Diana, stop, don’t talk like that, I love you, you are the dearest thing to me, I am so grateful (cf. I am so grateful) to fate that I met you... – Zuzana tears sakydama šiuos žodžius. The continuity of the addressee’s gratitude state is emphasized in the 56th sentence by saying the time modifier (to grab board) at the end of the sentence, i.e. by removing the time circumstance from its usual place at the beginning of the sentence. In the 57th and 58th sentences, the typical modifiers of the time meaning (for life, forever) can be interpreted as 56 means (see infinitely grateful). In view of this, it is quite possible that the intensifiers of 57 gratitude used with the predicate of an adjective can be said not only according to the analogy of sentences 43-47 (infinitely, where the modifiers infinitely, eternally would have a syncretic amžinai esu dėkingas), bet ir pagal 56-ą sakinį, pavyzdžiui, Aš tau esu dėkingas be galo, amžinai, meaning: of time („always“) and of manner and quantity („really“; „very“) (also cf. sentence 59). The syncretic value is blocked when the time modifier is said in the sentence (see sentences 58 60-61). 56) The circle of my life has turned. This is the most beautiful page of my book, your future monograph… I love you. I'm grateful to you to the edge of my teeth and I'll die in you and with you many, many more times... You're my Nora. You are my Heda, you are my Barbora, you are my Madam Bovary... 57) – I was and will be grateful to her for this all my life (cf. I was [am] and will be infinitely grateful to her), – Julia claims. 58) That's how this girl taught me to read. Her name is Uršule Bakšinskaitė. I am eternally grateful to her (cf. I am very / infinitely grateful to her), I often pray for her. 56 Plg. LKŽe: eternal – 2. unceasing to exist. 3. complete, true, great: Sick forever (very badly) Ps. 57 Plg. LKŽe: galas – 5. small piece of something: Davėm ir jam žemės galelį (sklypelį) bulbėm pasisodint Ėr. galo Nesurūkyk, palik man galą [papiroso]! Dbk. 8. pabaiga: Reikia klausyti nuo pradžios lig galiai Gmž. ^ Be galo nebus Upn. FŽe: be glėlo – 1. labai: extremely large rs. He wants to steal Mr. The pintardas are so ruffled, endlessly (cf. many) puts Krž. 2. long: It seems I would go so endlessly Varn. 58 Plg. LKŽe: labai – 1. nepaprastai, ypatingai: Jis man labai geras J. Jabl. 2. smarkiai; daug: Vakar labai privargau J. Jabl. Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Great thanks and thanks very much in the current Lithuanian (written) language | 19 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 59) I want this letter to reach you without any obstacles. I will be infinitely (see always; very) and from the heart (see sincerely) grateful for providing me with Lithuanian philosophical publications, because now it is very difficult to obtain them. All the best 59 wishes to you and your Wife. 60) Whatever happens there, whether I manage to escape from Europe or not, I will always be extremely grateful to you for the journeys you have already made for my cause. I am sorry that I am one of those people who are giving you a headache with my requests, but this is the situation. 61) Sometimes this kind of speaking shocks me to tears. Sometimes I feel immensely grateful to my interlocutor and even more so – indebted, because I received an invaluable gift of openness. When the addressee emphasizes the gratefulness of the adjective itself, the predikatyvas (dėkingas, -a) pasakomas inversiškai, t. y. prieš tarinio jungtį (žr. 62–63 sakinius; plg. 43–47 sakinius). Kai inversiškai pasakoma dėkingumo būsena yra išskirtinė, tai reiškiama adjective itself is used as in sentences 64-66: the mode modifiers are used in the predicate preposition or postposition of the adjective (see sentence 42). 62) We have a nice chat with her about childhood pranks and the current difficult life of a retiree. I am also grateful to my wife Elena and the family of my son Gintautas. 63) This operation will probably be carried out by the next generation, which is not involved in the compromising games of that historical period. I am grateful for your review – for the praise that the book may not deserve, and especially for the criticism from the point of view of Western culture. 64) I am most grateful to coach Z. V. and my father, who made me not to give up this sport, to persevere in training. 65) After all, I couldn’t see what was written on the board, I couldn’t distinguish the colors of the map. Some teachers helped. I am especially grateful to the history teacher A. V. 66) – Dear doctor, – the doctor told me, – there are much fewer contradictions between us than you think. I love him, too. I feel sorry for him as much as you do. And I am more grateful to him than you are (cf. And I am very grateful to him; more than you think). Without him, I wouldn't be in such a good place. 