Tarptautinių žodžių semantikos pokyčiai administracinėje kalboje

BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas CHANGES IN THE SEMANTICS OF INTERNATIONAL WORDS IN ADMINISTRATIVE LANGUAGE KEY WORDS: international word, semantics, word ambiguity, administrative language. Lexicon is a constantly changing part of language: some words appear, others disappear, and others acquire new meanings. Many lexical innovations are related to the relationship between languages, and at present, due to globalization, the influence of the lexicon of other languages, especially English, which is increasingly claiming the status of an international language, has been activated in Lithuanian. Other languages that are used in Lithuania are usually referred to as borrowed words. When the term 1 is used to refer to a new language, it is often used to refer to a common language. In the Lithuanian Language Encyclopedia (2008), international words are described as acceptable borrowings for the common language, whose foreign origin is clearly confirmed by at least some of the most important languages of international communication (or classical languages) and which do not have unquestionable traces of borrowing from any neighboring language. 2 One of the most important problems with the functioning of international words is their polysemantic nature, since languages usually borrow not all but one or several meanings of a polysemantic word. In the study of word borrowing processes, attention is drawn to the differences in the semantic fields of multi-meaning words in different languages (Pažūsis 2014). The meanings of international words used in the common Lithuanian language are defined in the dictionaries of international words and terms; borrowed words, which have become firmly established in the common Lithuanian language, are also included in the common Lithuanian language dictionaries. Lithuanian linguists have mainly studied the problems of multi-significance of international words in terms of normativity (see Vladarskienė 2014); The semantic differences of international words in different languages are also studied by comparative semantics and especially translation theory researchers (Pažūsis 2014). One of the areas of international word use – administrative language – was chosen for the study. International words and their new meanings are spread from international documents in different languages. 1 According to the age, the borrowed words are usually divided into old and new borrowed words in Lithuanian 2010: 233). 2 linguistics (Jakaitienė This article does not consider the peculiarities of the application and reliability of these criteria. Vladimir Vladimirovich. Changes in the semantics of international words in administrative language|2 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.15 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 The aim of this article is to clarify the peculiarities of semantic changes of international words in nare, kai europiniai ir lietuviški dokumentai turi būti suderinti. the administrative language by comparing the data of international word dictionaries published in different years and the actual use of international words in various documents. The data for the article were collected from international dictionaries of words published in different years (TTZ 1985, 2001, 2013), as well as from administrative texts published in different online databases, in order to better reflect current usage: mainly based on the language of documents published in the Register of Legislative Acts (TAR) and the European Union’s database of legislative acts and other public documents “EUR-lex” in recent years, for comparison and to clarify changes, data were taken from the Term Bank of the Republic of Lithuania (TB) and the European Union’s terminology database IATE. In order to clarify the general direction of changes, statistical comparative analysis of international words used in the administrative language presented in the selected dictionaries was carried out, and in order to determine the characteristic features of changes, semantic component and comparative analysis of international words used in the administrative language was carried out; selected the most prominent cases of use. THE MULTIPLE MEANING OF WORDS In order to better understand the changes in the semantics of international words, we will first briefly discuss the semantic structure of polysemantic words. According to Aloyzas Gudavičius (2013), polysemantic words nominate several denotations connected by various links, so the semantic structure of the word can be imagined as a reflection of the links existing between the nominated denotations. There is a certain hierarchy of meanings in a polysemantic word. In Lithuanian linguistics, there is usually a distinction between main and secondary meanings, the least context-dependent meaning is the main, and secondary meanings are divided into direct and figurative. Subsidiary meanings can only be understood when the word is used in a specific context. The secondary meaning, formed because it is necessary to name a newly appeared thing with something similar to the thing already named by the word, is called the literal meaning (Jakaitienė 2010: 88–92). A. Gudavičius (2013: 73) claims that “[p]olymary words reflect a metaphorical thinking strategy. We think about some things as we think about others, and in doing so we call the latter by the names of the former. In this way, metaphorical statements arise, in which words are assigned so-called figurative or metaphorical meanings." Vladimir Vladimirovich. Changes in the semantics of international words in administrative language|3 