The folk image of a human preserved in the dialectal plant names. An overview of the issues.

76 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 97 ILONA KULAK Jagiellonian Uni e si y in C acow ORCID id: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-4229-6087 FIELDS OF RESEARCH: dialec ology, e hnolinguis ics, sociolinguis ics. DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.35321/bkalba.2024.97.04 THE FOLK IMAGE OF A HUMAN PRESERVED IN THE DIALECTAL PLANT NAMES. AN OVERVIEW OF THE ISSUES1 KEYWORDS: dialec ology, e hnolinguis ics, linguis ic wo ld iew, image o a hu- man, names o plan s, dialec o Podhale egion. ABSTRACT The aim o he a icle is o p esen he olk image o a human based on he plan names used by Go als om he no h-wes pa o he Podhale egion. The ma- e ial was ga he ed h ough in o mal in e iews wi h inhabi an s o nine illages conduc ed be ween 2016 and 2017. The i s pa o he ex includes a de ailed accoun o he me hodological app oach employed. Addi ionally, he esea ch p oblems a ising om he speci ici y o he collec ed ma e ial a e p esen ed. The second pa o he a icle discusses he ea u es o he u al socie y which a e indi ec ly p ese ed in he olk names o plan s, e.g. an h opocen ism, a is oc a- ism, a bina y iew o eali y, senso y pe cep ion o he wo ld, ins umen al a- ionali y, a achmen o Ca holicism, magical belie s. 1. THE INTRODUCTION As Rysza d Toka ski (1993: 335) asse s, ocabula y is a e lec ion o an indi idual’s in ellec ual and emo ional s ance owa ds he non-linguis ic eali y, encompassing objec s and human ac i i ies wi hin he ma e ial wo ld. By analysing he lexis, insigh s can he e o e be gained in o he cul u al communi y in ques ion and i s modes o pe cei ing and ca ego is- ing he wo ld. This assump ion se es as he ounda ion o he p esen 1 The a icle p esen s he issues aised by he au ho in he book (Kulak 2022) o he non- Polish-speaking academic communi y. Ilona KulaK. The Folk Image o a Human P ese ed in he Dialec al Plan names. an o e iew o he Issues 77 a icle, which is si ua ed on he bo de line be ween e hnolinguis ics2 (due o he aim and me hodology o he esea ch) and dialec ology (due o he ype o ma e ial and he manne in which i was ga he ed). The objec i e o his a icle consis s in econs uc ing he olk image o he human, indi ec ly p ese ed in he plan names collec ed om se e al illages in no h-wes e n Podhale. The e m ‘ olk image o man’ is used o desc ibe a se o ai s, beha iou s and alues3 (such as conc e eness, p ac- icali y and eligiosi y) ha a e ypical o he simple man, he bea e o olk ( adi ional) cul u e. These cha ac e is ics ha e been shaped by successi e gene a ions and a e pe pe ua ed in language. This app oach does no es ic he analysis o he collec ed names o he econs uc ion o he image o u al inhabi an s (in he adminis a i e sense), al hough hey ob iously con- s i u e he mos impo an ep esen a i es o he a o emen ioned cul u al ype. I should be emphasised ha he majo i y o Poles se led in ci ies ha e a peasan backg ound, and hey oo a e pa icipan s in olk cul u e. Fu he mo e, he inc easing globalisa ion o socie y is blu ing he dis inc- ion be ween he language and cul u e o u ban and u al communi ies. The esea ch was conduc ed in nine illages inhabi ed by Go als om he egion o Rabka4. The illages in ques ion belong o h ee communes: Raba Wyżna (comp ising Bielanka, Raba Wyżna, Rokiciny, Sieniawa and Skawa), Rabka-Zd ój (comp ising Chabówka, Ponice and Rdzawka) and Spy kowice (which comp ises a single illage, Spy kowice). These a e lo- ca ed in he sou h-wes e n pa o Lesse Poland, in he no h o he Nowy Ta g dis ic . The inhabi an s o he abo e-men ioned illages communica e in he a ied dialec o he Podhale egion. A numbe o phonological inconsis encies can be obse ed in he speech o bo h olde and younge gene a ions. These can be a ibu ed o he in luence o he s anda d Pol- ish language on dialec s. The di e en ia ion o he language spoken in he 2 The objec i e o e hnolinguis ic esea ch is o iden i y and delinea e he cha ac e is ics o a gi en communi y’s iden i y. To achie e his, he concep o he linguis ic wo ld pic u e is employed (Ba miński, Chlebda 2008: 11–12). Fu he insigh s in o he linguis ic image o he wo ld can be ound, o example, in he wo ks o Adam Głaz (2022) o Anna Paj- dzińska (2019). 