Žodžių „krūmas“, „puskrūmis“, „krūmokšnis“, „krūmelis“ samprata (remiantis studentų apklausa)

ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ, DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas KEY WORDS: survey, meaning, semantic analysis, characteristic, definition, SAMPRATA (REMIANTIS STUDENTŲ APKLAUSA) terminology, bush, half-bush, bush, bush. The object of this article is the words shrub, half-shrub, bush, bush. It was noted that people do not distinguish them very much, although the terminological meanings of the mentioned words are different. The aim of the article was to examine not the terminological, but the contemporary everyday perception of words. As a research tool, a student survey was chosen. The tasks of the article are: to identify, classify and discuss the characteristics of bush, half-bush, bush and bush, recorded in the students' answers. It turned out that the features identified in this study, especially half-bush and bush, differ significantly from the features recorded in the definitions given in the Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS The article is part of the authors’ series 1 of articles on the concept of some plants. Previous articles have examined how the words plant and flower are understood in public usage, how they are defined and how many meanings are assigned in dictionaries. The dictionaries of Lithuanian, Latvian, Russian and English were used, material from the textbook of contemporary Lithuanian language was collected and data from the student survey were analyzed. When (ypač apie gėlę) buvo pastebėta, kad labai įvairuoja samprata, kas yra krūmas ir puskrūmis, studying the collected material and writing these articles, it was therefore decided to look at it 1 more broadly. About specific shrubs, half-shrubs, see more. Gaidienė, Liutkevičienė 2017; Gaidienė, 2018b. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ, DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Žodžių krūmas, puskrūmis, krūmokšnis, krūmelis Liutkevičienė 2018a; Gaidienė, Liutkevičienė concept (based on student survey) | 2 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.12 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Folklorists, ethnologists, linguists, etc. have written about shrubs – olive, day tree, ivy, 2 sedula, jovara, putna, žilvytis, etc., but the more general names of plants have not attracted the attention of researchers. The aim of this article is to investigate the contemporary perception of the words krūmas, puskrūmis, krūmokšnis and krūmelis based on the results of a student survey and compare it with the definitions provided in the Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia (hereinafter – VLEe). samprata, dėl medžiagos gausumo buvo nuspręsta apsiriboti tik apklausos rezultatų analize, Since the study of four words o textbooks and dictionaries material to leave for further research. The tasks of the article are: to identify, classify and discuss the characteristics požymius, užfiksuotus studentų atsakymuose; taip pat juos palyginti su VLEe apibrėžtyse of shrub, half-shrub, bush and bush. METODOLOGIJA IR TEORINĖS PRIELAIDOS Research methods: semantic analysis, comparative, computational, Apklausoje dalyvavo skirtingų studijų pakopų ir fakultetų 100 studentų iš trijų Lietuvos universitetų – ne tik sostinės, bet ir mažesnio miesto. Tirti buvo pasirinkti būtent surveys. students, because they are a very different, heterogeneous 3 group of people. As stated by Kristina According to Rutkovska, Marius Smetona, Irena Smetonienė, “students are usually the group that has still retained the attitude of parents, grandparents, but has already acquired new aspects of attitude in school, university, and, most importantly, is more connected with the present, has easier access to information using the latest technologies, social networks, media” (Rutkovska et al. 2017: 32). Students of the sciences accounted for 37% of all respondents, of the social sciences for 45% and of the humanities for 18% (see Table 1 for details). Women accounted for 56% of the respondents (3% in the sciences, 63% in the social sciences and 32% in the humanities), while men accounted for 44% of all respondents (77% in the sciences, 23% in the social sciences and 0% in the humanities). 2 See. Gliva et al. 2010; Gritėnienė 2016; Kregždys 2012; Šeškauskaitė 2004. 3 The survey was conducted in February-May 2019. The authors sincerely thank the lecturer of Vilnius Gediminas Technical University doc. dr. Rasuole Vladarskiene, lecturers of Mykolas Romeris University Dr. Ilona Čiužauskaitė and lecturers of Šiauliai University doc. dr. Yolanda Vaskeliene, who helped to carry out the student survey. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ, DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Žodžių krūmas, puskrūmis, krūmokšnis, krūmelis concept (based on student survey) | 3 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.12 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Women who spent their childhood and early youth in rural areas accounted for 26% of all apklaustų moterų, vyrai – 30 proc. visų apklaustų vyrų. Moterys, kurios praleido vaikystę ir respondents in urban areas, 64% of all respondents in rural areas and 52% of all respondents in urban areas. The third group consisted of students who said that childhood and early adolescence praleido tiek mieste, tiek kaime. Šios grupės moterys sudarė 9 proc. visų apklaustų moterų, was a time when they had sexual intercourse with men – 18 of all men surveyed (see Table 1 for more details). TABLE 1. Distribution of respondents by gender and field of study, pcs. Lytis Direction Moterys Vyrai Iš total of of of of urban of of of Humanitirural es 18 ir urban rural urban rural rural ir Exact – 3 – 11 18 5 sciences Social 37 6 25 4 2 5 3 15 36 5 13 23 8 sciences direction 9 8 1 – – – 45 direction Total (locality) 100 Total (gender) 56 (56 per cent) 44 (44 per cent) 100 Thus, respondents were interviewed, who can be divided into 13 groups: 1. men, from the countryside, science students; 2. men, from the countryside, social science students; 3. men, from the city, students of science; 4. men, from the city, social science students; 5. men, urban/rural, social science students; 6. men, urban/rural, science students; 7. women, from rural areas, social science students; 8. women, from rural areas, students of humanities; 9. women, from the city, science students; 10. women, from the city, students of humanities; 11. women, from the city, social science students; concept (based on student survey) | 4 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.12 ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ, DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Žodžių krūmas, puskrūmis, krūmokšnis, krūmelis BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 12. women, from the city, from the countryside, social science students; 13. women, urban/rural, humanities students. – between 19 and 28 years of age. Women humanists Pagal amžių apklaustosios moterys buvo maždaug nuo 18 iki 27 metų amžiaus, vyrai were also older (see Table 2). TABLE 2. Age distribution of respondents Gender Direction Exact Moterys Vyrai sciences direction 19, 23 21–24 Social sciences 18–23, 25, 27 19, 20, 23 direction Humanities 19–24, 45 – direction Total 100 respondents The survey included nine open-ended questions (see 1-9) where respondents had to write their own answer and five closed-ended questions (see 10-14) where respondents had to answer yes or no, but it should be noted that they could choose not to answer. vieną atsakymo variantą. Respondents were asked the following questions: 3. What do you think is the 1. Savais žodžiais apibūdinkite, kas Jums yra krūmas. 