Polish Dialectology and the Challenges of the Changing Linguistic Situation in Villages – Earlier Research and a New Description of Dialects in New Conditions (Outline of the Problem)

Bend inė kalba / S anda d Language 2025, N . 98, p. 1–11 Con en s link / Tu inio nuo oda ISSN 2351-7204 (elek oninis / online) Copy igh © 2025 Maciej Rak. Published by he Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language. This is an Open Access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Licence, which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal au ho and sou ce a e c edi ed. // Išleido Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as. Šis s aipsnis y a a i os p ieigos, pla inamas pagal „C ea i e Commons“ p isky imo licencijos sąlygas, leidžiančias ne ibo ai naudo i, pla in i i a ku i u inį be kokioje laikmenoje, nu odan au o ių i šal inį. Recei ed: / Gau a: 2025-02-25. Accep ed: / P iim a: 2025-05-23. 1 POLISH DIALECTOLOGY AND THE CHALLENGES OF THE CHANGING LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN VILLAGES – EARLIER RESEARCH AND A NEW DESCRIPTION OF DIALECTS IN NEW CONDITIONS (OUTLINE OF THE PROBLEM) 1 Lenkų dialek ologija i besikeičiančios kalbinės si uacijos kaimuose iššūkiai – anks esni y imai i naujas a mių ap ašymas naujomis sąlygomis (p oblemos ap ašymas) MACIEJ RAK Facul y o Polish S udies, Jagiellonian Uni e si y E-mail: [email p o ec ed] ORCID ID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0003-0042-1406 Fields o esea ch: Polish dialec ology, dialec al lexicog aphy, dialec al ph aseology, his o y o Polish linguis ics. h ps://doi.o g/10.35321/bkalba.2025.98.03 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ANNOTATION Dynamic changes in he linguis ic si ua ion in Polish illages necessi a e a di e en app oach o he ole o dialec s in linguis ic esea ch. Un il now, dialec ology has exposed wo ac o s: u ali y and geog aphic di e en ia ion, bu i has emained independen om sociolinguis ics. Today, dialec ology ocuses on gene a- ional, si ua ional and gende di e si y o dialec s, ha is, on s ic ly sociolinguis ic ac o s. Dialec ology in he new linguis ic condi ions o he Polish illage has e ol ed in o a sub-discipline o sociolinguis ics, u ilising sociolinguis ic me hods. KEYWORDS: dialec ology, sociolinguis ics, Polish dialec s, dialec s in a new social si ua ion. ANOTACIJA Dinamiški kalbinės si uacijos pokyčiai Lenkijos kaimuose eikalauja ki okio požiū io į a mių ie ą ling is iniuose y imuose. Iki šiol dialek ologija išsky ė du eiksnius: kaimiškumą i geog a inę di e enciaciją, ačiau ji liko nep iklausoma nuo socioling is ikos. Šiandien dialek ologija daugiausia dėmesio ski ia a mių ka ų, si uacinei i lyčių į ai o ei, . y. g iež ai socioling is iniams eiksniams. Dialek ologija naujomis Lenkijos kaimo kalbinėmis sąlygomis apo socioling is ikos subdisciplina i naudoja socioling is inius me odus. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: dialek ologija, socioling is ika, lenkų kalbos a mės, a mės naujoje socialinėje si uacijoje. This a icle aims o discuss he his o y o Polish dialec ological esea ch and o p esen a possible new app oach o desc ibing he linguis ic si ua ion in u al Poland. As i u ns ou , o a ious easons, he old me hods and esea ch canno be con inued in p ac ice. 1 I ha e al eady co e ed his opic in wo a icles (Rak 2021, 2023). 