Tarminis žodynas kaip kultūros tekstas: kalbinis ir kultūrinis KVIEČIO paveikslas

Vilija SakalauSkienė. Tarminis žodynas kaip kultūros tekstas: kalbinis ir kultūrinis kviečio paveikslas 115 VILIJA SAKALAUSKIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas ORCID id: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0487-7710 SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: ethnolinguistics, lexicography, lexicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2024.97.06 THE TARMINCAL DICTIONARY AS A CULTURE TEXT: LINGUISTICAL AND CULTUREL WHITE WHEAT ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: kvietys, kalbinis pasaulio vaizdas, etnolingvistika, tarminis žodynas, definicija, frazeologizmas, paremija. ANNOTATION The abundance of examples and meanings of dialects and folklore in dialect dictionaries encourages the use of these dictionaries. For the same reasons, dialect dictionaries are given an important significance of authentic texts. The article analyzes the linguistic and cultural picture of wheat, one of the four most important grains used by Lithuanians, which is highlighted by data from dialect dictionaries, the Great Dictionary of Lithuanian Language and other Lithuanian lexicographic sources. The word kvietys is known and used in all Lithuanian dialects. The study focuses on the relationship between wheat and human being and folk culture, the values given to man, the evaluation of wheat in relation to other cereals. The quantity of lexicographical data about wheat allows to analyze the cultural picture of this plant based on the methodology developed by the Lublin ethnolinguistic school. Attention is drawn to the fact that dialect dictionaries provide much more limited material than folklore narratives. However, according to the latter, sufficient ethnolinguistic information about the linguistic cultural image of plants can be found in the material of dictionaries. ABSTRACT The abundance of examples and definitions from dialects and folklore in dialect dictionaries makes these dictionaries a source to rely upon. For the very same reason, dialect dictionaries carry the important meaning of authentic texts. This article scrutinises the linguistic and cultural image of wheat, one of the four grain staples in Lithuania, as highlighted by the data from the big Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language and other sources of Lithuanian lexicography. The word wheat is known and used across all dialects of the Lithuanian language. The study culture, 116 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 97 focuses on the connection between wheat and the human existence and folk the value that it provides to the human being, and the value wheat holds compared to other grains. The amount of data on wheat available in lexicographical sources makes it possible for the cultural image of this plant to be analysed to folklore narratives. using the methodology developed by the ethnolinguistic school of Lublin. Notably, dialect dictionaries offer material that is much more limited in scope compared However, if one were to rely on the latter, dictionary material can prove to be a sufficient source for ethnolinguistic information about the linguistic image of plants. INTRODUCTION Lithuanian lexicographical sources are very important for the reconstruction of the worldview1, because most of them perfectly reveal the archaic Lithuanian culture, and their purpose is perceived by the editors primarily as documenting, preserving and publicizing the essential manifestations of that culture. In addition to other dictionaries of the Lithuanian language, the dialect dictionaries that have been published extensively in recent times, prepared on the basis of various sources of Lithuanian natural culture, can be considered cultural dictionaries, i.e., dictionaries prepared on the basis of culture (Rutkovska 2021: 152). There are no dictionaries specifically for Lithuanian dialects, which would reflect the linguistic and cultural aspects of dialects or schnekts. However, they are an excellent source of data for the study of linguistic2 worldviews. The great value of dialect dictionaries is illustrative sentences written from the living language and folklore, which capture the life of people of a certain period: details of everyday life and celebrations, changes in moods and thoughts, a peculiar view of the world and evaluation. Dialectal dictionaries are useful for lexical semantic research based on the methodology of revealing the image of the linguistic world developed by the Lublin ethnolinguistic school. The article assumes that dialect dictionary is a genre text that reveals the cultural context of the word functioning. When analyzing the data of Lithuanian dialect dictionaries from an ethnolinguistic point of view, all the data contained in the word article are taken into account: definitions, collocations, quotations illustrating the environment of the title word, synonyms, antonyms, derivatives, phraseologisms, rems, etc. Thus, the world of language1 The lexicography plays an important role in the study of the worldview of language. Dictionaries perform a function that combines lexical and semantic components of the language worldview. 