Mituvos upyno tarmės fonetika

YOU WILL SEE WHILE CSL BIO PURITY CLAUSE IN LITHUANIA. TSE ACADEMIC OF SCIENCES PHONETICS OF THE MITWA RIVER TOWNSHIP! E, GRINAVECKIENĖ Transcription Dialectal examples in the work are written entirely in the usual characters of literary language (hereinafter Ik), only they are written as they are heard. This is because the dialect under study is not very distant from lk in terms of either the quantity or quality of its individual sounds. Sometimes, when it is necessary to more accurately represent one or another case of pronunciation of a dialect sound, the transcription marks of the “Lithuanian Language Atlas Material Collection Program”* are used, I. General marks 1.Length. a) The length of accentuated vowels is always indicated by the prepositional sign of the strong-end and strong-end, e.g. lūšas, lėke ~ Iškė, mdlis, nYkst ~ nšksta, pėrėt ~ périnti, sūris. b) Long vowels that are not pronounced are marked as long lk, e.g.: didįjį, gręžiū, kąsniūks ~ kąsniūkas, pėdai, plyšys, sūnūs, šokims ~ šokis, varnų. c) The suffix -avilgojo a of unpronounced verbs and nouns made from them has no significance. It shows the lateral accent's strong prepositional beginner, e.g. šūkdva ~ šaukavo. The length of the vowel a is discussed in § 20. d) The long sand of pronounced doubles is marked by a strong-pronounced or strong-pronounced prepositional sign on the first sand, e.g.: sdule Ičidžes ~ sun léidZiasi, šēms ~ shems, Fujr- * duobe ~ gravel pit, only in strong-pronounced doubles 7, 0, u --/, m, n, r the first sand is always short, e.g.: pilt ~ to attack, pilt ~ to pour, raudonc*-red. * e) The half-length of the doubled sandy is also not indicated. It shows a strong-tailed and a middle-tailed sign, placed on the second sando. The two parts of a strongly accentuated double-vowel adverb are semi-longitudinal, e.g.: kd teib graūdžei verket ~ kO teip (= so) graūdžiai vefkiate; the first syllable of the double-vowels pronounced with the middle consonant Pusilgls,; : the second —always a truncated word, e.g.: geram'~ geramė, meduni~ medumi. 1 Phonetics of the Mituva River dialect (hereinafter Mut) is the first part of the work “Mituva River dialect”. The entire work is in the manuscript of the Institute of Lithuanian Language and Literature of the Lithuanian SSR Academy of Sciences (see E. Grinaveckienė Mituvos upyno tarmė, manuscript, Vilnius, 1955). * Zr. 1956. Lithuanian Language Atlas Collection Program, 2nd ed., Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Lithuanian Language and Literature, Vilnius. 3 In diphthongs and foreign words, the vowel o is weakly labialized and pronounced with a slight g-shade. This 0 is discussed further in § 13. For the translation of s into ¢ after n, see § 98. 4 The vowel e, going before a hard consonant, is always broadened in dialect and pronounced as lk fa. About such a wide e is spoken in § 83, sister, sčse younger, because 119 2, Softness. The softness of consonants before the vowels of the anterior order is usually not marked, e.g. sėse, sesūle, sése jaundje, delko actdjei motinėlės sčse. no ~ of the atstėjai from the mother, ko but In the section “Consonantism®, Softness of consonants” it is marked with a band on the consonant. In the case of a broken back vowel, the softness of the consonant is indicated by a softening mark like lk, for example: nunėšiu didžių f, dovanéliy. 3, ir Aspirability. In general, the aspiration of consonants in the work is insignificant, if we do not read one ,Consonantism® section “Aspiration of consonants”, There it is marked with a reverse comma at the top of the right consonant side, Preposition of vowels. iš 4. The correct prepositioning of vowels due to influence in j the work is not marked anywhere, e.g. apjūdįt apjūdinti, jdje jėjo, židplas. ~ 5, Half-vowels. The newly ~ formed double and triple vowels between u and vw are written as intermediate between v, o i ir j=—j, because these sounds, standing at the end of the word, are more similar to consonants in their į pronunciation, e.g.: dangujėmo dangujė, meduj ~ medujė, šdutuos ~ šdiutuvas, tfevs m tėvas. 6. Divorce. In the work the usual lk punctuation marks are used throughout: period, comma, colon, etc., e.g.: to namz were beautiful, and now only tridbvietas remained ~ to nūmas were beautiful, And dabaf only tridbvietas remained; kdm it may be different: niékam 6 niėkam. 