3 The componen s o he human image a e de e mined h ough an analysis o he naming p ocess. This concep will be elabo a ed upon in he ollowing ex . 4 In he mid-19 h cen u y, he Polish poe and geog aphe Wincen y Pol (1851: 122) made e e ence o he so-called ‘Go als om Rabka’ (Polish ‘Gó ale od Rabki’ o ‘Rabczanie’), named a e he Raba i e . They a e a popula ion li ing in he lowe pa o Podhale (no h-eas o he egion). 78 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 97 egion is p ima ily de e mined by a gene a ional ac o . The olde gen- e a ion employs a dialec , whe eas he younge gene a ion u ilises a code ha is cha ac e is ic o an u ban cul u al milieu. In he pe iod be ween 2016 and 2017, 647 plan names we e collec ed h ough in o mal in e iews wi h a o al o mo e han 100 illage s, who we e able o ecall he names and associa e hem wi h he ele an objec s. These names e e o mo e han 260 species o plan s. The da a includes he names o he baceous plan s (e.g. weeds, he bs, g asses) and woody plan s (e.g. ees, sh ubs), bo h wild and cul i a ed. I is o pa icula im- po ance o no e ha only hose names o which he mo i a ion was known o he in o man s we e conside ed o inclusion in he esea ch ma e ial. A ull collec ion o dialec al plan lexis om he no h-wes Podhale egion would unques ionably cons i u e a aluable and signi ican con ibu ion o he ield o linguis ics; howe e , i would equi e u he yea s o esea ch. I can be easonably assumed ha he collec ion would p obably numbe a leas 2,000 uni s, as in Halina Pelcowa’s dic iona y (2017), which includes bo h mo i a ed and non-mo i a ed uni s ( om he poin o iew o he dialec use , o cou se). Such olume o ma e ial would conside ably slow down he achie emen o he in ended aim o he wo k, which is o show ha he naming o designa o s can be a sou ce o knowledge abou he cha ac e is ics o a communi y. I should be added ha , due o he chosen aim o he wo k, he in o man s we e no asked abou hei unde s anding o he gi en names, and cogni i e de ini ions in acco dance wi h he me h- odology employed in he Dic iona y o S e eo ypes and Folk Symbols (SSSL 1996–2022) we e no c ea ed. The a icle concen a es on he image o he human e lec ed in plan names a he han on he images o he plan s hemsel es. A comp ehensi e desc ip ion o he images o indi idual plan s would equi e a sepa a e in es iga ion. The linguis ic ma e ial was no es ic ed o di e en ial ocabula y alone. Bo h gene al dialec exp essions and lexis common o many a ie ies o Polish we e no ed, which also unc ions in he speech o he illage s and e lec s hei expe iences (Pelcowa 2017: 14; Kąś 2011: 13). Howe e , he combina ion o hese wo g oups o plan ocabula y showed ha in he esea ch ma e ial, he e appea ed phy onyms de i ed om di e se linguis- ic sou ces: i ems c ea ed wi hin he dialec , bo owings, calques, names inhe i ed om he P o o-Sla ic e a and hose wi h P o o-Indo-Eu opean oo s (Waniakowa 2012: 139–187). As is well known, he p ocess o nom- Ilona KulaK. The Folk Image o a Human P ese ed in he Dialec al Plan names. an o e iew o he Issues 79 ina ing mos o hese names occu ed cen u ies o e en millennia ea lie , some imes in a di e en linguis ic a ea, based on he pe cei ed cha ac e - is ics o he plan s a he ime. Con empo a y illage s a e e-disco e ing he mo i a ion o phy onyms in acco dance wi h he p e ailing belie s and supe s i ions o hei communi y, as well as hei gene al knowledge and ce ain laws o na u e (Waniakowa 2012: 115–116). 2. METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES The e ymology o plan names ha a e used by he inhabi an s o a pa i- cula a ea gi es ise o a numbe o me hodological issues. Polish e hno- linguis s ag ee ha he analysis o dialec plan names can lead o he econs uc ion o a u al communi y’s wo ld iew. This iew is sha ed by Halina Pelcowa (2002: 140) and Halina Ku ek (2004a: 129), among o he s. Ne e heless, i is common knowledge ha a conside able numbe o di- alec plan names did no o igina e in u al se ings. Thus, olk bo anical names do no always e lec he wo ld iew o a pa icula communi y. Ja- dwiga Waniakowa (2006: 493) sugges s ha he p ima y assignmen o he linguis should be o di e en ia e be ween he na i e names ha ha e eme ged wi hin a gi en u al a ea and hose ha ha e been adop ed o p ese ed since he ime o Old Polish. The a o emen ioned esea che asse s ha Polish dialec ological li e a u e on olk phy onyms e oneously implies hese names o igina ed in he Polish dialec . The au ho s ypically ega d dialec lexemes pe aining o plan s as illus a i e o he illage s’ c ea i e linguis ic ou pu . Howe e , his in e p e a ion does no align ully wi h eali y (Waniakowa 2006: 503). The di e en ia ion o au hen ic dialec plan names om o he uni s (e.g. loanwo ds o calques), as p oposed by Jadwiga Waniakowa, would necessi a e ex ensi e and me iculous e ymological in es iga ion, he ou - comes o which would exceed he scope o a single scien i ic s udy. E en i i we e easible o seg ega e he ocabula y de eloped in Polish dialec om he ull bo anical lexis used in he discou se o he inhabi an s o an a ea, o example om a dozen illages o om a egion, he esul ing lexical co pus would likely be inadequa e o he pu pose o disco e ing egula i ies ha would enable he econs uc ion o he naming subjec – he u al communi y. A mo e comp ehensi e collec ion o au hen ic dialec names om he en i e Polish language a ea, o al e na i ely om one o 80 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 97 he mac o- egions, could po en ially se e as he basis o econs uc ing an image o he wo ld o a communi y. Howe e , as p e iously s a ed, his assignmen appea s o be ex emely di icul o implemen . Mo eo e , i is unce ain whe he he ex ac ed linguis ic ma e ial would be su icien - ly di e se o enable he econs uc ion o a comple e and unadul e a ed image o he illage s. A esea che who wishes o p esen a pic u e o a u al communi y based on olk phy onyms is, o some ex en , obliged o conside he en i e ange o plan ocabula y in use among he inhabi an s o he selec ed a ea. In his ins ance, he u ilisa ion o an e hnolinguis ic me hodology is use ul, as i enables he analysis o he ga he ed ma e ial om a synch onic s andpoin , wi hou del ing in o he e olu ion o he names in ques ion. The eco ded ocabula y shall be ea ed as a uni ied en i y, which is subjec ed o analysis wi h he aim o eaching conclusions abou he concep ualisa ion o he wo ld o a gi en linguis ic and cul u al communi y. In conduc ing his analysis, conside a ion is acco ded o he olk e ymology o each name a he han he scien i ic e ymology. The econs uc ion o he image o a human based on he phy onyms collec ed in he selec ed egion is possible by he assump ion o he uni e sali y o olk cul u e and he same men ali y o he whole u al communi y (SSSL 1996, ol 1, no. 1: 19). Fu he mo e, i should be empha- sised ha he plan names ha a e going ou o use p o ide aluable in o ma- ion on he ea lie s a e o Polish dialec s (Wie zbicka 2002: 52). An analysis o olk bo anical lexis does no p eclude he eme gence o elemen s ha a e cha ac e is ic o a Polish, Sla ic o e en Eu opean com- muni y in he econs uc ed image. I is e iden membe s o u al mic o- communi ies a e pa o he gene al public. The ocabula y in ques ion implies “a ange o ways o seeing ha a e in insic o di e en cul u es and di e en his o ical pe iods”5 (Ba miński 1989: 49). Ne e heless, i would be e oneous o equa e he image o he illage s wi h ha o he gene al communi y om ou cul u al ci cle. In o de o ep oduce his la e image, a compa a i e analysis would be necessa y. Only “ he s udy o he linguis ic images o he wo ld o di e en communica i e communi- ies enables us o each simila i ies and di e ences in he concep ualisa ion o he wo ld” (Nieb zegowska-Ba mińska 2013: 270). These simila i ies ep esen he manne in which he eali y o one mac o-communi y is pe cei ed and alued. 