Daiktavardžiai „atitiktis“, „atitikimas“ administracinėje kalboje

BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas CONFORMITY, CONFORMITY, CONFORMITY IN ADMINISTRATIVE LANGUAGE KEY WORDS: noun correspondence, correspondence conjugation, administrative language, usage tendency. The subject of this article is the derivative correspondence and correspondence of the verb correspond. The aim is to investigate the conjugation of spoken verb nouns in terms of syntax and semantics, based on examples of administrative texts from the Contemporary Lithuanian Language Textbook and EUR-lex database. After analyzing 452 examples, it became clear that the corresponding, corresponding connected object is most often marked by the user. The study showed that spoken nouns mean “similarity (coherence) and/or equivalence; suitability’. The study of nouns corresponding in administrative language was prompted by their different syntactic conjugation in terms of language norm. The use does not indicate different connectivity. Thus, the aim of the article is to analyze the correspondence of nouns used in administrative language, syntactic and semantic aspect. After presenting the correspondence of nouns, the corresponding norm of syntactic conjugation and their meanings in dictionaries, discuss the usage of these nouns from a syntactic and semantic point of view; to review the semantic aspect of correspondence, correspondence relationship with their use in translations of administrative texts from English. Reference is made to examples of administrative texts from EUR-lex, the database of European Union legislation and other public documents, and from the Contemporary Lithuanian Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Nouns correspondence, correspondence in administrative language │ 2 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.08 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Textbook (CLT). 1. PRESUMTED CONFORMITY OF NOUNS TO A LANGUAGE NORM, CONFORMITY JUNGLE Kalbos normos požiūriu veiksmažodinių daiktavardžių atitiktis, atitikimas sintaksinis conjugacy, or valence, is evaluated differently. For example, Elena Oginskienė (1992: 45) states 1 that neither the verb atitikti nor the noun atitikimas or atitikmuo should be used with the noun. Pranas Kniūkšta is of the same opinion. In his Kanceliarinės kalbos patarimai (KancKP 2000: 40; see also: KancKP 1994: 29; Kniūkšta 2005: 208) he writes that "with a noun, the <...> noun correspondence <...> is not to be used. Stylistically it is unsuitable and with the nobleman – what (non)correspondence; may be (dis)agreement with what: No discrepancies in the consignment notes 2 (= no discrepancies with the consignment notes)’. Similarly, Jonas Šukys assesses the conjugality of noun correspondence: "Language users are confused when confronted with the word correspondence. According to the rules, there should be a correspondance of something <...>, but the originator with the 1998: 150). J. Šukys (1998: 150) siūlo „rinktis ne naudininką, o vienarūšes sakinio dalis su jungtuku correspondance is ambiguous, unstyled, almost impossible" (Šukys and or secondary sentence. At that time, not many people cared about the correspondence of the translation to the original (= correspondence of the translation and the original; how much / how / whether the translation corresponds to the original; it could 1 also be the correspondence of the translation to the original, but it is unclear, not very clear)”. The author points out that “with correspondence is not suitable and the final, In this article, conjugation, or valenting, is understood as it is understood in Nijolė Sližienė’s Lithuanian Verb Conjugation Dictionary (Sližienė 1994: 16tt). 2 In addition, he wrote: "There is a need to change the way we think about the subject. For example, the sentences change įstatymo atitikimas Konstitucijos <...>, nuostatų atitikimas įstatymo objekto kilmininkus (Konstitucijos, įstatymo) mėginama the noun. But such forms of object expression are only with nouns of concreted meaning, which do not have the need for priesagos -imas: reikia pinigų – pinigų poreikis (galėtų būti ir pinigų reikėjimas) – poreikis pinigams (bet neįmanoma money)” (Kniūkšta 2005: 208). LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ. Daiktavardžiai atitiktis, atitikimas administracinėje kalboje │ 3 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.08 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 e.g. : The compliance of the indicators with the norms was also assessed (= how/if the indicators comply with the norms). <...> Sometimes fit, fit can be replaced by fit, belief, and then the noun is used, e.g., an individual’s fit (= belief) for a profession depends a lot on the state of health” (Šukys 1998: 151). In the opinion of Aldona Paulauskienė, the use of the noun with conforming, conformity has an influence (Paulauskienė 2001: 174) (plg., pvz., rus. соответствовать кому (чему). Remiantis Astos on the foreign language Kupčinskaitė-Ryklienė Language consultations, verb conformity with both the noun and the suffix has shortcomings: “compliance with requirements – non-systematic noun, atitikimą reikalavimus – aiškiai dirbtinis“. Valdomus objekto linksnius siūloma keisti šalutiniu sentence. Although “[e]ligibility, like eligibility, has a non-systematic beneficiary”, “such expressions are common in the legal language, especially eligibility, cf. love of the country. 3 Where appropriate, compliance may go with the ascendant, e.g. compliance with requirements” (CC 2003: 23). In the Language Advices compiled by Rita Miliūnaitė and discussed by the State Lithuanian Language Commission, the noun correspondance with the user is considered as a language error (ntk.), and 4 correspondance with the user is a secondary variant of the norm (KP2 S1 2009: 38–39). In both cases, it is suggested to use a prepositional or postpositional object genitive (correspondence to what, 5 correspondance to what), a noun compound agree with what or a subjunctive sentence. In the Consultation Bank (VLKKe) provided by the State Lithuanian Language Commission it is written that “instead of corresponding to what compounds should be used corresponding to what, to 6 3 J. Šukys argues that “the beneficiary of the object <...