2 Bea ing in mind ha con empo a y Polish dialec ology is in a ce ain eg ession, I p esen he e mainly heo e ical ema ks. AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF POLISH DIALECTOLOGICAL RESEARCH The beginning o scien i ic dialec ology in Poland is ma ked by he publica ion o Lucjan Malinowski's book, Bei äge zu sla ischen Dialek ologie. I. Uebe die Oppelnsche Munda in Obe schlesien (1873). O cou se, ea lie dialec s we e also add essed, bu he wo ks published a ha ime we e ypically o a agmen a y na u e. A ound L. Malinowski, who was a p o esso a he Jagiellonian Uni e si y and sec e a y o he Linguis ic Commission o he Academy o A s and Sciences, he i s scien i ic school in he Polish e i o ies was es ablished in he comple e sense o he wo d, whose ep esen a i es began o app ecia e phone ic esea ch using a modi ied no a ion ha e lec ed he p onuncia ion o wo ds. O cou se, his was a simpli ied no a ion, a om he Sla ic alphabe we use oday. Malinowski’s s uden s included Jan Bys oń, S anisław Dob zycki, Wojciech G zego zewicz, Władysław Kosiński, Szymon Ma usiak, Roman Zawiliński and Kazimie z Ni sch. The mos impo an achie emen s we e hose o Ni sch, who is widely ega ded as he a he o Polish dialec ology. The es o Malinowski’s disciples ac ually limi ed hemsel es o desc ip ions o he dialec o one illage, a small egion o one dialec ea u e. The image o Polish dialec ology was en i ely changed by Jan Ka łowicz’s Dic iona y o Polish Dialec s (1900–1911) and he syn heses p epa ed by K. Ni sch (1915 [1957]). Du ing he in e wa pe iod (as in Malinowski’s ime and o he i s wo decades o he 20 h cen u y), he main cen e o dialec ological esea ch in Poland was K akow, and mo e p ecisely, he Jagiellonian Uni e si y and he Polish Academy o A s and Sciences. In Wa saw, in he in e wa pe iod, a dialec ological school was es ablished, cen ed a ound Wi old Do oszewski and o ien ed owa ds synch onic-sociological (s a is ical) esea ch, he di ec ion o which was se by he a icle Mowa mieszkańców wsi S a oź eby [Speech o he Inhabi an s o he Village o S a oź eby] (Do oszewski 1934), conside ed, among o he s, by Milka I ić (1975: 82), as a g oundb eaking wo k o sociolinguis ics. Today, his school is ep esen ed by Halina Ka aś. A e he Second Wo ld Wa , on he one hand, esea ch ocused on linguis ic geog aphy was con inued ( wo all-dialec a lases we e c ea ed a ha ime: Mały a las gwa polskich [Small A las o Polish Dialec s] edi ed by Kazimie z Ni sch and Mieczysław Ka aś (MAGP); and A las gwa polskich [A las o Polish Dialec s] by Ka ol Dejna (AGP)); and, on he o he hand, lexicog aphic wo k was in ensi ied. Thus, i is no coincidence ha he 20 h cen u y in Polish linguis ics is e e ed o as he cen u y o dic iona ies. A ha ime, Słownik gwa polskich [Dic iona y o Polish Dialec s] PAN (Polish abb e ia ion: SGP PAN), Słownik gwa Os ódzkiego, Wa mii i Mazu [Dic iona y o Dialec s o Os óda, Wa mia and Masu ia] (SGOWM) and Słownik gwa śląskich [Dic iona y o Silesian Dialec s] (SGŚ), which con inue o his day, began o be published. O he la ge lexicog aphical p ojec s, Słownik gwa kaszubskich na le kul u y ludowej [Dic iona y o Kashubian Dialec s agains he Backg ound o Folk Cul u e] by Be na d Sych a (SychSGK) has been comple ed. The 21s cen u y has so a been ma ked by dic iona ies in which an e hnolinguis ic app oach is s aigh o wa d, e.g., Słownik gwa y o awskiej [Dic iona y o he O a a Dialec ] (KąśSGO) and Ilus owany leksykon gwa y i kul u y podhalańskiej [Illus a ed Lexicon o he Dialec and Cul u e o he Podhale Region] (KąśILG), by Józe Kąś; Ilus owany słownik gwa y i kul u y spiskiej [Illus a ed Dic iona y o he Dialec and Cul u e o he Spisz Region] by J. Kąś and Maciej Rak (KąśRakILG), Słownik gwa Lubelszczyzny [Dic iona y o he Dialec s o he Lublin Region] by Halina Pelcowa (PelSGL), and Słownik gwa y i kul u y Kujaw [Dic iona y o Dialec s and Cul u e o he Kuya ia Region] edi ed by Zo ia Sawaniewska-Mochowa (SGiKK). 