5 Own ansla ion (he e and in he ollowing loca ions). Ilona KulaK. The Folk Image o a Human P ese ed in he Dialec al Plan names. an o e iew o he Issues 81 The esponse o he ques ion o which concep ualisa ion o eali y is pe pe ua ed by plan names is con ingen upon he esea ch concep ad- op ed. E ymologis s will a he y o ec ea e he image o a human in gene al. The deploymen o e hnolinguis ic ools o analyse he phy onyms collec ed in he selec ed a ea should, con e sely, acili a e he econs uc ion o a pic u e o a gi en cul u al communi y. Consequen ly, o example, e ms ha unc ioned in he language o he Rabka highlande s could be employed o illus a e he image o he illage s. Howe e , in ligh o he a o emen- ioned conside a ions, i can be acknowledged ha he phy onyms pe pe u- a e a olk image o a human. The e m olk is indeed associa ed wi h adi- ional u al cul u e, bu i s conno a ions ex end beyond his con ex . This wo d encompasses bo h he old and he new, i.e. ha c ea ed by pas and p esen gene a ions (as opposed o he adjec i e u al, which has a na owe meaning). The adop ion o such an assump ion is due o he speci ic ype o ma e ial ha phy onyms a e, mos o which did no o igina e on Polish dia- lec g ound and, abo e all, ha e no done so oday. The signi ican s ock o plan ocabula y used by con empo a y illage s is made up o p e-Sla ic lexical elemen s, c ea ed cen u ies ago and subjec o change. 3. THE DIVISION OF COLLECTED PLANT NAMES AS A FOUNDATION FOR ANALYSIS In esea ch on he econs uc ion o he olk image o a human on he basis o plan names, an impo an issue also ela es o he way in which lexical uni s a e g ouped. This g ouping is, o cou se, done in o de o disco e egula i ies a he le el o seman ic-cul u al mo i a ion. Fo behind ac s o linguis ic nomina ion lie p ocesses o o de ing o “ aming” he wo ld by a gi en communi y, as Rysza d Toka ski (2012: 249) w i es. As a way o di iding up he majo i y o he lexicon (i.e. he names mo- i a ed by he cha ac e is ics o he objec s and by u ili y), expe ien ial ca ego ies (Polish ka ego ie doświadczeniowe) we e adop ed. Małgo za a B zo- zowska de ines hem as “ca ego ies ha appea in he concep ual sys em o a gi en cul u e and a e de e mined by he expe iences o hei bea e s” (B zozowska 2000: 144–145). They can be used o analyse onomasiological (associa i e) de i a i es, which a e o med “on he basis o ea u es expe- ienced and conside ed ele an in he cogni i e ac ” (B zozowska 2000: 144). In con as o seman ic de i a i es, onomasiological de i a i es 82 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 97 ep esen a naming mechanism based on he use o ea u es ha a e no neces- sa ily salien bu a e pe cep ually dominan a he momen o naming. As a esul , he meaning o he base is no con ained in he lexical meaning o he de i a i e bu en e s in o he socially s abilised associa i e ela ionship el by he speake s and hus indica es he ea u e ha he speake s associa e wi h he meaning o he de i a i e (B zozowska 2000: 143). These o ma ions a e gene ally ega ded as seman ically i egula and non- ca ego ized, bu Małgo za a B zozowska’s analysis o he names o mush- ooms, bu e lies and mon hs has dispu ed his. E en in hese cases, i is ela i ely easy o dis inguish de i ed ypes (c . B zozowska 2000: 143, 149). The ma e ial also includes names whose onomasiological basis is based on olk magic belie s, eligious belie s and cul u al associa ions, jus i ied by eal plan cha ac e is ics. Such phy onyms we e subo dina ed o cul- u al ca ego ies6. The collec ed plan names we e assigned o dozens o expe ien ial and cul u al ca ego ies7, such as shape, colou , as