Pagrindiniai patariamieji lietuvių kalbos vadovai (žanro ypatybės)

BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 RITA MILIŪNAITĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas MAIN ADVISORY LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE GUIDES (GENRE FEATURES) KEY WORDS: general language, standardization, language guide, language recommendations, normative linguistics. ANOTACIJA Pastarąjį dešimtmetį suintensyvėjusi bendrinių Europos kalbų destandartizacija ne tik It not only encouraged linguistic researchers to study this phenomenon, but also gave a new perspective on the history and development of common languages themselves. At the same time, he was interested in the normative process of common languages and the codification of norms. The general development of language is greatly influenced by language recommendations given to language users. Some of the languages that are used in the text are also known as dialects (see below). The article examines the genre characteristics of the three main Lithuanian language manuals – Language Adviser (1939), Language Practice Advice (1976, 1985) and Language Advice (2002–2013) – revealed in their introductory parts. Similar studies of language guides carried out abroad are used as a basis. INTRODUCTION There are two reasons for taking a closer look at the Lithuanian language guides – publications of practical general language usage advice. Firstly, in the last decade, the common languages of Europe have undergone a period of post-standardization (see Ghyselen Rita Miliūnaitė. Main advisory guides of Lithuanian language (genre characteristics) | 2 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.10 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 et al. 2016: 75–91; Miliūnaitė 2018: 78–88) and, as a result, the interest of linguistic researchers in the factors that determine the functioning of common languages and their norms has increased. Linguistic researchers have become interested in the descriptive linguistics, which for some time has been pushed aside and denigrated as an outdated normative 1 approach to language, its general variant (see Beal 2018: 1–30). Although prescriptivism has been a hobby of language lovers since the second half of the 20th century, the question has ypač anglakalbėse šalyse priešintas su akademiniu požiūriu į kalbą ir laikytas tik nerimtu been raised more frequently recently as to why the ideology of common language and 2 prescriptivism, as one of the manifestations of this ideology, remain widespread in society among language users, while the academic world is detached from these needs. This question is partly answered by the assertion that, once the common language is standardised and codified, prescription is inevitable: people use normative dictionaries and grammar as the authorities of norms (see Milroy, Milroy 1999: 22). In addition to dictionaries and grammar books used for language practice, language guides are often mentioned, which have an undeniable impact on the functioning, development and dissemination of general language norms. At the beginning of the 21st century, studies of English language textbooks 1 Although the prescriptive approach to language is often presented in foreign linguistics as the opposite of the descriptive approach to language, the latter term is too narrow because it does not cover some aspects characteristic of relatively young common languages, in which there is still a need for consistent normative work (see Miliūnaitė 2018: 168–182 for more details). The article mainly uses the terms normative linguistics and normative publication, especially when speaking about the realities of Lithuanian language. 2 Joan C. Beal, a professor at the University of Sheffield in Great Britain, notes that the conflict between descriptivism and prescriptivism in English became more acute in the 1960s, when the ideas of the American linguist Noam Chomsky, the creator of generative grammar, began to spread after the publication of Syntactic Structures in 1957. According to Chomsky, grammar is innate in every human being, so it is absurd to dictate grammar rules and teach them. In English-speaking schools, the teaching of grammar has been abandoned, and prescriptivism has been abandoned. However, three decades later, higher education institutions began to complain about the illiteracy of their students, and after a heated debate, the grammar, kad pataisytų tokią padėtį, vėl grąžinta į mokyklas, tik paradoksaliu būdu: dabar ji jau rėmėsi aprašomuoju požiūriu ir visiškai atsisakė preskripcijos bei toleravo nebendrines atmainas (Beal 2018: 3–5). Kas ir kaip which rolled on, is now beyond the scope of this article. Rita Miliūnaitė. Main advisory guides of Lithuanian language (features of the genre) | 3 examines doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.10 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 the evolution of their form and content over several centuries – from the books of this genre published in Great Britain and the United States of America at the end of the 18th century to current blogs (see Straaijer 2018: 11–29). The abundance of language advice on discussion forums and social networks shows that the ideology of common language has found new ground and has established itself on various online platforms (Vriesendorp 2016: 18). The project Bridging the unbridgeable: linguists, prescriptivists and the general public, launched in 2011 at the University of Leiden in the Netherlands, focused on three groups of actors involved in prescriptivism and their relationships: language specialists, prescriptivists as editors of language manuals, and language users (see Miliūnaitė 2018: 277 and the sources cited there). Among the tasks of the project was to investigate the role of language practice publications in solving language use problems (Straaijer 2015: 1–47). The results of this project have been published in various collections of articles and in a large monograph on English language textbooks published over a couple of centuries and their language