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.15 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 When a language adopts an international word, it usually modifies its semantic field. Usually, an international word in different languages first spreads in one meaning, other meanings can be borrowed later. More specific cases where secondary meanings are borrowed and the main one is not, so sometimes the establishment of new meanings can be problematic. Another thing is that the same international word in different languages may have acquired different meanings, this provision is supported by kognityvinės lingvistikos požiūriu, kad tautos (kalbos) skirtingai suvokia tuos pačius dalykus (concept). Many international words originate from the ancient classical Greek, Latin, and Hebrew languages. Lionginas Pažūsis (2014: 22) writes about the translation of words considered international from English into Lithuanian as follows: “[B]ecause many of these borrowed words (mostly from classical languages) have been used in English for much longer and more actively than in Lithuanian, their semantics in English are usually richer than in Lithuanian”. This has also been proven by research (see Stankevičienė 2002). Translators are well aware of the semantic differences between international words in different languages, such words are called the translator's false friends, e.g.: French: faux amis du traducteur, German: falsche Freunde des Übersetzers. false 3 friends, false cognates). A borrowed multi-meaning word, established in a language in one meaning, creates opportunities to establish other meanings in which it is used in other European languages. While acknowledging the semantic differences between words of the same (international) root functioning in different languages, which have been proven by research, it should be noted that this semantics is not constant, because the meanings of international words are constantly changing. Therefore, the causes and characteristics of these changes must be studied. In order to clarify the semantic changes of multi-meaning international words used in the administrative language, the descriptions of their meanings in the dictionaries of international words published at different times (intervals between their editions longer than 10 years) were compared. The following results were obtained after checking the articles of 100 international polysemantic words used in the administrative language, the meanings of which are presented differently in the dictionaries of international words (TTZ 1985, 2001, 2013): comparing the TTZ 1985 and 2001 editions, it is apparent that in the later edition of TTZ 2001, more than one meaning is given in the articles of 57 words (e.g., subscription, adaptation, cycle, screen, element, identification, candidate, etc.). 3 Vladimir Vladimirovich. Changes in the semantics of international words in administrative language|4 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.15 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 perspective, period, position, portfolio, program), 13 words (e.g., disposition, gallery, code, collector, coordination, product) have more than two meanings, 7 words (e.g., fixation, channel, class, cluster, comment) have more than three meanings. In comparison of the 2001 and 2013 TSIs, the latter contains 35 words (e.g., amortization, accumulation, analogy, base, bulletin, center, fixation, capital, classificator, code, competition, consultation, context), the latter three – five (domain, function, consolidation, constitution, leader). 7 cases were found, when daugiau po vieną reikšmę, po dvi – 8-ių (pvz., galerija, hibridinis, kanonas, kategorija, klasė, the later edition of the word definitions is less than in the previous editions, of which only one case (committee) is in the TTŽ 2001 edition, the others (team, configuration, contingent, position, priority, profile) – in the TTŽ 2013 edition. Comparing the definitions of the meanings of international words in the TTŽ 1985, TTŽ 2001 and TTŽ 2013 editions, a clear change in semantics can be seen – in the Lithuanian language the meanings of multi-meaning international words increase. For example, the word barometer in the 1985 edition of the TTJ has one meaning "instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure", and in the 2001 and 2013 editions of the TTJ there are two new meanings: "2. ek. aggregate statistical indicator showing the general state of the economy and economic activity’ and ‘3. what shows a rapid and clear change, fluctuation (e.g. public opinion)’; The word “bank” has two meanings in the 1985 TSI, and in the 2001 and 2013 TSI editions the article of this word is supplemented with another special meaning “a collection of one type of objects (computer programs, data, blood intended for transfusion) intended for use and constantly supplemented”. In some cases there are also passing values, e.g. : In the 2001 edition of the 4 TTD, the word dialogue has the figurative meaning of “non-conflict communication, pronunciation, interpretation, deliberation of states, organizations, individuals”, and in the 2013 edition of the TTD, the word buffer has the figurative meaning of “that which forms an intermediate link, weakens an opposition, etc.” In those rare cases when the newly published dictionaries contain fewer meanings of international words, they are used to denote an expanded denotation, e.g. : TSI 2001 gives 4 meanings of the word priority, while TSI 2013 gives only one meaning with the nuance ‘priority, priority; the most important thing.” However, A. Gudavičius (2013: 72) admits that meaning does not have strict boundaries, and therefore the presentation of polysemantic words in dictionaries is not consistent. For the meaning of barometer 1 spec. ec. institute, which gathers temporarily free funds, provides credit, intermediates in monetary settlements, regulates money circulation, issues money, securities, performs operations related to them; 2 in some games – a bet, adding the amount of money that is being played. 