3 I is wo h no ing ha Polish dialec ology did no all behind in compa ison wi h o he b anches o linguis ics. Achie emen s o s uc u alism we e used o desc ibe he phonological sys em o dialec s (e.g., Ka aś 1965; Laskowski 1965; Dejna 1973; Reichan 1980). Mo e widely, when dialec s became mo e and mo e disin eg a ed, sociolinguis ic ac o s began o be aken in o accoun (e.g., Dunaj 1986; Ku ek 1990; Kąś 1994). Finally, esea che s u ned o e hnolinguis ics (e.g., KąśSGO; KąśILG; KąśRakILG; PelSGL), which, in Polish condi ions, is cogni i e in na u e. Acco ding o K. Ni sch, he basic goal o dialec ology, i.e. he desc ip ion o he geog aphical di e en ia ion o language, has been eplaced oday – in connec ion wi h he dynamic socio-economic and demog aphic changes ha occu ed in he Polish illage a e WW II – wi h o he speci ic goals: 1) he p o ec ion o disappea ing dialec s and hei e i aliza ion; 2) he s udy o he di ec ions o changes aking place a all le els o he language used in illages; 3) he desc ip ion o each elemen o igina ing om dialec , aking in o accoun i s mani es a ions in all possible ex s. The o me p ac ical goals ou lined and pu sued by K. Ni sch, he p epa a ion o a comple e and de ailed gene al dialec dic iona y and an accu a e a las o Polish dialec s, ha e los hei scale. Thus, Polish dialec ology has los impe us, a ac ha esea che s ha e been awa e o a leas since he 1970s, as e idenced by a ich li e a u e ha exposes he a iabili y and he e ogenei y o he code used by illage s. Willingly o unwillingly, sociolinguis ics is inc easingly coming o he o e he e, and as a consequence, dialec ology is ac ually unc ioning as i s sub-discipline. In iew o he commen s in he p e ious pa ag aph, one can ask a ques ion ha is also pa o he i le o his a icle: wha could he new me hods o dialec ological esea ch look like? The answe should be p eceded by wo cla i ica ions: he i s conce ns he linguis ic si ua ion in he Polish illage and he app oach dialec ologis s ake o changes; and he second examines he esea ch expe ience o o he disciplines ha also add ess he b oade issue o olklo e. LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN POLISH VILLAGES The con empo a y Polish illage, compa ed o he own o he ea ly 20 h cen u y (as is well known, obse a ions o he illage language o ha pe iod we e he basis o K. Ni sch’s esea ch and his de ini ion o dialec ology), di e s in he ollowing espec s: 1. The ype o economy is di e en . The as majo i y o illage s do no make a li ing om cul i a ing he land, which means ha , among o he hings, hey commu e o la ge owns o ci ies, engage in ag o- ou ism, wo k locally in non-ag icul u al occupa ions, ea n money ab oad, o li e o pensions. In addi ion, a ming is di e en : he ools and machine y used a cen u y ago oday can only be ound in museums, which is why iconog aphy plays such an essen ial ole in he dialec dic iona ies c ea ed in he 21s cen u y, as lexis is inc easingly di e ging om eali y. Villages ha e been elec i ied, sewe age and wa e supply sys ems a e almos he no m, and access o he media and o he In e ne is i ually he same h oughou Poland. In his way, he bounda y be ween he illage and he ci y – ha is, wha was one o he ounda ions sus aining he adi ional unde s anding o dialec ology – is blu ing. 2. The social class o peasan s no longe exis s. A mos , we can speak o mode n illage s as descendan s o peasan s. Apa om hem, people a e li ing in illages ( hei numbe and age depend on a ious ac o s, especially he na u al quali ies o he a ea and he dis ance