Dėl darinių su baigmeniu „-eivis, -ė“

JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ Šiauliai University ON DERIVATIVES WITH THE ENDING -EIVIS, -Ė KEYWORDS: word-formation method; word-formation category; word-formation type; ending; suffix; synonymy. ABSTRACT Lithuanian has person-denoting derivatives with similar endings -eiva and -eivis, -ė. Works on word formation describe the word-formation type involving the suffix -eiva, whereas derivatives in -eivis, -ė are mentioned only occasionally. Applying word-formation, semantic analysis, and substitution methods, this article analyzes derivatives with the ending -eivis, ė found in the headword lists of the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian, Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian, in the digital supplementary card file for the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, the Database of Lithuanian Neologisms, and the Corpus of Contemporary Lithuanian. Analysis of the scholarly literature and empirical material revealed that some derivatives with the ending -eivis, -ė are formed by mixed word formation (as a result of compounding and suffixation), but in certain cases -eivis, -ė may be considered a suffix synchronically. Thus, in word-formation works, it would be appropriate to indicate an emerging word-formation type in -eivis, -ė alongside the existing type in -eiva in the categories of derivatives denoting bearers of nominal properties, agents, and bearers of verbal properties. INTRODUCTION Lithuanian has four main methods of word formation: suffixation, which produces suffixal derivatives; prefixation, which produces prefixal derivatives; paradigm(iz)ation, which produces inflectional derivatives; and compounding, which produces compound words. Sometimes two word-formation methods operate simultaneously—usually prefixation and suffixation, or compounding and suffixation—hence the term mixed word-formation method (Urbutis 2009: 107, 333–342; see also LKG 1965: 591; Keinys 1999: 22–23)1. It should be noted that in Lithuanian there are cases in which there is no consensus about the word-formation method of particular derivatives. 1 Straipsnyje remiamasi žodžių daryba, aprašyta Lietuvių kalbos gramatikoje (LKG 1965: 1971), Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatikoje (DLKG 2005), Vinco Urbučio Žodžių darybos teorijoje (2009), Stasio Kein io Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryboje (1999). Naujas įžvalgas apie darybos būdus žr. Smetona 2005. Už vertingas pastabas ir patarimus dėkoju slaptiesiems(-osioms) recenzentams(-ėms). BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ. Dėl darinių su baigmeniu -eivis, -ė | 2 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.02 For example, some consider the numerals from eleven to nineteen compounds, “whose second constituent is based on the verb remained” (Keinys 1999: 84; cf. LKG 1965: 619–620, 636); Aldona Paulauskienė (1994: 237) calls them coalescences with the second component -lika, “which, etymologically, is associated with the noun liekas—‘that which remains, something unnecessary.’ In the second part of Antanas Pakerys’s Accentology (Pakerys 2002: 22), such numerals are discussed among compounds, but it is noted that “[I]n contemporary language, the second component can scarcely still be associated with the verb to remain, remained; therefore, it may be assumed that -lika acquires the functions of a suffixoid”2. In Lithuanian, nouns are formed by all word-formation methods; particularly many have been (and continue to be) formed with suffixes (Ambrazas 1993, 2000; Keinys 1999: 36; DLKG 2005: 86)3. According to their derivational meaning4, derivatives formed with suffixes and endings are traditionally classified into word-formation categories (derivational classes)—13 noun-formation categories are most commonly identified (LKG 1965: 253–423; DLKG 2005: 87–145; Urbutis 2009: 330), while Stasys Keinys (1999: 37–39) distinguishes 125. Each word-formation category comprises a certain number of word-formation types6. The same word-formation category often contains derivatives of different word-formation types that (formally) have the same suffix but different endings7. Quite often, derivatives formed from the same base word and belonging to different word-formation types are derivational synonyms8—they have the same derivational meaning and identical or similar lexical meaning; such cognate derivatives are often defined in dictionaries in terms of one another. For example, the derivatives considered derivational synonyms that differ only in their endings and belong to the types -ėžis, -ė and -ėžius, -ė in the category of nouns denoting bearers of a nominal characteristic (LKG 1965: 361) include, for example, juodėžis, -ė (“someone who is unattractively black, ugly; a blackish person” LKŽₑ) and juodėžius, -ė (“see juodėžis” LKŽₑ), as well as derivatives of the types -lys, -ė and -la9, for example: dobklys, -ė (“see dvokla” LKŽₑ) and dvokla (“a somewhat foolish person, a silly woman” LKŽₑ), rėklys, -ė (“see reksnys” LKŽₑ) and 2 A suffixoide is “the second constituent of a compound that has features of a suffix, having first and foremost acquired a more general meaning detached from that of the base word” (Keinys 1999: 114; see also Gaivenis, Keinys 1990: 197). 3 A. Paulauskienė (1994: 64–97) presents an understanding of noun-formation methods that differs somewhat from that found in the standard works of linguistics. 4 The term derivational meaning is used in this article (for more on word-formation meaning and derivational meaning, see Kniūkšta 1998). 5 S. Keinys (1999: 46–47) tos pačios darybos klasės dariniais laiko vardažodinės ypatybės turėtojų ir profesinius asmenų pavadinimus. 6 “A word-formation type can be understood in two ways: either as an abstract structural pattern present in the language, according to which derivatives of the same (or somewhat varying) derivational meaning and form are produced, or as the derivatives themselves present in speech, taken as a whole” (Urbutis 2009: 290; cf. Keinys 1999: 24–27). 7 Since endings realize various grammatical meanings, nouns with different endings often also have different grammatical meanings. 8 It should be recalled that derivational synonyms are cognate derivatives with identical or similar meanings but different derivational formatives, whereas derivational variants are derivatives formed from the same base word (or words) with the same derivational formative, differing in some secondary word-formation devices: a root vowel or consonant, a linking vowel, a variant of a prefix, and so on (for more, see Vaskelienė 2013). 