2 By analyzing the lexicographic sources of dialects, it is possible to determine how many words in the language worldview are associated with the concept being described (Papaurėlytė-Klovienė 2007: 41). Vilija SakalauSkienė. Tarminis žodynas kaip kultūros tekstas: kalbinis ir kultūrinis kviečio paveikslas 117 all microstructure data of the dictionary were used for the landscape studies. Especially svarbu pabrėžti, kad vadinamieji tekstiniai duomenys (frazeologizmai, paremijos, analogies) in Lithuanian lexicographic sources, the sentences from folklore given iliustracinių sakinių ir yra atitinkamai pažymimi: frazeologizmai po  (rombo) ženklo, o paremijos ir palyginimai po ∧ (stogelio) ženklo. Iliustraciniai after the title word may be of various genres: remixes, riddles, comparations, incantations, beliefs, songs, tales, etc. The article focuses on the relationship between human being and culture3 through the concept of WHEY4. The aim of the study is to reconstruct the linguistic cultural picture of wheat in Lithuanian language, based on Lithuanian dialect lexicographic sources. The reconstruction is carried out by means of a cognitive definition, the main purpose of which, according to Bartmiński, is to show how certain objects and phenomena of the world are perceived by the members of a linguistic and cultural community, i.e. what knowledge of the world, its categorization and evaluation lies in the language used by a certain community (Bartmiński 1988: 169; quoted from Niebrzegowska-Bartmińska 2020: 48). 1) to review the names of wheat, the proportion of wheat in Lithuanian lexicographical sources; 2) discuss the values of wheat for man (use in household, farm, folk medicine), the evaluation of wheat in relation to other grains (customs, rites, beliefs related to wheat); 3) to compose into a whole (semantic categories, called facets) fragments of the concept of wheat that have emerged in Lithuanian dialect lexicographic sources; 4) formulate a cognitive definition of the wheat concept. The empirical basis of the study consists of data from the Zanavykai schnekt dictionary (ZanŽ), Kazlų Rūda schnekt dictionary (KzRŽ), Jurbarkas schnekt dictionary (JrbŽ), Dieveniškiai schnekt dictionary (DvŽ), Kupiškėnai dictionary (KpŽ), Vidiškiai schnekt dictionary (VdšŽ), Zietela schnekt dictionary (ZtŽ), North-eastern Dūnininkai schnekt dictionary (DūnŽ), Kretinga dialect dictionary (KrtnŽ), North-western Žemaičių dictionary (ŠVakŽŽ), Druskininkai dialect dictionary (DrskŽ), Southern Southern Highlander schnekt dictionary (PPAŽ), Kaltanėnai schnekt dictionary (KltŽ). The key to systematic research is the Lithuanian Language Dictionary (LKŽe), which links the data into a single whole and fills the gaps in dialectal 3 The idea of studying language in the context of culture was revived in the last decade of the 20th century and continues to grow (see Bartmiński 2020: 25). 4 Linguistic and cultural image (imagination) of a fragment of reality, an object (or phenomenon) vadinamas konceptu, kurio turinį sudaro ne tik pažintinio, bet ir emotyviojo bei pragmatinio pobūdžio žinios, gaunamos iš individualios ir visuomeninės patirties (Bartmiński, Chlebda 2013: 71). 118 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 97 žodynų duomenų grandis. Atliekant tyrimą, pasinaudota Sinonimų žodyno (SŽe), Antonimų žodyno (AŽe) duomenimis, susijusiais su leksema kvietys. In addition, the field of study includes phraseology, paremia, derisialtiniuose. vatai, sinonimai ir antonimai, užfiksuoti lietuvių kalbos leksikografiniuose Therefore, in addition to the aforementioned, data collected in the bei Lietuvių kalbos palyginimų žodyno (LKPŽe) duomenys. Empirinių duodatabases of the Supplementary Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (LKŽ ePK) and the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language Dialects (LKŽ eTK) are sometimes used to expand the field of arts of the Phraseology Dictionary (FŽe). The material of some of the aforementioned dialect dictionaries is recorded even in the late 19th century, others in the middle of the 20th century, still others in the late 20th century and the first decade of the 21st century. Interpretative, descriptive, semantic analysis and cognitive definition methods are used to analyze the material of dialect dictionaries. The latter shows the general perception of the world, it aims to emphasize all the positive characteristics of the object that are relevant in the cultural sense. These characteristics are determined by analyzing language and textual data (paremies, phraseologisms, etc.), as well as extralinguistic data (descriptions of beliefs, customs). 1. Invitation as title Wheat is the most important bread grain in most parts of the world. Historians point out that wheat belongs to the oldest agricultural crops. Winter and summer wheat (Triticum aestivum) are grown in Lithuania, but excavations of castle hills (Apuõlė, Gabrielėškiai, Veliuona) from the 1st to 13th centuries show that, in addition to the soft wheat (also known as common wheat), double-grained wheat, tansy and spelt were also widespread. Until the beginning of the 20th century, wheat was mostly sown in manor fields. According to ethnologist Pranė Dundulienė, the most important cereal crops were rye, followed by barley, buckwheat and wheat (Dundulienė 1982: 163). The word kvietys / kviečiai, which in various dictionaries has one meaning ‘grain type’ and a secondary meaning ‘grain of this grain’, in Lithuanian language is mas nuo XVI a., užfiksuotas pirmuosiuose rašto paminkluose (Mikalojaus Daukšos postilėje, Jono Bretkūno Biblijoje, Samuelio Boguslavo Chylinskio Biblijoje, Konstantino Sirvydo žodyne). Daugelyje lietuvių tarminių žodynų šis javas apibūdinamas kaip varpinių (DvŽ I 330) arba miglinių šeimos (VdšŽ 337), duoninis (LKŽe), grūdinis javas, kurio stiebas – šiaudas, žie- Vilija SakalauSkienė. Tarminis žodynas kaip kultūros tekstas: kalbinis ir kultūrinis kviečio paveikslas 119 useddynas – compound word, vaisiai – yellowish or brownish grains, from which flour is baked cake (LKŽe, ZanŽ I 828, KzRŽ I 414, JrbŽ, KpŽ II 554, PPAŽ I 545, KltŽ 133, ŠVakŽŽ I 361). In dialectal dictionaries, a separate plural form kviečiai, meaning ‘the field of these grains’, is sometimes given as a heading word: Radom mes šitą mažiukę kviečiuos (an