om u ban agglome a ions) who ha e mo ed om he ci ies. This is wha should be used o explain he slow bu successi e decline in he u banisa ion a e in Poland. As a esul , e e y hing ha dialec ologis s, e hnologis s and olklo is s used o desc ibe has been se e ely e oded, including dialec s, a peculia axiono ma i e sys em, a ype o olk eligiosi y, ag ocen ism, olk cus oms, and e bal olklo e. I is impossible o illage s o – o he sake 4 o p ese ing olk cul u e and dialec – gi e up he achie emen s o ci ilisa ion and educa ion, and o condemn hemsel es o li e in a illage museum olun a ily. 3. Polish dialec s a e becoming disin eg a ed a all le els (e.g. loss o mazu a ion (e.g., czekać ins ead o a dialec al cekać, szkoda – dial. skoda, żaba – dial. zaba, jeżdżę – dial. jezdze); dis u bance in old long owels (e.g. p ak – dial. p ok o p ouk, śnieg – dial. śniyg o śnig, koń – dial. kóń o kłyń) and nasal owels ealiza ion (e.g. wąs – dial. wons o wos, idę – dial. ide o idem o idym, ęka – dial. ynka o onka o eka); loss o ypical dialec al ocabula y (e.g., dialec al names o engagemen : namowiny, nomowiny, nomówiny, ajynie, ynkowiny, umówiny, z ynkowiny a e eplaced by one na ionwide wo d za ęczyny); he displacemen o dialec al wo d o ma ions by na ionwide ones (e.g., biały – dial. białas y, cze wony – dial. cze wonas y; zemyczek – dial. zemyszek). They a e bes p ese ed in Silesia and he sou he n pa o Lesse Poland (Podhale, O a a, Spiš), bu e en he e, he e a e clea in e e ences wi h gene al colloquial Polish, which ha e been desc ibed o almos hi y yea s. We ha e been hea ing abou he disappea ance o dialec s o a leas 150 yea s, and dialec ologis s s ill ha e some hing o do in he ield, apa om wo king on p e iously collec ed ma e ials. Dialec s, like any li ing language, e ol e, and his p ocess canno be s opped. 4. The h ee poin s abo e apply simila ly o bo h hose pa s o Poland ha we e wi hin he coun y’s bo de s be o e 1945 and hose ha we e annexed as a esul o he Yal a and Po sdam ag eemen s. THE ISSUE OF FOLKLORE AS SEEN BY OTHER DISCIPLINES The issue o olklo e has been desc ibed om a ious pe spec i es, including sociological, e hnog aphic, demog aphic, an h opological (physical an h opology), economic, legal (ag icul u al law), poli ical, and s a is ical (ag a ian s a is ics). I we examine he scien i ic publica ions ha all unde hese disciplines, we no ice some hing ha dis inguishes hem signi ican ly om dialec ological wo ks. They a e o ien ed owa d he p esen , and his is also e iden in he scope o he esea ch a ea. Eigh y yea s a e he end o Wo ld Wa II and he change o Poland’s bo de s, dialec ologis s s ill a ach a g ea e impo ance o he dialec s o Lesse Poland, Silesia, G ea e Poland and Mazo ia. On he o he hand, he pos -Ge man wes e n and no he n a eas (i. e. he Lowe Silesian, Lubuskie, Wes Pome anian Voi odeship, he wes e n- no he n pa o he Pome anian Voi odeship, and he no h pa o he Wa mian-Masu ian Voi odeship) ha e been labelled he new mixed dialec s, in which, as assumed, he p ocess o in eg a ion is aking place. Howe e , his is no he case a all. Figu e. The ange o Polish dialec s wi hin Poland's bo de s 5 The dialec ological map o Poland, as we know i , was es ablished by he pos -wa wo k o K. Ni sch. The isoglosses – unde s andably – could no pass om he a ea o p e- wa Poland o he e i o ies o which, a e 1945, he Polish popula ion om he Eas e n Bo de lands and o he pa s o he coun y, as well as Lemkos and Uk ainians displaced du ing he “Vis ula” ac ion, lowed in a i ually uncoo dina ed manne . The MAGP he e o e decided o omi hese egions. O he disciplines ha also add