recommendations (Destribing prescriptivism. Usage guides and usage problems in British and American English, v. TiekenBoon van 3 Ostade 2020). The second reason that prompted the study of Lithuanian language textbooks, their similarities and differences, is that the main publications of this genre – Kalbos patarėjas (1939), Kalbos praktikos patarimai (1976, 1985) and Kalbos patarimai (2002–2013) – have been digitized and are being prepared by the Lithuanian Language Institute to be presented in the Lithuanian language digital resource system in E-language. Both linguistic researchers and language users will be able to search for language recommendations in a one-stop shop or filter out the desired data in various sections, analyze changes in codification. In preparing the data, it was important to investigate the structure of language guides 3 Iš viso per minėtą laikotarpį išleisti 345 anglakalbiai kalbos vadovai, o 77 iš jų sudėti į specialią duomenų bazę ir knygoje nagrinėjami itin nuodugniai. Šioje duomenų bazėje taip pat struktūriškai aprašytos The 123 most common and typical language guides cover the problems (from spelling and punctuation to syntax) faced by English-speaking users. Rita Miliūnaitė. Main advisory Lithuanian language guides (genre characteristics) | 4 and doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.10 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 content characteristics, in order to find a common denominator for the presentation of various types of data. The aim of this article is to examine and compare the genre characteristics of three main Lithuanian language advisory publications published in different periods of Lithuanian political life and common language development – Language Advisor (1939), Language Practice Advice (1976, 1985) and Language Advice (2002–2013) – according to their introductory parts. Thus, one element of the macrostructure of language guides is taken as one of the possible 4 axes of comparison of these publications and the aim is not to present a detailed history of language guides, but to look at the language guides themselves as a genre. Additional context from other sources is provided to the extent that it is lacking in the introductions of the language guides themselves to create a clearer picture. The objectives of the article are: 1) to briefly describe the context of publication of the language manuals; 2) to examine the introductory parts of language manuals, to distinguish the main elements of their content; 3) to compare the nature of these publications according to the goals set by the editors, declared principles of data selection, etc. The methods used are analytical, descriptive and comparative. In the introductory parts of the examined language manuals, space is reserved for describing the language recommendations themselves: structure, evaluation grade teikinių parinkimui, iliustraciniams pavyzdžiams ir pan., tačiau šiame straipsnyje kalbos system, the microstructure of the manuals is not examined. 5 The research and the conclusions of the article are important in three respects: 1) activates the problem of language guides, which has been little studied in Lithuania, because so far most 4 For example, the macrostructure of a dictionary is “the general structure of the dictionary, the order of its major parts and the dictionary articles” (Jakaitienė 2005: 33). 5 E.g.: dictionary microstructure – “the structure of the dictionary article, the defined scope and content of each of its component parts (lemmas, data fields), the selected ways of marking various features, types of illustration, additional information” (Jakaitienė 2005: 36). In language manuals, the dictionary article is usually accompanied by a recommendation for (non-)use of the language term. Rita Miliūnaitė. Main advisory guides of Lithuanian language (genre characteristics) | 5 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.10 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 history and language content of the recommendations, but not genre characteristics; 2) apie pagrindinius kalbos vadovų struktūros elementus, o tai svarbu atnaujinant šių dienų recommendations for the data language are provided in order to maintain the continuity of the tradition of Lithuanian language guides and to highlight the new needs of current language users; 3) without a comprehensive study of the Lithuanian language textbooks, comparative studies would not be possible, taking into account the international context of such studies. There are two possible approaches to the subject: chronological (based on the sequence of publication of the researched language manuals) and structural (based on the genre characteristics of the language manuals). The first approach is chosen in the article, which allows to keep a unified view of the language guides themselves. The first of the four parts of the article is devoted to highlighting the general characteristics of the language guide as a genre, bearing in mind the context of similar foreign studies. In the second, third and fourth parts, the introductory parts of the research language textbooks are examined chronologically, distinguishing their most important structural elements. The conclusions summarize the genre characteristics of the researched language manuals. 