> can also be controlled by some verb nouns, usually made from final or even adjective verbs, when there is a shade of purpose, e.g. <...> loves what – love for whom, <...> asks what – question for whom; greets what – greeting for <...> (Of course, another meaning can be <...> whose love, whose greeting). <...> Isn’t this film an indictment of society?” (Šukys 1998: 149). 4 The reference ntk.,,indicates that the evaluated phenomenon is a language error and is not applicable to the general language“ (KP2 S1 2009: 9). 5 ,,[A] secondary (partial) variant of the norm <...> may be used in common language if necessary (for example, taking into account the peculiarities of functional styles), but preference should be given to the main (neutral) variant of the norm, especially in prestigious common language“ (KP2 S1 2009: 9). 6 See: http://www.vlkk.lt/konsultacijos/183-atitikimas-atitiktis-kam (accessed 2020-07-10). Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Nouns correspondence, correspondence in administrative language │ 4 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.08 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 and the correspondence (correspondence), agreement with what or ancillary sentence.” The VLKKe draws kad, skirtingai nei minėtuose Kalbos patarimuose, nuo 2016 m. kovo 17 d. „junginys atitiktis kam attention to the fact that it is to be considered as an equivalent variant of the norm (as fully established 7 in practice). The following sentences can be used in order: corresponding to whom, corresponding to that and that (correspondence), agreeing with whom, subordinate sentence." Laima Pečkuvienė (2011) previously wrote about the fact that the verb noun atitiktis, unlike atitikimas, 8 can be used with the noun, after examining the language of the Lithuanian Codes and their commentaries. And Ramunė Vaskelaitė (2003), based on publicistic material, explained in an article what determines that in certain cases the originator of the object is not used, but the beneficiary. In her opinion, this may be influenced by the weakening of the connection with the base word, avoidance of ambiguity, chain of several origins, cf.: his health test; a test for health. Furthermore, “the noun may be supported by a sentence verb”. The author concluded that “in noun compounds corresponding to verb compounds with ending, the noun may be used in certain cases. This use is determined by various specific circumstances” (Vaskelaitė 2003: 43). In summary, it can be seen that according to the language norm, the correspondence of verb nouns, the corresponding syntactic conjugation differs. With the object user, the noun corresponding can be used, but the noun corresponding cannot be used. Instead of the latter compound, it is suggested to choose the noun corresponding compound (VLKKe). In view of this proposal, it can be assumed that it is permissible to ignore the semantic (more action or object) differences of the verb nouns discussed (see. 7 For example: “There may be a functional stylistic difference between the equivalent variants of the general language norm, <...> they are to be used selectively” (KP2 S1 2009: 10). 8 An overview of the syntax descriptions of verb nouns in the main Lithuanian language grammar and other gramatikai skirtuose darbuose žr. Pakerys (2006: 122–129). Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Nouns correspondence, correspondence in administrative language │ 5 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.08 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 texts. In other cases, the incorrect correspondence of the noun object-user must be replaced by a prepositional object-original, a connected conjunction and the subject-original, and instead of the object-user it is also suitable to use an ancillary sentence, the noun compound agreeing with whom (see Kniūkšta, Miliūnaitė), sometimes the noun compound believing in whom (see Šukys). In view of the above, several hypotheses can be made: if semantically different compounds can be exchanged with each other, their semantics are (may be) similar; on this basis, the correspondence of a noun with the expression of the controlled object is (may be) analogous to the correspondence of an object with a noun. 452 examples of administrative language from DLKT and EUR-lex are used to test the hypotheses. In short, the administrative style of Lithuanian language is characterized by formality, standard (standardity), objective accuracy, clarity, conciseness, logic 9 (Župerka 2012: 85, pg. 1983: 106). “Precise conventional formulations prevent any other interpretation of the 10 document and facilitate communication in the administrative sphere. <...> The lexicon of the 11 administrative style is characterized by the use of words with literal meanings, <...> syntax – consonant word combinations” (Župerka 12 1983: 106–107, plg. 2012: 85–86; dar plg. Pikčilingis 1971: 328), daiktavardinės konstrukcijos 9 “On the one hand, standardity helps to express the same ideas precisely and uniformly, on the other hand, standard means of expression with a broader meaning outcompete other, more specific means of expression with more diverse shades of meaning” (Vladarskienė 2018: 1). 10 For example: "The style of EU documents is different. They are written in English or French, the administrative style of these languages is antiquated, and the sentences have complex, elaborate and unclear structures <...>; these characteristics are not typical of Lithuanian administrative style. <...