2. Kokie, Jūsų manymu, yra pagrindiniai krūmo požymiai? difference between a shrub and a tree? 5. Do you think that a half-shrub is 4. Kas, Jūsų manymu, yra puskrūmis, kokie jo pagrindiniai požymiai? different from a bush? If so, then what? 6. What, in your opinion, is a bush, what are its main characteristics? 7. Do you think that a shrub is different from a bush? If so, then what? 8. Do you think that a shrub is different from a half-shrub? If so, then what? 9. What do you think is a bush? ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ, DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Žodžių krūmas, puskrūmis, krūmokšnis, krūmelis concept (based on student survey) | 5 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.12 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 10.Is the oil4 a) tree, b) shrub, c) semi-shrub, d) shrub, e) perennial grass? More than one answer is possible. More than one answer is possible. 11. Is raspberry a) shrub, half-shrub, c) shrub, d) perennial grass? 13. Is thyme a) shrub, b) half-shrub, c) choose more than one answer. shrub, d) perennial grass? More than one answer is possible. b) half-shrub, c) shrub, d) perennial grass? Maybe 12. Is oregano a) shrub, b) 14. Is mint a) shrub, b) half-shrub, c) shrub, d) perennial grass? More than one answer is possible. Išanalizavus visas anketas paaiškėjo, kad nėra esminių skirtumų tarp vyrų ar moterų There were no differences in the responses, between those who grew up in the countryside or in the city, or between the answers of representatives of different scientific directions, so grupes. Vadinasi, respondentų lytis, kilmė ir studijų kryptis didelės įtakos studentų žinioms the collected material was further examined without dividing the respondents according to the concept of the studied plants does not, apparently because modern youth, taking into account similar living and learning conditions, have more or less equal opportunities to obtain information about their surrounding environment. In the survey with closed questions, it was tried to find out whether the differences 5 between three words – bush, half-bush, bush – are perceived in practice, i.e., which of these words is used to name the tree. At first glance, it would seem that there are many open konkretūs augalai (alyva, avietė, raudonėlis, čiobrelis ir mėta). questions, but in reality, the aim is to formulate them somewhat differently. The essence of 6 the questions posed was as follows: a) What is a bush, what are its main characteristics? b) kad studentai atsakytų kuo išsamiau, tie patys klausimai buvo pateikiami po kelis kartus, tik What is a semi-bush, what are its main characteristics? c) What is a bush, what are its main characteristics? This method was indeed successful, because some respondents answered the first question very concisely, not very clearly or did not answer at all, but the answers to the other two questions (or 4 10-14 questions were presented to students with photos of the relevant plants. 5 Krūmelis nėra terminas, todėl apie jo sampratą uždaruosiais klausimais nebuvo teiraujamasi. 6 For more information on questionnaire methods, see Rutkovska et al. 2017: 32–33. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ, DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Žodžių krūmas, puskrūmis, krūmokšnis, krūmelis samprata (remiantis studentų apklausa) | 6 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.12 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 at least to one of them) formulated much more detailed, so it was possible to form a picture of what respondents consider / call a bush, cf.: 1. “Describe in your own words what a shrub is for you”: (a) a plant; (b) a low-growing plant; (c) –; (d) a shrub means a tree, 7 a plant. 2. “What do you think are the main characteristics of a shrub?”: (a) branches, leaves; (b) short in height, with many branches; (c) a shrub; (d) many branches, leaves, round. 3. “How do you think a shrub is different from a tree?”: (a) shrubs are usually lower, more branched, trees have a single trunk; (b) its height, weight, density; (c) the shrub is small and the tree is a plant; (d) the shrub is smaller, it blooms, trees, of course, too, but the shrub blooms more diversely. The respondent’s (a) answer shows that, in his opinion, the main characteristics of a shrub are ‘plant’; ‘lower than a tree’; ‘with many branches’; ‘turintis kelis 8 kamienus’. Respondent (b) believes that the main characteristics of a shrub are ‘plant; ‘Lesser than a tree’; ‘hający wiele gałęzi (rozgałęzień)’; ‘denser than wood’; ‘lighter than a 9 tree’. 10 Respondento (c) atsakymai yra savotiški, plg.: pagrindinis krūmo požymis yra krūmas; krūmas is small, and the tree is a plant – it is not clear why such a contradiction, because the shrub is also a plant. However, even from such statements one can see at least one characteristic of the shrub: ‘small’ (if we compare it with a tree). The answers of respondent (d) show that the main characteristics of a shrub are ‘plant’; ‘turintis daug šakų (lajų)’; ‘round shape’; Tas pats pasakytina ir apie atsakymus į klausimus, susijusius su puskrūmiu ir ‘flowering’ and ‘less than a tree’. bush. It is worth mentioning that the article deals with even the rarest mentions of požymiai. Taip apsispręsta daryti todėl, kad ateityje anketų duomenis tikimasi palyginti su these plants in other sources, and there the frequency of symptoms can be completely different. The survey data was processed manually. The answers in the article are given in numerical and percentage terms. 7 The article has very little corrected the student’s language, only grammatical errors have been corrected. 8 The respondent does not mention several strains, but such a conclusion can be drawn from the statement that medžiai turi vieną kamieną (ir tuo skiriasi nuo krūmų). 