59 In addition, the DLKT sentence with thanks, where the neutre modifier is emphasized: Last fool, I thought she would recover. Only when the priest gave the last anointing, I realized that it was all. Then there was a week left. And endlessly (see always; especially; a lot) I thank God for having blindfolded me, for helping me to go to the end… Endless thanks to sister Nijolė, who came every day to bandage Nijolė’s wound. LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ. Didelis dėkui ir dėkui labai dabartinėje lietuvių (rašto) kalboje | 20 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 As mentioned above, gratitude is also expressed by the verb noun padėka with modifiers, which in the available examples of the DLKT are used typically – prepositionally (sincere gratitude). From sentences 67-74 it is clear that the gratitude goes to the valent actant of the said or implied present singular first-person verb – subject or direct object, which in sentences 67-71, unlike sentences 72-74, is said inversely. 67) In the present conditions, it is one of the most important bearers and promoters of the glorious memory. It is thanks to her that the concept of Lithuanian Jews has survived in the old land of Lithuania in one way or another. 60 68) Not only a. a. O. Š. saved the lives of Jews, but also other Lithuanians, not only me, but more. My heartfelt thanks to them all (see my heartfelt thanks to you all). 61 69) The Czechs, the organizers of the competition, who were the only Kaunas citizens to be varžytuvių nario mokesčio. Visiems jiems – nuoširdžiausia padėka! exempted from the necessary musical 70) – How are you? “Normally,” Geralt replied in a neutral tone. – I managed to get through one and a half. – For the child – special thanks (cf. for the child there is/is a special thanks; special thanks [is] for the child), – nodded Vesemir. 71) To the Vice-Rector of the University, Prof. P. Z., who sincerely helped to improve the manuscript of the monograph with their kind advice. I express special thanks to those who helped this book 72) – For techniškai parengti (plg. reiškiu išskirtinę padėką tiems, kurie padėjo). the Centre to work, good wishes and enthusiasm alone are not enough. Our initiatives and programmes would not be possible without donors. My sincere thanks to all of them. 73) Three years ago, I was treated for ischemic disease in the clinics of the Kaunas Medical University. I am deeply grateful to Dr. A. S., cardiac surgeon, who helped me to get out of a severe cardiac vascular thrombosis. 74) I express my sincere thanks to all my friends and colleagues for their openness, uprightness, ideas and willingness to cooperate. 60 Plg. : LKŽe: fit – 9. fit, be. 61 Plg. DLKT sentence with neutral word order: In general, to everyone who morally supported and otherwise helped to release this "file". Special thanks to my wife Birutė and children Aistė, Monika, Donatas, who understandably allowed me to stay in the library on weekends or ignore them. Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Great thanks and thanks very much in the current Lithuanian (written) language | 21 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 A rare exception is the 75th sentence, where the inversely used non-conjugative modifier of the noun padėka (padėką širdžių) could be marked as a conjugative (priimki padėką širdingą / nuoširdžią). 75) Viešpatie, priimki padėką mūs širdžių (plg. priimki mūsų širdžių padėką; priimki thank you very much)! What an honorable vocation to bring light and love to others, to proclaim the Word of the Lord, to live with Him and in Him. Emoticons thank you, thank you “do not call the elocutive force”, but even more clearly than thank you “show the elocutive force” (Zaikauskas 2002: 91; cf. Čepaitienė 2007: 191). From the sentences 76-87 it becomes clear that for the performative verb and/or the predicative thankful, -a close thanks, thanks are used according to the analogy of the previously discussed sentences. A modifier or a thank you emoticon that has changed its usual position is emphasized (see sentences 83–86). For example, the inverse modifier (srdečne) used in the 85th sentence emphasizes the intensity of the thank you expressed with the ačiū (i.e. ačiū (not anyhow, but) srdečne), while the modifier (veľmi) used in the 86th jaustuko (dėkui) dėl to, kad pastarasis yra išskiriamas, taip kaip 87-ame ar 78–82 sakiniuose sentence is used after the modifier very, said in a neutral place, and so on. Finally, in the 88th sentence we see the prepositionally (very much) and postpositionally (with all my heart) used modifiers of the sentiment a köszönöm, which, signifying different intensity of thanks, are emphasized, i.e. the neutral word order (very much thank you) is marked. 