>. When translating EU documents, it is not possible to depart from the original, meaning that long, complexly structured, vague sentences from EU documents enter the national languages and change the peculiar characteristics of the administrative style cherished for decades” (Vladarskienė 2006: 46–47). 11 For example, the text of a legal act “must not contain unnecessary or incorrect words, word combinations, remarks and ambiguities” (Kniūkšta 2005: 19). 12 For example: “In administrative language, not only many words and their meanings are standard, but also whole sentences that have become stamps, even individual parts of the text, especially their beginnings” (Kniūkšta 2005: 21). LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ. Daiktavardžiai atitiktis, atitikimas administracinėje kalboje │ 6 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.08 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 (2005: 16). Administrative language texts – state documents, legislation, official documents (Kniūkšta 2005: 13). 13 2. NOUN MATCH, MATCH IN DICTIONARIES: INTERFACE WITH COMPLIANCE Nouns match, match is made from the verb match by adding the suffix tis or -imas. The noun correspondence is more specific (objective) than the noun correspondence (DLKG 1996: 94–95), cf. examples 1–2 below. On the other hand, as can be seen from examples 3-5, in usage this semantic (more 14 object or action) difference can be blurred and spoken nouns are used interchangeably, synonymously. Then the meaning of the nouns in question is close and they can be replaced with each other without major semantic differences. Similar correspondence, the significance of correspondence, probably affects their syntactic conjunction – it becomes uniform. 1) The terms used in the Regulation correspond to the terms and definitions of Lithuanian documents prepared on the basis of analogous international and European documents. Conformity – conformity of a product, process or service to the DLKT. 13 For the connections and differences between administrative and clerical language and administrative and scientific language, see 2005, pp. 13–14, 21. 14 The adverb -im "is usually used in Vedic with a very clear and pure meaning of action (or state)" (DLKG 1996: 94). For example: “Due to regularity and some other characteristics, these nouns approach the status of conjugated verb forms” (Pakerys 2006: 130). The names of the -tis "actions are usually more specific than the -imas or -ymas prepositions, e.g.: <...> sugaištis "wasting of time, delay", sukaktis "turn" (DLKG 1996: 95). LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ. Daiktavardžiai atitiktis, atitikimas administracinėje kalboje │ 7 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.08 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 (2) ‘match’ means a match determined by automatic comparison of personal data recorded or to be recorded in an information system or database with EUR-lex. (3) The applicant did not question the constitutionality of Article 10 of the Fees Act in its entirety, but only the constitutionality of Article 10(1) of the Fees Act in relation to Article 29(1) and Article 46(1) and (4) of the Constitution to the extent that the cases specified in Article 10(1) of the Fees Act are included in the DLKT. 4) DECREES OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA OF 11 APRIL 2003 NO. 457 "ON THE DISMISSION OF THE SUPREME MINISTER OF VILNIAUS DISTRICT" COMPLIANCE Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania 5) OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA OF 10 MARCH 1993 186P „DĖL VALSTYBĖS IR VARTOTOJŲ KOOPERACIJOS TURTINIŲ SANTYKIŲ“ COMPLIANCE WITH ARTICLE 1 AND 2 OF THE PRIVATIZATION OF APARTMENTS LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA ARTICLE DLKT. From the Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language (DŽ7i) it becomes clear that atitiktis – is “correspondence”, and the abstract correspondance is the verb atitikti in the article, where the meaning is given as follows: “1. be in a relationship of consent, harmony” or “2. find, trace’. Similarly, 15 Nijolė Sližienė defines the meanings of the verb atitikti in the Lithuanian Verb Conjugation Dictionary 16 (VJŽ), namely in the second part of the second volume of this dictionary (VJŽ2(2)): 1. be related to what in the agreement, harmony relationship, e.g., in the Lithuanian Academic Dictionary (LKŽe) there is no lexicographic article of the noun atitiktis. Nuorašas [P] atitinka originalą [Comp]; 2. rasti, atsekti, pvz., Ar [tu] [A1] atitiksi kelią [P] tamsoje? 15 DŽ7i: agree – 7. coincide; LKŽe: sutikti – 1. to coincide (by squeezing), to meet; 2. to be harmonious, to coincide, to harmonize; sutikti – 9. sutapti, derintis, turėti bendrumo, pvz.: Pajamų knygos [P] turi sutikti su išlaidų knygomis [Com]. 16 LKŽe: darnus – 2. susiderinęs, harmoningas; DŽ7i: darnus – kuris susiderinęs, suderintas; BŽe: darnus – 1. VJŽ2(2): harmonised, harmonized; 3. balanced, without compromising the balance. Harmony – harmonization of the whole and its parts, harmony, internal and external, content and form; Sin. harmony. Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Nouns correspondence, correspondence in administrative language │ 8 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.08 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 The first two values of the noun match here are associated with the corresponding values of the reference match, and the third is refl. "event", for example, this is not a fairy tale, but a real accident straipsnyje paliekama nuošalyje. Pirmoji LKŽe nurodyta atitikimas reikšmė (pvz.: Virbalo ir siūlo J.Balč. This meaning correspondance is best determined by dipping a thread knitted into a hole made with a yarn in paper) has two shades: "the presence of a relationship of agreement, harmony" (e.g.: Sentences with the meaning of non-correspondence also have specific structure characteristics LKGIII753) and "a relationship of equivalence" (e.g.: The principle of correspondance is one of the main methodological principles of the development of science). The first meaning of the verb itself correspond is defined as 17 "1. tr., intr. be adapted”, e.g. : Matched axe shank Pln. ; Fits George hat KrvP(Vv). Ši reikšmė turi tris atspalvius: „sutapti“ 18 (pvz.: Žodžiai nebeatitinka su mūsų kantička Kp.), ‘equal’, e.g. : The reference corresponds to the original DG1, and "to be equivalent", e.g. : A higher vapour 19 pressure corresponds to a lower boiling point. The second corresponding value in LKŽe is associated with 20 "compliance 2. tr., intr. hit; obstruct; obstacles; to enter’, e.g. : Talked about shooting ing mark and hit it SPI192. The latter also has its own nuances: "to find, to trace (a previously known thing)", e.g. : Patamsin duris attienykt nelengva Lš. ; „to find, to enter (unknown in advance), e.g. : And the horseman returned, and found no high manors, only a deep lake, a large water V.Krėv. ; "understand, misunderstand, guess", e.g. : Toli was far from satisfied, feeling that he did not meet his true vocation Vaižg; "to guess, to memorize", e.g. : And you will not relate our words Vrnv. ; „to match, match, choose, appoint“, e.g., He was matched with medicines, and he recovered from St. ; "to like what to do, to be able to", e.g. : I'll get the job done myself, Arm. ; „ištaikyti“, LKŽe: match – 1. choose, find, make suitable, desired; DŽ7i: apply – 3. adjust, customize; VJŽ2(2): apply – 1. adjust, adapt, e.g. A: The weaver applies color with color to make it beautiful. 17 18 VJŽ2(2): sutapti – 1. to be the same, to have commonality, to match, e.g. : Theoretical results [P] are consistent with experimental data [Com]; LKŽe: sutapti – 1. to be the same, identical, very similar, to have a commonality, to match; DŽ7i: sutapti – 1. make the same, join, merge, agree. 19 VJŽ2(2): prirovnati – 1. make, be equal, e.g. : The son [P] often does not match the father [Comp]; LKŽe: prilygti – 1. make, be equal to something, equalize; DŽ7i: to equal – to make, to be equal. 20 BŽe: ekvivalentiškas – visiškai ar beveik atitinkantis, vienodas, lygus, labai panašus, toks pat; sin. ekvivalentus, uniform; DZ7i: Equivalent – even. LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ. Daiktavardžiai atitiktis, atitikimas administracinėje kalboje │ 9 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.08 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 e.g. : That's a lucky apple I found, that I bought a wine apple LTR(Vs); “reach”, e.g. : Everyone seems to run and run and never meet their true goal Pt. From what has been said, it becomes clear that the nouns atitiktis, atitikimas are close to the basis of the action – the non-prototypical transitive verb atitikti, the first of which includes individual 21 22 (in)transitive verbs to match (what, with what), apply (to what / with what), fit (to whom), coincide (with what), agree (with what), agree (with what / with what), combine (with what / with what), equalize (with what) and adjectives appropriate (to whom), equivalent (to whom), (to)equal (to whom), equal (to whom) meanings and their valency. Based on the examples in LKŽ, it is assumed that the syntactic valence of the 23 above-mentioned predicates may affect the verb’s correspondence to the object, e.g. : Words no longer match our kantička (see no longer match our kantička). The semantic correspondence of nouns, the corresponding valence is different on the basis of the work base. The subject may correspond to the patient, and the object to the comparative. 24 25 The expression of such symmetrically perceived nouns as atitiktis, atitikimas as a comparative 26 object is related to the noun of the verb atitikti in the semantic network and / or 21 For more detailed information on hierarchical transitivity, see here. Holvoet, Yudžentis (2004), Malchukov (2005) and the literature cited there. 22 Also see: “Match – defines the state when one item is matched with another: Document tasks must match the functions and competence of the institution. Similar meaning as matching what has the saying agree with what, but it is not so clerical: 1994: 29); Nutarimas turi sutikti su įstatymais. Darbas sutinka (nesutinka) su keliamais reikalavimais (KancKP 2000: 40; plg. KancKP “Agree – may mean non-objection, agreement or coincidence with something: <...> The decision agrees with the law (does not contradict it). The verb to correspond is more established in the sense of coincidence” (KancKP 2000: 276). ‘Compliance is marked by būseną, kai vienas dalykas yra suderintas su kitu, administracinėje kalboje dažniausiai dalykai derinami su jau nustatytais, precisely defined requirements, e.g.: … the regulation complies with the directive. <...>. It can be combined with more abstract things and corresponds to the attitude, need, goals, expectations” (AKA 2014). 23 For more information on the equivalent, identical, (to)equal, equal and their derivatives in the present Lithuanian language, see "Seminole (2016)". 24 Patient [P] – the function of the recipient of the effect of the action or the holder of the state, characteristic of both living and inanimate objects, as well as abstract things (Sližienė 1994: 20). 25 Comparative [Comp] – the function of the comparison standard, which runs alongside the patient of the state and is characteristic of the object with which something is compared, equalized, etc., e.g.: the copy corresponds to the original (Sližienė 1994: 23). 26 For more on the graded symmetry of lexical reciprocals, see. Partee (2008). Also on this subject, see plg. : Haspelmath (2007: 2088). Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Nouns correspondence, correspondence in administrative language │ 16 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.08 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 19. Compatibility of Decision 2014/512 and Regulation No 833/2014 with Article 40 TEU EUR-lex. 20) Principles for determining compliance of credit risk mitigation techniques with EUR-lex. (21) Furthermore, in the absence of specific contractual provisions, as well as where the minimum protection clause applies, the elements referred to in this presumption may be used to establish the non-conformity of the goods with the contract EUR-lex. 22) It must first be noted, as the Advocate General states in essence in points 27 and 28 of his Opinion, that the main proceedings concern only the compatibility of Article 25 of the draft treaty with EU law (see, in that regard, judgment of 15 March 2014, GS Media, C‑160/12, EU:C:2014:2355, paragraphs 27 and 28) and should not be analysed as challenging the whole of the new EUR-lex concession system. 23) Furthermore, the questions referred by the national court concern the compatibility of national provisions with Article 9 of the directive. Similarly to the searching for material from the DLKT, the collection of examples from the EUR-lex database was separated from such cases, where the correspondence of nouns, the correspondance of the required object emerges from a wider context (see examples 24–25). Where an importer considers or has reason to believe that a measuring instrument is not in conformity with the essential requirements set out in Annex I and in the relevant Annexes for individual measuring instruments, he shall not place the measuring instrument on the market or put it into service until it has been brought into conformity. LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ. Daiktavardžiai atitiktis, atitikimas administracinėje kalboje │ 17 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.08 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 (25) Manufacturers who consider or have reason to believe that a measuring instrument which they have placed on the market is not in conformity with this Directive shall immediately take the corrective measures necessary to bring that measuring instrument into conformity (see Directive), withdraw it or recall it, if appropriate. As mentioned, when collecting examples from the EUR-lex database, we looked at which English words are translated as Lithuanian nouns. The available material shows that the Lithuanian noun atitiktis is related to the English nouns match, compliance, conformity, compatibility, adequacy, and the noun atitikimas – to the English nouns correspondence, compliance, adequacy, conformity, consistency, adherence, eligibility, fitness, aligment, accordance, fulfilment, be in interest. The meaning of these and other English words mentioned above can be found in the Oxford (OXFORDDe) and/or MERRIAM-WEBSTER electronic dictionaries, which have been selected for the provision of synonyms next to the searched word. 4. Correspondence of nouns, Correspondence of semantics Starting to talk about the correspondence of nouns, the correspondence meanings in the administrative language, it is immediately said that sentences where these abstracts would be related to the corresponding “find, trace”, were not found. The following are examples where spoken nouns are semantically close to "to be connected with something in a relationship of agreement, harmony". Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Nouns correspondence, correspondence in administrative language │ 18 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.08 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 4.1. Values in LD50 examples The DLKT nouns atitiktis, atitikmas in the meaning of “coherence” are used, for example, in examples 26-27. Example 26 refers to the extent to which the contested decision is similar, consistent with the Constitution and the law; the decision is not identical to them. Similarly, on the basis of example 27, negali būti tolygi žodžio sveikata antonimui – ligos (dar žr. 3–5 pavyzdžius). Sakinyje gali būti health is a similarity close to identity (coherence) (see example 28). Similarity is perceived as gradual. In 46 examples 29-30, correspondence is actualized, correspondence as equivalence. 26) In her explanations on the compatibility of the contested Government Decree with the Constitution and the Law on the Procedure for the Publication and Entry into Force of Laws and Other Legislative Acts of the Republic of Lithuania, Government representative R. B. notes that lex retro non agit DLKT. 27) The opinions of other participants in the meeting are heard and taken into account if they are directly related to the assessment of the patient’s health and health compliance with the diseases and conditions specified in the List DLKT. (28) In implementing the criteria and rules provided for in Article 23(3), the Parties shall endeavour to ensure the greatest possible consistency between the existing criteria and rules used under the 29) Tiekėjas (gamintojas) turi: 1) deklaruoti gaminio ir jam nustatytų reikalavimų atitiktį; 2) GATT under the Agreement. have a certificate of conformity for the construction products sold DLKT. 30) Compliance with the rules issued by the Church leadership requires that thought and word, outward action, and disposition of the heart be in conformity with the DLCT. 46 DŽ7i: similar – l. having the same or similar characteristics, features; LKŽe: similar – 1. having the same characteristics, features. Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Nouns correspondence, correspondence in administrative language │ 19 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.08 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 There are cases where nouns corresponding, corresponding can be understood in two ways: as darnumas ir ekvivalentiškumas (plg. 31–32 pavyzdžius). Norint to išvengti, greta kalbamųjų nouns (can be) said another, corresponding, corresponding meaning narrowing, word. Pavyzdžiui, 33 (negrožinės literatūros) pavyzdyje daiktavardis atitikimas vartojamas darnumo reikšme, o ekvivalentiškumas greta pasakomas kitu daiktavardžiu – adekvatumas. O 34 administracinės kalbos pavyzdyje aktualizuojamas daiktavardžio atitikimas ekvivalentiškumo characteristic, coherence is said by the abstract compatibility. 