Emocinė-ekspresinė leksika „Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne“ – naujadarų radimosi priežastys ir darybos būdai

BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ Institute of Lithuanian Language EMOCINĖ-EKSPRESINĖ LEKSIKA LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE NEW WORDS DATA BASE – THE ORIGIN OF NEW WORDS AND THE METHOD OF WORKING ESSENTIAL WORDS: emotional-expressive vocabulary, new words, occasional forms, working analysis, working method, productivity. INTRODUCTION The Lithuanian language new words database (hereinafter – ND, database) has been written about in various aspects (see Miliūnaitė 2012a: 3–11; 2015: 161–184; 2018: 1–21; Murmulaitytė 2016a: 1–27; 2016b: 68–88; Aleksaitė 2018: 1–2), therefore this time, without continuing the general overview of the database, we delve into the traditional concept of new words and their types, and present an innovative approach to Lithuanian language new words as signs of current issues. As of April 5, 2019, the database contained 5120 lexicographically described language units. There are 572 novelties performing emotional-expressive functions. 1 The stylistically marked novelties in the database are divided into eight expressive shades: vulgar, derogatory, denigrating, petty, pleasant, joking, ironic and familiar (see Figure 1). 1 Nouns make up 91.8% of all fixed emotional-expressive vocabulary in ND, verbs – 4.9%, adjectives – 3.3%. Considering the limited empirical material on verbs and adjectives, it is not possible to discuss in detail the ways of constructing adjectives and verbs, therefore this article describes in general the tendencies of constructing stylistically marked nouns. AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ. Emocinė-ekspresinė leksika Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne – circumstances and methods of creation of new words | 2 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.04 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 1 PAV. It can be seen that the majority of the emotional-expressive vocabulary in ND (as much as 69.4%) consists of new words of negative connotation, i.e., new words with an ironic, derogatory, derogatory, vulgar and familiar connotation. Such an uneven distribution can be explained as the norm, and special emotions about normal things people do not mean, so psichologinėmis ir socialinėmis priežastimis: lietuvių kalboje (kaip ir daugelyje kitų kalbų) neigiamas emocinis vertinimas išreiškiamas dažniau negu teigiamas, nes visa, kas gera, priimama everything that is wrong, laikoma nukrypimu nuo normos ir įvertinama neigiamos konotacijos naujažodžiais (Jakaitienė 1988: 51; Gudavičius 2000: 130–131). In the absence of ND constructively incomprehensible semantic new words, such as ploughs "menk. everything dissatisfied darkness“, beet „menk. "There's a little bit of a cult of self-righteousness," said a spokesperson for the group, "but it's a little bit of a mess. driver woman, recklessly and maliciously disregarding the traffic rules" (cf. road eagle, road eagle), useful idiot "menk. who disinterestedly spreads suspicious knowledge and ideologies, beneficial to opponents, without realizing the harmfulness of such behavior", and borrowed, e.g., nafris, -ė "mink. Expat in Europe from North Africa", retarder "2. iron. figuratively, a laggard; Vulgarus 0,5 % Derogatory 6,3 % Degressive 28,3 % Mažybinis 1,6 % Maloninis 3,7 % Joking 25,3 % Ironic 33,8 % Familiarus 0,5 % AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ. Emocinė-ekspresinė leksika Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne – circumstances and methods of creation of political novels | 3 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.04 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 the brake of processes” (for more on ethically inappropriate words see Župerka 2005: 25–28), 479 language units were selected for the study. The aim of this article is to identify the main ways of 2 word formation in the emotional-expressive vocabulary recorded in ND and the most productive new creations; 2) perform a constructive analysis of ND stylistically marked novelties; 3) to investigate darybos priemones. U ž d a v in i a i : 1) išrinkti iš ND emocinę-ekspresinę funkciją atliekančius and describe the methods and means of making stylistically marked novelties; 4) to identify the circumstances of new tendencies of work. Apply the methods of operational analysis and calculation ir 5) aptarti stilistiškai žymėtų naujadarų (gyvenamojo meto aktualijų ženklų) radimosi in the work. INTERPRETATION OF EMOTIONAL-EXPRESSIVE LEXIC as words that express feelings, their “base of meaning – the positive or negative emotional relationship of the speaker with the Stilistiškai žymėtą leksiką sudaro emotyvai ir ekspresyvai. Įprastai emotyvai apibrėžiami named thing. It is his opinion about the value of a certain thing, and that (Gudavičius 2000: 126). For stylistic reasons, expressives are also used – these are “words that describe the named thing in an nuomonė pasireiškia ne kaip loginis sprendimas, o kaip kalbančio asmens pojūtis ar jausmas“ image” (Jakaitienė 2010: 164). The main difference between emotives and expressives is the different directions of influence, since “emotives affect the interlocutor’s