7. Other signs. a) A question mark in the form of a horizontal line between two words or sentences is a sign of transposition of a dialectal form into lk The sign —tilde, Tilde is placed in the work only where, due to the change of sounds, the dialect word or form is distant from the Ik form (word), e.g.: kier ~ kietas, /čc ~ Iėdas, but: pėda, šalta, b) If a dialect word lk is not used or its meaning differs from the corresponding lk word, its meaning is explained in parentheses, e.g.: bilkštis (bildness noise), drifc ~ drūtas (strong). II. 1998-1999 Kirtis a) The place of the primary and secondary (in rare cases) conjugation is marked in the work with prepositional signs, e.g.: bread, others, myléddva ~ mylédavo, wolves. b) The word with a sentence accent is written in bold, e.g.: suvalgiau, niéka tdu nepalikai. III, Adverb 1, Adverb of accentuated syllables a) The short preposition is marked with the grave CC), e.g.: girė ~ giria, ranka, visi, b) The firm preposition is marked with the acute (*), e.g.: brdlis, Idva, sdule ~ saulė, ¢) The firm preposition is marked with the circumflex (“), e.g.: kraiijas, luobai, rygai. d) The middle preposition is marked with a s-shaped sign, e.g.: put, vaikai (dgs. šauksm.), visoms ~ visomis, 2, Preposition of unpronounced syllables, In the whole work, the prepositions of unpronounced syllables are not marked. In the section "Prepositions of unpronounced syllables- ", they are marked with the corresponding preposition mark, e.g. grėbėjė ~ grėbėja, bdptūrgis ~ bėbturgis. 3. The preposition of the subjunctive is not marked anywhere in the whole work. In the section,,- The preposition of the salative accent” it is marked as the preposition of unpronounced syllables, e.g.: šūkdva ~ šūkavo. Introduction I. Area of the dialect, name, inhabitants, sources, most important features of the dialect § 1. Mut is located on the northern bank of the river Nemunas. It occupies the area between Smaliniukai, Vadžgiris, Šimkaičiai, Stakiū and Skifsnemunė (see map fig. 1 below). The largest cultural and administrative center of this area is Jur5 The nasal x, going before the palatal R, g, is always the posterior of the tongue. 120 According to the old administrative division, the area of the dialect belonged to Raseiniai district and comprised Jurbarkas ir parish, according to the current research dialect — occupies the southern edge of Raseiniai district larger part of Jurbarkas district, the ir western corner at Smalininkai and the be southeast corner at Paulia-Barzdžių village. Iš The western, ir north-eastern part of the dialect area is surroundir ed by forests, which form clear boundaries. The southern border is not clear. § 2. The abbreviation of the unpronounced old long endings -a, -as, -e, -es (Ik -0, -os, -ė, -ės) (sūka ~ sako, šakas ~ šakos, sake ~ sūkė, šūkes ~ šūkės) attributes the dialect to the northwestern Highlands. The limit of the conditional digression (in the case of Juodaičiai —Jūodkėnai —Paišlynys) separates it from the other northwestern highlands. The investigative dialect retains only the lk accent. The retention of the hard / before the vowels of the rear row distinguishes the investigated dialect from the north-western Highlands of the former Klaipėda region (behind Smalininkai to the west, due to the influence of German, it is said pliduks ~ hair, suplidta ~ suplėta). It is located between the highlands and the lowlands. In the north-western part of the dialect area (Žemaičių mudininkų border: Vertimų, Valucky, Dargaitėlių, Pavidaujo km.) there are more common dialectal features with Žemaičių mudininkų. Already here there is a sporadic lk ė > ie: miesd ~ meat, tievs ~ father; o> uo: muotina ~ mother, nor ~ néria (nori); ie > y: vyšnė ~ guest, Fvjig ~ Sweden; uo > ū: akilc ~ akūotas. The communicative ending -t is entirely (and among young people) soft here (the communicative ending -ti of the Žemaičių mudininkai), e.g.: jot, kraut, šORt. In the eastern part of the dialect area (aukštaitijos veliuoniškiai border: Pdalsio, Paantvardžio km.) there are more common features with veliuoniškiai: pronounced hard and aspirated communicative -+: mise, sūktė; unpronounced Baltic ending é > é> i: maiši ~ maišė, šaki ~ šakė; a> o> u: daru ~ daro, lūšų ~ lašo; sporadically the beginning of the word e is translated i a: agli ~ eglė, ain ~ einū, aigulys ~ eigulys. In the northern part of the dialect area, near the border of the northwestern Highlands, which conditionally detract the accent (Kniečiai, Vėlungiškės, Degimai km.), there is a sporadic detraction of the accent from the short ending to the long penultimate syllable, e.g.: einu ~ einū, šefigiu ~ žengiū. From what has been said, it becomes clear that the investigated dialect, occupying a small part of the area of the North-West Highland dialect and being between two comparatively large dialects, is a transitional dialect. $ 3. The study dialect, based on purely geographical location, is called "Mituva river dialect". The Mituva River flows through the area of the dialect with almost all of its river basin (see note), which usually originates from forests, which make up the greater part of the dialect boundaries (see § 1). This is why the name of the Mituva river dialect is most appropriate for this area. § 4. In terms of language, the dialect can be said to be homogeneous (keeping in mind the differences in the borders of the dialect area mentioned above). The majority of the population is composed of socially displaced persons. In addition to the collective farmers, there are a number of