e, medicinal p ope ies o magic. In some o hem, subca ego ies we e dis inguished in o de o in- oducing addi ional in e nal dis inc ions (e.g. lowe colou , ui and seed colou , lea colou ). This was dic a ed by he speci ici y and he numbe o uni s collec ed. The ca ego ies we e di ided in o ou o e a ching g oups, namely: (1) ea u es iden i ying a e e en , (2) ime and place o plan occu ence, (3) use ulness and uselessness o plan s and (4) cul u al e e ences and as- socia ions8. As can be seen, he i s h ee g oups included expe ien ial ca ego ies and he las g oup included cul u al ca ego ies. The deciding ac o in assigning a ca ego y o hese ou g oups was he mo i a ion o names. Fo example, ca ego ies such as colou , shape o ea u es pe cei ed by ouch a e included in he i s g oup ( ea u es iden i ying a e e en ) because hey con ain names c ea ed by he language use om a limi ed, na ow poin o iew, ocusing only on he ea u es o he nomina ed ob- jec (c . phy onyms mo i a ed by appea ance, as e, smell). The second g oup ( ime and place o occu ence o plan s) was o med o plan names e e ing o he ime o lowe ing, sowing, odou sec e ion and he place 6 The e m cul u al ca ego ies is analogous o he e m expe ien ial ca ego ies. 7 A simila dis inc ion appea s in he a icle by S anisława Nieb zegowska-Ba mińska (2010). The esea che w o e abou he expe ien ial and cul u al mo i a ions o plan names. 8 The p oposed ypology is consis en wi h he di isions used by o he esea che s (e.g. Pelcowa 2002). Ilona KulaK. The Folk Image o a Human P ese ed in he Dialec al Plan names. an o e iew o he Issues 83 o occu ence o o igin. A he ime o hei c ea ion, he nomina o ook a b oad iew, encompassing he e e en as well as he su ounding wo ld. The hi d g oup included names indica ing he use ulness o a species (e.g. i s medicinal p ope ies) and uselessness (e.g. poisonous, in oxica ing and i i a ing p ope ies). The e o e, his collec ion b ings oge he phy onyms whose s uc u e pe pe ua es a posi i e o nega i e impac on a human li e and i s en i onmen . The las g oup consis s o names e e ing o magic, eligion, belie s, as well as uni s o med by associa ion. The di ision o phy onyms p o ided he amewo k o he analysis, which p oceeded om names mo i a ed by appea ance and p ope ies, o he place and ime o occu ence and he manne in which plan s a e used, o phy onyms ela ed o he cul u e o he adi ional communi y9. Thus, i can be said ha he analysis p oceeded om he “mic oscopic iew” (Polish mik ospoj zenie), i.e. om he supe icial, he conc e e, he objec- i e, he mos easily pe cei ed, o he in angible alues and he ela ionship ha occu s be ween a e e en and a human. Mo eo e , he ex ac ed se s illus a e h ee disc e e iewpoin s: pe cep ual (g oups: ea u es iden i ying a e e en , ime and place o plan ), unc ional (g oup: use ulness and use- lessness o plan s) and cul u al (g oup: cul u al e e ences and associa ions). As wi h he seman ic ields, he p oblem o he luidi y o he bounda - ies be ween di e en expe ien ial and cul u al ca ego ies could no be a oid- ed. The g ea es di icul ies a ose wi h mul i-pa icle names, whose s uc u e pe pe ua es mo e han one piece o in o ma ion. Fo example, conside he case o he name bo ówka cza na10 [black be y]11 ‘Vaccinium my illus’12. The name p o ides in o ma ion ega ding he black colou o he ui (cza ny)13 and occu ence o he plan in he o es (bó → bo ówka). The name koniczyna biała [whi e clo e ] ‘T i olium epens’, on he o he hand, e e s o he whi e lowe s (biała) and he p ac ical use by animals – main- ly by ho ses (koń → koniczyna). I was o necessi y o include such phy - 9 A de ailed analysis is p esen ed in ano he pape by he au ho . Bibliog aphic de ails will be p o ided upon eceip o a e iew o he a icle. 10 The o iginal plan names ha e been spelled in acco dance wi h s anda d Polish o hog a- phy, wi hou conside a ion o dialec ea u es, in o de o acili a e comp ehension o he a icle. 11 A li e al English ansla ion o he o iginal name is gi en in squa e b acke s. In he e en ha he name is challenging o ansla e, a succinc olk e ymological clue is p o ided. The au ho p esen s de ailed mo i a ions in ano he s udy (Kulak 2022). 