31) The licensing authority shall base the decision to issue or change the licence on the conformity of the received documents and data with the technological, financial and managerial capacity of the enterprise to carry out the licensed activities specified in Chapter VIII of these Rules. sąlygas DLKT. 32) According to the competence, the institution that prepared the conditions is responsible for compliance of the conditions submitted with the legislation, normative documents and 33) Atmetęs aristoteliškąjį-tomiškąjį ir dekartiškąjį požiūrį į tiesą kaip suvokimo ir objekto the DLKT. correspondance or adequacy, Heidegger already in Being and Time advocated a more primordial and authentic definition in the DLKT. (34) Must ensure that the level of qualification, the current functions and the qualification requirements set out are consistent and compatible with the CFR. Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Nouns correspondence, correspondence in administrative language │ 20 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.08 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 The noun atitikimas is also used in the DLKT in a narrower meaning – “suitability, likelihood” (see examples 35–37). In such cases, the subject of the nobleman is usually a person, and the object of the beneficiary is his position in the service. 35) The question of dismissal of Director V. T. from his post will be considered later. After 3 months, the Ministry of Agriculture must assess the continued compliance of these managers with the current positions (see managers’ suitability for current positions; managers’ ability to hold positions) in the DLKT. 36) Organize a meeting on the radio, at which the Chairman of the Supreme Council would speak about the situation in the Government and about the suitability of Prime Minister G. V. for the positions held (see suitability of G. Vagnorius for the positions held) in the DLKT. 37) The Širvintų District Board shall adopt a decision on the suitability of the head of the district privatisation service for the duties held and inform the Central Privatisation Commission of the DLKT thereof by 3 January 1994. In the position of the beneficiary of the object, the communicative can be said (see examples 38-39). Then the noun appropriateness is related to fit “to be good, suitable for some purpose”, whose noun and communicative reflects the finite – the function of the purpose of the object, characteristic of the objects and phenomena that are sought (cf. VJŽ2(1): 328). 38) Accreditation of an organisation, giving it the right to certify shipping (companies) and seagoing vessels, by confirming the document on the organisation’s suitability to perform these functions (see confirming that/if the organisation is suitable to perform these functions; on the organisation’s credibility for the performance of these functions) DLKT. Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Nouns correspondence, correspondence in administrative language │ 21 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.08 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 (39) The authority of the recognised organisation shall be stated in the document of compliance of that organisation. vykdyti šias funkcijas DLKT. 4.2. Meanings in translation examples Kalbėti apie susijusią su darybos pamatu daiktavardžių atitiktis, atitikimas reikšmę kaip apie semantic network is also useful when including a translation from English. For example, example 40 shows the oppositional use of nouns match and correspondence: the more specific Lithuanian noun atitiktis is translated from the English noun match, and the noun atitikimas is translated from the English noun 47 correspondence. According to the OXFORD dictionary synonyms for correspondence, the meaning of the latter noun includes different degrees of similarity in a broader sense: narrowly understood similarity, 48 compatibility, affinity, harmony, etc. (cf. LAKŽe congruence) and/or equivalence (comparability, uniformity, etc. (cf. LAKŽe truth, equivalence, adequacy, parity). In addition, the characteristic of coherence underlying the meaning of the English noun correspondence is inherently related to suitability (congruity; cf.: LAKŽe congruity, fit; DŽ7i, LKŽe tinkamas; VJŽ tilti, derėti). So, in semantic terms, English 49 47 OXFORDe: match – 3. a person or thing that resembles or corresponds to another. Synonyms: replica, copy, lookalike, double, twin, duplicate, equivalent, facsimile, like. MERRIAM-WEBSTER: match – 1a. a person or thing equal or similar to another; 1b. one able to cope with another. 48 OXFORDe: correspondence – 1. a close similarity, connection, or equivalence.. Synonyms: correlation, similarity, resemblance, comparability, compatibility, agreement, consistency, congruity, conformity, uniformity, harmony, affinity, accord, concurrence, coincidence. MERRIAM-WEBSTER: correspondence – 2. a) the agreement of things with one another; (b) a particular similarity; c) a relation between sets in which each member of one set is associated with one or more members of the other. Synonyms: common denominator, commonality, congruity, parallel, resemblance, similarity, similitude. Plg. ALKŽe: correspondence – 2. atitikimas; 3. panašumas, analogija. 