1. THE LANGUAGE GUIDE AS A NORMATIVE LANGUAGE GENRE OF PUBLICATIONS Language guides are considered to be practical (guidebook or dictionary-type) publications intended to advise people who use a common language variant on the means of linguistic expression to choose, so that the text or spoken common language they write, translate from another language or edit complies with the norms of that language variant and is appropriate for the recipients (see Straaijer 2018: 11). In describing language guides, an effort is made to highlight the differences of this genre from dictionaries, grammar and style guides in terms of their purpose, object, addressees, structure and other genre characteristics (see Ebner 2016: 310–320). RITA MILIŪNAITĖ. Pagrindiniai patariamieji lietuvių kalbos vadovai (žanro ypatybės) | 6 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.10 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 The structure of both dictionaries and language manuals is similar – alphabetical, but dictionaries are usually descriptive, not normative (although in some countries, such as Lithuania, normative dictionaries are also allowed), so dictionaries aim to record and describe real usage. The object of language guides is the use that causes difficulties, adresatų laukas platus – netvirtai besijaučiantys kalbos vartotojai ir negimtakalbiai, kurie mokosi kalbos. Tokių leidinių pobūdis šviečiamasis, ugdomasis – aiškinama, kas (ne)turėtų ambiguities, discussions, but to be used. Dictionaries do not show problems in language usage, usually avoid fluctuating, varying norms, and language guides explain what is suitable for use in common language and what is not. The distinction between language and style guides is not very clear (see Ebner 2016: 310–311), because the concept of style itself is different. In one place stylistics is emphasized as a feature of refined language that corresponds to the purpose of use and the addressee, in another – uniformity as compliance with certain formal criteria for organizing the text. In addition to correcting various grammatical errors, English language manuals also advise how to make language more concise, precise and logical, avoiding worn-out words and other stylistic errors. In pure style guides, which are often used by closed user groups (i.e. a narrower target group, e.g. the mainstream media), the focus is on text structure, coherence, formatting, uniformity of commonly used abbreviations, etc. (see the European Union Institutions’ Guide to Translation into Lithuanian, Luxembourg, 2014). The style guides for the development of language stylistics are read more often, and the language guides for the vadovai naudojami kaip žinynai ar enciklopedijos, t. y. nėra skirti ištisam skaitymui. development of language stylistics are read more frequently. The collective nature of the work, as well as the universal purpose (because they cover many common problems of usage) and the approval level, make them the main language guides. The basic language guides provided the basis for the publication of many other similar, but often narrower or more defined Rita Miliūnaitė. Main advisory guides of Lithuanian language (genre characteristics) | 7 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.10 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 language guides. The language guides were the results of organized collective, adresatams skirtų leidinių, atkartojančių pagrindines pirmųjų rekomendacijas. Tiriamieji discussion-based and deliberative normative work, and the language advice was also considered by the State Language Commission. Other language guides and similar advisory publications are more individual or multi-author work. Since the volume of the article does not allow for a more detailed overview of the history of the development of Lithuanian language guidebooks, and also does not raise the task of a broader overview of other advisory Lithuanian language publications, only a few more important ones are mentioned for each language guidebook discussed, forming the general context of language recommendations and revealing the importance of reference language guidebooks. 2. LANGUAGE ADVISOR In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the rapid development of the common Lithuanian language, various publications dedicated to language practice began to appear. Mentionworthy are the dictionary of foreign and incomprehensible words compiled by Jurgis Šlapelis, published in Tilžė in 1907, the dictionary of language irregularities and barbarisms by Viktoras Kamantauskas, published in Kaunas in 1928, and the dictionary Let’s Talk Lithuanian by the same author, also published in Kaunas in 1933. These publications, it can be said, paved the way for a new genre and its first manifestation – the Language Advisor (hereinafter referred to as the Language Advisor) reflecting the experience of collective normative work. – KP). KP (1939) was a free supplement to the then existing general language newspaper Gimtoji kalba (1933–1941), a publication of the Lithuanian Language Society, which, as written on the cover, was prepared by L. Dambrauskas, edited by A. Salys and Pr. Coffins. He summarized the 20th century. Rita Miliūnaitė. Main advisory guides of Lithuanian language (genre characteristics) | 8 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.10 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 pradžios bendrinės lietuvių kalbos norminamąjį darbą, kurį po Jono Jablonskio mirties In 1930, the so-called Poyablonsky generation of linguists (see for more details. Miliūnaitė 2000a: 35). KP (1939) Pratarmė užima beveik keturis stalinio kalendoriaus dydžio puslapius (p. 5–8 6 ) ir yra pasirašyta visų trijų jį rengusių autorių inicialais. Daug dalykų apibūdinta 24– is a concise, streamlined text, but unlike later language guides, it does not provide specific language recommendations or examples of language phenomena to be evaluated. The following is an overview of the main content elements of this language guide. 2.1. The incentive to develop. The preamble states that the readers of the general language newspaper Gimtoji kalba, which was launched in 1933, were promised a separate publication of language advice, and that promise was fulfilled. By the way, the circulation of 12,000 copies indicated in the publication itself corresponds more or less to the circulation of the newspaper itself. 2.2. Purpose of the publication. The organizers described it as follows: “the aim is very narrow – to give to language practitioners in a concise and feasible way what has been written so far in a scattered and uneven manner in our own or others’ various places in recent years <...