76) In one snap he tore the lock off the cage, opened the small door and lifted the little man out. – Thank you most humbly! "I'm sorry," said the boy. “Could you lift me up to the lock?” 77) I can say that my family life has come together. I have been preparing for many years, I sincerely thank you) (see sentence 59). žingsniui, tačiau vieną kartą reikėjo jam ryžtis. Todėl labai nuoširdžiai ačiū (plg. labai 78) Driving Beck. – I felt better to stay at home. “So thank you very much for your concern,” said Chris, pretending to be offended. “I don’t dare to think what would have happened if I had been alone. LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ. Didelis dėkui ir dėkui labai dabartinėje lietuvių (rašto) kalboje | 22 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 79) – How good that you responded, – Vaira smiles through tears. “I would have gone out of my way, defeated her and ruined everything. Thank you, Klaus, thank you very much. Klaus just nods and leaves. 62 80) But when now Grandma Gison stood up in front of him and said with her typical dignity: “Thank you from the heart for the beautiful mass, Mr. Reverend!”, he leaned his head even more on his shoulder and only waved his hands. 81) Don't forget... melioration? Nobody like that, no kin? “It’s not there. There is a brother, but he lives somewhere else... already I thank you so much (cf. already I thank you so much; so (very) grateful) that I don't know. Surely, a miracle, God Himself sent you. What shall I repay you now? “Martyn’s hand was already at the pocket of his jacket, but suddenly. 82) And the content of the cry is thus: – For as You, God, see everything, as You see everything and as You understand. "Thank you, thank you, thank you". How / so (how / so) grateful, how / so (how / so very) grateful!)! You saw my boot. So really, it's really, he didn't actually work there on Sundays or anything. 83) Calendar, and,,M – one“ pen, and,,M – one“ sticker collection. – Well, well! – Valio valio valio! I want to wish you a nice day. “Thank you very much. “Thank you, too. What about Diamond? “Yes, I am. – If you turn up the radio, then know that the song that will be played now is dedicated to you. - All right. Thank you very much. “Thank you. Bye. 84) In this case again Agnieszka earns a point. There are two – zero, and Agne you, as I have already mentioned, get a Lumene product set. “Thank you very much. “Thank you, too. Have a nice day. Meanwhile, Svetlana? “Yes, I am. – If you turn up the radio, the song will sound just for you, okay? - Thank you. 85) – Maybe really give me, I’ll get some. – Thank you, thank you very much. I say that we, the įpratę. O tamsta, jaučiu, ne žemės knisėjas. – Iš ko jaučiat? – Iš balso. Iš ko gi daugiau? peasants, 86) Minister and continue to discuss the draft budget, give the floor to the Chairman of the Committee on Budgets, groups, committees and so on. Do you agree? Thank you very much 63 (cf. thank you very much). E.K. Thank you. THE PRESIDENT. I call on the Chairman of the Committee on Budgets to the gallery. Alif Lam Ra. 64 62 Dar žr. panašiai pabrėžiamą labai DLKT sakinyje: Šeimininkė vėl nedrąsiai pravėrė duris ir ant stalo padeda steaming food. “Thank you, thank you very much. I didn’t really want to,” the teacher thanks with the eyes of a sleepy child. 63 Plg. LKŽe: tai – 1. žodžiui, junginiui ar sakiniui pabrėžti, išskirti: Kisielių virdavo tai katile LKT340(Krd). 2. to emphasize the characteristics of the object or the intensity of the action: It happened – like a whip for a dog! Plm. 64 But plg. DLKT sentences, where it emphasizes thank you, thank you: – That won’t be a problem! “It seemed easier,” the boss said. – Only with Karidze we will have to coordinate the time, but this is a small matter... – Thank you. Can I go? He stood up. - Go hike, we'll have lunch... Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Great thanks and thanks very much in the current Lithuanian (written) language | 23 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 87) And we hope that you will demonstrate at every opportunity that security is absolutely unwilling to strangle the New Romuva. – If so, then thank you very much! I am, of course, very interested in increasing the number of subscribers to Naujoji Romuva. And I'm glad you all subscribed to it. 65 88) Finally the ovations slowly subside, the people sit down, and the Czech scientist says in a trembling voice: – Thank you very much, my friends, thank you from the bottom of my heart. He bows down and goes to his chair. The investigated DLKT material suggests that in those cases when the emoticons ačiū, ačiū (can be) interpreted objectively, they become close to the noun thank you with the conjugative modifier constructions. For example, the 89th sentence very ačiū is similar to the 69th-70th sentence ačiū), 66 and the 90th-92nd sentences are similar to the 74th-75th sentences ačiū with a modifier. In this case, sakiniuose vartojamas padėkas, pasakomas daiktavardžio konstrukcija (ypatinga / nuoširdžiausia the reasons for the sincere use of dėkui in sentences 93-96 become clear: the noun-perceived dėkui goes with an adjective that can be combined with it in an unmarked genus. In view of this, it is possible to explain the other addressee's choice to use sincere thanks, great 89) All relatives, friends remained in Lithuania. Of course, in the long run you find acquaintances and friends here. ačiū ar panašias raiškas, pavyzdžiui, 97–99-ame sakiniuose. Strangers helped a lot. Thank you very much for that! At the moment they are like a second family for me. 90) Pasirodė tėvelis. Su didele gražiai žylančia patriarcho barzda, tvirto įdegusio kūno, atrodė amžinas. Pats vedė ekskursiją. „…Sakau labai ačiū (plg. sakau didelę padėką) savo to the new parent. I never felt that he was a fake father,” said his daughter Jolanta, who is now in her twenties. 91) – So I must be grateful to you that I have to walk around this corner forgotten by God! - President. I want to nusikeikė ji. – Na, tai tariu labai ačiū. Baisiausiai ačiū. – Mums? – pasitikslino Sierakailė. warn you, though, that you are not listening to the speaker, right? V. B. We are considering, yes. THE PRESIDENT. I am grateful for that to my dear fellow Member, Mr Reul. He is right to say that he did not receive any amendments after first reading. 65 See also DLKT sentence, where it emphasizes the modifier very much: Politely apologized for not having money, and the driver even more politely said that he does not need money, still alone and empty drove. "Thank you very much," said the boy, and he came home not so late this time. 66 Plg. See J. Pikčilingis' opinion in footnote 43. Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Great thanks and thanks very much in the current Lithuanian (written) language | 24 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 92) Autorius jums, kaip aktoriui, būtų dėkingas, – pasakiau kaip tik galėdamas ramiau. – What do I get from that thanks? I would like 67 you to write to Lubis. 93) The Lithuanian language has so far been developed from the ground up by Lithuanian linguists, and for this they deserve our all sincere thanks. Their participation in the development of language will be no less important in the future. It would be a misunderstanding if they were less interested in this work or even abandoned it altogether. 94) Even residents of other cities are rushing to get married, the love and loyalty to the White Swan were recently renewed by the Kaunas residents (for which I sincerely thank them) and the mayor of the city, who criticized the intentions to move the Civil Registry Office to another place in the city, heard in the backstage of the government.” 95) Now – so tragically – Leonidas. I read your words late. Late and my sincere thanks (see late and my sincere thanks). 96) Therefore, to dear V. A. D. my sincere thanks (cf. V. A. D. [owes / is (assigned)] my sincere thanks; my dear V. A. D. my sincere thanks). This is a talented man's writing. I would like to know more about him. 68 97) After-school activities are supported by honest entrepreneurs, but who wants to do it if there is no advertising from it, only sincere thanks (see there is no advertising from it, only Ne, dar yra entuziastų, kurie, nekreipdami dėmesio į nepriteklius, organizuoja, vertina, siūlo... sincere thanks)?.. 98) Especially sincere thanks to my daughter Laurena (cf. especially sincere *ypač nuoširdžiai dėkoju tariu dukrai; ?ypač nuoširdžiai dėkingas tariu dukrai), ant mano thanks to my daughter; one of the walls of the office wrote: “Dad, please finish writing the book faster! Hurry up!!!” 99) A few weeks ago the kolkhoz workers came here to me in Grūtas, gave me a rifle and said a big thank you. - For what? 67 But plg. In Swedish, it is used to say that the person is in a bad mood. What are you gonna do! Take it! Something very similar to thank you. 68 To the editor G. G., who not only qualifiedly edited and arranged the manuscript, but showed great attention to the publication of the book. I would like to thank my wife Manja, who constantly supported me spiritually and patiently, handwriting the manuscript many times, my son Mark, and especially my daughter. My last words of thanks are for my two daughters, who were part of my journey, and my wife Susan – her love for life and literature made the journey worthwhile. Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Great thanks and thanks very much in the current Lithuanian (written) language | 25 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Of course, there are also sentences in the DLKT, such as sentences 100-102, where the construct nuoširdus / didelis dėkui could be changed to the verb construct nuoširdžiai / labai dėkoju or similar. But apparently the speaker is not chosen by chance. 