9 The respondent uses the word density, theoretically it could be understood and vice versa – that the retesnis už medį, bet vis dėlto toks traktavimas abejotinas. 10 Respondentas vartoja žodį svoris, galbūt turima omenyje ne tiek lengvumas ar sunkumas, kiek bush is volume. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ, DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Žodžių krūmas, puskrūmis, krūmokšnis, krūmelis samprata (remiantis studentų apklausa) | 7 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.12 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS OF THE STUDENT SURVEY 1. STUDENT-INFORMED SIGNS OF BURST A VLEe shrub is defined as a ‘perennial plant with several or several dozen stems of approximately equal thickness, branching from or near the ground, 0,5 to 6 m high.’ The analysis of the survey data revealed that the students mentioned 20 characteristics of the bush. Many respondents cited not one but several of these signs. In the article it is decided to break down these signs and count how many times one or another sign is mentioned. Therefore, although there were a hundred respondents, the total number of mentions of all indicators is significantly higher. 11 All mentioned bush features were divided into three groups: 1) bush in general (2 features, 10%), 2) external bush features (14 features, 70%) and 3) internal bush features (4 features, 20%). In the group of characteristics bush in the general sense has entered, as the name suggests, the most general descriptions of the bush. In the group, the external signs of the bush were found such signs that can be perceived by sight, touch, etc., in other words, what a person sees himself, perceives in his everyday life. Internal signs of the bush are more related to nagrinėjamų augalų vidinėmis savybėmis (dauginimusi, ląstelės sandara ir pan.). 1.1. A shrub in general 1.1.1. 87 respondents said that the shrub is first and foremost a ‘plant’. 15th of them, the paklausti, kas jiems yra krūmas, apskritai nurodė tik a) šį požymį, plg.: augalas; krūmas yra plant; bush for me is a plant, or b) added another, controversial characteristic, cf.: meaning krūmas yra gėlė / augalas; krūmas – tai medis, augalas. Vienas atsakymas, veikiausiai the same – that the shrub is a plant – was formulated quite complexly: the shrub is a category of organism of plant origin. 1.1.2. Vienas respondentas nurodė, kad krūmas – gamtos dalis. 11 The same applies to the answers to questions about half-bush, shrub and bush. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ, DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Žodžių krūmas, puskrūmis, krūmokšnis, krūmelis concept (based on student survey) | 8 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.12 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 1.2. External characteristics of the bush 1.2.1. For 79 respondents it seemed that a 12 very important characteristic of the shrub is ‘size’. Dauguma apklaustųjų krūmo dydžio nelygino su niekuo, plg. atsakymų variantus: labai small; small; of low height; low; short-statured; not high; not tall; not too tall; small; a small height; usually small; not very high; is not high; not growing tall; Some students compared the neužauga labai aukštas; mažas arba didelis; didelis. size of a bush with the size of a tree, e.g.: (much) smaller than a tree; smaller than a tree; (much) lower than a tree; with a lower than the tree trunk; reduced tree; not as tall as a tree. The third, which was only 4, indicated a specific, in their opinion, the height of the bush: grows to the hip-chest area; 0.5 m in height; up to 1 m in height; 1 m high. As you can see, the size of the bush is imagined very differently – from very small to large. However, for many respondents, the shrub is a ‘small’ plant. In fact, the shrub, as mentioned earlier, can grow up to six meters high, but hardly anyone imagines (and the survey confirms this) a shrub at that height, so one of the most typical characteristics of a shrub is ‘minority’, at least when compared to a tree. 1.2.2. 70 respondents mentioned as one of the main characteristics of the bush ‘shakotumą’. First of all, the students stated that the shrub ‘has branches’, cf.: may have 13 branches; have branches; with branches; branched; branched; it consists of a set of branches; with a slab; with a pile of branches; has (much) larger and smaller twigs; huge network of twigs; daug šakų; turi daug išsišakojimų; daug išsišakojusių šakų; daug šakų vienoje vietoje; daug more branched than a tree; has more branches (twigs) than a tree; shrub – a very branched tree. ‘the branches are dense’, ‘thin, fine’, cf. answers: with fine twigs; small branches; a lot of twigs; Kai kurie respondentai mėgino krūmo šakas apibūdinti, jiems atrodo, kad krūmo many small and thin branches; narrow twigs and in one place there may be more of them. 14 plonos šakos; sudarytas iš mažų šakų; neturi storų (stambių) šakų (aut. past.: kaip medis); daug 12 In most cases height is meant, but in some cases respondents probably had omenyje ir aukštį, ir plotį (mažas, didelis), todėl šis požymis ir įvardijamas kaip ‘dydis’, o ne kaip ‘aukštis’. 13 Quite strange answer, suggesting that the shrub may not have branches, by the way, one answer was – “no branches”. 14 Viso krūmo (ne vien jo šakų) požymis tankumas aptariamas toliau, ten pridedami ir pavyzdžiai apie dense branches. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ, DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Žodžių krūmas, puskrūmis, krūmokšnis, krūmelis samprata (remiantis studentų apklausa) | 9 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.12 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 In the opinion of a couple of students, the branches of the bush are ‘long’, thin, but ‘strong’. 15 Some respondents also indicated ‘how the branches of the shrub grow’, e.g.: branched from 16 the ground; branches closer to the ground than a tree. 17 Thus, typical characteristics of the shrub, which are distinguished by many respondents, would be ‘high branching’ and ‘branch density’. Additional characteristics are ‘thinness’, ‘length’, ‘firmness’, and it is also mentioned that the shrub ‘branches from the ground’. stameno (stiebo) 1.2.3. 