answer to the question of where children come from) (KzRŽ I 414), arba prie vienaskaitos kvietỹs – atskira reikšme ‘šiais javais apsėtas laukas’: Labai daug žolės buvo, teip apaugę kviečiai buvo (VdšŽ 337). Vienos archain the dictionary of the most common southeastern Lithuanian dialects, Zietelos šnektas, the heading word is kviečias, kviečis (ZtŽ 337). In the dictionaries of Žemaičių kalbos dialects, only summer wheat is called wheat, and winter wheat is called pūraāss by the Žemaičiai: Winter wheat is called pūrai (ŠVakŽŽ II 109); Bread of Põru – dissolving (LKŽe, Šts); Summer wheat and winter millet were (LKŽe, Rnv); The grain is red for the pork (ŠVakŽŽ II 109); The pork is bigger, the wheat is smaller (ŠVakŽŽ II 109); A pourai y[ra] in autumn sowing (ŠVakŽŽ II 109); First of all rye, then pūrus [kūlė] (ŠVakŽZ II 109); We have been sowing pūrs for a long time (KrtnŽ 326). The varieties of wheat are the white velvety pūras papampusysis5 (Triticum turgidum album velutinum), the golden pūras visurtinis (all-round, common) (Triticum vulgare aureum), the pinnate pūras (Triticum pinnatum). In some dictionaries of Žemaičių kalbos dialects, kvietys (DūnŽ 503) and pūras (DūnŽ 525) are listed at the end of the dictionary, in the register. Usually, in differential dictionaries (such as DūnŽ) the main principle of word selection is comparison with equivalents in common language. Therefore, it is referred to as bk6 instead of definition. Summer and winter wheat varieties are grown. Data from dialect dictionaries show that winter wheat is superior to winter rye and summer wheat, so in some areas they were sown more: Winter wheat we sowed a lot, more than rye (LKŽe, Skp); When winter wheat is used, it cannot be compared with summer wheat (LKŽe, An); Winter wheat is more leafy than winter rye (LKŽe, Krišč); The wheat was such winter yellow, not white, also soft (soft), as if only the wind, it bursts out, raises them (KpZ II 554); Sowed wheat winter and summer (KpZ II 554); The winter wheat is close and the grain is larger than the summer wheat (LKŽe, Ign). 5 This name may be related to the fact that the wheat grows when it sprouts. 6 This means that the meaning of the word is the same as in common speech. 120 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 97 Kviečiai yra įvairių veislių, todėl vertinami pagal tam tikrus požymius and criteria, therefore called differently. For example, the wheat with the akuotais, vadinami akuočiais: Akuočiai kviečiai auga ir prastesnėj žemėj (LKŽe, Šd). Tam tikra atmaina kviečių, kurių varpos be akuotų, – beakuočiai kviepenis with chi (LKŽe, Kl), they are better, more productive. White wheat (Triticum aestivum) according to height and grain size: White wheat is better: straw is higher (JrbZ), grows tall and ripens large grains of light yellow or golden color; Durum wheat: lower than white wheat, the grains are also smaller but harder than white wheat; the grain color is yellow or brown, sometimes it can even be pink. According to the sowing time, summer wheat (LKŽe, K) is divided into those sown in spring and yielding harvest in the same year. because Tarminių žodynų medžiaga rodo, kad vasariniai kviečiai, sėjami pavasarį, dar vadinami kviečiukais, kvietukais, o jų iliustraciniai sakiniai informuoof the poor harvest of the latter: Kviečiukų sowed – only girsės, I grinded, so the head began to hurt from those girsės (KpŽ II 551); Kvietukai in ten years one year fits (ZanŽ I 828); The wheat will come with the barley (Gs.) Wheat, like rye, barley, oats and buckwheat, which are classified as bread cereals, according to the definitions of Lithuanian dictionaries, is a grass, in other words, a herbaceous plant with an ungrown stem. 2. WHEAT PARTS The most important part of the wheat is the ears, which indicate the yield of this crop. Bell size is measured in rows: Winter wheat, is from the rows of the bell (LKŽe, Kl); large and heavy penises bend, cannot bear the weight: When I rode in the field, I couldn’t feel, the horse’s legs were broken (LKŽe, Plv); The crop was green, and the wheat bells were ringing (LKŽe, Vlž). The stage of maturation of the bells, when they emerge from the chicks, is described by the verbs float, swim: Rye is already blooming, and wheat is still floating (LKŽe, Sn); Wheat is just floating (LKŽe, Pc); "Broken-hearted, but fast-paced" (in French). Wheat ears are also celebrated during Žolinė along with herbs and other crops, and are also used to tie artistic slaves. Wheat stalk (straw) was also important and had a purpose in Lithuanian household and farming, usually it is large feed and paddy for livestock. Synonyms of stem / straw are recorded in dialect dictionaries: kvietienojas ‘stem’; kviečiojys: Wheat here sown little, pieska, where you get wheat to feed Vilija SakalauSkienė. Tarminis žodynas kaip kultūros tekstas: kalbinis ir kultūrinis kviečio paveikslas 121 (DrskŽ 180); kvietienis ‘straw of broken wheat’: Nešk kviečiojų gyvuliam pakloti (LKŽe, Lš); Cows ate barley straw, wheat (DūnŽ 164); dai tik pašakam, Kviečiojai lyg menkiausi šiaudai (LKŽe, Trak); Baltieji kviečiai geresni: šiaudai aukštesni (JrbŽ); Gal sulijo šiaudus kvietienius (VdšŽ 337); Kvietieniai šiausofti, miši tuoj sukapoja (KltŽ 133). Wheat straw is soft, thin, brittle, and therefore not suitable for roofing: Wheat straw is not suitable for roofing, brittle, dries, crumbles (LKŽe, Klvr). Wheat rye straw is harder than rye straw. Reaped wheat was bound into straws, feet, and these were placed in baskets, mandeliai / mendeliai, rikes: Kviečiai vasariniai were placed in twelve feet (LKŽ ePK, Prk); Almonds – wheat and rye, rye – barley and oats (LKŽe, Všt); Rikė – wheat, rye, and a heap of hay (LKŽe, Vl). Wheat straw is now used not only for feed and animal bedding, but also in the production of paper, cardboard, bags. Wheat straw as a creative material is used by folk artists to tie gardens, weave hats. For weaving, wheat straw is first cut, not very ripe, and only the upper part of the straw is used. Wheat roots, like other cereals, have no value and are not valued in any way, so there is no data about them in the dictionary. 