feelings, and figurative words – the imagination, because their meaning is as if embodied in visual or audible images” (Jakaitienė 2010: 164). Although in the scientific literature it is customary to distinguish between emotional and expressive terms according to the direction of their influence, it is nevertheless impossible to strictly separate them, because “what is emotional in language is always expressive” (Pikčilingis 2010: 211; see also Volek 1987: 5) and, conversely, “information conveyed visually also receives one or another emotional evaluation” (Jakaitienė 2010: 164–165), the term lexis. todėl straipsnyje stilistiškai žymėtai leksikai pavadinti renkamasi vartoti emocinės-ekspresinės 3 2 This is a preliminary study of emotional-expressive vocabulary, which revealed that some of the dataset’s new additions still need to be systematically edited from a stylistic point of view. The aim of ND is to record lexical innovations, so adding one word at a time to the base does not immediately make the whole system clear. Only when more data has been collected, it is possible to see which groups of novelists stand out and to evaluate these groups consistently stylistically. 3 Because of this difficult separation, the emotional-expressive vocabulary of ND is not divided into the two groups mentioned above. AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ. Emocinė-ekspresinė leksika Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne – circumstances and methods of creation of new words | 4 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.04 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 TRADICINĖ NAUJAŽODŽIŲ SAMPRATA IR RŪŠYS In Lithuanian linguistic works, a new word (neologism) is usually defined as a word that has recently appeared in the language (Urbutis 2009: 36–37; Jakaitienė 2010: 205; Girčienė 2011: 165), although there are mokslinėje literatūroje pateikiama naujažodžio samprata įvairuoja (plačiau žr. Girčienė 2012b: some differences (6): some consider the distinctive feature of a new word to be the impression of novelty, unusualness (Palionis 1985: 212), others consider new words words that have not been included in reference dictionaries (Miliūnaitė 2015: 169). Scientists argue about the “aureole of 4 novelty” attributed to a new word, “[a]lthough the word may already seem ordinary, and others may naujumas kartais gali būti suprantamas pernelyg subjektyviai: vieniems kalbos vartotojams koks not understand it yet” (Popova 2005: 9–13, quoted from Jakaitienė 2010: 205; see also Kazlauskaitė, Župerka, Macienė 2013: 91). The more reliable criterion is not completely reliable – there are naujažodžių atrankos kriterijus pagal atraminius leidinius, nors lietuvių kalbos atveju toks lexicographic gaps in dictionaries, there is a problem of non-systematic dictionaries (Miliūnaitė 2015: 169). New words in the database are words that are not recorded as reference words in the selected dictionaries, i.e. In the Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language (6th (electronic) edition, 2011), the online Dictionary of Lithuanian Language and the International Dictionary of Words (Alma littera, 2001) (see http://naujazodziai.lki.lt/?Apie_duomenyna; about the differences between protologism and neologism see Aleksaitė 2018: 5–6). Functionally, new words are divided into two main groups – referential (also called nominative, term, imperative, etc.) and expressive (also called stylistic, optional, etc.) (Girčienė 2012a: 249; 2012b: 15; see also Offord 2001: 98; Vaicekauskienė (transmission of information) function, and expressive new words are included in the text for 2007: 34–43). Referentiniai naujažodžiai įvardija naujas realijas, t. y. atlieka referentinę stylistic reasons, here the most important emotional-expressive function (Girčienė 2012b: 15). Reference 4 It is true that ND also presents such language units that probably by mistake did not enter the supporting dictionaries. They ND have the tag non-new (unfixed), e.g., meiliavaistis "folk medicine remedy that causes or increases sexual desire". It is stated in the dataset that this new word is a "partial equivalent of the current loanword aphrodisiac, which was used in Lithuanian but has not been included in the great Lithuanian language dictionary". AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ. Emocinė-ekspresinė leksika Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne – circumstances and methods of creation of new words | 5 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.04 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 new words, the main distinctive feature of which is stylistic neutrality (Girčienė 2012b: 41), are referred to as potential constructs (potentialisms) in works on word formation. Potential derivative – a completely usual, newly formed and compliant with the requirement of the action type derivative for the language user, which is realized during the act of speaking at every moment whenever it is needed (Plag 2003: 57; Paulauskienė 2006: 24; Urbutis 2009: 316; Vaskelienė 2011: 67), for example, next to the usual Lithuanian names of meat (poultry, pork, beef) buivoliena (: buffalo) “buffalo meat”, kangūriena (: kangūra) “kangūra meat”, kamranugariena (: camel) “camel meat”, etc. The essential distinctive feature of