57-i respondentai apibūdindami krūmą kaip svarbų požymį mini ‘krūmo ypatybes’. Firstly, many respondents believe that shrubs ‘do not have one) trunk; do not have a 18 single distinct trunk; a tree has a trunk, a bush does not; it is a plant with no prominent stem; kamienų’, o kai kurie krūmo kamienus laiko šakomis, plg: bekamienis; neturi stiebo; neturi (nė there is no single common trunk; do not have a single main trunk; do not have a distinct, thick trunk; the main trunk is not visible; in trees the trunk is more visible (aut. past.: than in shrubs); not have a single trunk, but have many branches; has no trunk, branches start from the ground; does not have a single trunk, it consists of a set of branches; a shrub is a plant with twisted branches, usually small, grown from the root. several trunks; it is a plant with several stems; has several stems; has many stems; has a bunch of hard, browned trunks; has a very large number of Kiti respondentai pabrėžia, kad krūmas kaip tik ‘turi kelis kamienus’, plg.: dažnai turi trunks; from the tree differs trunk trunks than a tree. skaičiumi; medis turi ryškų kamieną, o krūmas sudarytas iš kelių kelmų; krūmas turi daugiau It is also indicated that the trunk of a shrub is ‘thin’, at least thinner than that of a tree: has a thin trunk; has a non-thick trunk; thinner trunks than a tree; thin and long trunk, smaller than a tree; from the tree differs in the thickness of the trunk; the tree has a thick trunk, and the bush does not; tree trunk thicker and wider (aut. past.: than the bush). It is said that the trunk of the bush is not only thin, but also ‘short’, shorter than medžio: neturi ilgo kamieno; su trumpu kamienu; žemesnis kamienas negu medžio; stiebas 15 Only one respondent says so. 16 Only one respondent says so. 17 This characteristic is closely related to the characteristic of the shrub discussed below – the characteristics of its trunk. 18 The terms trunk and stem denote different concepts, but for non-experts, in most cases, when speaking of a tree and a shrub, trunk and stem are synonymous. This understanding is also recorded in some dictionaries, even in school textbooks. However, this topic requires more serious study, so for now it is only said that in the article trunk and stem are considered synonyms and the word trunk will be used to describe the characteristics of the bush. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ, DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Žodžių krūmas, puskrūmis, krūmokšnis, krūmelis concept (based on student survey) | 16 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.12 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 a bush grafted with material from another tree; it is a plant between a tree and a shrub, the main characteristic – higher than most shrubs; half-shrub means an object inserted between a shrub and a tree, larger than a shrub, smaller than a tree; it is a shrub more like a tree, or a shrub like a strong grass; it is a semi-shrub / plant, even smaller than a bush; it may be a shrub with characteristics of other categories; having similarities to a bush, but not quite a bush (differs in appearance, but also has similarities); half bush, half something; do not imagine, perhaps a half-bush; partially showing the characteristics of a shrub. 2.1.2. 8 respondents imagined that a half-bush is ‘half of a bush’ (in itself smaller than a whole bush or a man-cut bush), cf.: half of a bush; a bush that is half the size of a bush; the bush that is damaged; pruned bush; pruned bush; maybe a pruned, groomed bush. 2.2. External characteristics of the half-bush 2.2.1. As in the case of the shrub, the most frequently mentioned characteristic of the half-shrub, which was emphasized by 57 respondents, was ‘size’. However, the size (or height) of the half-bush was imagined differently. 45 respondents thought that half-shrub is a ‘small plant, smaller than a shrub’, cf.: small plant; perhaps it is a very small bush; maybe it's just a small bush; a smaller bush; he is usually short in height; a low-standing bush; a small bush; lower form of the bush; small, short-statured. For example, raspberry, blueberry, etc. ; half bush smaller (aut. past.: than a bush); is even lower (aut. 27 past.: than a bush); the smaller it is; it is a plant smaller than a bush; think, differs only in size, 28 half-bush is smaller than bush; are much smaller in size; half-shrub could be a smaller bush; from the bush differs in size, smaller; a plant even smaller than a bush; probably smaller than a shrub, but similar plant; it is probably smaller (aut. past.: than a bush); something smaller than a bush; a bush that is half the size of a bush; half-shrub is a smaller shrub; consider that the half-bush should be smaller than the bush; possibly even lower in height than the bush; half-shrub is smaller in size than the bush. 27 Raspberries can be shrubs, semi-shrubs, less often grasses, see more. VLEe: https://www.vle.lt/Straipsnis/aviete-67393. 28 The blueberry is a shrub, see VLEe: "blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), a perennial shrub of the Ericaceae family of the blackberry genus" (https://www.vle.lt/PaieskosRezultatai?search=m%C4%97lyn%C4%97). ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ, DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Žodžių krūmas, puskrūmis, krūmokšnis, krūmelis samprata (remiantis studentų apklausa) | 17 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.12 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Sometimes a half-shrub is treated not as a ‘small shrub species’, but as the same shrub, only it is small for other reasons, cf.: half-shrub means pruned shrub. The opposite opinion was held by 11 respondents – they imagined that the half bush is ‘bigger than the bush’, cf.: higher than the bush; higher than the bush; it is a plant that is larger than a bush; a large bush; probably a hybrid of a bush and a tree, when the half-shrub is not as high as a tree; half-shrub (aut. past.: from the bush) differs in size, may resemble a tree; half-bush differs from a bush in that it is higher; main characteristic – higher than most shrubs, but rarely grows up to several meters upwards; differs because the bush is smaller, the half-bush <...> larger. According to one respondent, a half-shrub can be both larger and smaller than a shrub, e.g.: (aut. past.: half-shrub is) a small shrub or a shrub the size / height of a tree. 2.2.2. For 13 respondents it seemed that the most important characteristic of a half-bush is the ‘trunk’. Most often, it was stated that it is the trunk (and not often – only it) that distinguishes a half-shrub from a bush, cf.: half-shrub stem is not visible; may have a trunk; differ, have a trunk; has a slightly curved trunk; half-shrub has a small trunk, but you can not call a tree; has a thin, small trunk, resembles a small tree, and the bush does not; a shrub that does not grow close to the ground; has a trunk quite 29 high, like a tree; has a hard, thick trunk; the only difference would be the trunk higher than the bush); maybe different trunk structure; differs from a bush, has a single trunk; has several ilgis (aut. past.: sprendžiant iš kito to paties respondento atsakymo – puskrūmio kamienas trunks; the lower half of the trunk is not covered with leaves. As you can see, the answers are 30 not unequivocal: in the opinion of the respondents, half-bush ‘has’ one’ or ‘several’; trunk ‘is somewhat small, thin’, but it can also be ‘high, firm, thick’; also mentioned that the trunk ‘is not entirely covered with leaves’. ‘rareness’ (or, more rarely, ‘density’), if compared to a shrub, cf.: kamieną’, tačiau nebūtinai (gali turėti kamieną) arba ‘stiebas nėra matomas’; tas kamienas yra rarer; perhaps a more rare bush; half bush has thicker and thinner twigs; few branches; shrubs of rare branches; half-shrub less branched; half-bush smaller, having fewer branches; half-shrub 2.2.3. 