3. ASSESSMENT OF WHEAT Of all the cereal crops, wheat has long been the most commonly used valuable crop. This is the gold of Lithuanian land. In Lithuanian culture, wheat is a symbol of wealth, well-being and happy life. Good life, good social status is described by the phraseology blossoming wheat: To you for him the wheat blossoms (FŽe). Compared to rye, wheat is a symbol of celebration, happiness, abundance. Important is the quality and quantity of wheat, their abundance, density, lushness is evaluated by comparisons as Moors, as a forest ‘very dense’, as a wall ‘lush’, as a wall: Wheat as Moors – mosquitoes do not bite (LKPŽe); Wheat in the whole area was winding like a forest (LKŽe); Wheat as masonry (ZanŽ II 221); Wheat this year as a brick (FŽe); Ė grandpa's wheat as a brick will wait standing (LKPŽe); Wheat as hay (FS); Wheat barns are breaking (Krishna). Wheat smells strongly: See how wheat smells, even dušna eit (KpZ II 554). Other objects are compared to the appearance of wheat: Beautiful as ripe wheat (LKŽe, Vrb). 122 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 97 Wheat forms collections with other cereals. In illustrative dictionary sentences wheat is often mentioned together with rye, barley and oats, tais – su linais, žirniais ir kt.: Mūs tėtis tai visko sėdavo, i rugius sėdavo, i karrkviečius, i baržių, da i[r] linų (ZanŽ I 828); Bind rye, wheat, oats, miežius, o žirnius volioja krūvelės[e] (KpŽ II 554); Turim karvikę, kviečiukų, rugių, tep ir būstam (ZtŽ 337). In addition, Lithuanian calendar and agricultural customs also show the high value of wheat. The feet of wheat, rye, barley and oats were placed in the four corners of the house during Christmas, so that the coming year’s harvest would be abundant and fertile. In Christmas wishes, wheat appears alongside other cereals, vegetables and plants: Santa Claus wishes the hosts a good harvest of wheat, rye, oats, millet, cabbage and peas. Low-quality wheat is referred to by derivatives: kvieetaičiai, kvietynai ‘poor wheat’: Sudživę tie kvienynai, pusės grūdo nėra (LKŽe, Trgn); We all sowed wrongly, without zupar (superphosphate), and as a result weak kvietėčiai, pūraičiai (LKŽe, Šts) grew. The qualitative and evaluative meaning is indicated by the adjective kvátní: Ale kvátní chléb ma lépe patří (KzRŽ I 414); Wheat flour good, bake cakes, buns and pancakes well (KltŽ 133); It's already poor (JrbŽ). In Lithuanian lexicographic sources we find examples of fairy tales among the illustrations. The material of the fairy tales shows how high value man gave to wheat, what an extraordinary, magical thing the wheat grain was: You will find a silver ring and wheat grain in the grains (DvŽ I 330); You will put that wheat grain where you will have a nice thing (place) (DvŽ I 330). It was believed that a grain of wheat can give a rich life, because something extraordinary, magical will emerge from the grain. The agricultural culture was characterized by a cyclical concept of time7, reflecting the basis of lifestyle. The time of wheat harvest – kvieč(ia)pjūtė, kviečiaapjūtis, kviepjūtė – was also very important in the life of the farmer: This year rainy wheat harvest (LKŽe, Ig); If the weather is good, the wheat harvest will begin (ZanŽ I 828); The winter wheat must be harvested before Laurynas (KpŽ II 554). Wheat forms oppositions with weeds (weeds, weeds, weeds, weeds, sometimes with chamomile, rosehips) and parasitic fungi – 7 In Lithuanian calendar customs we can see both relics of the archaic lunar calendar and elements of agricultural magic from the later formed seasonal work cycles. This is perhaps the most important part of ethnoscience, reflecting the basis of lifestyle, having influenced and kultūros dvasiniams reiškiniams (Klimka 2015: 31). Vilija SakalauSkienė. Tarminis žodynas kaip kultūros tekstas: kalbinis ir kultūrinis kviečio paveikslas 123 mis, kviečiakūlėmis, augančiomis kviečių varpose: Kviečiukų varpos juoduoja dėl kūlių gausumo (LKŽe, Jz); Kūlių pilni kviečiai, šiemet bus prasti pyragai (LKŽe, Skr); Wheat when it gets very thick, then the bread is black (LKŽe, Sdk); Kurį metą būna daug kūlių, tai kviečiai sėklai jau netinka (LKŽe, Mrj); I[r] in wheat clean appears corn (JrbŽ); Good wheat, just too much mustard Jabl); (LKŽe, Dkš); Ir papasakojo joms apie rauges, atsiradusias kviečiuose (LKŽe, I'm not going to go, boy, for you, that your kvieliai kūlėti (LKŽe, Smn). Wheat requires good, black, fertilized, oily, clay soil for sowing and growing. Such a need for land is also shown by illustrative sentences in dictionaries: Clay – wheat land (LKŽe, Dkš); Soil near clay is suitable for wheat (LKŽe, JT); An mountain wheat does not grow (PPAŽ I 545); Here is a land full of wheat, the best land (LKŽe, Brž); Wheat land, where wheat grows (LKŽ ePK, Mrj); Wheat grows on black soil (LKŽe, Dkš); Barley, wheat and other crops grow there (in the fatty soil) (LKŽe, Jabl); Even summer wheat still needs good soil (LKŽe, Srj); The spring wheat grows better on our land (KpZ II 554); There were three fields: one field of rotting, another – wheat, rye, clover – the third field (KpZ II 554). In addition, wheat needs moisture, so wet soil is also suitable for wheat: Rye sow to bounce off, wheat sow to stick (LKŽe, Gs). Wheat grows even on poorer soil: In sandy soil, wheat grows faster (LKŽe, Up); Acorn wheat grows on poorer soil (LKŽe, Šd). The grains of wheat growing in soil with a gravel subsoil