100) A charity concert of the Vilnius University Song and Dance Ensemble led by V. A. gave the students spiritual strength. Once again, sincere thanks (cf. sincere thanks vs. INMEDA collective, who helped at events in Vilnius. 101) I nuoširdžiai dėkoju / dėkui) Jums, mielieji bičiuliai. Daug padėkos žodžių pelnė UAB received your lovely letter, and only now, having put the accounting books and other papers aside, I want to write you at least a few words. First of all, a big thank you (see big thank you vs. thank you very much / thankful / thank you) for a nice and sweet letter. I'm glad you're well with your mother, that she comforts you, that you're correcting yourself. 102) However, having met you personally, I can clearly see that you are a decent and honorable person, and if you say something, you believe it, and for that I thank you very much. May God grant us to meet again, maybe even here, in the land of bitter horseradish? 3.3 Taking the Lithuanian language thanks as a starting point, it is clear that in the few LINGUEE translations from Lithuanian language, the expressions very thank you, very grateful, very thank you are used, of which only one, as seen in the 103rd sentence, is inverse. The construct thank you very much in question is translated into the English construct thank you very much and the German construct vielen Dank. Thanks constructions with the verb thank you and the prepositional modifier (thank you very much, I want to thank you very much) are translated into English thanks, expressed by verb, adjective or sentiment (I sincerely thank; I am appreciative; thank you very much) (see sentences 104–106) and German verb (ich danke sehr), adjective (sehr dankbar) and noun thanks are (vielen / herzlichen Dank) konstrukcijas (žr. 107–109 sakinius) 69 . Lietuvių kalbos didelė padėka translated by English and German noun constructions (eins großes Dankeschön; a big “thank you”), and thank you very much – into English thank you very much, many thanks or German LINGUEE data kalbos ich bedanke, möchte herzlich danken; vielen / herzlichen Dank ar pan. Ir atvirkščiai: negausūs show that English thanks with the verb (I thank you very much) is translated into Lithuanian performative thank you (see sentence 110), thank you very much – into synonyms of Lithuanian thank you very much, thank you very much; German verb construction ich danke schön is related to Lithuanian very thank you, and noun designated thanks (ein 69 Due to the small number of examples in LINGUEE, the number of sentences where one or another expression of gratitude is used is not detailed. Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Great thanks and thanks very much in the current Lithuanian (written) language | 32 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 W i e r z b i c k a A. 1987: English speech acts verbs: a semantic dictionary. Sydney: Academic Press. W i e r z b i c k a A. 1991. Speech acts and speech genres across languages and cultures. – A. Wierzbicka, Cross-cultural pragmatics. The semantics of human interaction. Berlin-New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 149–196. W u n de r li ch D. 1976: Studies on the theory of speech acts. Frankfurt am Main. Z a i k a u s k a s E. 2000: The lexical, grammatical and pragmatic nature of performativity. – Linguistics 48(1)–49(1), 157–162. Z a i k a u s k a s E. 2002: The expression of Lithuanian language performatives. – Baltic Z b o r o w s ki P. 2004: Einige Bemerkungen zur Semantik der Sprechhandlung Danken im Philology 11(2), 79–96. Swedish, Polish, German and other languages. – Folia Scandinavica 8, Z b o 155–167. r o w s ki P. 2005: Gratitude vs. courtesy and linguistic routine. The act of thanksgiving in Swedish compared with Polish and German [= Seria Filologia Skandynawska 11]. Poznań: Adam Mickiewicz University. 1962. pp. 192. This short article about a person from the United States can be made longer. – Language Culture 3, 10–14. Retrieved 2018-11-15. http://www.commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_commons Received 11 February 2019 Adopted on 14 November 2019 LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ. Didelis dėkui ir dėkui labai dabartinėje lietuvių (rašto) kalboje | 33 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 A LOT OF THANK YOU AND THANK YOU VERY MUCH IN THE MODERN LITHUANIAN (WRITTEN) LANGUAGE S u m m a r y The article deals with the question whether the thank-you constructions dėkui (ačiū) labai, nuoširdžiai (thank you very much, with all my heart) and didelis, nuoširdus dėkui (ačiū) (many, sincere thanks) are fit to use in the modern Lithuanian language. The thank-you constructions are addressed in a syntactic-semantic and thematic-rhematic structure aspect. The study relies on material gathered in the Corpus of the Modern Lithuanian Language (CMLL) by the Centre of Computational Linguistics of Vytautas Magnus University and the online translations