9 respondentai mano, kad puskrūmį geriausiai apibūdina ‘jo ar jo šakų higher, fewer branches, differs in the size of branches. Another respondent mentions that 31 29 It is possible to guess that the bush is “lifted” from the ground by the trunk (or branches not close to the trunk). žemės, ar vizualiai ne daug stiebų nuo žemės, o tik vienas kamienas). 30 No further information provided. 31 It is not specified what the size is, whether the branches are larger or smaller. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ, DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Žodžių krūmas, puskrūmis, krūmokšnis, krūmelis concept (based on student survey) | 18 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.12 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 the whole of the half-shrub consists of branches. So in this case it is understood that the half-bush is like tik ‘tankus’, o ne ‘retas’. As you can see, some answers also mention the characteristics of the branches of the half-bush, cf. another answer – its branches are narrower. 2.2.4. As one of the characteristics of half-shrub 5 respondents indicated ‘decorativeness’, e.g.: maybe decorative shrub; excellent ornamental plant; performs a decorative function; bush 32 more decorative plant; the bush is more beautiful. Again, the answers are mixed, some respondents thought the plant was a half-shrub, others – a bush. 2.2.5. 6 respondents mention ‘other organs of the half-shrub’ (roots, flowers, fruits or berries) and think that it is in them that the half-shrub differs from the shrub, cf.: differs in the strength of the roots; more often have rings; has rings; possibly fruit (aut. past.: varies); a half-shrub bears fruit (for example, a raspberry half-shrub); does not grow fruit or berries. 2.2.6. Two respondents stated that the ‘purpose of the half-shrub’ is important: I think it is different 33 (from the shrub) its purpose, where it is planted; half-shrub performs the same function as a bush. 2.3. Internal characteristics of the half-bush 2.3.1. Kaip svarbų požymį puskrūmio ‘sumedėjimo lygį’ nurodė 9-i respondentai: its branches are green at the bottom, but not at the top; lower part brownish, upper part still grassy; bottom brownish, top green; the lower part (trunk) is brown and the upper part is grassy; šakos mažiau sumedėjusios; puskrūmis yra <...> mažiau sumedėjęs; puskrūmis – žolinis augalas, non-decomposable; half-bush stems are flexible, not rotten, resembling flower stems; maybe his branches yra artimesnės gėlių ar kitų augalų stiebams 34 . 4 respondents were correct – as already mentioned, the bottom of a half-bush is a bush, they yra sumedėjusi, viršus žolinis. Du, kurie teigė, kad puskrūmis yra mažiau sumedėjęs negu were also right, but their answers were not so specific. The other two, who answered that the half-shrub is a herbaceous, non-fruiting plant, are only partly right, because the lower part of this plant vis dėlto sumedėja. 32 Iš to, kaip parašyta, šį požymį galima suprasti ir kaip paskirtį. 33 See also footnote 30. 34 It is assumed that the level of snowing is also meant here. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ, DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Žodžių krūmas, puskrūmis, krūmokšnis, krūmelis concept (based on student survey) | 19 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.12 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 2.3.2. One respondent indicated that the half-shrub is a ‘perennial’ plant. Comparing the descriptions of shrub and half-shrub, it is noticeable that respondents have a much worse idea of what is half-shrub, although this plant is widespread in Lithuania. Some people said straight away that they didn’t know what it was. 28 respondents (22%) used the constructive meaning of the word – ‘half bush’ or ‘half bush’ when describing half bush. These answers have nothing to do with the thermal significance of the half-bush. But is it true that the half-bush does not have such characteristics as indicated in the answers of the respondents? To answer this question, a survey alone is not enough. However, it is a bit strange that a large part of the respondents associate the half-shrub with a tree, rather than a shrub, this plant is more like a tree than a shrub. The other two groups of responses, as in the case of the shrub, are related to external (92 responses, 71%) and internal (9 responses, 7%) characteristics of the half-shrub. The most common external characteristics are ‘half bush size’ (44%), ‘trunk characteristics’ (10%), ‘rareness/density’ (7%). Other signs are reported much less frequently. It should be said that the most common external characteristics of the enciklopedijose – nei ‘dydis’, nei ‘kamieno ypatybės’, nei ‘retumas’, tokie, kaip dažnai half-bush indicated by the respondents do not coincide with what is stated in the answers, are not at all distinctive characteristics of the half-bush and the bush. Only a few respondents mentioned the internal characteristics of the half-bush, but these answers coincide with the termininės reikšmės apibrėžtyje minimais požymiais. 3. STUDENT-INFORMED SIGNS OF BURST VLEe shrub is defined as a ‘perennial plant up to 0,5 m tall with a few branched stems on or ar keliolika apatinėje dalyje sumedėjusių, viršutinėje dalyje ne visai sumedėjusių, nuo žemės near the surface’. In truth, from such a description it is difficult for a nebotanic to understand what is really the difference between a half-shrub and a shrub, what is the difference between the upper grassy part (half-shrub) and the upper not quite green part (shrub). Let’s see what the respondents see as the differences between these two plants. It Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne (toliau – DŽ7i) pateikiamos dvi krūmokšnio reikšmės: 1. bot. is recalled that a small (up to half a meter) shrub (cranberry, cranberry, etc.). 2. low shrub. These two values are quite different, and this should be taken into account when examining the characteristics of the bush. As in the case of the half-shrub, the thermal significance of the shrub is not known to many respondents. 