potential formations is that even at their first appearance, the novelty is often not felt (Mikelionienė 2000a: 19; Urbutis 2009: 323). They are created out of the necessity to name a new reality (Girčienė 2012b: 12), in order to fill the so-called “semantic void” (Mikelionienė 2000b: 65), unlike expressive new words, which aim at “newer, more expressive or fashionable linguistic expressions” (Girčienė 2012b: 41; see also Lehrer 2003: 369) in raiškos“ (Girčienė 2005: 78). Šie stilistiškai žymėti, arba konotuoti, teksto elementai (Girčienė other works are also called occasional derivatives (ocasionalisms). Ocasional construct (ocazionalizmas) – expressive, distant from the system of creation (Urbutis 2009: 323–324; Jakaitienė ir individualiame kontekste sustingęs naujadaras (Blažinskaitė 2004: 59; Rozenbergs 2004: 156; 2010: 207; Mattiello 2016: 115), also referred to as authorial, individual, stylistic, situational, contextual, one-time and unusual new creation / neologism, as well as dictionaries unfixed construct (Mikelionienė 2000c: 67; 2002: 74; Jakaitienė 2010: 207; Kazlauskaitė, Župerka, Macienė 2013: 92; Miliūnaitė 2014: 247), e.g., persons with low intelligence are described as brainwashed, -ė (: išplautas, -a + smegenys) „menk. whose mind is deranged (with brainwashed thoughts)“, vienavingis, -ė (: vienas, -a + vingis) „menk. who with one brain winding, i.e. primitive thinking“, perniasmegenis, -ė (: pea + brain) „mink. what primitive thinking, unenlightened, unbuilt stuobrys" and others. part of occasional novelties. A possible further direction of research is to examine the differences in the Taigi straipsnyje nagrinėjama ND emocinė-ekspresinė leksika, į kurią patenka nemaža production tendencies of occasional and reference neoplasms. AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ. Emocinė-ekspresinė leksika Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne – circumstances and methods of creation of new words | 6 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.04 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Language is one of the most important characteristics of a nation (Gudavičius 1992: 1), because “[k]each nation’s language preserves an interesting history about the efforts of many centuries of people to know, understand and integrate the world around them” (Kopylenko 1995: 19, quoted from Gudavičius 2000: 8), in other words, the worldview and world-perception of a nation that has developed over the centuries has been preserved in the language units used since ancient times (Gudavičius 2003: 68). The relationship between language and nation is examined not only by linguists, but also by specialists in other fields: “Language has long been perceived by many culturalologists, mythologists as a mirror of folk culture, the psychology and philosophy of the nation, often as the only source of knowledge of the history of the nation and its spirit, and is studied from this point of view” (Tolstoy 2009: 82). The worldview of the native language is characterized by multilayeredness and multifacetedness, because not only elements of the worldview that are no longer relevant to society (old beliefs, images) remain in the language, but also new aspects of the perception of the world (new experience, new phenomena, new scientific truths) are found (Mackiewicz 1999a: 21; 1999: 195, quoted from Gudavičius 2000: 13), for example, next to the names of ancient houses common to Lithuanians (gryčia, pirkia, stuba, troba), with the change of life circumstances (the destruction of agrarian culture and the strengthening of urbanization), gradually in the language appeared betonmonstris (: betonas + monsteras) “a huge, menacingly looking concrete building”, betonoidas (: betonas) “an innovative concrete building that destroys the harmonious environment”, sklypas (: sklypas) “a place in the center of a modern city where there are many skyscrapers”, the jar that has acquired a new meaning “menk. innovative glass building or superstructure (usually of low value, not always built „giliai po žeme įleistas pastatas, dangoraižio priešingybė“. Panašūs naujadarai teikia vertingos legally)” and žemėraižis (: žemė + carve) information not only about the worldview recorded in the language of the Lithuanian people, but also about the language worldview, which conveys the Būtent laiko aktualijas bei laikinus, situacinius dalykus (Miliūnaitė 2012a: 4) ar net emotional relationship of man with reality (Gudavičius 2000: 16). breaks in the development of society (Girčienė 2012c: 19) are marked by a flow of new words. The database records several dozen novelties, which should be considered as signs of current issues, e.g., proposals for legal regulation in the field of transport and education submitted by politicians in 2018 did not receive public support, AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ. Emocinė-ekspresinė leksika Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne – naujadarų radimosi aplinkybės ir darybos būdai | 7 therefore there were stylistically marked, time-related words in the speech. BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 naujadarų: dyzelheitas (: dyzelis „dyzelinu varomas automobilis“ + -heitas < anglų k. hate "hate") "laugh. the dislike of diesel cars”; 1999: 5 "Food + Food + Food" (feat. who carries food not recommended by the Ministry of Health to school” (cf. snack-bearer, -ė). Entrepreneurs, who reacted immediately to the recommendations of the Ministry of Health, 6 offered a solution to students and their parents – a possible contaminant (mixture) that appeared in the language along with the new reality (for more information see Kabašinskaitė: 1998: 5, 63–64, 67; Urbutis 2009: 354–355; Miliūnaitė 2014: 246–264; Murmulaitytė 2018: 60–70) sveikatronas (: sveikas, -a + -tronas) “a snack box for children that encourages them to eat vegetables”. 