5 4 5 priority 1 the priority of something (in terms of frequency and time; e.g., the priority of the discoverer, inventor); 2. the priority of any act, law, regulations, rules; 3 the order in which operations, processes and resources are executed; Priority 4; what is considered the most important thing. Vladimir Vladimirovich. Changes in the semantics of international words in administrative language|5 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.15 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 frequent cases of boundaries ambiguity, where the interpretative dictionaries treat words of the same or similar content differently – the number of meanings is not equal. When analyzing the new meanings of words recorded in international dictionaries of words, it is clear that they are either secondary direct, because they are necessary to name specific things known in a narrow field (often these are terms), or they are broader figurative. CHANGES IN THE SEMANTICS OF INTERNATIONAL WORDS ADMINISTRATIVE LANGUAGE FEATURES The previous chapter discussed the changes in the semantics of international words used in administrative language, recorded in dictionaries, but first the new meanings of international words are established in usage and only then enter the dictionaries. Next we will discuss international words used in administrative language (both Lithuanian and translated documents) with new meanings not defined in dictionaries. It should be noted that in the administrative language new meanings of international words are found when it is necessary to name procedures or other things related to regulatory and administrative processes. For example, in all three dictionaries, the word initiative has the same two meanings, but in the documents this word is also used to refer to a certain procedure, a certain event, thus, in addition 6 to the broader, more abstract meaning, a more specific one is associated with it, e.g. : Community organization – association, <...> whose purpose is to implement public interests related to living in the neighborhood through initiatives TAR, 2019 09 02, No. 13853; The institution should cooperate with the implementers of other relevant Union initiatives EUR-Lex, OJ L 186, 2019 07 11; Gimnazija <...> registered in the initiative “Open doors for summer” initiated by the Ministry of Education and Science and the Lithuanian Centre for Non-formal Education of Students TAR, 2019 04 16, No. 6216. Another similar example is the word scheme, which in the research dictionaries also has two meanings, but in administrative language acquires another meaning – a set of rules or procedures, e.g.: national 7 cybersecurity certification scheme – a comprehensive set of rules, technical requirements, standards and procedures prepared and adopted by a national authority EUR-Lex, OJ L 151, 07/06/2019; Under this decree, economic operators <…> can participate in the initiative 1 resolve, willingness to act; the idea, the beginning of some activity; ability to do something independently 2 leadership role, activity, leadership in doing 6 something, during TTŽ 2013. 7 schema 1 a summary graphic representation of a structure, installation, device or its parts, elements and their interrelationship, explaining the basic characteristics of the structure, installation, device. the idea, the principles of its operation; 2 the most general features of something; metmenysTTŽ 2013. RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Tarptautinių žodžių semantikos pokyčiai administracinėje kalboje|6 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.15 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Voluntary schemes resulting in a decision applicable to biofuels pursuant to the second subparagraph of Article 7c(4) of Directive 98/70/EC EUR-Lex, Opinion of the Advocate General, 16 March 2018. These secondary meanings of words are clearly related to the main meanings, because they have the same semis, and therefore are easily acquired in usage, since language users do not have any doubts about their concept. The new meaning of the word consultation is different. The main meaning of the word consultation is “advice from specialists”, but the Chancellery Language Advice (hereinafter – KancKP) also refers to “consultation”, and in the NATO terminology dictionary this word is defined as an exchange of views between the highest Alliance institutions and member states and discussions to coordinate positions and formulate recommendations on issues of common concern (TB). Thus, in Lithuanian language the word consultation tries to establish itself with the meaning “a certain part of the legislative process”. Such consultation involves exchanges of views, discussions, coordination of positions and the formulation of recommendations, which can be described as consultation rather than expert advice. See also the example from the legislation: The results of the consultation procedure are made public EUR-Lex, OJ L 321, 17.12.2018. This word is used with such compound terms as public consultation and consultation with stakeholders, one of the legislative acts provides such a definition of the term public consultation – actions ensuring the publicity of the Commission’s activities, which enable interested parties to submit comments, proposals, opinions and / or conclusions on the draft legislative act adopted by the Commission in the manner determined by the Commission within a period of time that meets the reasonableness criteria TAR, 2019 01 10, No. 337. But plg. Drafts of these documents have been prepared, public consultations have been organized in Lithuanian regions on the implementation of the concept of full-day school and education organization models TAS, 28 March 2018, No. 4679; Preparation for the implementation of the national public administration reform is a stage of the national public administration reform, during which <...