ess he issue o olklo e ha e amed he s udy a ea di e en ly. Howe e , le ’s s a om he in e wa pe iod. Two a lases we e p oduced a ha ime in K akow, Mieczysław Małecki’s, Kazimie z Ni sch’s A las językowy polskiego Podka pacia [Language A las o he Polish Podka pacie] (AJPP) and Kazimie z Moszyński’s A las kul u y ludowej w Polsce [A las o Folk Cul u e in Poland] (AKLP). The o me co e ed he b oade Podka pacie egion (including da a om he Lemko egion). The AKLP, in u n, co e ed he en i e e i o y o he in e wa Polish s a e, including a eas inhabi ed by he Uk ainian and Bela usian popula ions. Bo h a lases we e c ea ed simul aneously. A e he wa , he MAGP and Polski a las e nog a iczny [Polish E hnog aphic A las], ed. by Józe Gajek (PAE), we e published. Howe e , a clea disc epancy is e iden be ween hese wo ks. The MAGP includes only 7 poin s on he pos -Ge man e i o ies as a sample, “ ep esen ing Polish cen es in he Uk ainian, Bela usian and Li huanian a eas he popula ions o which mo ed o he eco e ed wes e n e i o ies a e he wa ”. Polski a las e nog a iczny [The Polish E hnog aphic A las], in u n, “co e s he en i e a ea o he Polish s a e, and hus he lands ha e u ned a e Wo ld Wa II”. An a emp o o e come his si ua ion was he wo- olume Mały a las językowy wojewódz wa go zowskiego [Li le Language A las o he Go zow Voi odeship] (MAJWG). I u ned ou , howe e , ha he applica ion o he me hods de eloped by K. Ni sch o he desc ip ion o ma e ial much mo e complex han adi ionally unde s ood dialec s did no b ing he expec ed esul s. Ins ead o isoglosses, he phenomena on he maps we e a anged in he o m o isola ed poin s. Despi e hese incon eniences, MAJWG p o ides us wi h some insigh in o he ac ual linguis ic si ua ion in he Lubuskie egion, abou which we lea ned much mo e la e om he al eady ci ed Anna Zielińska’s Mowa pog anicza. S udium o językach i ożsamościach w egionie lubuskim [Bo de land Language. A S udy o Languages and Iden i ies in he Lubuskie Region] (2013). As a consequence o he app oach ou lined abo e, e hnog aphe s (as well as sociologis s, demog aphe s and s a is icians) desc ibe he whole o Poland wi hin i s cu en bo de s, while dialec ologis s ocus on he dialec s o Lesse Poland, Mazo ia, G ea e Poland and Silesia, showing he changes aking place in hese egions. The pos -Ge man e i o ies, on he o he hand, a e iewed om he sociolinguis ic and communica i e pe spec i e. WHAT COULD NEW DIALECTOLOGICAL RESEARCH OF THE POLISH VILLAGE LOOK LIKE? Fi s , i is necessa y o accep a new app oach o dialec ology ha is no longe pe cei ed as he s udy o linguis ic geog aphy, bu simply as he s udy o he language o he illage, especially he language o hose people who ha e li ed in a pa icula place o gene a ions. The las equi emen , howe e , is no a condicio sine qua non, as we can no ice ha , in a u al en i onmen , newcome s some imes adop he dialec and he local way o li e. Thus, i u ns ou ha i is no longe necessa y o sea ch o he oldes in o man s because, in p ac ice, hei accoun s a e ei he a esidual pic u e o wha has i e ie ably passed away (o a bes is passing away) in o his o y, o hey a e o en s o ies hea d om hei pa en s o g andpa en s, acco ding o he p inciple: people used o say ha way, bu oday hey longe say i like ha . This ype o speech mainly e eals a passi e ocabula y. 6 Second, because: 1) We con inue o de i e in o ma ion on Polish dialec s mainly om wo ks o which ma e ial was ob ained om people bo n in he la e 19 h cen u y; 2) The e a e s ill a eas on he map o Poland ha a e poo ly s udied in e ms o dialec- ology; 3) The e is a need o epea he esea ch a e se e al decades