> and now is more difficult for the everyday user to access.” Thus, the aim was to collect in one publication the language recommendations scattered throughout the Mother Language Newspaper and other sources and to present them conveniently to readers. This aim of accumulating and systematizing language recommendations will remain the main objective of subsequent reference language guides. 2.3. Purpose of the publication. The preamble notes that it is not a systematic description of the common language, but only a help to language users in matters that pose practical difficulties: "<...> in providing the public with such a Language Advisor, we do not think that it can or at least pretends to replace some systematic complete guide to the common language, <...>. 6 This and the other two language guides under consideration are quoted below from the pages of the Preambles and other introductory sections, unless otherwise noted. Rita Miliūnaitė. Main advisory guides of Lithuanian language (genre characteristics) | 9 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.10 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Ne, šiuo savo leidiniu mes tik norime bendrinės kalbos dalykais besidominčiai visuomenei to provide the most necessary assistance …’. The purpose of the language guide is to distinguish it from the descriptive works of language. 2.4. Addressee of the publication. In the whole Preterme, both the public and the specific practical purpose of the language guide kalbos vartotojai, pvz.: „platesnė visuomenė“, „bendrinės kalbos dalykais besidominti visuomenė“, „kalbos praktikas“, „kasdieninis vartotojas“, „kasdieninis praktikas“. Taigi correspond to the broadly understood addressee. 2.5. Subject of the publication. The KP (1939) contained data “on the most relevant subjects of general language, mainly vocabulary”; the evaluative language phenomena are “mostly taken from the present-day usage”. The object is clearly identified – the common Lithuanian language and its use – only the common language itself was not defined separately in this language guide. 2.6. Methodological basis of the publication. The authors of KP (1939) state that they rely on two sources of general language norms: data of living language and those new linguistic facts that correspond to the tendencies of living language. In this way, the tradition of the standardization of the common language of Jan Jablonski is continued: “For our statements we have tried to use first of all very real data of the living language or such innovations that can easily be justified by examples of the living language itself.” On the other hand, it can be seen that the editors, perceiving the common language as a changing object, did not prevent the newly emerging tendencies of usage: “But one other thing, taking into account the requirements of today’s usage, had to be formulated somewhat more recently or, while not finding a clear solution, only indicate the emerging new direction in the use of this or that word and phrase.” Although the resolutions on the organization of the work on the common language, which summarized the previous experience of standardization of the common language, were published in the Mother Language itself in 1936, the standardization criteria themselves were refined and RITA MILIŪNAITĖ. Pagrindiniai patariamieji lietuvių kalbos vadovai (žanro ypatybės) | 16 published only in November 1938. BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 ▪ 1970 V. Nečiūno Medical language errors; ▪ 1970 A short guide to the formatting and spelling of documents (by J. Žemaitis); ▪ 1972 Vytenis Grabauskas’s Short Language Guide for Schools (corrections of major errors) (edited by A. Šoblinskas); ▪ lists of language tips for specialists in individual fields. Perhaps not everything was mentioned by the organizers, but from this list it is clear that since the Language Advisor no larger language guide had appeared for three decades, so the 10 need to prepare a CPP was obvious. The authors of the KPP (1976) themselves stated in Pratarme that it was “the first broader summarizing work of this kind in the Soviet years”. Kaip paskutinis KPP įvadinės dalies skyrius (Šaltiniai) pateiktas naudotos literatūros sąrašas, į kurį įtraukti ir keli svarbiausi autoritetingų autorių – Juozo Balčikonio, Kazimiero pakeistas, pridėta daugiau periodinės spaudos kalbos straipsnių (1945–1982), taip pat linksnių ir Būgos, Jono Jablonskio, Juozo Pikčilingio darbai. Antrajame leidime šis sąrašas mažai prielinksnių vartojimą, išleistos 1976 ir 1978 m. KPP (1985) Pratarmėje atskirai pažymėta, kad į minėti Aldono Pupkio Kalbos kultūros pagrindai (1980) ir dvi Jono Šukio knygos apie leidinyje vengiama dėti tokius kalbos reiškinius, kurių taisymai prieštarautų kitiems norminamiesiems darbams, t. y. The second edition of the Dictionary of the Modern Lithuanian Language (1972) was published. Thus, the authors of the KPP had a broad context of contemporary linguistic work, and they made an effort to reconcile different opinions so that the codification of common language norms would be as consistent and reasonable as possible. 10 Due to political considerations, at least a few more important applied works published in the Lithuanian diaspora were not mentioned in the introductory part of the KPP, for example, the Lithuanian language guide published in Germany in 1950 with a circulation of 5,000 copies (compiled by Pranas Skardžius, Stasys Barzdukas and Jonas Martynas Laurinaitis) and Pranas Skardžius’s book Lietuviški tarptautinių žodžių atitikmenys (Chicago, 1973). At the time, they could not have a significant influence on the development of general language norms in Lithuania, but later they were known and used by language normists. RITA MILIŪNAITĖ. Pagrindiniai patariamieji lietuvių kalbos vadovai (žanro ypatybės) | 17 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.10 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 3.8. Data and principles for their selection and presentation. As with KP (1939), the principle of presenting language phenomena remained alphabetical, and the publication itself is called a 11 corrective dictionary in the section The scope of advice. Both lexical and grammatical phenomena