7 The ND is full of more novelties showing dissatisfaction with the current government, related to the Lithuanian Peasants and Greens Union and its sympathetic persons: gandragalviai (: gandras + galva) „menk. The political force led by Ramūnas Karbauskis is the Lithuanian Union of Peasants and Greens, whose symbol is the flying eagles, gandragalviškas, -a (: gandragalvis, -ė) "mink. 8 typical of egrets", egrets-thinking, -ė (: egrets + thought) "mink. "The Green and the Green Party: A History of the Green Party" (PDF) (PDF). The political force led by Ramūnas Karbauskis is the Lithuanian Union of Peasants and 9 Greens, whose symbol is the flying eagle.” The database recorded the novelties made by the Lithuanian Union of Peasants and Greens about diesel cars, has already acquired a generic name – diesel hate, – laughs Vitoldas Milius, General Director of the Lithuanian Auto Business Association (15min.lt 2018 07 31). k. dieselgate). Dieselgate (from the 5 Plg. ND teikiamą pavyzdį: Šis reiškinys, kai dalis automobilių bendruomenės išsako vien tik neigiamą nuomonę English words diesel and gate, which are a punchline, usually referring to a large-scale political or hidden government scandal) is the Volkswagen diesel car emission data fraud scandal. Beje, naujadaro dyzelheitas nederėtų painioti su fonetiškai panašiu dyzelgeitu (plg. anglų k. dieselgate, rusų 6 Plg. ND teikiamus vartosenos pavyzdžius: Buvo knygnešiai, dabar bus maistnešiai [Moksleivio, kuris buvo introduced to the list of non-recommended school food, comment. – Red. past.] (facebook.com protect the 2018 09 04). 2018 prasidėjo užkandnešių laikai. Pagal viską, tai tęsis 40 metų [Reakcija į feisbuko diskusiją apie Sveikatos instructions of the Ministry of Education, what food students may not bring to school. – Red. past.] (facebook.com 2018 08 31). 7 Plg. “For this reason, for the third year in a row, we are carrying out the social responsibility project “Sodinčius”, which aims to help children get to know vegetables and fruits and thus encourage the little ones to eat them and learn about daugiau. Šiais metais nusprendėme ateiti į pagalbą tėveliams ir dėmesį skirti tam, kad jų vaikai originaliau ir žaismingiau healthy nutrition. We have created special snack boxes – “Sveikatronus”, which depict vegetables – heroes, such as tomato, broccoli, apple, carrot and raspberry, symbolising the super powers of vegetables and fruits. In order for children to put healthy snacks into these boxes, we gave vegetables, fruits and berries special names, such as “morkatronas”, – says B. Čaikauskaitė (zmones.lt 2018 09 17). 8 The word is derived from the analogy with the word "butterfly". 9 The word is made by analogy with the word "communist". AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ. Emocinė-ekspresinė leksika Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne – circumstances and methods of creation of new words | 8 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.04 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 The name of the leader Ramūnas Karbauskis: karbauskiada (: Karbauskis) "stories related to the activities of the Seimas member Ramūnas Karbauskis", karbauskininkai (: Karbauskis) "political force led by Ramūnas Karbauskis – the Union of Lithuanian Peasants and Greens" and karbauskizmas (: Karbauskis) "nothing. the ideology of politician Ramūnas Karbauskis and the party he leads”. The close cooperation of politicians Saulius Skvernelis and Ramūnas Karbauskis is named by the possible contaminant karboskvernelis (: Karbauskis + Skvernelis) “nothing. The duet of politicians Saulius Skvernelis and Ramūnas Karbauskis”. The dataset found somewhat fewer new additions, made pirmininko Sauliaus Skvernelio pavarde, pvz., skvernelininkas, -ė (: Skvernelis) „premjero based on minister Saulius Skvernelis's supporter" and skvernelkė (: Skvernelis) "mink. proposed by the Government led by Prime Minister Saulius Skvernelis, a conditional monetary unit for socially disadvantaged žmonėms apsipirkti smulkiose parduotuvėse“ (pasidaryta pagal analogiją su žargonybe vagnorkė 10 ). The name of a settlement in Lithuania – Naisiai, associated with Ramūnas Karbauskis: naisiada (: Lietuvos valstiečių ir žaliųjų sąjungos vadovu, kuriama ir tokių darinių, kurių darybos pamatu Naisiai) “the peripeties related to the TV series “Naisių vasara” and the political advertising of the Union of Citizens and Greens in that series”, naisybė (: Naisiai) “iron. characteristics, representing the negative attitudes of oppositional forces towards everything related to Naisiai as the Citizens and Greens Union of the Greens Union, one of whose symbols is Naisiai, voters“, naisietis, -ė simboliu, pavadinimas“ (plg. naisu, naisumas, naisus, -i), naisietija (: naisietis, -ė) „Valstiečių ir (: Naisiai) „1. Resident of Naujieji; 2. member or follower of the Union of Citizens and Greens, one of whose symbols is Naisiai", and naisuva (: Naisiai) "representatives of the Union of Citizens and naisizacija (: Naisiai) „iron. Ramūno Karbauskio idėjų, įgyvendintų Naisių gyvenvietėje, plėtra“ Greens, one of whose symbols is Naisiai, in the Seimas". It is obvious that the most relevant things are eventually covered with derivatives (i.e. negative connotations) (cf. Miliūnaitė 2000: 8). The creators of stylistically marked novelties also draw attention to the activities of the Minister of Health Aurelijus Veryga, especially negatively evaluated his initiated campaign to tighten alcohol control, therefore the name of the minister is chosen as the basis of the work and not only negative images are created. 10 Vagnorkėmis (: Vagnorius) are called the first Lithuanian money introduced after the restoration of independence (temporary coupons, illustrated with various animals). AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ. Emocinė-ekspresinė leksika Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne – circumstances and methods of creation of new words | 9 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.04 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 connotations, but also joking constructs, ridiculing or mocking not only the minister himself, but also the supporters of the campaign to tighten alcohol control: contaminant veryganas, -ė (: Veryga + veganas) “joke. The name is derived from the Greek word for "iron" (iron, iron). alkoholio kontrolės griežtinimo šalininkas“, verygizacija griežtinimas“, verygmetis (: Veryga + metas) „iron. The period (: Veryga) „iron. LR sveikatos ministro Aurelijaus Verygos inicijuotas alkoholio kontrolės of the entry into force of the Act on the Strengthening of Alcohol Control initiated by the Minister of Health of the Republic of Lithuania Aurelijus Veryga" and contaminates the campaign on the žveryga (: žvėris + Veryga) „iron. naujadaras, sukurtas ironizuojant Sveikatos ministro Aurelijaus strengthening of alcohol control initiated by Veryga". The result of the ban is the occurrencealism pagekarpys, -ė (: page + cut) "laugh. law enforcement officer – cutter of pages of foreign magazines with prohibited alcohol advertising”. Such political innovations “show the developmental tendencies, the importance for language users not only <...> the frequency of use, but also the branching of the creation” (Girčienė 2013: 85) – the fact that they are not created individually, but new structures forming a rich nest of creation, proves that the Lithuanian nation, creatively using the powers of word creation, expresses in a variety and abundance an emotional relationship with the sensitive topics of the living time. (see Pikčilingis 1971: 225; Gudavičius 2007: 83). Temporary, situational things (e.g., individual scandals of politicians, etc.) are marked with only one other novelty: markauskiada (: Markauskas) „iron. "Agriculture Minister Bronius Markauskas's agricultural business scandal", nusišalčiūtinti (: *šalčiūtintis: *šalčiūtinti: Šalčiūtė) "iron. to take a selfie in the style of social networks and entertainment world star Monika Šalčiūtė“, pakildišinti (: *kildišinti: member Greta Kildišienė), Kildišienė) „juok. sukompromituoti dėl politiko Ramūno Karbauskio proteguotos buvusios Seimo pūkintis (: *pūkinti: Pūkas) „juok. a novelty intended to describe the activities of parliamentarian Kęstutis Pūkas, for which he is accused of sexual priekabiavimo“ ir kt. A few more striking signs of the current issues of living time in 2018, recorded in ND “as a beautiful expression of language creation and a testimony to the powers of language and its creators” (Miliūnaitė 2012b: 8): Sausuva (: sausas, -a) “Lithuania affected by drought” 11 (cf. 11 Plg. The example given by ND: Lithuanian suffering: last year – real Lithuania, this year – already Sausuva [heading] Instead of the expected rain – only a few drops. Many farmers in the country were extremely disappointed by this yesterday, and they have already run out of hay even for their cattle. The situation is not much better in the forests, so the Dzūki remain without income for the time being. AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ. Emocinė-ekspresinė leksika Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne – circumstances and methods of creation of new words | 16 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.04 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 (: pilstukas) „menk. who sells or drinks a bottle” (2.7 per cent), star (: star) “iron. men – celebrities, celebrities (usually from the entertainment world)” (2.3 per cent), manure (: manure) “mink. fast unhealthy burger-type food” (1.8 per cent), stambutė (: stambus, -i) “malon. bulky, fat girl or woman” (cf. pilnutė) (1.8 per cent), talkative (: talks) “slightly. 