fall from the ears: For much fall from gravel, or rye, or wheat from such lands (KpZ IV 965). The land loved by wheat, suitable for wheat, is called the wheat field: In the wheat field, and there will be no cake for you! (Spring, pp. 10). national cultures. The respect of farmers for bread crops is revealed by the fertilization of the soil, which is plowed for the second time for the winter crops: Atkartojam žemę rugiam, kviečiam (KpŽ II 554); He does not sow anything, he sleeps in the spring, and only repairs the winter wheat or wheat (KpŽ II 554); When the barley was sown, the wheat was sown, and then the manure was added (PPAŽ I 545). The abundant, good harvest of wheat is compared to the sand of the gausybė kviečių, jog lygi smėliui marių, ir skalsa mieron netilpo (neišmatuojamas kiekis) (LKŽe, Baran). Kviečiai vertinti kaip brangūs javai: Pelnas kaip už kviečius (geras) (LKŽe, Gs); Lupa kaip už kviečius (labai daug) (FŽe, Šll); Nulupai kaip už kviečius (LKŽe, Skr); kviečiai – kainų lyginimo matas: Už kilį (kilogramą) žuvies, būlo (būdavo), pūdą (svorio matas – 16,3 kg) miltų kvietinių nusperki (DrskŽ 181). Kviečio išvaizda siejama su geltona, auksine spalva: Turiu rugelių, turiu marshes: And such was the harvest of barley and yellow wheat (LKŽe, JD). 130 GENERAL LANGUAGE | 97 Composite names refer to certain types of wheat. In dialect dictionaries, the most important words for wheat reflect their importance in the household and their value: kvietrugiai ‘wheat mixed with rye’: Kvietrugių sėja, kad duona būtų baltesnė (DūnŽ 164); In the spring I sowed wheat, you know, it grew (ZanŽ I 828). In other Lithuanian lexicographical sources, it is se užfiksuoti kviečio dūriniai: kvietgrūdžiai ‘kviečių grūdai’, kvietmilčiai ‘kvietiniai miltai’, kvietdirsiai ‘labai prasti, dirsėti kviečiai’, kviečiažolė ‘varpinių referred to as ‘a plant of the family, the tailed chard (Pranicum crus galli)’. The word wheat is included in other names. Peasants, marveling at the fertile plants unknown to their grandparents, called the maize Turkish, tukininis / Turkish wheat (LKŽ ePK, I). A certain species of leafy moss – common spruce – is called hare wheat. Phraseological connections reflect various stereotypical traits associated with wheat and are best seen in a defined microcontext. The best wheat product – cake – is called the wheat blossom: Dėkui svotuliam ažu pyragėlių, ažu žiedo žiedų (d.) (KltŽ 426). Negative assessment of lifestyle (impurity) is expressed indirectly, as an analogy using the possibility of sowing wheat, when talking about a dirty neck: On your backbone you can sow wheat (FŽe, Grš); in ears wheat grows (about an unclean person) (ZanŽ I 828). It is usually stated that "comparison is a stylistic means of contrasting or comparing one object or phenomenon with another in order to emphasize, distinguish, highlight or clarify some feature or characteristic" (LKPŽe, preface). There are not many comparisons in which the word kvietys or its derivatives is used, but even they provide information about the characteristics of wheat or its products that Lithuanians notice, for example, laignys is compared to wheat dough: Onos motina ugi kvietinė tešla: sėdi ir žiūri (FŽe, Skr). A clumsy, lazy man is figuratively compared to a sack of wheat bran: Soft as a sack of wheat bran (ZanŽ I 828). Wheat is valued as an expensive crop: Peels as for wheat (LKŽe, Skr); Profit cap on wheat (LKŽe, Gs); measure of price comparison: For a kilo (kilogram) of fish, were (were), pud9 flour wheat nupirki (DrskŽ 181). In the case of unlawful promises, unpaid debts, it is said to pay with wheat after death, which means that you will never recover the debt: He will pay with wheat post-mortem (after death) (ZanŽ I 828). 9 Weight measure – 16.3 kg. Vilija SakalauSkienė. Tarminis žodynas kaip kultūros tekstas: kalbinis ir kultūrinis kviečio paveikslas 131 Frazeologijai artimos patarlės, priežodžiai, kuriuose kaip standartizuotuose pasakymuose matyti žemdirbio požiūris į pasaulį, gyvenimo išmintis, practical advice. Wheat, cakes and muffins baked from it are a symbol of a good, well-off life, and bread is a symbol of everyday life, used antonymously in paramijas: Nedabok pyragų, dabok, kad duonos būt (KltŽ 215); Looking for a taster, you will lose bad bread (PPr 185, Sv); Want a taster, but look for bread (PPr 222, Km); "Autumn is not yet here" (PDF). In the paremias it is emphasized that the main food is not a cake made of wheat flour, but bread, baked from rye flour, without which it is ridiculed, ironized: Davė ragaišio ir pokėles žmogus neįsivaizduoja savo gyvenimo: Ragaišis nusibosta, o duona – niekuomet (PPr 227, Trg); Kasdien valgant ir pyragas nusbosta (LKŽe, Sld), be to, prikaišė (PPr 324, Pš). 6. SEMANTIC CATEGORIES, COGNITIVE DEFINITION The data of Lithuanian lexicographic sources are grouped according to the list of specific features provided by the Lublin ethnolinguistic school, i.e. according to essential wheat parameters called facets. [Principal category] – bellflower, midges, cereal, winter, summer, bread, fodder cereal, crop; [NAMES, DERIVATES]: ‘pur’, ‘wheat’, ‘kviečis’, ‘kviečiukas’, ‘kvietukas’, ‘akuotis’, ‘beakuotis’; [HYPERLINKS] – grain, plant, grain, winter, summer; [HYPONIMES] – summer, white, ordinary, soft, hard, dentate, double-grained, winter; [PROPERTIES] – leafy, dense, lush; [APPEARANCE] – yellow, green, golden, feathered; [PARTS] – ring, peduncle, stem (straw), roots. [BEINGS, ACTIONS] – grows, greens, turns yellow, floats; [ITEMS] – bran, husk, cake, cornmeal, grains; [QUANTITY, QUANTITY] – like a forest, like a brick, like a wall; [OBJECT OF ACTIONS] – celebrated in the church during the Holy Week; feet are placed in the four corners of the house on Christmas Eve; with other cereals appears in Christmas