49 Plg. : DZ7i: appropriate – 1. compliant, good; LKŽe: appropriate – 1. which is suitable for, adaptable kokiam reikalui, deramas. LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ. Daiktavardžiai atitiktis, atitikimas administracinėje kalboje │ 22 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.08 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 language correspondence and Lithuanian language correspondence are similar – means “coherence and/or equivalence; suitability’. (40) ‘match’ means a match (see similarity; equivalence) determined by automatic comparison of personal data recorded or to be recorded in an information system or database; EUR-lex. ‘match’ means the existence of a correspondence as a result of an automated comparison between personal data recorded or being recorded in an information system or database. With the English synonyms correspondence, accordance, consistency (see examples 41–42), translated into the 50 Lithuanian language as atitikimas, the nouns compliance and conformity (see LAKŽe conformance) are 51 closely related. The latter are translated into the synonymous Lithuanian nouns atitiktis, atitikimas (see examples 43–46) in the meaning of “coherence and/or equivalence”. 52 53 50 MERRIAM-WEBSTER: accordance – 1. agreement, conformity. Synonyms: accord, agreement, conformance, conformity, congruence, congruency, congruity, consonance, harmony, tune. Agree – 1. have the same opinion about something; concur. Synonyms: concur, be of the same mind, be of the same opinion, see eye to eye, Agreement – 1. sutikimas, be in sympathy, sympathize, be united, be as one man, accord. Plg.: ALKŽe: accordance – 1. sutarimas, atitikimas. sutarimas; 3. tuning. Concur – 1. to agree, to be of the same opinion; 2. match. 51 OXFORDe: consistency – 2. the way in which a substance holds together; thickness or viscosity. Synonyms: thickness, density, firmness, solidity, viscosity, cohesion, heaviness, degree of thickness, degree of density. MERRIAMSynonyms: WEBSTER: consistency – 1a. agreement or harmony of parts or features to one another or a whole: correspondence. consistence, density, thickness, viscidity, viscosity. 52 OXFORDe: compliance – 1.2. the state or fact of according with or meeting rules or standards. . Synonyms: obedience to, accordance with, observance of, observation of, adherence to, conformity to, respect for. MERRIAMWEBSTER: compliance – 1b. conformity in fulfilling official requirements. Synonyms: acquiescence, biddability, compliancy, deference, docility, obedience, submissiveness. Plg. : ALKŽe: compliance – 1. consent. 53 OXFORDe: conformity – 1. compliance with standards, rules, or laws. MERRIAM-WEBSTER: conformity – 1. correspondence in form, manner, or character. Plg. : ALKŽe: conformity – 1. conformity; 2. similarity. Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Nouns correspondence, correspondence in administrative language │ 23 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.08 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 (41) The Commission may require a Member State to take the necessary action to ensure the effective functioning of its management and control systems or the compliance of expenditure with the applicable rules. The Commission may require a Member State to take the actions necessary to ensure the effective functioning of its management and control systems or the correctness of expenditure in accordance with the applicable rules EUR-lex. 42) COMPLIANCE OF THE PROJECT WITH THE GENERAL INVESTMENT PRIORITIES OF THE BENEFICIARY COUNTRY (PROJECT SELECTION). CONSISTENCY OF THE PROJECT WITH THE RECIPIENT COUNTRY’S 43) Ekonominės veiklos vykdytojas, OVERALL INVESTMENT PRIORITIES (PROJECT SELECTION) EUR-lex. pateikiantis slėginę įrangą ar agregatus rinkai savo vardu ar atitiktis šios direktyvos su savo prekių ženklu arba pakeičiantis slėginę įrangą ar agregatus taip, kad gali pasikeisti jų reikalavimams, turėtų būti laikomas gamintoju ir jam turėtų tekti compliance with the gamintojo pareigos. Any economic operator that either places pressure equipment or assemblies on the market under his own name or trademark or modifies pressure equipment or assemblies in such a way that requirements of this Directive may be affected should be considered to be the manufacturer and should assume the obligations of the manufacturer EUR-lex. (44) Supporting documents to be submitted with the application, including supporting documents relating to [their] compliance with Council Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 1605/2002 93 ir 94 straipsniams, sąrašas yra šio Kvietimo I priede. Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Nouns correspondence, correspondence in administrative language │ 24 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.08 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 The supporting documents that shall accompany the proposal, including the supporting documents related to compliance with Articles 93 and 94 of Council Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 1605/2002, are listed in Annex I to this Call EUR-lex. (45) The conformity of a measuring instrument with this Directive shall be indicated by the CE marking and the supplementary metrological marking referred to in Article 21. The conformity of a measuring instrument with this Directive shall be indicated by the presence on it of the CE marking and the supplementary metrology marking as specified in Article 21 54 EUR-lex. (46) Whereas the goods must first of all conform to the contract; Whereas the principle of conformity with the contract can be considered to be common to the different national legal traditions EUR-lex Whereas the goods must, above all, conform with the contractual specifications; whereas the principle of conformity with the contract may be considered as common to the different national legal traditions. The English noun compatibility is also translated into Lithuanian atitiktis, atitikimas (see examples 55 47–48) or noun suderinamumas (see example 49). Here, the nouns correspondence, correspondence are used in a narrower meaning – “coherence”. The latter may be 54 But plg. : By drawing up the EU declaration of conformity, the manufacturer shall assume responsibility for the compliance of the pressure equipment or assembly with the requirements laid down in this Directive: By drawing up the EU declaration