12 The La in name o he plan species is p o ided in single quo a ion ma ks. 13 The e ymology o he name is p o ided in pa en heses. 84 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 97 onyms in a a ie y o ca ego ies. A name was also a ibu ed o dispa a e ca ego ies when i s mo i a ions we e di e en , as in o man s claimed. Fo example, he name k akowiak [some hing like esiden o C acow] ‘Pela - gonium zonale’ was jus i ied by he colou o he lowe s, such as in he C acow olk cos ume, bu also by i s o igin in he C acow a ea. 4. THE ELEMENTS OF THE FOLK IMAGE OF A HUMAN The analysis o collec ed phy onyms, which aimed o disco e egula i ies in he naming o plan s, enabled he isola ion o a dozen ai s, beha iou s o alues ha collec i ely o m he olk image o a human. The mos no- able elemen s, i.e. he mos s ongly es ablished in bo anical lexis, a e conside ed o be: an h opocen ism, an h opomo phism, a is oc a ism, he black and whi e aluing o eali y, sensual pe cep ion o he wo ld, he ins umen al ype o a ionali y, conc e eness, p ac icali y, a achmen o he Ca holic eligion and belie in magic. The an h opocen ic pe spec i e is e ealed in phy onyms, p edomi- nan ly h ough allusions o a human o a human body, e.g. panienka [maid- en] ‘Phlox panicula a’, sie o ka [li le o phan] ‘Bellis pe ennis’, mod e oczka [in ensi e blue, li le eyes] ‘Myoso is palus is o Myoso is syl a ica’, język eściowej [mo he -in-law’s ongue] ‘Sanse ie ia i ascia a’. The human- cen ic iew is also exempli ied by names ha e e o illnesses o ailmen s, as well as hose ha e lec human exis en ial needs, bo h undamen al (e.g. ood) and highe -o de , such as he desi e o well-being, heal h, lo e and a sense o secu i y. C . anginka [li le angina] ‘Pela gonium g a eolens’, bieguniec [< biegunka, English dia hea] ‘Ailan hus al issima’, olejnik [< olej, English oil] ‘Ricinus communis’, kiełbaśnik [< kiełbasa, English sausage] ‘O iganum majo ana’, miłosne ziele [lo e he b] ‘Le is icum o icinale’, d ze- wko szczęścia [ ee o happiness] ‘C assula o a a’, g zmo nik [< g zmo , English hunde ] ‘Alchemilla pas o alis)’. An h opocen ism is u he e i- denced by phy onyms o indica e plan ha m ulness o unsui ableness, e.g. pa zenica [s h ha bu ns] ‘U ica dioica’, ujaki [s h ha poisons] ‘Digi- alis pu pu ea o Digi alis g andi lo a’. A speci ic o m o an h opocen ism is an h opomo phism, which can be de ined as “ he endency o desc ibe na u e and explain physical phe- nomena using a pa e n o human cha ac e is ics and human conduc ” (Pią ek 1988: 12). The analysis has demons a ed ha his pa icula wo ld- Ilona KulaK. The Folk Image o a Human P ese ed in he Dialec al Plan names. an o e iew o he Issues 91 wo k, as well as a pe cep ion o eali y ha is shaped by he pas . The sense o sepa a eness expe ienced by he subjec , which is based on he opposi- ion o ‘own’ and ‘ o eign’, is pa icula ly e iden in plan names ha a e mo i a ed by o igin, c . ame ykanka [Ame ican] ‘Solanum ube osum’, węgie ka [Hunga ian] ‘P unus domes ica’, szwabka [Swabian] ‘Solanum u- be osum’. Te ms such as język eściowej [mo he -in-law’s ongue] ‘Sanse- ie ia i ascia a’, wdówka [widow] ‘maybe Scabiosa lucida o Scabiosa ca- nescens’, sie o ka [o phan gi l] ‘Bellis pe ennis’ a e indica i e o social connec ions o he absence he eo . The wo k is ep esen ed by lexical i ems ha e oke animals o objec s associa ed wi h he ag icul u al se ing, c . gęsiówka [< gęś, English goose] ‘Echinochloa c usgalli’, wole oczy [ox’s eyes] ‘As e alpinus’, kosy [scy hes] ‘I is sibi ica’, widłak [< widły, English pi ch o ks] ‘Lycopodium anno inum; Lycopodium cla a um’, mio ła [b oom] ‘Ape a spica- en i’. A weal h o in o ma ion abou a bygone e a can be gleaned om he e ymology o plan names which e e o old- ime ood, diseases, he mone a y sys em and he bal medicine, c . ędownik [< ąd, English lep osy] ‘Sc ophula ia nodosa’, ala y [ hale s] ‘Luna ia annua’. 