25 respondents said that they do not know what ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ, DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Žodžių krūmas, puskrūmis, krūmokšnis, krūmelis a bush is, or did not provide a concept at all (based on a student survey) | 20 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.12 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 no answer, e.g.: I do not know; I don't know what a bush is; I can't imagine; for the first time I tokį augalo rūšies pavadinimą; nežinau, aš ne sodininkė. hear 19 respondents said that ‘the bush and the shrub are no different’. 10 of them wrote that the plants do not differ, but nonetheless indicated one other distinctive feature, most often – ‘size’. There was also such an answer: a bush, only different varieties. 5 respondents indicated that only the word differs, cf.: krūmokšnis – it is the same as bush; bush – is a synonym of bush; differs (aut. past.: from the bush) only in name; a person can name the bush as he likes, differing only in the expressiveness of the word; a bush is some bush that has no name. Also, 19 respondents thought that ‘the bush is no different and from I do not think it is puskrūmio’, plg.: nesiskiria; manau, kad nesiskiria; mano manymu, nesiskiria niekuo; different; I could not distinguish; physically not, but when writing a poem or a short story I would use the word “bush”. Atsakymai, kuriuose paminėti krūmokšnio požymiai (iš viso 16), suskirstyti į dvi 1) External brushwood signs (12 signs, 75 per cent) and 2) Internal brushwood signs (4 signs, 25 per cent). 3.1. External characteristics of the bush 3.1.1. The most frequently mentioned characteristic (as in the case of a shrub and half-shrub) is the ‘size’ of the bush. It was mentioned by 42 students. Most of them thought that krūmokšnis was a ‘small shrub’ cf.: tiny shrub; a small bush; think of a small small bush; bush – a small shrub; is krūmas; galbūt tai mažas krūmas, pvz., mėlynių ir pan.; labai mažas krūmas; labai nedidelis, very low; a low plant; small up to 60 cm plant (aut. past. : the same respondent indicated the following difference between bush and bush: version; it is a barely noticeable, inseparable bush; krūmokšniai būna labai maži, o krūmai įvairaus dydžio); krūmokšnis tai būtų dar mažesnė krūmo even less than half a bush; even smaller than a half bush. One respondent associated the small size of the shrub not so much with the ‘plant species’ as with the ‘maturity’, cf.: it is an immature, fragile shrub, it is smaller than a shrub. 5 respondents imagined that the bush is ‘bigger’ than the shrub, cf.: higher shrub; bush – a larger shrub; are higher in height; the bush is larger; similar to a bush, but higher. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ, DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Žodžių krūmas, puskrūmis, krūmokšnis, krūmelis concept (based on student survey) | 21 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.12 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Most thought that krūmokšnis is ‘smaller than half a bush’, cf.: mažesnis krūmokšnis; differs in size (aut. past.: is small); differs in height, the bush is smaller; bush less than half a bush; the bush will often be smaller; shrub quite small, low shrub, half-shrub - larger; differs in that it is lower; differs because the half-shrub is almost like a tree, bigger than a shrub. Some respondents, however, said that the bush is ‘bigger than half a bush’, cf.: krūmokšnis didesnis; larger than half a bush; half-shrub small (and shrub vegetated); the bush is closer to the tree origin. 35 3.1.2. 13-ai respondentų svarbus krūmokšnio požymis pasirodė ‘vaisiai (ar uogos)’, cf.: krūmokšnis – a shrub producing fruit (aut. past. : and the only difference has a fruit, 36 while the bush does not; bush sounds like a shrub that bears fruit (the only difference is that the nuo krūmo: skiriasi, turi savo vaisius); krūmas, auginantis vaisius, uogas ir pan.; krūmokšnis shrub has no fruit at all); fruit-bearing bush; think it is a bush leading fruit; if I'm not mistaken, the bush grows berries; a bush on which berries grow; berries grow on it (in appearance the same, but do not grow berries on the bush); it's the bush that ripens the berries. The respondents’ distinction between bush and shrub is somewhat surprising, because both bush and shrub can bear fruit or berries and this is not a rarity, for example, bushes are often grown in Lithuania currant or gooseberry. Perhaps the young people thought that fruit shrubs are not shrubs. 5 respondents indicated that the shrub differs from the half-shrub in that it bears fruit (berries) (and the half-shrub does not). In fact, half-shrubs, such as raspberries, also produce fruit (berries). 37 3.1.3. 10 respondents identified ‘leaves’ or ‘thorns’ as a characteristic of the shrub, cf.: 38 plant with leaves; bush with dense leaves; more leaves (aut. past.: than bush); differs (aut. past.: from half-shrub), possibly has more leaves. Can be spiked; have spikes; possibly prickly more (than a bush); a coniferous shrub. 3.1.4. 9 respondents mentioned the ‘trunk’ of the shrub: has no trunk; looks like a tree without a trunk; neither a tree nor a shrub, has no single trunk; buckwheat has 35 Therefore, it can be assumed that is higher. 36 Here we mean edible fruits or berries. 37 As already mentioned earlier, raspberries can be shrubs, semi-shrubs and, less often, grasses. 38 The two are mentioned twice in other sources. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ, DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Žodžių krūmas, puskrūmis, krūmokšnis, krūmelis samprata (remiantis studentų apklausa) | 22 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.12 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 a visible stem; having only one stem; grows on individual stems (grows unevenly); I think the trunk of the bush is short. As you can see, the idea of the trunk of a shrub varies greatly – there is no trunk at all, there is only one, there are several. And it's probably short. In fact, as mentioned earlier, a shrub has several or even dozens of stems and, of course, it is not like a tree just because of its height. 3.1.5. As one of the characteristics of the shrub ‘density’ (or ‘fruistry’) was indicated by 7 respondents, cf.: dense; more dense growth than a shrub and half-shrub; differs in density (aut. past.: both from the bush and from the half-bush); is fertile; very dense or the majority of bushes grown into one; density differs from half-bush. 39 40 3.1.6. 6 respondents thought that when describing a shrub, its ‘branches’ are important, cf.: a shrub is a shrub, just its branches are thin; has a lot of thin twigs; shrub – a larger shrub with more branches; more branched (aut. past.: than a bush); it consists of intertwined branches; branches start from above (aut. past.: than a shrub and half-shrub). The branches of many shrubs are indeed thin, but their abundance does not differ from a shrub or half-shrub and starts to branch low enough. 