9 Derivatives containing various suffixes (-la, -ėla, -ša, etc.) and the ending -a are nouns of the so-called common gender (substantiva communia) (on these, see Gudzinevičiūtė 2008), while their synonyms with other endings (-lys, -ė, -ėlis, -ė, -šis, -ė, -šas, -a, etc.) have masculine and feminine genders. BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ. Dėl darinių su baigmeniu –eivis, -ė | 3 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.02 rėkla (“someone who constantly cries, shouts, a screamer” LKŽₑ), ti̇slys, -ė (“someone elongated, stretched out” LKŽₑ) and tisla (“a lanky person, a beanpole” LKŽₑ), vėplys, -ė (“a clumsy, stupid person” LKŽₑ) and vėpla (“a person of little understanding, a scatterbrain, a gaping person, a fool” LKŽₑ). In the derivational category of agent nouns and nouns denoting bearers of verbal characteristics, formations with the same or a very similar meaning, but differing in endings across the highly productive suffix type -ėlis, -ė and the unproductive suffix type -ėla (see LKG 1965: 318–319, 335), are thus considered derivational synonyms (DS): nemokėlis, -ė (“an ignoramus” LKŽₑ) and nemokėla (“see nemokša” LKŽₑ). The types –vis, -ė (–vys, -ė) and –va are considered distinct; accordingly, DS series include the derivational variants ateivis, -ė / ateivys, -ė (“a person who has come or arrived from elsewhere, a newcomer” LKŽₑ) and ateiva (“ateivis” LKŽₑ), as well as pereivis, -ė (“a wanderer” LKŽₑ) and pereiva (“a wanderer” LKŽₑ). Also considered DS are derivatives with the suffix -š- (–šas, –ė; –šis, –ė; –ša) that belong to different derivational types and differ in their endings, for example: blaikšis, -ė (“a deranged or foolish person, a madman” LKŽₑ) and blaikšas, -ė (“see klaikšis” LKŽₑ), paikšas, -ė (“a foolish person, a simpleton, klaikšas” LKŽₑ), paikšis, -ė (“see paikšas” LKŽₑ) and paikša (“see paikšas” LKŽₑ)¹⁰. In Lithuanian, there are person-denoting derivatives with similar endings¹¹ –eiva and –eivis, -ė. Nouns with the suffix –eiva denote people—often disparagingly—who perform some action or are distinguished by some characteristic, for example: gudreiva “a clever person” LKŽₑ, karšteiva “a hothead” LKŽₑ, nakteiva “someone who walks around at night, a night owl” LKŽₑ, rašėiva derog. “a poor writer, a graphomaniac” DŽ, kareiva iron. “an inept soldier” LKŽₑ, šventeiva derog. “someone who pretends to be pious, a religious or moral hypocrite” LKŽₑ. Nouns with –eivis, -ė likewise denote people of masculine or feminine gender, for example: darbeivis, -ė “a worker, contractor” LKŽₑ, gireivis “someone devoted to the forest, who likes the forest, or takes care of it” LKŽₑ. Works on word formation discuss the derivational type with the suffix –eiva, whereas derivatives with –eivis, -ė are mentioned only occasionally. Accordingly, the object of study chosen is Lithuanian nouns ending in –eivis, -ė. To achieve the article’s aim—to analyze derivatives ending in –eivis, -ė—the following tasks are set: to collect and present from scholarly literature data on –eiva and –eivis, -ė; to extract derivatives ending in –eivis, -ė from the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (LKŽₑ), the Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian (DŽ), the headword list of the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian (BŽa), and the Digital “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language ¹⁰ Pasakytina, kad LKG (1965) nėra –šius darybos tipo, o LKŽₑ tokių darinių esama, pvz., paikšius, -ė „žr. paikšis“. ¹¹ The term baigmuo, not included in KTŽ, is defined in DŽ as “the end of a word or syllable”; A. Pakerys uses this term (alongside pradmens), and in his Akcentologija the baigmuo is the part of a word (not a derivative) that formally coincides with a suffix (see Pakerys 1994: 6). The article deals only with derivatives containing –eivis, -ė and considers the function this ending performs in the process of noun formation. It should be noted that nouns whose –eivis, -ė ending comes from base words (usually words formed on the model of other languages) have been excluded from the study (e.g., puskareivis (: pusiau, kareivis), draugkareivis (regarded as a compound formed on the model of foreign languages (see Skardžius 1996: 401)); also excluded are derivatives with the suffix –vis, -ė (–vys, -ė) (jeivis, -ė, praevīs, -ė, etc.), whose bases are prefixal verbs derived from the verb eiti ‘to go’ (įeiti, praeiti, etc.) (on these, see LKG 1965: 331; DLKG 2005: 110–111). BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ. Dėl darinių su baigmeniu -eivis, -ė | 4 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.02 supplement card file of the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (LKŽPK) to identify derivatives ending in -eivis, -ė, supplement the material with data from the Database of New Words of the Lithuanian Language (ND) and the Corpus of Contemporary Lithuanian (DLKT), and discuss the function and semantics of derivatives with -eivis, -ė. The study employed the method of working analysis and used comparison, semantic analysis, and substitution methods. 1. DERIVATIVES WITH THE SUFFIXES -EIVA AND -EIVIS, -Ė IN LINGUISTIC WORKS Apie substantiva communia daiktavardžius, turinčius priesagą -eiva, rašoma LKG (1965: 330, 353), DLKG (2005: 110, 119–120), abiejose Sauliaus Ambrazo knygos Daiktavardžių darybos raida dalyse (1993: 153; 2000: 181), tos priesagos vediniai minimi Prano Skardžiaus Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryboje (1996: 389), Antano Pakerio Akcentologijoje (1994: 77), Stasio Keinio Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryboje (1999: 47). Linguists agree on derivatives with the suffix -eiva: depending on the base word and derivational meaning, they are considered derivatives belonging to two derivational categories12: agent nouns and nouns denoting bearers of verbal characteristics derived from verbs, e.g., ma ineiva (: mainė) and puoš eiva (: puošė), while derivatives formed from nominal bases are nouns denoting bearers of nominal characteristics, e.g., drūteiva (: drūtas) and gražeiva (: gražus). The DLKG states the following about derivatives in -eiva formed from nominal bases: “[A]ll nouns denoting bearers of nominal characteristics with this suffix are common-gender nouns denoting people and usually bearing a disparaging connotation; they are formed from simple qualitative adjectives, e.g.: gražeiva, gudreiva, pikteiva, rimteiva, šventeiva” (DLKG 2005: 119–120). Derivatives in the derivational category