> public consultations are conducted, problem areas of state policy are identified and actions are taken to improve them TAS, 02 January 2018, No. 66; Opinions of public representatives presented during the public consultations mainly concerning these aspects of the impact assessment of the final legal regulation TAS, 04 October 2018, No. 15798. Problems arise when the term in question can be marked and publicly published expert advice, e.g. : Public consultation – information prepared by an employee of the Inspection and agreed with the Director of the Inspection or his authorised person and published on the official website of the Inspection in the section “Public consultations” TAR, 2019 03 08, No. 3884. Since the legislative procedure is a significant part of the preparation of legislative acts, it is necessary to name it, and for this purpose another compound term is used, the key word of which is a hybrid of the same root with the Lithuanian suffix consultation, all the more so that it is also actively used in Lithuanian. RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ. Tarptautinių žodžių semantikos pokyčiai administracinėje kalboje|7 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 the verb from which the derivative is made, e.g. : Consultation with the public – the actions of entities that initiate legislative initiatives, prepare draft legislation, adopt legislation and/or carry out monitoring of legal regulation, including the submission of legislative initiatives, draft legislation for public consultation, information about the monitoring of legal regulation, as well as the evaluation of the proposals received from persons and the publication of the results of this evaluation TAR, Valstybės žinios, 2012 09 22, No 110-5564; Pursuant to Article 7 of the Legislative Framework Law, it is envisaged that the public will be consulted during the impact assessment of the final legal regulation TAR, 2018 10 04, No 15798. In administrative language, words with specific meanings specific to this field of activity are needed, including those denoting various administrative or regulatory actions. For this purpose, new meanings are borrowed from other languages for international words that are already common in those languages. For example, TTŽ 2013 states that in Lithuanian language the word autorizacija is used when talking about copyrights or about rights granted to a person 8 in certain computer systems, but in the legislation this word refers to the specific establishment of the right to place on the market and use chemical substances, e.g.: autorizacija – the granting of the right to place a biocidal product on the market and the establishment of the procedure for its use TAR, Valstybės žinios, 2002 08 09, No. 79-3361; Biocidal products may be used to disinfect surfaces, equipment, premises and hands, for which a valid authorization certificate must be issued TAR, 2019 09 09, No. 14350. Incidentally, IATE also provides more compound terms, the composition of which includes the following international word used in a new meaning: authorising body, authorisation provision, authorisation procedure, application for authorisation, applicant for authorisation; prioritisation of authorisation. The new meaning of the word authorization in the administrative language did not arise due to the tradition of using this international word in the Lithuanian language, but based on the fact that in English the word authorisation is used in the meaning of granting any rights. The next administrative action is described as verbal notification. In the ICC 2013, this word is defined as the communication of one state to another of its position on one or another international issue; In administrative language, the word in question is also used in a narrower sense – to describe a strictly defined notification (publication) procedure, as well as the name of the document that formalizes that notification, e.g.: <…> the amendments to the SGDTI are submitted for notification to the European Commission in July 2018, prior to which they are coordinated with the European Commission’s Directorate General for Competition during the pre-notification coordination TAR, 2018 10 15, TTZ 2013 indicated the following meanings: 1 author’s permission to translate or publish his book; 2 author-approved translation of the book; 3 comp. granting certain rights to a person or program to perform certain actions in a data processing system. 8 Vladimir Vladimirovich. Changes in the semantics of international words in administrative language|8 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.15 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Where a notification is restricted, suspended or withdrawn, or where a notified body ceases its activities, the notifying Member State shall take appropriate measures to ensure that the files of that body are transferred to another notified body for processing. The flexibility and clarity of the provisions of the Convention is ensured by reservations, alternatives and notifications submitted by each State and jurisdiction signing the Convention – notifications of existing provisions of double taxation treaties that will be modified by this Convention TAR, 2018 01 29, No. 1278; <...