of conformity, the manufacturer shall assume responsibility for the compliance of the pressure equipment or assembly with the requirements laid down in this Directive EUR-lex. 55 OXFORDe: compatibility – 1. a state in which two things are able to exist or occur together without problems or conflict. Synonyms: like-mindedness, similarity, agreement, affinity, closeness, fellow feeling, harmony, rapport, empathy, sympathy, friendship, camaraderie, togetherness, communion, concord. MERRIAM-WEBSTER: compatible – 1. capable of existing together in harmony. Synonyms: agreeable, amicable, congenial, frictionless, harmonious, kindred, unanimous, united. Plg. : ALKŽe: compatibility. LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ. Daiktavardžiai atitiktis, atitikimas administracinėje kalboje │ 25 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.08 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 It is also expressed by the English noun adherence (see example 49), which is closely related to the 56 above-mentioned noun compliance. In view of this, it becomes possible to correlate English adherence with Lithuanian noun atitiktis. 47) Compliance of the contested acts with the EU-Russia Partnership Agreement. The compatibility of the contested acts with the EU-Russia Partnership Agreement EUR-lex. (48) Nevertheless, the institutions should be able to request an opinion on their legislative proposals or positions taken during legislative procedures as regards their compatibility with fundamental rights. Nevertheless, the institutions should be able to request opinions on their legislative proposals or positions taken in the course of legislative procedures as far as their compatibility with fundamental rights are concerned EUR-lex. (49) Member States shall ensure: the compatibility of their maritime national single window with the harmonised reporting interface module and the conformity (see conformity) of their maritime national single window graphical user interface with the common functionality (see modulation of the interface with the common functionality) in accordance with Article 6(2). The Member States shall ensure: the compatibility of the maritime National Single Window with the harmonised reporting interface module and adherence of the graphical user interface of their maritime National Single Window to the common functionalities in accordance with Article 6(2) EUR-lex. 56 OXFORDe: adherence – 1. attachment or commitment to a person, cause, or belief. MERRIAM-WEBSTER: adherence – 1. the act, action, or quality of adhering. Synonyms: adhesion, bonding, cling. Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Nouns correspondence, correspondence in administrative language │ 32 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.08 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Haspelmath Martin 2007: Further Remarks on Reciprocal Constructions. – Reciprocal Construction 4, ed. Nedjalkov, Vladimir P., Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, 1998, p. Company, 2087–2116. Holvoet Axel, Judžentis Artūras 2004: The Concept of Transitivity. – Research on Grammatical Categories, ed. A. Holvoet, L. Semėnienė, L., Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 61–76. KancKP 1994: Kanceliarinės kalbos patarimai, 2-as fotografinis leidimas, paruošė P. Kniūkšta, R. Mielkuvienė, E. Oginskienė, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. KancKP 2000: Kanceliarinės kalbos patarimai, 4-asis (2-asis patais. ir papild.) leid., parengė P. 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Received 08/10/2020 Adopted on 11 December 2020 Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semenienė. Nouns correspondence, correspondence in administrative language │ 34 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.08 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 NOUNS COMPLIANCE, CONFORMITY IN ADMINISTRATIVE LANGUAGE Summary The article raises the matter of the degree of valency that the nouns compliance, conformity (Lith. atitiktis, atitikimas) have in administrative language. The verbal nouns in question are approached from a syntactic–semantic angle. Reliance is made on samples of texts from the Corpus of the Modern Lithuanian Language (CMLL) by the Centre of Computational Linguistics of Vytautas Magnus University and of EUR-lex administrative texts. Analysis of 452 sentences of the administrative language has revealed that the nouns compliance, conformity are used in the sense of ‘similarity (concord) and/or equivalence; fitness’. No sentences where the subject nouns conformity, compliance would be related to the meaning of the Lithuanian verb atitikti ‘(to) find, trace down’ have been observed. with a dative as often as not. In the CMLL, it is present in over 80 per cent (352) of all cases, in EUR-lex, in over 95 per The syntactic valency of the nouns compliance, conformity overlaps, with the object denoted cent of the 100 sentences analysed. That dative, which acts as a comparative or beneficiary, is grounded on the net of a semantic formational foundation of the verb (to) comply, conform ((to) compare (to something or someone), equivalent, comparable (to something or someone), (to) fit (someone or something), (to) suit (someone or something), and so on). The exploratory study of transactions of administrative texts has showed that the Lithuanian nouns conformity, compliance with their broader range of meaning prevail over English nouns or other means of expression that have a more specific meaning. LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ. Daiktavardžiai atitiktis, atitikimas administracinėje kalboje │ 35 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.08 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 KEYWORDS: valency of the nouns compliance, conformity, administrative language, usage bias. LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius loreta.semė[email protected]