o indica e he ex en and di ec ion o change based on i ; 4) The acous ic desc ip ion o dialec s is p omising. I is wo hwhile o ca y ou ex ensi e desc ip i e esea ch ac oss he coun y om sc a ch. O cou se, his is no an easy ask. In p ac ice, i would consis o he p epa a ion o a e y la ge, ep esen a i e da abase o eco dings, which, a e app op ia e p ocessing, would o m a co pus o Polish dialec s, pos ula ed al eady ele en yea s ago by Halina Ka aś. In his way, we would ob ain eliable in o ma ion on how people ac ually speak in Polish illages, as he esea ch ac ually conce ns spoken Polish. Taking in o accoun he pa icula complexi y o he linguis ic si ua ion in he e i o- ies ha we e inco po a ed in o Poland a e 1945, i is wo h applying he me hod o desc ib- ing linguis ic/communica i e communi ies, which Anna Zielińska (2013) p ac ised in he Lu- buskie egion. Thi d, majo dialec ological p ojec s ha will no be implemen ed can be eplaced by o he s, bo h na ionwide and egional, speci ic ones. The o me , o example, includes he (s ill poo ly ecognised) opic o egionalisms. A b eak h ough s udy in his ega d, and one ha also e e s o dialec ology (as is well known, some egionalisms o igina e om dialec s), would be an a las o egionalisms. As a as dialec ological egional p ojec s a e conce ned, we al eady ha e se e al dic iona ies wi h a mo e ecen app oach o dialec lexis, e.g., Lesse Po- land (SGM), Silesia (SGŚ), Lublin (PelSGL), Podhale (KąśILG), O a a (KąśSGO), Spisz (KąśRakILG), Kuya ya (SGiKK), and a se ies o G ea e Poland egional dic iona ies. As one can see, some egions, such as Podlachia and Suwałki, s ill equi e u he s udy. As o de- ailed esea ch, he e is undoub edly a lo o wo k o be done in he ield o ocabula y and dialec syn ax. Fou h, he second li e o dialec can be seen in b oadly unde s ood cul u al ex s, in- cluding li e a u e, ilm and ‘disco polo’ songs. In e es in he i s kinds o ex s was se by S anisław Dubisz’s book S ylizacja gwa owa w polskiej p ozie zydzies olecia powojennego [Dia- lec S yliza ion in he Polish No els o he Thi y Yea s a e he Wa ] (1986). Dialec s ylisa ion in ilm is discussed by Monika K esa (e.g., 2019), while he ly ics o ‘disco polo’ songs we e cha ac e ised om a linguis ic and cul u al pe spec i e by Bogusław Skow onek and Na alia Zbo owska (2021). E en a i s glance, hese songs show many pa allels wi h adi ional e - bal olklo e, especially lo e songs (building pa allel li e al and igu a i e images, using he same p ops and simila me apho s). Dialec s also appea on he In e ne , which is he subjec o he s udy. Fi h, a sepa a e opic is dialec li e a y ou pu , which is p ac ised p ima ily by au ho s om Podhale, O a a and Spisz. A look a his li e a u e om he pe spec i e o lexical s a is- ics makes i possible o dis inguish a dialec li e a y s yle di e en om he colloquial and a is ic s yles desc ibed by Je zy Ba miński (1990). The a is ic s yle is de i ed om he col- loquial one, and he li e a y s yle om bo h, while ope a ing wi h a g ea e numbe o econ- di e ocabula y. Six h, dialec ology should espond o social expec a ions, which a e mani es ed, among o he hings, in he o m o e i alising dialec s o he ac i i ies o egional olk dance and song g oups and di e en ypes o pe o mances. Rega ding he social expec a ions placed on dialec ologis s, i is essen ial o capi alise on he oppo uni y p esen ed by Poland’s a i ica ion 7 in 2011 o he UNESCO Con en ion on he P o ec ion o In angible Cul u al He i age. Such he i age, o cou se, includes dialec . Se en h, s eng hening dialec ology in me hodological and ma e ial e ms can be achie ed by d awing