dictionary LINGUEE. Analysis of CMLL cases where the Lithuanian words for thanks, dėkoju, dėkingas, -a, padėka, -ą, dėkui, ačiū, are used with prepositional and postpositional modifiers has shown that in the modern Lithuanian language, dėkui labai is used by the analogy of dėkoju labai, labai esu dėkingas (I am very grateful), which is to say by choosing a marked strategy of expression of thanks in a creative and competent way. The reverse dėkui labai is just as appropriate to use as other stylistically marked cases of expression. The addresser tends to choose an inverse order of words in a thank-you construction rarely (6.6proc. of all cases, or 53 cases out of 800). In terms of word order and thematic-rhematic structure, the subject material allows mapping the following correlations of thank-you expressions. In (in)transitive sentences with neutral word order, the typical subject (I) that is marked by the nominative mirrors an unmarked topic, or theme, that is related to the principles of topicworthiness: different values of animacy, agency, definiteness, and so on (I thank you with all my heart / I sincerely thank you for your help); I am extending my sincere thanks to you). When it comes to topicworthiness, the topic of the sentence. Then, the rheme of the sentence is expressed with a non-typical subject: a noun denoting an abstract thing (Jai tenka nuoširdžiausia padėka (Sincerest thanks go to her); cf., You love classical music). The keyword indirect object of the dative (to you) ranks second after the subject nominative to become the or modifier of gratitude can be turned into a rheme by choosing to use active resp. passive constructions (I give you my sincere gratitude) resp. You have my sincere gratitude (You have my sincere gratitude), exclamatory sentences (Thank you very much for your hospitality! (I sincerely thank you for your hospitality!) How grateful I am to you! (How grateful I am constructions, the addresser accentuates the keyword of gratitude (Dėkoju labai (Thank you very much)), its valence actant (Jums (o ne kam kitam) labai dėkoju (Thank you (and not someone else) very much)) or modifier (Jums dėkoju (ne bet kaip, bet) nuoširdžiai (I thank you (not just in any way, but) sincerely)), much like in cases when the to you!) Kaip dėkui, kaip ačiū! (Thanks so much!)). By using inversely worded thank-you Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Great thanks and thanks very much in the current Lithuanian (written) language | 34 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.07 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 constructions dėkoju labai (thank you very much)), dėkingas esu labai (I am very grateful), and so on. If the word order is neutral, the contrasting rheme is evidenced by the word tai (so) (Tai labai, labai dėkui (So thanks a lot)). The limited number of LINGUEE translations have failed to confirm any influence of dėkui labai (thank you very much) in the Lithuanian language. Considering the actual usage of the modern Lithuanian language and the different strategies of expression of gratitude chosen to (non-)actualise the state resp. act of gratitude (I am very grateful) resp. Thank you very much (thank you very much) resp. The CMLL cases have revealed that the addresser uses didelis / nuoširdus dėkui (ačiū) unmarked word order in the English or German language may have on the marked usage of (many/sincere thanks) to actualise gratitude perceived as a thing (cf. Give my thanks to Vaitiekus). In an (in)transitive sentence, the economy-sized interjection ačiū, dėkui (Thank you, thanks) that is trying to wiggle its way to replace a predicate argument expressed as a noun is marked after the example of the noun padėka (gratitude) with an agreement modifier: the adjectival modifier with ačiū, dėkui is agreed by choosing an adjective of an unmarked gender (masculine) (nuoširdi / didelė padėka (sincere/big gratitude) resp. sincere / big thanks (sincere/big thanks)). In some contexts, the construction didelis / nuoširdus dėkui (big/sincere one should believe thanks) can be contrasted with labai / nuoširdžiai dėkoju (thank you very much/sincerely). Still, that in cases when, owing to the economy of language, differences in the actualisation of the expression of gratitude, and/or other reasons, ačiū, dėkui in a sentence takes the position of the performative dėkoju or predicatively used dėkingas, -a, interjection modifiers are chosen on the basis of the latter (labai / nuoširdžiai dėkoju (thank you very much/sincerely), labai / nuoširdžiai dėkingas (I am very/sincerely grateful) resp. labai / nuoširdžiai ačiū, dėkui (thanks a lot/sincere thanks)). KEYWORDS: thank-you construction, interjection, inverse order of words, thematic-rhematic structure, interlanguage communication. LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania loreta.semė[email protected]