greetings; on Christmas Eve with hay laid under the tablecloth; [TIME] – floating, waving, wheat harvest; [OPPOSITIONS] – with weeds (dirses, stumps, usnis, pigeons); with other cereals (rye, buckwheat), with legumes (peas); with pests; with sparrows; [LOKALIZACIJA] – kvietiena, ražiena, klojimas; pakvietė, pakvietys; [ŽEMĖ] – smėlėta, ant kalno, juoda, molinga, riebi, šlapia; 132 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 97 [KOLEKCIJOS] – su javais (rugiais, miežiais, avižomis), su ankštiniais augalais (peas, willows), with other plants (flax, clover); [WORK, ACTIVITIES] – to tie to the feet, to knock, to clean, to wind, to pick; [TOOLS] – sickle, blade, cultivator, mill; [FOOD, FEEDING, TREATMENT, BENEFITS] – cake, cakes, bread, various porridges, beer, homemade vodka; feed (straw, chaff, grain, flour); medicine for the sick; [CONJECTIONS, SORCERY, SUPERSTATIONS, BELIEVEMENTS] – grain, straw; [CUSTOM, CELEBRATIONS] – feet (together with other grains) are placed in the four corners of the house during Christmas, so that the coming year’s harvest will be abundant and fertile; [EQUALITY]: with rye; [SYMBOL] – holidays, wealth, abundance, good life. After analysing the systematic data of lexicographic sources (especially dialectal), it is emphasized that wheat is a cereal, bread, winter and summer crop, the grains and flour of which are used for food and feed; a symbol of holidays, wealth, abundance, good life; wheat grows on higher sandy, but well fertilized soil; revered as a bread grain, used not only in daily diet and for the preparation of ceremonial dishes, but also as a means of treating various diseases; an important element of beliefs, rituals, etc. According to ethnologists, the most important cereal crops in the culture of the Lithuanian people were rye, followed by barley, buckwheat and wheat (Dundulienė 1982: 163–164). The analysis of the lexicographic data reveals that the content of the cognitive definition10 consists of the characteristics of wheat reflected in the language and the linguistic material that supports them. SUMMARY Summarizing the data of Lithuanian dialect lexicographic sources, it can be said that dialect dictionaries form the following picture of the concept of kvietys: kvietys for the Lithuanian peasant, farmer, member of the rural community is not only a source of food or the basis of biological existence, but also a significant part of the interpretation of the linguistic worldview (dictionary definitions, phraseology, paremijos, dai10 In order to reconstruct the linguistic worldview and its core (values) for the results of research, people speaking a certain eksplikuoti pasirenkama kognityvinė definicija, suvokiama kaip naratyvas apie pasaulį (Niebrzegowska-Bartmińska 2020: 52). Kognityvinės definicijos tikslas – aprašyti, kaip dalyką language perceive, i.e. to understand the established in society and through language and its use possible to know the knowledge about the world, the categorization of phenomena, their rakteristiką ir vertybes (Rutkovska, Smetona, Smetonienė 2017: 34; Bartmiński 1988: 169–170). Vilija SakalauSkienė. Tarminis žodynas kaip kultūros tekstas: kalbinis ir kultūrinis kviečio paveikslas 133 chanas, tales), symbol of holidays, reflection of respect for traditions, measure of evaluation. In the Lithuanian tradition, wheat is a symbol of wealth, good life and celebrations. Wheat as a bread cereal was used not only in everyday, festive diet and ritual meals, but also as a means of incantations, treatment of various diseases. By analyzing the data of Lithuanian dialect dictionaries and the Lithuanian language dictionary, it has been established that the lexem kvietys and its derivatives are used in various parts of lexicographic articles: 1) as the title word of the lexicographic article; 2) in definitions and illustrative sentences; 3) other words in illustrations of articles (e.g., cereal, grain, cake); (4) in terminological combinations (e.g. common wheat); 5) in paramies; 6) in phraseological compounds. The lexicographical definition of wheat highlights the following categorical features: plant, food, feed, bell, summer or winter crop, grain of those crops, symbol of celebrations, wealth. SANTRUMPOS Alk – Alksnnai, Vilkaviškio r. An – Anykščiai Baran – Antanas Baranauskas (1835-1902), his writings. Brž - Brržai Bsg – Baisógala, Radvliškio sav. ter. BsO – Goat's Head Songs. Collected by Dr. J. Basanavičius. Two volumes, 1902. Simon Daukantas (1793–1902), his writings. Dgč – Degùčiai, Zarasų r. Dkš – Daukšiaas, Marijampolės sav. ter. Ds – Dùsetos, Zarasų r. Ėr – erriškiai, Pãnevėžio r. Grk – Gikalnis, Raseinių r. Grnk – Griñkiškis, Radviliškio r. Grš – Grškabūdis, Šaki r. Grž – Gržiai, Pãsvalio r. Gs – Geistara, Vilkavškio r. I – Laurynas Ivinskis (1810–1881), jo raštai. Ig – Igliáuka, Marijámpolės sav. ter. Ign – Ignalinà Imb – Iybradas, Zarass r. 134 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 97 J – Litovskij slovarj A. Juškevičia s interpretacijami slov na russkom i jazykach, I (A–D raidės) – 1897, II (E–J) – 1904, III (iki žodžio polskom kukštuotis) – 1922, St. Petersburg. Jabl – Jonas Jablonskis (1870-1930), his writings. JD – Lithuanian songs written by Antanas Juškevičius, I–III, Kazanė, JT – Kazimieras Šaulys, Juodžiūnų dialect. A copy of the manuscript 1880–1882. donated by the Adelaide Pensioners' Club 1988. JV – Lithuanian folk songs recorded by Antanas Juškevičius and printed by Jonas Juškevičius, Petropolis: Press of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1883. Jz – Jiẽznas, Prėenų r. K – German-Lithuanian dictionary by Friedrich Kurschat, Halle, I – 1870, II – 1874. Kl – Kulia, Plùngės r. Km – Kamaja, Rõkiškio r. Kalvarija, Marijampolės aps. Kp – Kùpiškis Krč – Krinčjan, Pasvalio r. Krišč – Jonas Kriščiūnas (1888–1973), Lithuanian agronomist, beekeeper, born in Stebulųškiai, Marijampolė county. Krsn – Krosnà, Lazdėjų r. Kvr – Kavárskas, Anykščiai r. Lš – Liškiava, Varėnos r. Mrj – Marijampolė Mžš – Mėežiškiai, Pãnevėžio r. Paį – Paįstrỹs, Pãnevėžio r. Pc – Pociūnliai, Radvliškio r. Plk – Plókščiai, Šaki r. Plv – Plviškiai, Vilkavškio r. Pnd – Pandėlỹs, Rõkiškio r. Prk – Prekulė, Klapėdos r. Pš – Pùšalotas, Pãsvalio r. RD – Songs by Liudas Rēza. 3rd edition of the First Lithuanian Songbook. 