of agent nouns and nouns denoting bearers of verbal characteristics with the suffix -eiva are “formed from verbs (usually unprefixed), denote people, have a disparaging meaning, and are common-gender nouns, e.g.: mušeiva, puoš eiva, rašeiva, skundeiva, verteiva. Derivatives kareiva, vadeiva are partly associated with this group” (DLKG 2005: 110). S. Ambrazas (1993: 153) also discusses -eiva derivatives from two derivational categories: agent nouns (išireiva, maineiva, mušeiva, ndereiva) and nouns denoting bearers of characteristics (gražeiva, naršeiva). He notes that “[f]ollowing the model of these derivatives, one or another neologism has been formed in the standard language, e.g.: pikteiva 12In A. Pakerys’s Accentology (1994: 77), derivatives with the suffix -eiva (formed from verbs and from nominal words) are discussed together—understandably, since the discussion concerns stress, not the differences between derivatives that formally have the same suffix. It should be recalled that derivatives belonging to the same derivational category are called names of bearers of a nominal feature (LKG 1965: 340; Urbutis 2009: 330), or names of bearers of a feature (Ambrazas 2000). S. Keinys gives examples of derivatives of the -ėla type (gudreiva, smarkeiva) only when discussing names of bearers of a nominal feature and occupational names of persons, while the suffix -ėla is not mentioned in the discussion of agent nouns and names of bearers of a verbal feature (Keinys 1999: 47). BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ. Dėl darinių su baigmeniu -eivis, -ė | 5 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.02 “a grumbler,” rimteiva “someone who acts serious,” šventeiva “a pious person, a hypocrite” (Ambrazas 2000: 181). There is no consensus regarding formations with the ending -eivis, -ė. In P. Skardžius’s Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryboje (1996: 436), the noun keleivis, -ė is presented in the section on compounds, as it is in the first part of A. Pakerys’s Akcentologijos. The latter does state, however, that “the element -eivis, -ė (with the added suffix -vis, -ė) may be said to have already become a suffixoid” (see Pakerys 1994: 288). In the same book, the feminine noun plateivė is treated as a derivative formed with the suffix -eivė (Pakerys 1994: 87, 288). S. Ambrazas regards the noun moksleivis (: mokslas) as a derivative (1993: 8–9). It is likely that the suffix -eivis, -ė is intended, but this word-formation type and suffix are not mentioned elsewhere in the book; the index of derivational affixes lists only the suffix -eiva (see Ambrazas 1993: 278). It should be noted that S. Keinys (2005: 63) considers the ending -eivis, -ė to be a suffix: discussing the term oreivis, he states, “[A]lthough this suffix is not listed in works on Lithuanian word formation, it can nevertheless be identified synchronically” (2005: 63). The other linguistic works mentioned above—grammars, V. Urbutis’s Žodžių darybos teorijoje (2009), and S. Keinys’s Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryboje (1999)—do not discuss formations with -eivis, -ė. 2. LITHUANIAN FORMATIONS WITH THE ENDING -EIVIS, -Ė A total of 41 formations with the ending -eivis, -ė were found in LKŽₑ, LKŽŽPK, ND, and DLKT13; 34 of them are included in LKŽₑ (7 words are marked as neologisms). It should be noted that the botanical term plateivė (“a plant of the orchid family, a butterfly orchid (Platanthera)”) is listed in LKŽₑ as feminine only, while 7 words are given only as masculine14 nouns: dieneivis “(an officer’s) messenger,” gireivis (neol.) “someone devoted to the forest, who likes the forest, who tends the forest,” kryžeivis “see 1 kryžiuotis,” the hybrids mečeivis hist. “swordsman” and miečeivis “swordsman,” vandeneivis (neol.) “sailor,” and žmogeivis (neol.) “an ordinary, non-noble person.” Other formations can denote persons of either masculine or feminine gender: atbuleivis, -ė, 13 In LKŽₑ there are formations that acquired the ending -eivis, -ė from the base words keleivis, kareivis, moksleivis (these, as noted, were not included in the study), for example: draugkareivis, -ė, kryžkareivis, -ė, puskareivis, -ė, sąkareivis, -ė, sankareivis, -ė, bendrakareivis, -ė, draugkeleivis, -ė, sąkeleivis, -ė, sankeleivis, -ė, šventkeleivis, -ė, sanmoksleivis, -ė, and others. It may be said that some of these formations can, in principle, be analyzed as having two possible bases. For example, the noun bendrakel(e)ivis (“fellow traveler, companion” LKŽₑ) is probably a compound (: bendras / bendrai, keleivis), but could also be associated with the words bendrai, keliauti (+ -eivis)–ė); šventkeleivis (“a visitor to holy places, a pilgrim, a worshipper” LKŽₑ) is probably a compound of šventas, keleivis, but semantically it can also be associated with the words šventas, keliauti (+ -eivis); it should be noted that in the latter type of base analysis, the formations have a discontinuous format and result from compounding-suffixation, in which -eivis, -ė functions as a suffix. 14 The nouns gireivis, žmogeivis, marked as neologisms in LKŽₑ, can in principle also be used to refer to women; the dictionary gives no usage example for gireivis, while žmogeivis is illustrated with sentences from the writings of Simonas Daukantas (Žemės ir valsčius jo mylistoms ir bajorams atidavė įsakęs tiktai žmogeivių nespausti S. Dauk. LKŽₑ)—probably only the masculine form was used in his texts. BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ. Dėl darinių su baigmeniu –eivis, -ė | 6 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.02 atgaleivis, -ė, atžagareivis, -ė, darbeivis, -ė, draugeivis, -ė, jūreivis, -ė, kareivis, -ė, keleivis, -ė / keleivys, -ė, lygeivis, -ė, mareivis, -ė, miegeivis, -ė, moksleivis, -ė, nameivis, -ė, niekurneivis, -ė, oreivis, -ė, pakeleivis, -ė, pašaleivis, -ė, pirm(e)aeivis, -ė, pirm(e)eivis, -ė, prakeleivis, -ė, prašaleivis, -ė, prekeivis, -ė, prošaleivis, -ė, rašteivis, -ė, upeivis, -ė, žygeivis, -ė. Three more personal designations with the ending –eivis were found in LKŽPK (but are not included in LKŽₑ): kūleivis, lengvaeivis, važ(e)ivis, while ND records the neologisms svetimeivis, -ė and sugrįžeivis, -ė. DLKT contains examples of two more¹⁵ formations with the ending –eivis not recorded in the other sources—šviesiaeivis and tautpažangeivis. It should be noted that these formations are not all equally frequent in present-day Lithuanian: DLKT yielded many usage examples for the nouns¹⁶ moksleivis, -ė (19,963), keleivis, -ė (12,957), kareivis, -ė (8,106), prekeivis, -ė (1,725), jūreivis, -ė (1,639); there were quite a few examples with the nouns pakeleivis (383), oreivis (212), pirmeivis (118), žygeivis (56), kryžeivis (53), upeivis (48), atžagareivis (17); one or a few examples occurred with šviesiaeivis (8), pirmaeivis (3), nameivis (2), svetimeivis (2), and one example each with darbeivis, miegeivis, prakeleivis, prašaleivis, tautpažangeivis, žmog(e)ivis, plateivė¹⁷. No examples were found in the corpus for the nouns listed in LKŽₑ dieneivis, gireivis, mečeivis, miečeivis, vandeneivis, atbuleivis, atgaleivis, draugeivis, lygeivis, mareivis, niekurneivis, pašaleivis, prošaleivis, rašteivis or for the neologisms kūleivis, lengvaeivis, sugrįžeivis, važ(e)ivis. 3. FORMATION AND SEMANTICS OF DERIVATIVES ENDING IN –EIVIS, -Ė Whether a word is a derivative and what kind of derivative it is is determined by the derivational opposition. When considering which word (or words) derivatives with the ending –eivis, -ė form derivational oppositions with, it can be seen that the lexical meaning of a considerable number of derivatives indicates a fairly clear connection with the verb eiti18, i.e. the derivatives are semantically and formally related to two base words, the second of which is based on the verb eiti and also has the suffix –vis, -ė. Thus, in this case, one should speak of a compound– 15 Examples of the use of the derivative svetimeivis, listed in ND, were also found in DLKT:...after all, you will not allow svetimeiviui to pick the pockets of strangers in your pockets... 16 All masculine and feminine singular and plural case forms of the nouns were counted. 17 It should be noted that the example found in the corpus uses a masculine form, rather than a feminine one (as indicated in LKŽₑ and VLE): Here grew gently fragrant sweet vernal grasses, marsh vetchlings, green plateiviai, clubmosses, woodland sandworts DLKT. 18 The verb eiti is polysemous: LKŽₑ lists 42 meanings of the verb, DŽ 23, and BŽ 27. Thus, derivatives may be based not only on the primary meaning (1), “to move from place to place on foot, to walk,” in LKŽₑ, but also on various other meanings recorded in dictionaries, e.g. “to move rapidly in some direction” (LKŽₑ), “to flow, stream, pour incessantly; to travel, sail (of a means of transport)” (LKŽₑ), “to perform (work, duties)” (LKŽₑ), “to go” (LKŽₑ), “to act, work” (LKŽₑ), etc. BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ. Dėl darinių su baigmeniu –eivis, -ė | 7 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.02 compounding-suffixation—a word-formation method—and derivatives with a discontinuous formant. The first constituent of most of these derivatives is based on a noun: miegeivis, -ė “sleepwalker”19, i.e. someone who walks / goes about in their sleep (: miegas, eiti), nameivis, -ė “a peddler who carries goods from house to house,” i.e. someone who goes through houses with goods (: namai, eiti), prekeivis, -ė “a traveling trader, commercial traveler,” i.e. someone going / walking with goods (: prekė, eiti), žygeivis, -ė “someone who likes to hike or takes part in a hike, a tourist,” i.e. someone who goes on a hike (: žygis, eiti), gireivis “someone devoted to the forest, who likes the forest, who looks after the forest,” i.e. someone who cares for the forest (walking around and inspecting it) (: giria, eiti), kareivis, -ė “a private serving compulsory military service,” i.e. someone who goes to war, to fight (: karas, eiti); the derivational variants include keleivis, -ė / keleivys, -ė “traveler, wayfarer,” i.e. someone who sets out on a journey, travels (: kelias, eiti), moksleivis, -ė “someone who studies at school, a pupil,” i.e. someone who pursues studies (: mokslas, eiti20), pakeleivis, -ė 1. “traveler, wayfarer”; 2. “a traveler who stops somewhere to rest, spend the night, drink, or eat”; 3. “a person whose route coincides with another person’s, a fellow traveler,” i.e. someone who stops while traveling or whose route coincides with that of someone else (: pakele / pakeliui21, eiti), pašaleivis, -ė 2. “a person from elsewhere, a non-local,” i.e. someone who has come from outside (: pašalė, eiti), pražaleivis, -ė (“see prašalaitis 3,” prašalaitis, -ė 3. “passer-by”), i.e. someone who has come from the outskirts, from outside (: prašalys22, eiti); darbeivis, -ė, marked as a neologism, “a worker, contractor,” i.e. someone who goes around and supervises the work (: darbas, eiti). A person who goes with a sword is denoted by the derivatives mečeivis “swordsman” (: mečius, eiti) and miečeivis “swordsman” (: miečius, eiti23), which are considered derivational variants; a person who goes with a cross is kryžeivis “see 1 kryžiuotis” (: kryžius, eiti). The first constituent of some derivatives is based on an adverb, an adjective24, or a numeral. For example, the noun lengvaეivis, listed in LKŽPK, is associated with the adverb lengvai and the verb eiti25. The personal designations niekurneivis, -ė “see niekurneiva” (niekurneiva “someone who goes nowhere, does no work, a lazy person” (: niekur, neiti) have some connection with eiti, 19 Lunatic “someone who suffers from sleepwalking, a night wanderer, a sleepwalker” DŽ. 20 The second meaning of the verb eiti in LKŽ, “acquiring knowledge, studying,” is illustrated with sentences containing the frozen phrase eiti mokslus: When the sons had grown up, their father sent them off to study. They say, lad, that you are very learned, that you have completed all your studies, the old man addressed me again. It should be recalled that S. Ambrazas (1993: 8–9) regards the derivative moksleivis as a derived form. 21 In principle, the first constituent of a derivative may be based on both a noun and an adverb. 22 Prašalys “see pašalys 1,” pašalys 1. “a place along the edge, outskirts” LKŽₑ. 23 The constituents of the derivatives are based on Slavisms that are not acceptable in standard language: mečius (“sword, sabre” LKŽₑ) and miečius (“sword, sabre” LKŽₑ). Incidentally, among the personal designations miečeivis and mečeivis, which have the same meaning, only the latter is marked as a historicism in LKŽₑ. 24 It is sometimes difficult to determine the part of speech unambiguously, since in principle a derivative may be based on either an adjective or an adverb; therefore, LKG (1965: 468–469) discusses derivatives formed from an adjective or adjectival adverb and a verb together. 