are covered by the non-presentable borrowings, hybrids, non-presentable pasidarė platesnė, kalbos reiškinių rūšys labiau diferencijuojamos. Iš leksikos „aptariami žodžiai, kurie dėl kokių nors priežasčių bendrinei kalbai visai netinka (žargonizmai, valuative or unacceptable modernizations, dialects)", as well as "good own multi-meaning words, if one or more of their meanings (usually translational) are to be corrected in one way or another". The CPP also includes much more grammar – word formation, morphology and syntax: “incorrect, not the very best or at least fluctuating standard words, their forms, combinations, constructions, word affixes have been added to the corrective dictionary”. Unlike the KP (1939), there are no pronunciation and spelling recommendations: “There are no spelling and punctuation issues, no pronunciation and spelling issues are discussed”; separated part of the actual words – a list of more common normative (sometimes with norm variants) Lithuanian place names. The authors of the KPP note that they “do not even pretend to answer all questions of language practice”; “did not even set itself the task of establishing norms for all the phenomena that vary in language, but tried to discuss only the most relevant things of language, which have traditions of correction and use and whose norms do not raise any ir KP (1939), žvelgdami į bendrinę kalbą kaip nuolat kintančią kalbos atmainą ir greater doubts to linguists today”. Similarly, realizing that the crystallization of norms is a process that extends over time, they acknowledged that it is simply impossible to clearly assess the normativity of some evolving linguistic phenomena in the spoken time: “where a specific usage is not established or simply not studied, it is satisfied with the indication of the language norming tendency and the non-strict rules of usage of linguistic phenomena. 11 By the way, the KPP text was also written alphabetically, with the authors sharing the letters. RITA MILIŪNAITĖ. Pagrindiniai patariamieji lietuvių kalbos vadovai (žanro ypatybės) | 18 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.10 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 recommendations’. The KPP (1976) also contains such corrections, which, as noted in the chapter Scope of the Advice, “are no longer relevant to the advanced user of common language, but may be useful for the promotion of language culture in society”. KPP (1985) has given more attention to data sampling. It is emphasized that the Advices are “not a guide to all the unclear matters of language practice”, therefore it was not intended to give answers about the norm of all the varying phenomena, but to show what language culture specialists do not have any greater doubts about. The content of the CPP has changed in two ways. First, some of the language phenomena from the first edition were abandoned: 1) obsolete barbarisms or those “which many clearly perceive as unusable foreign words and know how to replace them”; 2) random, atypical corrections and samples, the temporality of which has been confirmed during the preparation of the second edition; 3) examples of narrowly used specific terms and professional language; 4) language phenomena belonging to the field of stylistics; 5) such amendments ‘for which the justification has proved not entirely sufficient’. Secondly, new language phenomena have been added, which are “well-founded theoretically and not publicly denied by anyone” and on which the organizers have agreed. Although the editors of the KPP adhered to the provision that only stylistically neutral language phenomena should be evaluated in the publication, it can still be concluded from the introductory part that contact with stylistics was not avoided. One, “some of the words or syntactic constructions corrected in the Tips may be used with a special stylistic purpose”, so some stylistic mark is added to such phenomena. Secondly, there are also stylistic recommendations, which are needed when the language phenomenon, being characteristic of a certain style, “aggressively invades into other kitus stilius ir ardo jų sistemą“. Šios sąsajos su stilistika rodo, kad KPP siekta atspindėti tokį bendrinės kalbos normų raidos etapą, kai ši atmaina jau tiek subrendusi, kad jos Rita Miliūnaitė. Main advisory guides of Lithuanian language (genre characteristics) | 19 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.10 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 normoms natūraliai būdinga stilistinė skaida, kurios dar nebuvo matyti KP (1939). Tačiau styles”. The interfaces with stylistics are not abundant and it would not be possible to say that the CPP exceeds the boundaries of the language guide as a genre and partly moves into the genre of style guide. 4. LANGUAGE ADVICE After the publication of the Language Practice Guidelines, both narrower-ranging and specialized language advisory publications began to appear, which were mainly based on the 12 CPP recommendations and were more adapted to target groups of language users. Not all of them could be called typical language guides, so below are mentioned only a few. One of the larger works is the book Praktinė lietuvių kalbos vartosena (Practical Use of Lithuanian Language) prepared by Juozas Vaišnis and published in Chicago in 1985. In the preface the author refers mainly to and referred to KPP (1939) and KPP (1976). It is understood that this work was intended for the needs of the diaspora and could not function in Lithuania at the time. In Lithuania, Danguolė Mikulėnienė’s publication How Not to Speak (1991) was published as a dictionary of errors, Pranas Kniūkšta’s Kanceliarinės kalbos patarimai (1st edition 1993, in total five book editions) for administrative language, Nijolė 13 Linkevičienė and Laimutis Laužikas Language Tips for Journalists (1997), Jon Šukis Language Tips for History Teachers (1998), Genovaitė Irtmonienė and Jon Šukis Language Tips for Physical Culture and Sport Specialists (2000), online version of Linos Murinienės and 12 Below are mentioned only some of the most relevant and based on the CPP (derived) publications, although other important normative works by Arnoldas Piročkinas, Aldona Paulauskienė, Danutė Tarvydaitė, Pranas Kniūkštas and others have also been published. 