5. CONCLUSION I is eadily appa en ha he enume a ed elemen s o he human image encompass hose ha a e cha ac e is ic o Polish u al communi ies, as well as uni e sal cha ac e is ics ha can be asc ibed o all communi ies wi hin he Sla ic and e en Eu opean cul u al ci cle. I is no easible o clea ly di ide he ai s de i ed om he analysis in o wo dis inc ca ego ies, namely u al and non- u al. This is because he linguis ic ma e ial encom- passes, as men ioned, dialec al ocabula y and also lexis ha is common o di e en a ie ies o Polish. An insigh in o he mo i a ions o he phy onyms he e o e p o ides an unde s anding no only o he u al com- muni y i sel bu also o he na u e o a human in gene al. Ne e heless, he econs uc ed image o a human canno be iden i ied wi h hei na- ional o sup ana ional image. This is because dialec explana ions o m he basis o he sea ch o egula i ies ha allow us o disco e he image eco ded in he names o plan s. Consequen ly, he a icle uses he e m olk image, which, i should be no ed, e e s o he Lublin e hnolinguis ic esea ch on s e eo ypes. 92 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 97 REFERENCES Ba miński Je zy 1989: Językowe sposoby po ządkowania świa a. Uwagi na ma ginesie biłgo ajskich elacji o kosmosie. – E nolingwis yka. P oblemy Języka i Kul u y 2, 49–58. Ba miński Je zy, Chlebda Wojciech 2008: Jak badać językowo- -kul u owy ob az świa a Słowian i ich sąsiasów? – E nolingwis yka. P oble- my Języka i Kul u y 20, 11–27. B zozowska Małgo za a 2000: De ywa y onomazjologiczne (asocjacyj- ne) w językowym ob azie świa a. – Język a Kul u a 13: Językowy ob az świa a i kul u a, eds. A. Dąb owska, J. Anusiewicz, W ocław: Wydawnic wo Uniwe sy e u W ocławskiego, 143–152. Głaz Adam 2022: Rou ledge S udies in Linguis ics: Linguis ic Wo ld iew(s): App oaches and Applica ions, New Yo k: Rou ledge. Kąś Józe 2011: Słownik gwa y o awskiej 1, K aków: Wydawnic wo Acade- mica. 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AN OVERVIEW OF THE ISSUES Summa y The objec i e o his a icle is o p esen he olk image o a human pe pe ua ed in dialec al plan names. The subjec o he analysis comp ises 647 in o mal names o plan s used by he Go als, an e hnic g oup esiding in he Rabka egion. Ac- co dingly, he esea ch was conduc ed in nine illages si ua ed in he sou h- wes e n egion o Lesse Poland, wi hin he no he n Nowy Ta g dis ic , which is loca ed in he no hwes o he Podhale egion. The ma e ial was collec ed be ween 2016 and 2017 h ough uno icial in e iews wi h illage s. The i s sec ion o he pape is dedica ed o me hodological conside a ions. The au ho ’s p ima y ocus is on he esea ch challenges ha eme ge om he dis inc i e na u e o he collec ed ma e ial. Conside a ion leads o he conclusion ha i is possible o econs uc a olk image o a human, a he han an image o a u al communi y, on he basis o phy onyms collec ed in illages. This assump- ion is p ima ily a ibu able o he ac ha he ga he ed lexis encompasses bo h he ocabula y ypical o he s udied g oup and wo ds common o dispa a e a i- e ies o Polish, i.e. phy onyms de i ed om a ious sou ces. The membe s o he con empo a y communi y edisco e he meanings o hese uni s by e e ing o local cus oms, belie s, gene al knowledge and ce ain laws o na u e. The au ho emphasises ha he plan names do no inhe en ly pe pe ua e an image o a human pe se. The sou ce o knowledge abou he ca ego isa ion o he wo ld and he alues is he naming mechanism i sel . In o de o unco e he p inciples go e ning naming p ocesses, i is necessa y o sea ch o egula i ies. The e o e, he esea che g oups he collec ed names in o dozens o expe ien ial and cul u al ca ego ies. The second sec ion o he a icle p esen s he indings o he analysis con- duc ed on olk plan names, o e ing insigh s in o