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979. Rnv – Renovated, Mažeikiai r. Sdk – Sudeikiai, Utenos r. Skp – Skpiškis, Kùpiškio r. Skr – Skarsnemunė, Jurbarko r. Sld – Saldùtiškis, Utenõs r. Vilija SakalauSkienė. Tarminis žodynas kaip kultūros tekstas: kalbinis ir kultūrinis kviečio paveikslas 135 Slk – Salakas, Zarasų r. Smn – Sianas, Alytaus r. Sn – Seinaä Srj – Seirajiai, Lazddjų r. Sur – Surdẽgis, Anykščių r. Sv – Svėdasa, Anykščių r. Šd – Šeduvà, Radvėliškio r. Šll – Šilãlė Šts – Šãtės, Skuõdo r. 2000 – The Lighthouse, St. Louis. Tj – Taujnai, Ukmergs r. Trak – Trâkai Trg – Taurag 1999 – The Shadows, R.I.P.D. Up – Upyna, Šilãlės r. Ut – Utenà Utena, Utenos r. Vdk – Vidùklė, Raseinių r. Vl – Veliuona, Jùrbarko r. Vlž – Velžỹs, Pãnevėžio r. VP – Motiejus Valančius, Patarles žemajcziu. London, 1867. Vrb – Virbãlis, Vilkaviškio r. Vištytis, Vilkaviškio r. 1000 BC – 1000 AD) and Akhenaten (r. 1990 – The Little Red Riding Hood, R.I.P. ŠALTINIAI Aruodai.lt – Lietuvių pasakojamosios tautosakos katalogas. Prieiga internete: http://www.aruodai.lt/pasakos/repertuaras/paieska.php. AŽe – Ermanytė Irena, Antonimų žodynas, 2003 (elektroninis variantas), Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2015. Prieiga internete: https://ekalba.lt/antonimu-zodynas/. DrskŽ – Naktinienė Gertrūda, Paulauskienė Aldona, Vitkauskas Vytautas, Druskininkų tarmės žodynas, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1988. DūnŽ – Vitkauskas Vytautas, Šiaurės rytų dūnininkų šnektų žodynas, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1976. DvŽ – Dieveniškių šnektos žodynas 1–2, moksl. red. D. Mikulėnienė, A. Vidugiris, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2005–2010. FŽe – Frazeologijos žodynas, sud. I. Ermanytė, O. Kažukauskaitė, G. Naktinienė, J. Paulauskas, Z. Šimėnaitė, A. Vilutytė, vyr. red. J. Paulauskas, Vilnius: 136 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 97 Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2001. Prieiga internete: https://ekalba.lt/frazeologijos-žodynas/. JrbŽ – Jurbarko šnektos žodynas: rankraštis, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. KltŽ – Vilutytė Angelė, Kaltanėnų šnektos žodynas, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2008. KpŽ – Vosylytė Klementina, Kupiškėnų žodynas 1–4, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2007, 2010, 2012, 2013. KrtnŽ – Aleksandravičius Juozas, Kretingos tarmės žodynas, sud. D. Mikulėnienė, D. Vaišnienė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2011. KzRŽ – Pupkis Aldonas, Kazlų Rūdos šnektos žodynas 1–2, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2008–2009. LKPŽe – Vosylytė Klementina, Lietuvių kalbos palyginimų žodynas, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2014, elektroninis variantas, 2015. Prieiga internete: https://ekalba.lt/palyginimu-zodynas. LKŽe – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 1–20 (1941–2002), red. kolegija G. Naktinienė, J. Paulauskas, R. Petrokienė, V. Vitkauskas, J. Zabarskaitė, vyr. red. G. Naktinienė, e. variantas, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2008 (atnaujinta versija, 2018). Prieiga internete: https://ekalba.lt/lietuviu-kalbos-zodynas. LKŽ ePK – Lietuvių kalbos žodyno Papildymų kartoteka. Prieiga internete: https://ekalba.lt/lkz-papildymu-kartoteka. LKŽ eTK – Lietuvių kalbos žodyno Tarmių kartoteka. Prieiga internete: https:// ekalba.lt/lkz-tarmiu-kartoteka. LTR – Lietuvių tautosakos rankraštynas, saugomas Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos institute, Vilniuje. PPAŽ – Leskauskaitė Asta, Ragaišienė Vilija, Pietinių pietų aukštaičių šnektų žodynas 1–2, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2016–2019. PPr – Grigas Kazys, Jonynas Ambraziejus, Patarlės ir priežodžiai, Vilnius, 1958. SŽe – Lyberis Antanas, Sinonimų žodynas 2002 (elektroninis variantas), 2-asis patais. leid., Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2015. Prieiga internete: https://ekalba.lt/sinonimu-zodynas/. ŠVakŽŽ – Vanagienė Birutė, Šiaurės vakarų žemaičių žodynas: Ylakių, Lenkimų, Mosėdžio, Skuodo, Šačių apylinkių šnektos 1–2, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2014–2015. VdšŽ – Markevičienė Žaneta, Markevičius Aurimas, Vidiškių šnektos žodynas, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2014. ZanŽ – Zanavykų šnektos žodynas 1–3, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, t. 1, 2003, vyr. red. Aldonas Pupkis; t. 2–3, 2004–2006, vyr. red. Vilija Sakalauskienė. ZtŽ – Vidugiris Aloyzas, Zietelos šnektos žodynas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 1998. Vilija SakalauSkienė. Tarminis žodynas kaip kultūros tekstas: kalbinis ir kultūrinis kviečio paveikslas 137 LITTERACY Bartmiński Jerzy 1988: Cognitive definition as a tool for describing connotations. – Konotacja, Lublin, pp. 169–183. Bartmiński Jerzy 2020: Cultural Linguistics: Theoretical Assumptions and Methods. Example of the definition of WORK in the Axiological Lexicon of Slavs and Their Neighbors (LASiS). – Values in Lithuanian and Polish worldviews 1. Theoretical Assumptions and Interpretations, Vilnius, Lublin: Vilnius University Press, 24–45. Bartmiński Jerzy, Chlebda Wojcech 2013: The problem of the basic concept and its profiling – on the example of the stereotype of EUROPE. – Ethnolinguistics 25, 69–95. Dundulienė Pranė 1982: Lithuanian Ethnography, Vilnius: Mokslas. Dundulienė Pranė 2020: Lithuanian calendar and agricultural customs, Vilnius: Science and Encyclopedia Publishing Center. Klimka Libertas 2015: Zanavykai traditions and customs. – We are zanavyki, sud. A. Papievienė, Vilnius: UAB Meno žvaigždė, 31–48. Marcinkevičienė Nijolė 2015: Traditional diet of Zanavykai. – We are zanavyki, sud. A. Papievienė, Vilnius: UAB Meno žvaigždė, 135–160. Niebrzegowska-Bartmińska Stanisława 2020: Defining and profiling concepts in (ethno)linguistics, Lublin: Maria Curie-Skłodowska University Press. Papaurėlytė-Klovienė Silvija 2007: Linguistic cultural studies features, Šiauliai: Šiaulių University Press. 