on he discipline's his o ical oo s. The e a e s ill manusc ip wo ks in he a chi es ha can change ou iew o he his o y o Polish science. Impo an ema ks on he me hodology o dialec ological esea ch can also be ound, o example, in he le e s w i en by K. Ni sch. Eigh h, we can change he public pe cep ion o dialec ology by popula ising i s achie emen s on he In e ne . This is se ed, o example, by he po al Dialek y i gwa y pol- skie. Kompendium in e ne owe [Polish Dialec s. An Online Compendium] edi ed by H. Ka aś 2 . The need o such popula ising ac i i ies is con i med by he esul s o a su ey o pe cep ual dialec ology ca ied ou wi hin a g oup o s uden s o he Facul y o Humani ies (non- philologis s) a he Uni e si y o Szczecin. The answe s ob ained e eal and con i m ha e- sponden s who a e no philologis s see he dialec ological map o Poland qui e di e en ly. A sugges ion ou lined in his way could esul , o example, in a new a las o Polish dialec s ha also akes in o accoun new, p e iously unknown designa ions. O cou se, his is no an easy ask. A e all, ou decisions a e oo ed in a g ea adi ion o dialec ological esea ch, which I b ie ly ou lined in he i s pa o his a icle. FINAL REMARKS Undoub edly, dialec ological s udies should encompass he en i e e i o y o Poland. Howe e , since he pos -Ge man a eas and hose ha belonged o he Republic o Poland p i- o o 1945 ha e dis inc linguis ic si ua ions, he desc ip ion o he illage language mus ake his in o accoun . In ela ion o he wes e n and no he n lands, he bes seems o be he ap- p oach p oposed and implemen ed by A. Zielińska, i.e. looking a communica ion communi- ies ha con inue he dialec s and adi ions o he a eas om which hey came, o – i hey ha e no changed hei place o esidence (I am alking abou he Polish popula ion li ing in he eas e n p o inces o he Ge man s a e, which we e inco po a ed in o Poland) – con inue p e-wa linguis ic and cul u al ela ions. As o he a eas ha we e wi hin he bo de s o he Republic o Poland be o e 1945, i seems jus i ied o unde ake desc ip i e s udies. I u ns ou (c . he ema ks om he sec ion Linguis ic si ua ion in Polish illages) ha he disin eg a ion o dialec s is al eady so ad anced ha ins ead o sea ching o aces o olde dialec ea u es, i.e. conduc ing e ospec i e e- sea ch, i is be e o simply no e and desc ibe he cu en ea u es o he dialec unde s ood as he language o he coun yside. Since dialec ology is connec ed wi h olklo e, new esea ch should also be aimed a eco ding new ealisa ions o he a is ic s yle o he dialec . Fo his eason, he spec um o esea ch will include, o example, pa y and disco polo wo ks. E en a cu so y compa ison o ex s o adi ional e bal olklo e (e.g. Ba miński 1974) and disco polo song ly ics e eals many simila i ies in e ms o subjec ma e (mainly lo e), symbolism, pa allelisms and ocabula y (e.g., he p esence o sho p onominal o ms: me (moje), we ( wo- je), swe (swoje), mego (mojego), wego ( wojego), e c.). Since he adi ion o desc ibing spoken language in Poland da es back o he 1970s (see e.g. Dunaj 2019), he de eloped me hods can be success ully applied o ma e ial eco ded in u al a eas. The pos ula es p esen ed in his a icle, pa icula ly he desc ip i e accoun o he lan- guage o illages h oughou Poland, would enable us o b eak he deadlock in dialec ological esea ch. 2 h p://www.dialek ologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php. 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY AGP: A las gwa polskich [A las o Polish Dialec s], . I–IV, Dejna Ka ol, Wa szawa: Wydawnic wo Uniwe sy e u Łódzkiego, 1995. 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