he cha ac e is ics o he sim- ple man. The mos signi ican o hese a e: an h opocen ism, a is oc a ism, bi- na y pe cep ion o eali y, senso y pe cep ion o he wo ld, ins umen al a ional- i y, conc e eness, p agma ism, a achmen o Ca holicism and magical belie s. The plan - ela ed ocabula y s udied also sugges s ha ep esen a i es o olk cul u e a e di ec , simple, ha e a ibald sense o humou and end o s e eo ype. To a lesse ex en , olk ae iology, lack o awa eness o empo al dis ance, socio-mo - phism o mi aculous sensibili y a e indi ec ly pe pe ua ed in he phy onyms. The Ilona KulaK. The Folk Image o a Human P ese ed in he Dialec al Plan names. an o e iew o he Issues 95 collec ed plan lexis u he mo e implies, albei in a agmen a y way, such im- po an componen s o he olk wo ld iew as e hnocen ism, he p ima y impo - ance o amily o wo k and he s ong bond wi h na u e. KEYWORDS: dialec ology, e hnolinguis ics, linguis ic wo ld iew, image o a human, names o plan s, dialec o Podhale egion. ILONA KULAK Chai o Cul u al Linguis ics and Sociolinguis ics Facul y o Polish S udies, Jagiellonian Uni e si y Gołębia S ee 16, C acow, 31-007, Poland [email p o ec ed] ILONA KULAK TARMINIUOSE AUGALŲ PAVADINIMUOSE IŠSAUGOTAS LIAUDIES ŽMOGAUS VAIZDINYS. PROBLEMŲ APŽVALGA San auka Šio s aipsnio ikslas – p is a y i liaudišką žmogaus į aizdį, įamžin ą a miniais augalų pa adinimais. Analizės objek as y a 647 neo icialūs augalų pa adinimai, ku iuos a ojo Rabkos egione gy enan i go alų e ninė g upė. A i inkamai y imas bu o a lik as de yniuose kaimuose pie aka ių Mažosios Lenkijos egi- one, šiau iniame Naujojo Ta go ajone, ku is y a Podhalės egiono šiau ės a- ka uose. Medžiaga bu o enkama 2016–2017 me ais pe neo icialius pokalbius su kaimo gy en ojais. Pi moji s aipsnio dalis ski a me odologiniams s a s ymams. Au o ės dėmesys su elk as į y imo iššūkius, kylančius dėl išski inio su ink os medžiagos pobūdžio. Analizė leidžia da y i iš adą, kad emian is kaimuose su ink ais i onimais galima a ku i liaudišką žmogaus, o ne kaimo bend uomenės į aizdį. Ši p ielaida isų pi ma sie ina su uo, kad su ink a leksika apima i i iamai g upei būdingą žodyną, i į ai- ioms lenkų kalbos a mėms bend us žodžius, . y. i onimus iš į ai ių šal inių. Šiuo- laikinės bend uomenės na iai iš naujo a anda šių iene ų eikšmes emdamiesi ie os pap očiais, ikėjimais, bend omis žiniomis i am ik ais gam os dėsniais. Pab ėžiama, kad augalų pa adinimai sa aime neįamžina žmogaus į aizdžio. Žinių apie pasaulio i e ybių ski s ymą į ka ego ijas šal inis y a pa s į a dijimo mechanizmas. No in a skleis i į a dijimo p ocesus aldančius p incipus, bū ina ieško i dėsningumų. Todėl su ink i pa adinimai y a sug upuo i į dešim is pa i ies i kul ū inių ka ego ijų. 96 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 97 An oje s aipsnio dalyje pa eikiami liaudiškų augalų pa adinimų analizės e- zul a ai, įž algos apie pap as o žmogaus sa ybes. Reikšmingiausios iš jų: an opo- cen izmas, a is ok a izmas, bina inis ik o ės su okimas, juslinis pasaulio su o- kimas, p ak inis acionalumas, konk e umas, p agma iškumas, p isi išimas p ie ka alikybės i magiški įsi ikinimai. Iš i as augalų žodynas aip pa odo, kad liau- dies kul ū os a s o ai y a iesūs, pap as i, u i niū ų humo o jausmą i linkę į s e eo ipus. Fi onimais ne iesiogiai įamžin a liaudiška e iologija, laiko dis ancijos su okimo s oka, socialinis mo izmas a ikėjimas s ebuklais. Be o, su ink a au- galų leksika, no s i agmen iškai, suponuoja okius s a bius liaudies pasaulėžiū- os komponen us kaip e nocen izmas, pi minė šeimos a da bo s a ba i s ip us yšys su gam a. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: dialek ologija, e noling is ika, kalbinė pasaulėžiū a, žmogaus aizdinys, augalų pa adinimai, Podhalės egiono dialek as. ILONA KULAK Chai o Cul u al Linguis ics and Sociolinguis ics Facul y o Polish S udies, Jagiellonian Uni e si y Gołębia S ee 16, C acow, 31-007, Poland [email p o ec ed]