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Gauta 2024-09-10 Adopted 2024-10-14 138 GENERAL LANGUAGE | 97 VILIJA SAKALAUSKIENĖ DIALECT DICTIONARY AS A CULTURAL TEXT: THE LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL IMAGE OF WHEAT Summary Dialect dictionaries have been getting more attention from ethnolinguists lately, with the significance of dialects of dialect dictionaries as cultural texts increasingly emphasised, as their producers realise that the main purpose of a dictionary is to document, preserve, and publicise the fundamental manifestations of culture. A large part of a dictionary’s value consists of illustrative sentences recorded from the living language and capturing the people’s life during a particular period: details of everyday life and holidays, the shift in moods and ideas, the unique view and assessment of the world. Illustrative sentences for headwords come in a number of various genres, such as phraseological units, rhetorical proverbs, riddles, songs, fairy tales, charms, beliefs, and so on. The article emphasises that a dialectal word is a text that falls into a particular genre and reveals the cultural context in which a word functions. The main focal point is the relationship between human existence and culture through the concept of WHEAT. Ethnolinguistic analysis of the data of Lithuanian dialect dictionaries considers all of the data available in the entry for a word, such as collocations, citations that illustrate the setting of the headword, synonyms, antonyms, derivatives, phraseological units, rhetorical proverbs, and so on. In the culture of the Lithuanian nation, wheat is seen as a symbol of holidays and wealth. In folklore, wheat often goes hand in hand with other grains, such as rye, barley, and oats. People have been using wheat for food and medicine since ancient times. Owing to its medicinal properties, wheat held a place among folk remedies. Wheat is celebrated as a cereal and was part of the daily diet and ceremonial meals, just as it had its use as a remedy for various ailments. Folk medicine had application both for the grains of wheat and for its bran and flour as well. Wheat was also prominently featured in various beliefs. The lexicographic definition of wheat highlights the following attributes of category: it is an edible plant, a member of the poaceae family that grows in summer or winter, a symbol of holidays and wealth. KEYWORDS: WHEAT, linguistic worldview, ethnolinguistics, dialectal dictionary, definition, phraseological unit, paremia. VILIJA SAKALAUSKIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius [email protected] Vilija SakalauSkienė. Tarminis žodynas kaip kultūros tekstas: kalbinis ir kultūrinis kviečio paveikslas 139 VILIJA SAKALAUSKIENĖ TARMANIC VOCABULARY AS A CULTURAL TEXTS: KALBINIS IR KULTŪRINIS KVIEČIO PAVEIKSLAS Summary Recently, dialect dictionaries have attracted more attention from ethnolinguists, and the importance of dialect dictionaries as cultural texts is increasingly emphasized, because their editors understand the most important purpose of dictionaries to document, preserve and publicize essential cultural manifestations. The great value of the dictionaries is illustrative sentences written from the living language, which capture the life of people of a certain period: details of everyday life and celebrations, changes in moods and thoughts, a peculiar view and evaluation of the world. Illustrative sentences of the title word are of various genres: these are phraseologisms, paraphrases, riddles, songs, fairy tales, incantations, beliefs, etc. The article emphasizes that dialectal vocabulary is a genre text that reveals the cultural context of the word’s functioning. The focus is on the connection of human being and culture through the concept of WHEY. When analyzing the data of Lithuanian dialect dictionaries from an ethnolinguistic point of view, all data contained in the word article are taken into account: collocations, quotations illustrating the environment of the title word, synonyms, antonyms, derivatives, phraseologisms, rems, etc. In Lithuanian culture, wheat is considered a symbol of celebration and wealth. In folklore, wheat is often mentioned with other grains: rye, barley and oats. In ancient times, people used wheat for food and medicine. Wheat with healing properties used in folk medicine. Wheat is revered as a bread cereal, used not only in daily diet and for the preparation of ceremonial meals, but also as a means of treating various diseases. In folk medicine, not only wheat grains were applied, but also bran, flour. It is also important in religion. The lexicographic definition of wheat highlights the following categorical features: a plant, food, bell, summer or winter, festive, symbol of wealth. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: kvietys, kalbinis pasaulio vaizdas, etnolingvistika, tarminis žodynas, definicija, frazeologizmas, paremija. VILIJA SAKALAUSKIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius [email protected]