25 The word itself is recorded in LKŽPK (with a reference to the writings of Simonas Daukantas), but no meaning is indicated and no usage examples are provided. BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ. Dėl darinių su baigmeniu -eivis, -ė | 8 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.02 prošaleivis, -ė “see pra šal eivis” (: pro šal26, eiti), atgaleivis, -ė (neologism) “laggard, reactionary,” i.e., one who seems to walk backward (: atgal, eiti), atbuleivis, -ė “see atbuleikis 2” (atbuleikis “2. derog. someone who always opposes, always does the opposite, an oppositional person, a contrarian,” i.e., one who does things backwards, as if walking backward (: atbulas / atbulai, eiti), atžagareivis, -ė “someone who does everything the wrong way round, oppositely; cf. atžagarainis, atžagaris 2, 2. ‘a person with backward views, a reactionary,’ i.e., one who walks or acts in a backward manner (: atžagarias / atžagariai, eiti). The pair of working variants consists of derivatives based on the same base words pirmas and eiti, differing in their linking vowel: pirmaeivis, -ė “see pirmeivis 1” and pirmeivis, -ė (1. “a person with progressive views”), i.e., one who seems to go ahead of everyone. In principle, names for people who work or operate in water can be associated with the verb eiti (the first component is based on nouns naming bodies of water): jūreivis, -ė “one who sails the seas...,” in other words, one who works at sea, one who goes to sea27 (: jūra, eiti), mareivis, -ė “sailor” (: marios, eiti), upeivis, -ė “river navigation employee or worker” (: upė, eiti), vandeneivis, -ė (neologism) “seafarer” (: vandenį, eiti). New coinages eiti have some semantic connection with the verb svetimeivis (“an alien from outer space (the collective plural svetimeiviai is usually used)” ND) and šviesiaeivis, probably used in the sense “one who walks into the light”28 (I have never been a šviesiaeivis; Teacher šviesiaeivis DLKT). These derivatives are based on the adjective svetimas and the noun šviesa29. The connection of some derivatives with the ending -eivis, -ė to eiti has become blurred, indirect, no longer perceptible, or is absent. In the word-formation process of such derivatives, -eivis, -ė functions as a suffix. This applies first and foremost to the botanical term plateivė (“a plant of the orchid family, the lesser butterfly-orchid (Platanthera)” LKŽĖ, “a rare meadow plant of the orchid family (Coeloglossum)” DŽ). As noted (see Pakerys 1994: 78), the ending -eivė of this noun is considered a suffix. The base word for the derivative plateivė is the adjective platus, -i. The plant, which has many different characteristics30, is named after one of its features (on the choice of derivational motivation, see Urbutis 2009: 69–72). Plateivė should be regarded as a derivative belonging to the category of names of entities possessing a property, since derivatives in this word-formation category can denote not only a person but also a living being or an object in terms of some characteristic feature (see LKG 1965: 340). This is assessed in two different ways within the same word-formation 26 The derivative is probably based on an adverb, although LKŽĖ also lists the noun prošalis, -ė “an outsider, a stranger.” 27 Probably under the influence of Russian (in Russian, the expression is “to go out to sea”), sailors, seafarers, etc., used (or use?) the expression eiti į jūrą (see https://skipperltu.wordpress.com/2015/03/06/eina-ar-plaukia/ 2019-05-25). 28 The meaning and examples are provided in ND, while the meanings of the derivatives found in DLKT are explained as understood from context. 29 Although in the latter case the possibility that the base is the adjective šviesus, -i cannot be ruled out, it is thought that the derivative šviesiaeivis is more closely related to the noun. 30 See VLE (available online: http://www.vle.lt/Straipsnis/plateive-5342), cf. LRTB. BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ. Dėl darinių su baigmeniu -eivis, -ė | 9 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.02 A personal designation belonging to this category is oreivis, -ė (“pilot, aviator,” LKŽₑ). According to S. Keinys (2005: 63), from a synchronic perspective oreivis, -ė (: oras) is a derivative with the suffix -eivis, -ė, while A. Pakerys (1994: 288) lists this formation among compounds whose second component is related to the verb eiti31. The following personal designations are also based on a single noun: dien(e?)eivis “(an officer’s) messenger” (: diena), draugeivis, -ė “friend (?)” (: draugas), rašteivis, -ė (neologism) “office manager” (: raštas), žmogeivis (neologism) “an ordinary, non-noble person” (: žmogus). In their formation, -eivis, -ė likewise functions as a suffix. The noun prakeleivis, -ė (“see pakeleivis,” LKŽₑ)32, listed in LKŽₑ, could be associated with the noun keleivis or with the verb prakeliauti. Since nouns with the prefix pra- in Lithuanian usually denote a place (e.g., pradalgė, pradantė, pralomė and so on; see LKG 1965: 434; DLKG 149; cf. Paulauskienė 1983: 94; Pakerys 1994: 257), it is thought that the personal noun prakeleivis stands in a derivational opposition relationship with the verb prakeliauti (“to pass by, go past, sail past,” LKŽₑ); in that case, -eivis has a suffixal function. There are also other verb-based derivatives in -eivis, -ė. For example, the nouns kūleivis and važeivis, recorded in LKŽPK, are of this type. The meaning of the noun kūleivis allows it to be compared with derivatives formed from the verb kulti33 with the suffixes -ėjas, -a and -ikas, -ė: kūlėjas, -a “one who threshes,” LKŽₑ Someone is stamping noisily in the entrance hall, LKŽₑ: the kūlėjai are coming back from the threshing barn, LKŽₑ kūlikas, -ė “one who threshes, a thresher,” LKŽₑ Get lunch ready—they kūlikai will be home any minute! LKŽₑ kūleivis “thresher,” LKŽŽPK...threshes kūleiviai in the threshing barn... LKŽPK The cognate derivatives kūlėjas, kūlikas and kūleivis should be regarded as derivational synonyms: they are formed from the same base verb with different derivational formatives, have the same derivational meaning and very similar lexical meanings, and can be substituted for one another in phrases or sentences (cf. the threshers are coming back – the kūlikai / kūleiviai are coming back, the kūlikai will be home – the threshers / kūleiviai will be home, the kūleiviai thresh – the threshers / kūlikai thresh) without substantially changing the contextual meaning. The meaning of the noun važeivis is not given in the supplementary database34, but from the usage example 31 Although the derivative oreivis can still be associated to some extent with the verb eiti (sense 4: “to move, stream, surge unstoppably || to fly, soar (in a flock)”: Orlaivių tę – kap amaras eina! LKŽₑ), it is clear that this connection is fading. 