3.1.7. Another characteristic of the shrub, ‘width’, is related to the characteristic ‘branches’. It is mentioned by 4 respondents: shrubby vegetated, spread out; very overgrown, krūmokšnis labiau išsišakojęs (aut. past.: už puskrūmį); tai gausus, platus augalas. branched bush; 3.1.8. For the other 4 respondents, the ‘shrub shape’ was important, but not all answers clearly described the shape, cf.: there are various irregular shapes; differs in form (aut. past.: from bush and half-bush); other form (aut. past.: than bush and half-bush); it is a messy shrub, the shrub needs to be pruned more often than the bush. a shrub is a single shrub 3.1.9. Krūmokšnio ‘augimo būdą’ nurodė taip pat 4-i respondentai, plg.: (shrubs usually grow many in one place, and a shrub is one); (aut. past.: krūmokšnis – it) a chain of bushes; a plant spread over a large area; or krūmų grandis. 3.1.10. 3 respondents also mention ‘flowers’ as a sign of the bush: the bush is blooming; the shrub produces fruit/flowers, the shrub does not; on the bush usually grow leaves, flowers, and on the bush – berries. 39 This is also the case for the growth of the stems. 40 But it is not clear whether it is denser or thinner. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ, DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Žodžių krūmas, puskrūmis, krūmokšnis, krūmelis concept (based on student survey) | 23 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.12 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Both shrubs and shrubs have flowers, and the last statement shows the respondent's poor žinias apie augalus, nes be žiedų uogų apskritai negalėtų būti. 3.1.11. 2 respondents also emphasized the purpose of the shrub, described it quite naudos žmogui; krūmokšnis dažnai būna nepageidaujamas ten, kur plotas yra prižiūrimas žmonių, krūmokšnis yra tarsi piktžolė, nereikalingas, nenaudingas nei žmonėms, nei gyvūnams. detailed: does not Here the meaning of the shrub ‘small shrub’ is meant. The other paskirtis būtų visiškai priešinga – jie veda uogas, vaisius, atlieka dekoratyvinę funkciją. meaning of the bush 3.1.12. One answer can be called ‘general appearance of the shrub’: the shrub is more fallen (than half-shrub). It probably means'small bush'. However, why it is compared to a half-shrub and not a shrub remains unclear. 3.2. Internal characteristics of the bush 3.2.1. For 6 respondents, the ‘level of nesting’ seemed to be an important characteristic of the bush: yellowed lower part; less than half a bush; almost not browned; perhaps more like a perennial grass; sometimes can be mixed with long grass. The answers vary, but it can be said that they are all correct. As already mentioned, the stems of the shrub are rotten at the bottom, not completely rotten at the top. Shrubs are low, often evergreen, so they can actually resemble grasses. 3.2.2. 7 respondents indicated the ‘growth place’ of the bush: the bush grows in forests or in remote areas from the city; grows in forests; grows on a forest bed; it is a shrub growing in the forest; growing in abandoned areas, aged bush; the shrub is more commonly found in the wild; grows in uninhabited areas. 3.2.3. As one of the characteristics of the shrub, its ‘propagation’ was mentioned by 2 respondents: shrubs more often and faster multiply (aut. past. : less than puskrūmiai). 3.2.4. One respondent indicated that the shrubs are evergreen. And indeed, this is often the case. Išanalizavus atsakymus į klausimus apie krūmokšnį, akivaizdu, kad respondentai have no idea what kind of plant it is – just like in the case of a half-shrub. Not a little ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ, DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Žodžių krūmas, puskrūmis, krūmokšnis, krūmelis concept (based on student survey) | 24 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.12 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 respondents said they do not know what is a bush. Some believed that the shrub was ‘no different from a shrub or half-shrub’. Išoriniai krūmokšnio požymiai buvo nurodyti net 105-iuose atsakymuose (87 proc. of all answers on the signs of bruxism). Internal characteristics were mentioned by 16 (13 proc.). Išorinių požymių gausa rodo, kad dėl šio augalo bendros nuomonės nėra, taigi sunku išskirti ir tipiškus požymius. Iš visų požymių dažniausiai minėti išoriniai – respondents: ‘shaft size’ (35%), ‘fruit or berry bearing’ (11%), ‘presentation of leaves or needles’ (8%). Other signs are much less common. A large proportion of all the answers show that respondents not only do not know what is a bush, but even tend to fantasize a lot, nėra didesnis už krūmą; jis nesiskiria nuo krūmo tuo, kad vienas iš jų veda vaisius (uogas) ir because in fact the bush has flowers, and the other one does not; it is not more prickly than a bush; its branches do not start higher than the bush and so on. Of course, there is also a lot dvi reikšmes. Tačiau vis tiek daugelis atsakymų netitinka nei vienos, nei antros žodžio of confusion because the word krūmokšnis has the meaning of shrub. Nor can it be said that any third meaning of the word in question emerges from those answers. It is obvious that this word also needs to be studied from a semantic point of view in other sources. 4. STUDENT-INFORMED SIGNS OF BULLYING It should be noted that the meaning of the word krūmelis was known by all respondents. 4.1. The most frequently mentioned characteristic of the bush was external – its ‘size’. It was mentioned by the 61st respondent, cf.: small shrub; the smallest bush; very small bush; extremely small bush; a smaller version of the bush; a smaller variant of the bush; a small bush; bush, only smaller; a low-standing shrub; the bush is a low, small shrub; form, in the burial the same as the bush, only smaller; small, about 50 cm bush. Another 16 respondents indicated that it is not just a small, but ‘young, not yet grown bush’, cf.: young bush; bush – a young, small shrub; not yet grown, young bush; still growing bush; it is still an undergrown shrub; small bush, still in the process of growth; a seedling of a bush; bush plant, young; a small shoot. ‘has a pleasant shade’, cf.: a shrub named by a pejorative word; the same bush, only the word in the minor form; minor name of the bush; the 4.2. 