1.4% of the population), engykla (: engė) (mink. workers oppressing company” (1.4 per cent), muzzle (: muzzle) “iron. muštynės, per kurias duodama į veidą, dalyvis“ (1,4 proc.), trolija (: trolis, -ė) „iron. trolling community” (0.9 per cent), health (: health) “laugh. place where health and beauty products are sold” (0,9 %), beetroot (: beetroot) “mink. place where a lot of people who are mockingly called beetles are gathered“ (0.9 per cent), baisuoklis, -ė (: baisus, -i) „iron., lauk. who is scary, looks scary, behaves scary or so on.” (0.9%), drunkenness (: drunk, -a) "iron. 0.9%) and conservative (: konservatorius, -ė) (laugh. wife of an influential conservative politician” (0.5 per cent), davatkinas (: davatka) “mink. vyras davatka" (0.5 per cent), waste (: waste) "iron. tradition of wasting (government) money” (0.5 per cent), (: acne) “mink. what is acne-prone” (0.5 per cent), darnuva (: harmonious, -i) “iron. the sum of all that is harmonious” (0.5%) and many others. According to ND data, the second most productive way of word formation is conjugation (31.7%). The integrity of the sculptures is not only supported by the material of the database. This “relative increase of compound words (compared to the derivatives of prepositions and endings)” (Gaivenis 1980: 31) has been written about even earlier. The ND is dominated by stylistically marked puns, consisting of two nouns (43.4%), e.g., fleturgis (: flesa + turgus) „menk. a market where second-hand goods or handicrafts are sold, pork (: pork + live) “menk. pig raised in an unnatural (accelerated) way”, špygsubinė (: špyga + subinė) “vulg. woman with a very thin ass", zombie box (: zombie + box) "iron. people buking television (television)" and others. There are two main types of fusions: fusions of two nouns (i.e. negative connotations) whose second suffix is -žmogis, e.g. 23 europažmogis (: Europa + žmogus) „iron. European Union inhabitant without state and nation based on federation relations“, galvažmogis (: galva + žmogus) „iron. "Story of a Man with a Chair" (PDF) (PDF). if 23 The ND notes that "the word is most commonly used to refer to Russian propaganda television". AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ. Emocinė-ekspresinė leksika Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne – circumstances and methods of creation of new words | 17 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.04 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 work a sedentary job“, miniažmogis (: minia + žmogus) „menk. a man from the crowd, who is characterized by a carefree attitude to life“, projektasžmogus (: projektas + žmogus) „iron. living from projects man“, rinkažmogus (: market + man) „iron. man living according to the laws of the free market“, sovietžmogus (: soviets + žmogus) „nothing. Soviet ideology serving man", garbageman (: garbage + man) "1. Menk. garbage man“, tolerantžmogus (: tolerance + man) „iron. Liberalism ideology formed tolerance above other values man" and valdžiažmogus, -ė (: power + man) "menk., iron. a selfish man in power; "Iron Man" (feat. Iron Man 3: The Phantom Menace) "Iron Man" (feat. Iron Man 4: The Phantom Menace) "Iron Man 3" (feat. a new type of man“, šlykštažmogis (: šlykštus, -i + žmogus) „nothing. ugly, ugly looking and/or behaving person’). Atskirai reikėtų paminėti ir stilistiškai žymėtų dūrinių darųjį pirmąjį sandą valdžia-, pvz., valdžiadurnis, -ė (: valdžia + durnius) „juok. The power-in-possession fool, the power-head (: power + head) "menk. in power; bureaucrat“, valdžiagyvis (: valdžia + gyvis) „nothing. derogatory name of the representative of the authority“, valdžiatvarka (: valdžia + tvarka) „iron. the opposite of self-regulation, i.e. the empowerment of public authorities to regulate some sphere of public life (for example, the media)“, valdžiasnukis (: valdžia + snukis) „menk. derogatory reference to a representative of authority“, valdžiavyris (: valdžia + vyras) „iron. "Iron Man: The Man in the Iron Mask" (Iron Man: The Man in the Iron Mask). who seized power" and valdžiasiekys, -ė (: power + strive) "laugh. who seeks power (candidates for the Seimas or local government)“). Slightly less in the database are stylistically marked punches from noun and verb (32.2 per cent) – these are “mostly names of persons, whose second sandus is directed at the object of work and nurodoma, kokį tie asmenys darbą dirba ar šiaip veiksmą atlieka, o pirmuoju – į ką tas veiksmas action” (DLKG 2006: 162), e.g., spiritonešis, -ė (: spiritas + nešti) “laugh. spirit smuggler“, tautrebys, -ė (: tauta + drebėti) „menk. who is a thief", žinialaižys, -ė (: žinios + licking) "iron. who overly gathers dreba dėl tautos likimo“, variavagis, -ė (: varis + vogti / vagis) „menk. spalvotojo metalo – vario information on the Internet” and others. Fixed one punch seimasėdis, -ė (: Seimas + sit) "juok. who sits in the Seimas (i.e. a member of the Seimas)”, the first element of which is not the object of the action, but its place (DLKG 2006: 162). There is one other name for the tool or vehicle: hlavová umývačka (: hlava + umývanie) "1. iron. circumstances and methods of creation of novelties in naudojama galvos plautuvė“, pupytvežis (: pupytė + vežti) „juok. automobilis, tinkamas AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ. Emocinė-ekspresinė leksika Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne – hairdressing salons | 18 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.04 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 for girls (girls) to be carried” and others. Among the other rare noun and verb punches, we can mention new forms that remind in their meaning of verb