32 It is a synonym of the derivative pakeleivis discussed above. 33 It should be noted that all the derivatives are based on the past simple form kūlė; in this respect, the derivative kūleivis resembles verb-based derivatives with the suffix -eiva (see LKG 1965: 330). 34 This is most likely a coinage by Petronėlė Orintaitė—as stated in the newspaper Dirva article “Petronėlė Orintaitė – a sketch writer”: “We do not come across words such as daigynas, mandaguolis, važ(e)ivis, jauniklynas, not even in the great dictionary. Apparently the writer herself coined these words, guided by the spirit of the language.” (See p. 6, available online: http://www.spauda.org/dirva/archive/n1972/1972-01-19-DIRVA.pdf) BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ. Dėl darinių su baigmeniu –eivis, –ė | 10 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.02 it can be seen that it most likely has the meaning ‘one who travels’, i.e. it is used as a functional synonym for the related-root derivatives važiuotojas, –a, važiuolis, –ė, važūlis, važiuoklis, –ė, važūnas, –ė35. važiuotojas, –a LKŽe 1. ‘one who travels’. 2. ‘...one who travels, passenger’ LKŽe They travelers and set off down the sandy hill, without stopping in the town LKŽe There aren’t many travelers here, so the bus doesn’t come LKŽe The travelers apparently hurried DLKT važiuolis, –ė ‘one who travels, traveler, passenger’ LKŽe What sort of traveler are you—you’re afraid of the train LKŽe ‘one who važiuoklis, –ė ‘traveler’ LKŽe Look, there’s a horse, the wicked traveler with its legs limping LKŽe važėivis LKŽŽPK <...> just a wretch Look, there’s a horse, the wicked važėivis and it dashed off, clattering sideways into the corner <...> LKŽŽPK These related-root derivatives can, in essence, replace one another in phrases or sentences (cf. there are few travelers here are few važiuolis / važūlių / važiuoklių / važūnų / važėivių, what sort of traveler are you—what sort of važiuotojas / važūlis / važiuoklis / važūnas / važėivis, just a wretch važėivis—just a wretch važiuotojas / važiuolis / važūlis / važiuoklis / važūnas and so on), but in contemporary Lithuanian, of this synonymous series of derivatives, the most usual is the derivative –tojas, –a, which has a suffix typical of agent nouns, važiuotojas, –a, while the other derivatives are extremely rare in use36. The neologism sugrįžeivis, –ė (‘one who returns from emigration, a re-emigrant’ ND) was most likely formed by analogy with the personal designation customary in contemporary Lithuanian išeivis, –ė (one who leaves—išeivis; one who returns—sugrįžeivis); its base word is the verb sugrįžti, while –eivis, –ė functions as a suffix. The noun sugrįžeivis is used as a synonym of the usual (dictionary-listed) derivative sugrįžėlis, –ė (‘one who has returned’ LKŽe). Here are examples of the use of the derivatives sugrįžėlis and sugrįžeivis, –ė: 35 LKŽe gives no examples with the nouns važūlis (‘= važiuolis’ LKŽe) and važūnas, –ė (‘one who travels, traveler’ LKŽe); these designations for persons are not recorded at all in LKŽŽPK. 36 DŽ records none of these derivatives; BŽ includes only the –tojas, –a suffix derivative važiuotojas, –a. DLKT also yielded 71 usage examples of the noun važiuotojas, –a; no corpus sentences containing the other related-root nouns were found. BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ. Dėl darinių su baigmeniu –eivis, –ė | 11 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.02 The core of that revolutionary element consisted of returnees conditions would be created for returnees from Russia LKŽe return migrants conditions would be created for them to participate fully in Lithuania’s linguistic environment ND These cognate derivatives can replace one another in phrases or sentences with few restrictions (cf. the core consisted of returnees – the core consisted of return migrants, conditions are provided for return migrants – returnees conditions are provided, and so on), so it can be said that these are derivational synonyms with fairly similar semantics. Personal designations derived from verbs with –eivis, –ė, such as važeivis, kūleivis, sugrįžeivis, are to be regarded as derivatives belonging to the category of agent and verbal-property formation. A polymorphemic (hypostatic) derivative ending in –eivis, tautpažangeivis, found in DLKT, is probably used in the sense ‘belonging to the Tautos pažanga Party’ and has no direct connection with the verb eiti (‘to go’): The nationalists aspiring to join the Eurosceptics, tautpažangeiviai, the peasants and, in part, the Democrats appeal to patriotism DLKT. The personal designation tautpažangeivis was probably coined from the phrase37 tautos pažanga (‘the nation’s progress’), with –eivis functioning as a suffix, by analogy with other words having the same ending. This derivative, which may be considered an occasionalism, may have been coined for that one occasion and used only in that specific journalistic text38. In all cases where the semantics of derivatives (e.g., plateivė, žmog(e?)eivis, kūleivis, važeivis, sugrįžeivis, and the like) no longer retain a perceptible link with the verb eiti (‘to go’), the ending –eivis, –ė functions as a suffix, and it is possible to speak of an emerging derivational type39. 4. SYNONYMY OF DERIVATIVES WITH –EIVA AND –EIVIS, –Ė Analysis of the lexical meanings of derivatives with –eiva and –eivis, –ė showed that there are cases in which cognate derivatives bearing these endings are defined by reference to one another—that is, they unquestionably form pairs of derivational synonyms (more often, personal designations with –eiva are referred to derivatives with –eivis, –ė, but sometimes the reverse is also true, when a derivative with –eivis, –ė is defined by reference to a derivative in –eiva): 37 S. Keinys (1999: 23) užsimena apie tai, kad lietuvių bendrinėje kalboje esama atvejų, kai suduriamas žodžių junginys ir pridedama priesaga, pvz., keturvejininkas, -ė. 38 Only one example of the word tautpažangeivis in use was found in DLKT. 39 Lietuvių kalbos darybos tipų sąrašas nėra baigtinis, pvz., S. Keinys (1999: 27) teigimu, įvardis kelioliktas, -a yra padarytas ne su kelintiniams skaitvardžiams būdinga priesaga –tas, -a, pvz., tryliktas, -a, devynioliktas, -a ir kt., o „iš tikrųjų priklauso visai kitam, naujesniam (priesagos –intas, -a) įvardžių darybos tipui.“ BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ. Dėl darinių su baigmeniu -ėivis, -ė | 12 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.02 atžagareiva ‘see atžagareivis 2’ LKŽe The most obstinate atžagareivos chattered LKŽe — Oh, that Jurgis is always so stubborn, atžagareiva! DLKT niekurneiva ‘someone who goes nowhere, does no work; a lazybones’ LKŽe The old man became a niekurneiva, sat like a stone in the house LKŽe kareiva 1. ‘see kareivis’ LKŽe An old kareiva took part in these conversations LKŽe I hope he took me for a superstitious blockhead, a kareiva DLKT prekeiva ‘see prekeivis’ LKŽe Small petty trader, wandering through provincial towns LKŽe petty traders sold soft drinks DLKT river worker “see river worker” LKŽe River workers transported goods to Russia LKŽe reactionary, -y40 2. “a person with backward views, a reactionary” LKŽe Do reactionaries have virtues? LKŽe Could you really have believed this reactionary? DLKT nobody, -y “see nobody” LKŽe When the homeland’s affairs came to the fore, there were no longer any Romans, Hellenes, backward-looking people, forward-looking people, or nobodies (joc.) LKŽe soldier, -y “a rank-and-file serviceman performing military service” LKŽe Soldier built the castle LKŽe A penchant for weapons, military order, and position among soldiers caused great surprise DLKT travelling trader, -y “a travelling merchant, a commercial traveller” LKŽe Retail trader LKŽe Mycenaean traders reached the Baltic DLKT river worker, -y “an employee or laborer in river transport” LKŽe Lithuania’s river navigators were preparing for the navigation season LKŽe Her husband river navigator DLKT These derivatives sharing a root can essentially be substituted for one another in phrases or sentences without major restrictions, i.e. they exhibit a high degree of synonymy; cf.: atžagareivos / atžagareiviai chattered, atžagareiviu / atžagareiva cooked, one old kareiva / kareivis, kareivis / kareiva built the castle, a small prekeiva / prekeivis, upeivos / upeiviai transported goods, and so on. No examples of the use of the derivative jūreiva are given in dictionaries, nor was it found in DLKT; it may therefore be concluded that this word is rarely used in Lithuanian. Although theoretically it could be used instead of the cognate derivative jūreivis, -ė, which has the same meaning (Šaunios 40 The noun atžagareivis, -ė, in the sense “someone who does everything backwards, the opposite way; cf. atžagarainis, atžagaris 2” LKŽe, should be regarded as a derivational synonym of atžagarainis, -ė (“someone who does things differently from what is wanted or instructed, a stubborn person” LKŽe) – atžagaris, -ė (“someone who always resists, does the opposite, a contrarian, a disobedient person” LKŽe) – atžagarius, -ė (“someone who works awkwardly or badly, an atžagaris” LKŽe) – atžagarūnas, -ė (“someone who acts and behaves differently from everyone else” LKŽe) – atžagaruvyžis, -ė (“derog. someone who does everything backwards, an atbulvyžis, a stubborn person” LKŽe). BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ. Dėl darinių su baigmeniu –eivis, –ė | 13 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.02 is part of our country’s sailors’ tradition LKŽ; The helmsman shouted, and the sailor threw a rope from the deck DLKT; cf. jūreivų traditions, jūreiva threw a rope), but in practice this pair of derivational synonyms probably does not function in Lithuanian. CONCLUSIONS 1. In Lithuanian word-formation works, derivatives that have the same suffix but different endings are often classified as belonging to different derivational types. The derivational and semantic analysis of derivatives ending in –eivis, –ė has shown that some are based on two base words, one of which is the verb eiti, and also contain the suffix –vis, –ė; they may therefore be regarded as products of compounding and suffixation. Some derivatives no longer have a connection with the verb eiti and are based on a single base word (a verb or a nominal word). Considering the set of derivatives and neologisms ending in –eivis, –ė found in dictionaries—that is, setting aside the individual derivational meanings of the derivatives—and comparing derivatives in –eivis, –ė with cognate synonymous derivatives formed with the suffix –eiva and other suffixes, it may be concluded that synchronically, in certain cases, –eivis, –ė can be considered a suffix. 2. Most derivatives in –eivis, –ė (92% of all derivatives) are used as derivatives in the derivational category of possessors of a nominal characteristic; some (8%) belong to the derivational categories of agents and possessors of a verbal characteristic. Thus, in word-formation works it would be appropriate, alongside the –eiva derivational type already listed in these categories, to identify the emerging –eivis, –ė derivational type as well. 3. Analogy operates in word formation, and new derivatives are continually created according to existing derivational patterns. As the ND and DLKT materials show, new words with –eivis, –ė are also appearing in Lithuanian and will likely continue to appear, augmenting the existing set of personal designations. ŠALTINIAI BŽ – Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas (rengiamas). Vyr. red. D. Liutkevičienė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga internete: http://bkz.lki.lt. BŽa – Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyno antraštynas. Prieiga internete: http://bkz.lki.lt/antrastynas/?pg=c (žiūrėta 2019 m. birželio–rugpjūčio mėn.). DLKT – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstynas. Prieiga internete: http://tekstynas.vdu.lt/tekstynas/ (žiūrėta 2019 m. birželio–rugpjūčio mėn.). DŽ – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Vyr. red. S. Keinys. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2012. Prieiga internete: http://lkiis.lki.lt/dabartinis. BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ. Dėl darinių su baigmeniu –ėivis, -ė | 14 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.02 LKŽe – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas, t. 1–20, 1941–2002 (elektroninis variantas), vyr. red. G. Naktinienė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2005. Prieiga internete: www.lkz.lt. LKŽPK – Skaitmeninė „Lietuvių kalbos žodyno“ papildymų kartoteka. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2015. Prieiga internete: http://lkiis.lki.lt/antra-kartoteka. TB – Lietuvos Respublikos terminų bankas. Prieiga internete: http://terminai.vlkk.lt/pls/tb/tb.search (žiūrėta 2019 m. birželio–rugpjūčio mėn.). ND – Miliūnaitė R., Aleksaitė A. Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenynas [Tęstinis internetinis žinynas nuo 2011 m.]. Sudarytoja Rita Miliūnaitė. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga internete: http://naujažodžiai.lki.lt (Žiūrėta 2019 m. birželio–rugpjūčio mėn.). https://doi.org/10.35321/neol. VLE – Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (elektroninis variantas), Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras. Prieiga internete: http://www.vle.lt/. LITERATŪRA Ambrazas S. 1993: Daiktavardžių darybos raida: lietuvių kalbos veiksmažodiniai vediniai, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Ambrazas S. 2002: Daiktavardžių darybos raida 2, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. DLKG 2005 – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatika. Red. V. Ambrazas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. Gudžinevičiūtė O. L. 2008: Lietuvių kalbos substantiva communia. Daktaro disertacija, Vilniaus universitetas. Keinys S. 1999: Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba, Šiauliai: Šiaulių universiteto leidykla. Keinys S. 2005: Dabartinė lietuvių terminologija, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Kniūkšta P. 1998: Darybinė ir darybos reikšmė. – Kalbos kultūra 71, 29–30. Gaivenis K., Keinys S. 1990: Kalbotyros terminų žodynas, Kaunas: Šviesa. LKG 1965: Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 1, Vilnius: Mintis. LKG 1971: Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 2, Vilnius: Mintis. Pakerys A. 1994: Akcentologija 1, Kaunas: Šviesa. Pakerys A. 2002: Akcentologija 2, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. Paulauskienė A. 1983: Lietuvių kalbos morfologijos apybraiža, Kaunas: Šviesa. Paulauskienė A. 1994: Lietuvių kalbos morfologija. Paskaitos lituanistams, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ. Dėl darinių su baigmeniu –eivis, -ė | 15 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.02 Skardžius P. 1996: Rinktiniai raštai 1: Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. Smetona A. 2005: Pagrindinių darybos būdų skyrimo klausimu. – Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 52, 83–85. Urbutis V. 2009: Žodžių darybos teorija, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. Vaskelienė J. 2013: Darbinių sinonimų, darbinių variantų ir paronimų panašumai bei skirtumai. – Žmogus ir žodis: Didaktinė lingvistika 5(1), 206–214. Gauta 2019 08 20 Priimta 2019 12 18 ON THE DERIVATIVES WITH THE ENDING -EIVIS, -Ė Summary In the Lithuanian language, there are four main types of word derivation: suffixation, prefixation, paradigmation, and composition. There are cases when two types of derivation occur at the same time: prefixation and suffixation, composition and suffixation, therefore, there is a mixed type of derivation. The nouns are derived using all types of word derivation, especially by means of suffixation. According to derivational meaning, the derivatives are classified into derivational categories. There are 13 categories of noun derivation, which have a certain number of types. Often there are different types of derivation in the same derivational category, which are composed (formally) with the same suffix, but different endings, e.g. -ėžis, -ė and -ėžius, -ė, -lys, -ė and -la, -ėlis, -ė and -ėla. There are derivatives naming persons, which have similar endings: -eiva and -eivis, -ė. The derivatives with the suffix -eiva are mentioned in the writings on word formation, and the derivatives with -eivis, -ė are scarcely mentioned. The object of the research is the nouns ending in eivis, -ė. The aim of the paper is to discuss the semantic and derivational particularities of derivatives ending in -eivis, -ė. To achieve the aim the following objectives have been set up: from the scientific literature to collect and present the data about the suffix / ending, –eiva and –eivis, -ė; from Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian, headwords of Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian, Digital Supplement Catalogue of the Lithuanian Language Dictionary to collect the names of persons with the ending -eivis, -ė, to supplement them with the data from Database of BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ. Dėl darinių su baigmeniu –ėivis, –ė | 16 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2019.92.02 Lithuanian Neologisms and the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, to discuss the semantics and derivation of derivatives ending in –ėivis, –ė. In total 41 derivatives with the ending –ėivis, –ė have been found in the mentioned resources (34 of them have been fixed in Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language). After the analysis of the formation and semantics of the derivatives ending in –ėivis, –ė, the following conclusions have been drawn: 1. One part of the derivatives with the ending –ėivis, –ė are based on two underlying words, one of which is a verb eiti with a suffix –vis, –ė, therefore, they are considered to be the result of composition-suffixation. Some of the derivatives with the ending –ėivis, –ė do not have the coherence with a verb eiti and are based on one underlying word. Considering the totality of derivatives and neologisms with the ending –ėivis, –ė presented in the dictionaries, i.e. distancing from the individual derivational meanings of the derivatives, and comparing the derivatives ending in –ėivis, –ė with cognate synonymic derivatives of the suffix –ėiva as well as other suffixes, it is assumed that in some cases –ėivis, –ė has to be considered as a suffix. 2. The bigger part of the derivatives ending in –ėivis, –ė (92 per cent) are used as the derivatives of the derivational category of the possessors of nominal particularities, some of them (8 per cent) are used as the derivatives of the derivational category of the actors and the possessors of verbal particularities. Therefore, in the writings on word derivation, in these derivational categories, alongside the presented –ėiva derivational type it is purposeful to indicate the emerging –ėivis, –ė derivational type. 3. There is an analogy in word formation, and new derivations are constantly being created according to existing patterns of derivation. According to Database of Lithuanian Neologisms and the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language material, in the Lithuanian language occur and likely will occur more neologisms with the ending –ėivis, –ė, which supplement the rank of existing personal names. KEYWORDS: derivational method; derivational category; derivational type; ending; suffix; synonymity. JOLANTA VASKELIENĖ Šiaulių universitetas P. Višinskio g. 38, LT-76352 Šiauliai [email protected] BENDRINĖ KALBA 92 (2019) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204