13 Internetinį šio leidinio variantą redaguoja ir atnaujina Rasuolė Vladarskienė. Prieiga internete http://www.about-us.com. Rita Miliūnaitė. Main advisory guides of Lithuanian language (genre characteristics) | 20 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.10 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Rasuolės Vladarskienės sudarytas leidinys Administracinės kalbos aktualijos (2014) 14 ir kt. Many language recommendations were published in the journals Kalbos kultūra, Gimtoji kalba, as well as in the periodical press. In this context, rich in normative information, a little more than a decade after the publication of the KPP (1985), thought began to be given to a third edition (see Miliūnaitė 2000b: 180–189). The authors' collective and the preparation procedure have 15 changed considerably. It was decided to write the text no longer in separate letters, but to divide it according to the languages and types of language phenomena, so that the publication itself would be more systematic and coherent. In view of the fact that specific language recommendations have begun to accumulate again in the periodical and language press after the publication of the CPP (1985), the Institute of Lithuanian Language has created a digital database of language recommendations, which covers a significant part of the sources of codification that have appeared since the time when the collection of data for the second edition of the CPP (1985) was stopped. These data were subsequently provided to the authors of the new language guide – Language Advice (KP (2002–2013)). In addition, between 1997 and 2005, 20 Language Advice Information Bulletins were published, containing summaries and indexes of the most important articles published in periodical and scientific press on language practice. It was also a help to both the Atlikus parengiamuosius darbus, suplanuotos aštuonios bandomosios knygelės ir editors and the language users waiting for the new edition of the CPP. a separate Pronouns Dictionary as a substantially supplemented and updated KPP list of place names atitikmuo 16 . Kaip rašoma KP (2002–2013) Pratarmėse, bedirbant paaiškėjo, kad „pildoma, 14 Internet access: http://administracinekalba.lki.lt. 15 For the full list of authors, see the article's source list. 16 The dictionary of pronouns was prepared, discussed in the State Lithuanian Language Commission and published in 2002 (Dictionary of Pronouns, edited by: Aldonas Pupkis (compiler and chief editor), Marytė Razmukaitė (compiler), Rita Miliūnaitė, Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopedia Publishing) – at the same time as the first booklet of grammar recommendations. In 2007 this dictionary was digitized at the Lithuanian Language Institute and is publicly available at http://vietovardziai.lki.lt/. This shows the intensive work of the Language Advisory Group at the time. RITA MILIŪNAITĖ. Pagrindiniai patariamieji lietuvių kalbos vadovai (žanro ypatybės) | 21 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.10 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 It has been rewritten and revised to the point that the result is a fundamentally different publication, which differs more or less from the previous Language Practice Advices both in terms of the scope of the subjects covered and the way in which they are presented, and sometimes in terms of evaluation.” Since the text had to be discussed in the State Lithuanian Language Commission, it was decided not to wait until all the authors wrote their parts, and to publish one booklet each, and later, after receiving the comments of the readers, to put everything together in one publication in alphabetical order. However, this work, although it began smoothly and planfully, later unfolded with major interruptions. In 2002, the first booklet Grammatical Forms and their Use was published, in 2003 – three booklets for syntax subjects. In 2005, the first edition of the lexical loan booklet was published (the second edition in 2013). In 2002, after a change in the leadership of the Language Commission, the temporary subcommittee that had been considering the language advice was disbanded and new authors took up the work, but the remaining three booklets were neither prepared nor published. In 2012, after another change in the leadership of the Language Commission, in 2015, the compiler of the publication took it back and began preparing the missing parts, and the authors’ collective no longer continued this work because of their honourable age. Together with the other two language guides, the digitization of all Language Advice Booklets published until then began in 2018 and a common database of language recommendations provided in them was created. It is being integrated into the Lithuanian language digital resource system E. kalba (https://ekalba.lt). The introductory sections of the KP (2002–2013) grammar booklets, Prepositions (p. 4–6), differ slightly, and the subsequent sections, Structure of Language Tips, Use of Verbs (Use of Prepositions and Adverbs, etc.), Nature and Structure of Articles, Functional Description, Degrees of Evaluation, References to Other Articles (p. 6–16), describe the characteristics of each booklet in terms of data selection, difference from KP (1985), presentation of recommendations, evaluation, etc. Since the booklets were only trial and not intended for RITA MILIŪNAITĖ. Pagrindiniai patariamieji lietuvių kalbos vadovai (žanro ypatybės) | 22 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.10 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 for the general public, as well as for the target audiences, detailed introductory parts were not written, especially since those audiences were well acquainted with the previous language guide. 