abstracts (DLKG 2006: 162), e.g. žinialaiža (: žinios + ližyti) „iron. excessive knowledge capture on the Internet" and others. The database is full of noun and verb punches (media names of negative connotation), the second verb being -skleisti (-sklaidė): brukalosklaida (: spam 24 + spread) "mink. "Spam-spreading media", "power media (: power + spread)" "mink. influential media, which uses its power to manipulate people, to form a certain public opinion“, klaidasklaida (: klaida + skleisti) „iron. klaidinanti, klaidas skleidžianti žiniasklaida), click media (: click "clicking with the computer mouse" + spread) „menk. Popularity, so-called clicks (clicks) chasing media, manipulating misleading, sensational internet article headline or image", false media (: lie + spread) "iron. lies-spreading media", mėšlasmedia (: manure + spread) "nothing. dirty things spreading media“, purvasklaida (: dirvas + skleisti) „menk., juok., niek., iron. purvą skleidžianti, t. y. ką nors juodinanti, šmeižianti, niekinanti žiniasklaida“, reklamsklaida (: reklama + skleisti) „iron. biased media that only presents commercially useful information", snargliasklaida (: snarglys + skleisti) "mink. derogatory media name” and government media (: government + spread) “iron. "Spotlight on the 2014 FIA Formula One World Championship: Red Bull and Red Bull Racing (A+B+C+D+E+F+G+H)" (PDF). yellow (bulvar) media). The ND data would show that the punching compounds valdžia- (first accent), -skleisti (-sklaidė) and -žmogis (second accent) are productive and would stylistically indicate an analogy with the word žiniasklaida. naujadarų dėmenys. Neatmestina tikimybė, kad šie naujadarai galėjo būti pasidaryti pagal The database contains single punches from 1) adjective and noun, e.g. the cliché „iron. (: klišas, -a + kalba) „juok. kalba, maišyta iš kelių kalbų“, linksmakojis (: linksmas, -a + koja) ironically – a cheerful “dance” of intoxicated builders – work on a construction site” (made by analogy with a blockbuster); 2) a number and a noun, e.g. a double (: two 25 24 Šie dūriniai veikiausiai negalėtų remtis dabartinėje lietuvių kalboje paplitusiu daiktavardžiu sklaida, nes according to the word formation rules, the ending of the compound noun should change, e.g. spam (: spam + spread); cf. šunogė (: dog, dogs + berry) (see LKG 1965: 447–448; DLKG 2006: 154). The LKG states that: „[d]ariniai, kurių antruoju dėmeniu imamas io kamieno daiktavardis, yra ia ir ė kamienų“ (1965: 448). 25 Newjard linksmakojis (: linksmas, -a + klumpakojis) can probably also be considered a contaminant. AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ. Emocinė-ekspresinė leksika Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne – circumstances and methods of creation of new words | 19 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.04 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 + Christmas) "iron. Christmas is celebrated twice – by the authorities and by the people; 3) verb forms (present participle) and nouns, e.g. apverstsmegenis, -ė (: apverstas, -a / apversti + smegenys) „iron. whose brains are upside down, i.e. thinking the other way around’; 4) verb and noun, e.g. spoksadėžė (: spoksoti + dėžė) "laugh. TV", shitpaper (: shit + paper) "fam. toilet paper", whistling wine (: whistling + wine) "mink. cheap sparkling wine carbonated’; 5) adverb and noun, e.g. šiandienžmogus (: šiandien + žmogus) „iron. a man whose memory reaches only the present and has no past; 6) pronoun and noun, e.g. kitovalda (: kitas, -a + valda / control) „iron. adjective / adverb and verb, e.g. sengyvena (: senas, -a / seniai + gyventi) “to live long. a person who wants to live as it was priešingybė savivaldai, kai bendruomenę valdo ne jos, o savo interesais besirūpinanti valdžia“; 7) lived before’; ilgasėdis, -ė (: long + sitting) „iron. the verbs of the speech. kas ilgai užsisėdėjęs (eidamas kokias pareigas)“. Matyti, kad dūrybos procese remiamasi įvairių Another productive way of creating emotional-expressive vocabulary (in addition to the aforementioned adverbial construction and punching) is contamination (confusion) (12.7%). This is not a grammatical (morphological) process, and its consequences (contaminants, or mixtures) are adjectively undecomposable (unmotivated) words (Urbutis 2009: 355). Although contamination (Miliūnaitė 2014: 250) is a non-morphemic way of word formation, it can be assumed that consciousness is gradually spreading in Lithuanian. A practical analysis of the dviejų žodžių sąmaiša (jų fragmentų jungimas į vieną naujadarą) (Urbutis 2009: 354–355) emotional-expressive lexicon of ND shows that the state) heading person”, pig (: pig + colleague) 26 “laugh. "Klerk" (: klerkas + karkvabalis) "menk. "Iron Man 3: The Phantom Menace" (Iron Man 3: The nevengiama imtis netradicinio žodžių darymosi, o tokių darinių (kontaminantų) ND randasi vis naujų, pvz., biurozauras (: biuras + dinozauras) „iron. keletą dešimtmečių įstaigai (paprastai Phantom Menace) "Iron Man 3: The Phantom Menace" (Iron Man 3: The Phantom Menace) "Iron Man 3: The Phantom Menace" (feat. Seimas old man, detached from reality and not knowing how (: melagingas, -a / melagis, -ė + naujiena) „menk. melaginga, klaidinanti naujiena“, seimonautas, 26 Since 2014, ND contaminants have increased about 2.3 times, but their