13-a respondentų parašė, kad tai ‘mažybinė žodžio forma’ arba kad šis žodis same bush, only the bush is a concept (based on a student survey) | 25 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.12 ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ, DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Žodžių krūmas, puskrūmis, krūmokšnis, krūmelis BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 a minor word to describe a shrub; the diminutive form of the word "bush"; krūmelis is just a small word for a small shrub; krūmelis is a deminutive of the word „shrub”; a man who cares for and protects a bush calls it a bush, as a mother calls her son a son; very cute shrub. 4.3. 9-ių respondentų nuomone, svarbus krūmelio požymis yra jo ‘dekoratyvumas’, plg.: ornamental shrub; decorative pruned shrub or semi-shrub; more perhaps decorative (aut. past.: than a shrub); it is an ornamental plant; performs a decorative function; beautiful, neat small bush; it could be an ornamental shrub, brought by people, it's a sign of culture. 4.4. Taip pat 9-iems respondentams atrodė, kad krūmelis ne šiaip mažas krūmas, o ‘a slightly different species’, e.g. a shrub of another species; smaller, but shrub-like plant; it is the dar mažesnis augalas negu krūmas, dažnai sakoma „gėlių krūmelis“; krūmelis – mažesnis už krūmą augalas, iš visų aukščiau išvardytų (aut. past.: krūmo, puskrūmio ir krūmokšnio) plant closest to the ground; small, low-growing plant, a simpler version of a bush; a small bush of yra mažiausias darinys; krūmelis lygu puskrūmis; tas pats krūmokšnis; sinonimas žodžiui buckthorn. Thus, the most important characteristic of a bush is external – ‘size’. It accounted for as much as 72% of all mentioned signs. Another external characteristic recorded in the answers is the ‘decorativeness of the shrub’ (8%). 12% of the answers relate to the diminutive meaning of the word krūmelis. And, as mentioned, some respondents thought that the bush is a bush of another kind, there are such answers 8 per cent From the majority of the answers it can be concluded that the meaning of the shrub is mažumu ar mielumu. Taip pat reikia turėti omenyje, kad DŽ nurodo dvi žodžio krūmas related to its meanings: 1. perennial plant with several stems, branching from the ground; 2. a herbaceous plant whose stems go straight from the roots, keras (DŽ7i). One of the 41 answers suggests that the word krūmelis also has two meanings, i.e. it can denote not only a small shrub, but also a branch of a herbaceous plant, cf.: it is a plant even smaller than a shrub, often called a "flower bush" (flowers are usually herbaceous plants). 5. IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIFIC 41 PLANTS These values shall also be recorded in the LCPs. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ, DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Žodžių krūmas, puskrūmis, krūmokšnis, krūmelis concept (based on student survey) | 32 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.12 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 THE PERCEPTION OF THE WORDS SHRUB, SUBSHRUB, BUSH, SMALL SHRUB; BASED ON A STUDENT SURVEY Summary It has been noted that people rarely differentiate between the words krūmas (shrub), puskrūmis (subshrub), and krūmokšnis (bush), even though the words have different terminological meanings. This study aimed to investigate the contemporary rather than terminological daily perception of these words. A survey of students was chosen as an instrument of enquiry. Analysis of the data has showed that the respondents listed 20 attributes of the shrub (Lith. bush). The most frequent description of the shrub was that ‘a shrub is a plant’. Other most typical attributes of the shrub have to do with its exterior: ‘the size of the shrub, ‘how branchy it is’, ‘the qualities of its trunk’, ‘how leafy or thorny it is’, ‘how thick or lush it is’. Several interior attributes of the shrub were mentioned as well, and included qualities such as ‘woodiness’, ‘the characteristics of the bush lifecycle’, and so on. A review of the survey forms has revealed that the knowledge of the subshrub (Lithuanian: puskrūmis) is much poorer than that of the shrub. A lot of the respondents did not know what a subshrub was or thought it was completely the same as the shrub. A total of 12 subshrub attributes were named. Some of the respondents described the subshrub on the basis of its the terminological meaning of subshrub. formational meaning: ‘half a shrub’ or ‘semi-shrub’. These replies have nothing to do with Strangely, quite a few of the respondents connected the subshrub with a tree rather than a shrub, believing this plant to bear more semblance to mentioned were its ‘size’, ‘trunk the first rather than the latter. The most frequent exterior attributes of the subshrub properties’, ‘rarity’. Notably, these attributes differ from what encyclopaedias have to say. Several respondents also mentioned some interior attributes of the subshrub: ‘subshrub’s woodiness’ and that the subshrub is a ‘perennial plant’. These answers conform to the attributes of the subshrub that its terminological meaning refers to. The respondents also had some difficulty with describing the bush (Lithuanian: krūmokšnis). There were a massive 12 exterior attributes of the bush mentioned and this plenitude of attributes indicates the absence of a uniform opinion about this plant. The most frequent ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ, DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Žodžių krūmas, puskrūmis, krūmokšnis, krūmelis samprata (remiantis studentų apklausa) | 33 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.12 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 mentions were the ‘size’, ‘bearing of fruit or berries’, ‘presence of leaves or thorns’. Interior attributes mentioned were four: ‘the degree of woodiness’, ‘reproduction’, ‘place of growing’, ‘evergreenness’. Everyone knew what a small shrub (Lith. krūmelis) was. The underlying attribute of the small shrub is of the exterior variety: its ‘size’. A portion of the replies were tied to the diminutive meaning of the small shrub. Analysis of the replies about specific plants (lilac, raspberry, mint, thyme, oregano) has revealed that the respondents tend to judge about this type of plants by their size: the smaller the plant, the more often it is referred to as a perennial herb, rather disregarding the woodiness of its stems or other attributes. The attributes referred to in the terminological meanings of the plants covered in the article, and those of subshrub and bush in particular, differ to a rather substantial extent from the plant attributes identified in the course of this study. It is obvious that all of them need to be researched on the basis of other sources, such as dictionaries and corpuses, as well. KEYWORDS: survey, meaning, semantic analysis, attribute, definition, terminology, shrub, subshrub, bush, small shrub. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania [email protected] [email protected]