4.1. The incentive to develop. In the preambles of KP (2002–2013), as in previous language manuals, it is noted that since the publication of KPP (1985), “a considerable amount of dalykų, atsirado naujų bendrinės kalbos vartotojams rūpimų klausimų“. Valstybinė lietuvių kalbos komisija dar 1998 m. patvirtino „Kalbos praktikos patarimų“ 3-iojo leidimo considerations about the basis and principles of the preparation of the manual (see Gimtoji kalba, 1998, No. 12, pp. 4–6) has accumulated, and based on this, the group preparing this publication began in 1999 to investigate the data of usage, to differentiate the variants of usage more precisely and purposefully, to review the evaluation of language phenomena, to clarify the limits of norms and errors, if necessary, and then to write the text of individual booklets. 4.2. Purpose and objectives of the publication. The preamble states that the objective of the KP (2002–2013) is “to assess the linguistic phenomena relevant to the use of common language, to indicate the basic (usually neutral) norms of fluctuating variants and to distinguish those phenomena that are on the edge of common language or outside its boundaries”. The tasks of this language guide, it can be said, emerge from the statements of Pratarmiai, which is done: "concisely presents the various things relevant to the current general language use, shows the relationship of linguistic phenomena with the norms of general language at different degrees of evaluation and tries to reveal the tendencies of normative use". KP (2002–2013) differs from KPP in the style of its introductory sections, which are more academic and addressed to a specific target group of readers who do not need to 4.3. Purpose aiškinti, kam toks leidinys reikalingas ir ko juo siekiama. of the publication. Continuing the tradition of the KPP, the new KP (2002–2013) is understood by the editors as a publication of language practice, thus not departing from the genre of language guide. In the section of the introductory parts “Structure of language advice”, justifying the systematic (and only then alphabetical), rather than primarily alphabetical way Rita Miliūnaitė. Main advisory guides of Lithuanian language (genre characteristics) | 23 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.10 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 of presenting language phenomena, it is written that “for language practice it is useful to buvę „Kalbos praktikos patarimai“. Atskirais kalbos lygmenimis sistemiškai išdėstyti have not only an alphabetical list of all corrected and advised language subjects, which are evaluated language phenomena not only allow a better understanding of the essence of the corrected and advised things to use, but at the same time helps to memorize the recommendations themselves more easily”. 4.4. Addressee of the publication. The prefaces of the KP (2002–2013) refer to the general language users, and the annotations of the publications state that it is “a set of advice for editors, language managers, teachers, students, – for everyone who cares about language culture”. 4.5. Subject of the publication. In the introductions of KP (2002–2013) the current usage of Lithuanian language (in which various normative and non-normative linguistic phenomena function) and the general Lithuanian language, its various functional styles and postils are often mentioned. Interestingly, the definition of the purpose and tasks of the publication shows a targeted and emphasized attempt to distinguish common language from other language variants, and its norms from non-normative language phenomena. Such a tendency was not explicitly stated in previous language guides. 4.6. Methodological basis of the publication. Although it was not mentioned in the introductory parts of the KP (2002–2013), the theoretical basis on which the KP relied was undoubtedly the document Principles of the Lithuanian Common Language, Codification Criteria and their Application (Principles 1997), approved by the State Lithuanian Language Commission in 1997, as well as the mentioned basis and principles for the preparation of the 3rd edition of the Language Practice Advices, which mention the principles of functional (social) purposefulness, systematism and purity, and the change of norms through variants. In the preamble, only one of the most important provisions is mentioned: “An effort is made to observe the principle of stability of standards and not to change them jumpingly, but by slightly tightening or softening the assessment itself.” It is also worth noting that a more coherent and defined system of degrees of evaluation of language phenomena has been created, based on the theory of general language norm, and this is discussed in a separate section of Pre-Arms. Rita Miliūnaitė. Main advisory guides of Lithuanian language (genre characteristics) | 24 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.10 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 4.7. Relationship with other language publications and sources of norms. The supporting sources of general language norms remained essentially the same academic publications gramatikos, tad jų įvadinėse dalyse nė neminėta. Tačiau išryškėjo ir esminis skirtumas nuo ankstesnių kalbos vadovų: prasidėjus įvairių kalbos išteklių skaitmeninimui ir duomenų – dictionaries and databases, there was no need to collect paper language correction records. Not only the above-mentioned Language Recommendations database, but also the computerized language consultation bank of the Lithuanian Language Institute and the consultation database of the State Lithuanian Language Commission (later renamed the Consultation Bank) mentioned in the Pratarmė of the KP (2005) lexical loan booklet were useful to the editors. By the way, all the recommendations of the published paper 17 KP (2002–2013) were later added to this Consultation Bank. 4.8. Data and principles for their selection and presentation. The selection of data and the contents are not very different in principle from previous language guides, because the authors tried to maintain the tradition of corrections and to supplement the language recommendations only with such new phenomena, the usage tendencies of which had already become apparent, and the editors more or less agreed on their evaluation. The most significant changes were made to the language. The systematic presentation of language recommendations allowed the general articles of grammar to be linked to specific lexicalized cases, which in previous language manuals were scattered alphabetically throughout the publication. In addition, it was already understood at that time that the KP sooner or later would have to take the form of a digital database, so the recommendations for the Polish language were considerably formalized, their structure is described in detail in the section of the introductory parts "Nature and structure of articles". 