percentage share in the database has increased very slightly, i.e. from 3 to 4% (Murmulaitytė 2018: 62). AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ. Emocinė-ekspresinė leksika Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne – circumstances and methods of creation of new words | 20 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.04 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 "Lithuania really lives according to the laws created by the Seimas", vomitive (: vomiting + diminutive) "nothing. vomiting deminutive (minor graceful word)" and many others. In addition, there is a 4% increase in the number of new words made with prefixes (e.g. aptamsa (: tamsa) „iron. apšvietimo priešingybė“ (the novel is made by analogy with the word apšviesta), supermomytė (: momytė) „iron. mother, overly concerned about her children and exceedingly proud of it“, 27 nukalbinti (: kalbinti) „lauk. "The Last of Us Part II: Remastered" (feat. turn into beetroot”, and mixed production (2.4 per cent), e.g., head-harvest (: head + harvest + -te) “joke. massive "laugh" of officials in long-term leadership positions. wave of dismissal of long-standing state-owned enterprise managers“, trešnėdra (: trešnės + ėsti atleidimas iš darbo, siekiant atsinaujinimo ir skaidrumo“, valdžiapjūtė (: valdžia + pjauti + -tė) 28 (ėda) + -ra) „juok. trešnių ėdrūnas“ (naujadaras pasidarytas pagal analogiją su žodžiu žmogėdra) 29 and others. Final action is also not characterized by productivity (1.9 per cent). Most of the rare derivatives consist of names according to gender difference (ending -ė derivatives): šviesulė (: šviesulys) "iron. (paprastai pramogų pasaulio) moteris“, tėvė (: tėvas) „iron. pagal genderizmo ideologiją – vienas known from family members raising the child (regardless of gender)“, zombė (: zombis) „nothing. figuratively, a forced dead living female being;’; muses (: muse) “laugh. the noun „medicinos sesele”. The mūza (deivė, poetinės kūrybos įkvėpėja) vyriškoji giminė“, sesutis (: sesutė) „juok. vyras, dirbantis latter derivatives of the -as and -is endings belong to the category of nouns with gender difference, although in the descriptions of grammar only the derivatives of the -ė endings are included in this category. CONCLUSIONS The operational analysis of the emotional-expressive vocabulary of the Lithuanian language new words database (479 language units were studied) showed that the main stylistically marked new words 27 It is also possible to see the conjugative form: aptamsa (: aptemti). 28 The creation of analogous structures of the rude harvest can be interpreted in two ways: we can see a mixed creation or creation, i.e. galvapjūtė (: galva + pjūvis) and valdžiapjūtė (: valdžia + pjūvis). 29 In fact, the noun trešnēdra (: vyšnės + ėdrus, -i) could also be considered a compound noun. AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ. Emocinė-ekspresinė leksika Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne – circumstances and methods of creation of new words | 21 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.04 BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 The most common forms of word formation are conjugation (45.7 per cent), conjunction (31.7 per cent) and non-morphemic word formation – contamination (12.7 per cent). 2. The most productive means of noun-specific nouns – prepositional nouns – are the suffixes -(i)ukas, -ė for noun-specific nouns and the suffix -izmas for noun-specific nouns (abstract nouns): with both prepositions 6.8 per cent of stylistically marked nouns were created. 3. ND data would show that the conjugations valdybė- (the first element), -skleisti (-sklaidė) and -žmogis (the second element) are productive elements of stylistically marked novels. (2.4 per cent) and terminal production (1.9 per cent). This was the first study of emotional-expressive vocabulary in ND, which revealed that in order to 4. Menko produktyvumo yra priešdėlinė daryba (5,6 proc.), mišrusis darybos būdas thoroughly investigate the tendencies of emotional-expressive vocabulary, it is necessary to rely on more diverse and abundant sources. kad kai kurie ND naujadarai dar turėtų būti sistemiškai redaguojami stilistikos aspektu. Be to, 6. The material presented in the database should be studied both in ethnolinguistic and word formation aspects. The accumulation of emotional-expressive vocabulary shows that language users react to current issues and are able to create a wide variety of stylistically marked novelties. The abundance of occasional formations confirms the relevance of a certain phenomenon. Obviously, the lexicon is a reflection of society, and the accumulated in the database novelties (signs of current issues) provide valuable information about a certain period in the life of the nation. ŠALTINIAI DLKT – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstynas. Prieiga internete: http://tekstynas.vdu.lt/tekstynas/ [žiūrėta 2019 m. gegužės mėn.]. ND – Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenynas. [Tęstinis internetinis žinynas nuo 2011 m.]. Miliūnaitė R., Aleksaitė A. Sudarytoja R. Miliūnaitė. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga internete: http://naujazodziai.lki.lt [žiūrėta 2019 m. kovo–balandžio mėn.]. 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