> to provide that the documents for the coordination of guarantees for transboundary movements of waste, notification, transport forms and information on the export of waste under simplified procedures must be submitted electronically TAR, 2017 05 05, No. 7671. Notification is also used in a broader sense, not referring to international relations, but in general to the act of publication (notification) of official decisions, e.g.: publication of a court judgment and service on a person involved in the case – notification of a court judgment, is an important procedural act on which the legality of the court proceedings depends TAR, 2016 12 12, No. 28650. It should be noted that in the IATE database there are 46 compound terms with the English word notification and in 44 cases the Lithuanian equivalent notification or its related words are presented, there are also two single cases notification and authorization. The word validation does not exist in international dictionaries of words, but TB is defined as actions that prove that a procedure, process, device, raw material, method or system is suitable for obtaining the intended results. It is also used in the English language, e.g. : Validation means a documented programme which demonstrates, with a high degree of confidence, that a specific process, method or system will consistently produce results in accordance with the pre-defined acceptance criteria EUR-Lex, OJ C 95, 21.3.2015; For the purposes of this Chapter, the date of notification to the sponsor under paragraph 2 of this Article shall be considered as the validation date of the application EUR-Lex, OJ C 408, 30.11.2017; Qualification and validation of the facilities and equipment used therein which have a decisive influence on the quality of the products produced shall be carried out TAR, 27.3.2018, No 4615. Verification is a computer term, but in the administrative language it has a new meaning, “verification, verification”, e.g. : In the event of a change in the BE [nuclear power plant] project data, their validation and verification must be evaluated and updated, if such a change in the data scheduled periodic gali turėti įtakos jų verifikacijos ar validacijos rezultatams TAR, 2018 03 27, Nr. 4638; Apie inspections must be notified to the National Drug Verification Organization at least 10 working days before the scheduled inspection TAR, 26 March 2019, No. 4616; Verification of translated questions will be carried out using the so-called survey quality forecasting instrument TAR, 04 April 2019, No. 5505. In the Vladimir Vladimirovich. Changes in the semantics of international words in administrative language|9 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.15 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 English language, verification is referred to as verification and (pa)verification. In addition to the new meanings of international words that denote specific aspects of administrative language use, this language variant shows other changes in the semantics of international words. For example, the word start was previously used only as a sport or aviation term, but now it is becoming commonly used, also in administrative language, cf. :Pedagogues <...> interpret childhood as a successful start of lifelong learningTAR, 28 June 2018, No. 10747; 2018 gave a start to the development of renewable energy – green energy auctions will be organized as early as September 2019TAR, 28 March 2019, No. 4851;Educational content will be evaluated, adjusted, coordinated and equal opportunities for all children to start educationTAR, 22 November 2019. The hybrid verb startuoti, e.g., is also used from this international word. : From 2020, a new system will start, when municipalities in which the average salary has grown the fastest (which will best fight the shadow economy) will be given an additional incentiveTAR, 2018 12 18,No. 20692. Another example is a standard, the denotations of the meanings specified in the TSI 2013 are 9 certain areas of use or specific items that provide typical examples, they can also be certain documents setting standards, and in administrative language this word is also used in a broader sense, corresponding to the English word standard meaning “norm”, where the norm is understood not only as the one recorded in documents, but as generally accepted. The examples of use show that the rate can be perceived as a variable quantity, since it can be both higher and the highest, e.g. :In the opinion of the applicant, in this case the standards of publicity of activities cannot be applied at all, because <...>the collected data is the material of the pre-trial investigation, which is not public according to the law TAR, 2019 10 25, No. 16937; A member of the Board must <...> follow the highest standards of morality and always act in the interests of the Company TAR, 2019 11 15, No. 18354; Such interpretation of the provisions of the Alcohol Control Act in the case law is based on the need to ensure <...> the necessity for the entity selling such a product to observe higher standards of care and diligence, so that there is no harm to human health and life TAR, 2019 12 05, No. 19562. 9 standard 1 a standardisation document setting norms, rules and requirements for products, methods, concepts, symbols or other objects; 2 typical sample corresponding to certain quality, chemical composition, physical. conditions of properties, appearance, mass, etc.; 3 gold standard economic gold-backed money system, in which money can be exchanged for gold; exchange rate expressed in gold TZS 2013.