17 The possibilities of digital sources (unlimited space, speed of correction when necessary, convenient search, etc.) allowed a smooth transition from paper language guides to digital format of recommendations. However, the Consultation Bank cannot replace a systematic and consistent publication, so the Language Advices, as a language guide genre, has not been abandoned, but it will also be available online. Rita Miliūnaitė. Main advisory guides of Lithuanian language (genre characteristics) | 25 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.10 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Since the three planned KP (2002–2013) booklets on word structure and word meanings and other varied lexical phenomena have not yet been published, this publication has not yet taken on a complete form. However, the published texts allow us to assign him to the Lithuanian language vadovo žanrui, nors įvadinės dalys gana glaustos ir neatskleidžia visų šio leidinio ypatybių. Praėjus dar 20 metų nuo Kalbos patarimų knygelių leidybos pradžios, bendrinės users have changed considerably: the democratization processes, the liberalization of social life and the internetization change both the linguistic attitudes and the forms of presentation of information. In the period of post-standardization, the motivation of language recommendations, the clear argumentation of language phenomena evaluation becomes increasingly important. The first steps have already been taken – the main Lithuanian language guides have been digitized and will be presented to the public in a form that will show the development of the codification of general language norms over the past eight decades. CONCLUSIONS According to the characteristics of the genre, the three basic publications of Lithuanian normative linguistics – Kalbos patarėjas (1939), Kalbos praktikos patarimai (1976, 1985) and Kalbos patarimai (2002–2013) – correspond to the characteristics of language guides that have existed in Europe for several centuries and constitute the most important systematized legacy of recommendations for the use of the common Lithuanian language. Their appearance and nature were determined by the norming tasks arising at different stages of the development of the common language, as well as by different political circumstances and changing social needs. The introductory parts of the language textbooks examined in the article reflect only part of the context of their preparation, but provide data on the characteristics and development of the genre itself, as well as on the general Rita Miliūnaitė. Main advisory guides of Lithuanian language (genre characteristics) | 32 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.10 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 The importance of the study and the conclusions made in the article is three-fold: been (1) they give relevance to the issues covered by language guides, a subject that has not scrutinised in any kind of detail in Lithuania yet, because research has so far been focusing on the history of their preparation and the content of language advice rather than the characteristics of the genre; (2) they offer data on the structural elements of language guides, which is important in the light of updating modern-day language advice; (3) an in-depth scrutiny of Lithuanian language guides would open up possibilities for conducting further comparable studies within the international context of this kind of research. The genre characteristics of the three Lithuanian language guides in question mirror the genre characteristics of European language guides that have been in existence for centuries; furthermore, they constitute the most significant structured legacy of advice on the usage of the standard Lithuanian language. Their origins and nature were the product of the different standardisation goals that emerged during different phases of standard public. The language development, the different political circumstances, and the shifting needs of the introductory parts of the Lithuanian language guides in question describe, to objectives of the a greater or lesser extent, the following elements of contents: (1) the goal, purpose, and publication, (2) the audience; (3) the object (the language varieties, its domains of usage and functional styles), (4) theoretical principles of standardisation of language phenomena; (6) the principles of data selection and presentation. The introductory parts of the language guides covered in the article only cast a light on a small segment of the entire context of their preparation, yet they offer some insights into the characteristics and development of the genre per se, as well as into the shift in the norms of the standard language, the development of its functional styles, the functional RITA MILIŪNAITĖ. Pagrindiniai patariamieji lietuvių kalbos vadovai (žanro ypatybės) | 33 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.10 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 differentiation of means of linguistic expression, and the evolution of the theory of standardisation of the standard language. KEYWORDS: standard language, standardization, usage guide, language advice, prescriptive linguistics. RITA MILIŪNAITĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania [email protected]