workers and intelligentsia. The language of the Intelligents is markedly influenced by Ik and other dialects. In addition to the periodical press and radio, they are one of the most important sources of Ik influence in the dialect. § 5. The material for the description of the dialect was collected from the living people’s language from 1948 to 1955. A considerable part of it was collected from the author’s household members and neighbors, living near Jurbarkas, Klišių km. A significant part of the material is recorded from the 121 places in the middle of the dialect area: Kalnėnai, Smukūčiai, Vajotd, Lukšiai, Gedžiai, Girdžiai, Dainiai, Kuturiai, Rėtuliai, Geišiai, Jokūbaičiai, Pažėrai km. (see note). The other part of the material is recorded from villages located on the borders of the dialect and outside its boundaries: Palékiy, Žirniškiai, Meškiniūkai, Mantviliai, Globiai, Žindaičiai, Bandzinų, Balniy, Jėrubiškiai, Kavoliai, Pavidaujo, Paskynų, Vadžgiris, Zvirblaukis, Bebirvai, Pūtolupis, Pagrūžio, Griauzų, Rievų, Aūžgiris, Rupéikiy, Degimai, Jovališkes, Kazokų, Pamituvio, Paulių, Paatvardžio, Naūkaimis. "Skirsnemuniškių, Jakdaičių" (in Lithuanian). In total, the material collected about 8 thousand sheets with sentences and phraseology. About 400 speakers of the dialect were interviewed — older and younger people and about 50 people living in the neighborhood of the dialect. When interviewing dialect representatives, it was considered that the interviewee was a local person and well versed in the dialect. II. 1998-1999 § 6 Dialect limits. The western border. This line is not long. It separates Mut from the northwestern Highlands of the former Klaipėda region. The boundary essentially coincides with the former border of Klaipėda region at Smalininkai — it consists of Pasvenčio, Jurbarkinės and Mantviliai forests up to Laukesų swamps and Eičiai. The Mut area includes the bordering Pasvenčio, Žirniškių, Plefitrakiy and Mantviliy km. Beyond these borders live the same north-western Highlanders as Mut, but they pronounce the sound / softly in all cases due to the influence of the German language, e.g.: gliuosnys ~ willows, žyliūtės (zylutės), pliuokštas (fiber), liūbas ~ lips. The influence of Žemaičių mudininkai is also noticeable here: nedėsningas 0 > uo: pakiioJes ~ pakėjos, rūope ~ rėpė; te > y: prybutis ~ pricbutis, ruoputyne ~ roputiėnė (bulviené); abundant Germanisms, e.g.: négelis (nail), $mdnta (cream), rinda (édzia), stalc ~ staldas (gate) and others: § 7. Northwest Frontier. This border begins from the Laukesy marshes at Mantviliy km. It runs along the eastern edge of the Mantvilinés woodland to the north of Mituva at Bandziny and Vertimų km. From here it turns northeast and passes through Zinddi¢ius, Balandinés (giria) and. Drebulynės (forest) on the southern edge, Pavidaujines and Šimkaitinis forests to Vadžgiris and Knie&ig. To the north-west beyond this boundary live the Žemaičiai mudininkai, in certain cases 1k fe > y: pync —pienas, sovysc~ sviestas; wo > ū: pilc ~ poo, siūls ~ sitolas (soil); ¢é> ie: gieda ~ shame, Jlieličė ~ doll, žiūriek ~ look; 0 > uo: myotyna ~ mint, rtiūoke bioba~ such a beer, vynuodas kalbuds ~ vineyard language. The people who speak the language are called the Nauruans, and the people who speak the language are called the Nauruans. $ 8. The Northeast Frontier. Starting at Vadžgiris, this boundary goes east through Kniečiūs, Mėdinikai and at Griaužiai it relies on a huge forest – Birbiliška. This border separates Mut from the northwestern highlands, conditionally diverting the cut. Ji fluctuat6—7—10 km es in the interval, because ir the characte122 ristics of the interjection, usually, have no strict boundaries®. Už crossing north of this į boundary is detracted long penultimate iš syllable of short ending, į e.g.: nmetudOli netoli, šmuona žmona, miėsa mėsa, krudpas kruopas. ~ ~ ~ ~ Be moreover, at this border there is a clear mixture of the Velyūniškis dialects of the Žemaičių ir dūnininkai: as of the Žemaičių dūnininkai, sometimes fe: niéra nėra, sujfedi suédé; Ik ė > wo: kiiojes kėjos, ~ stoviamėja (returning, ~ residential) in o> stuovermia; as in the ~ Veliuonis dialect, ~ sometimes unpronounced ir Ik ie > e, uo > u: megdt ~ sleep, rešutai ~ nuts, tujaii ~ tujau, fedusé ~ blossoms; Ik e at the beginning of the word į a: one go, two go; ~ pronounced in all cases as ia, ~ represented in phonetic e transcription as letters Ik a ir e ligature ee, e.g.: senas sėnis, vaikčėli vaikelyli, žeme ~ žėmės; future tense plural ~ first second person verbs ~ have ir -sme, -ste ending: biūsme ~ būsime, bifste~ būsite. ' Speaking su with conditional conjugation They call themselves the "Wild Ones" and their language is called "Laykinaičiuūoti". § 9. The eastern border. The 1933 dialect map" of the north-western Highlands of the Veliuoniški highlanders border at ir Sectionname does not su match current The limit of ir the veil. Iš actually now the Veliuoniškiai still belongs to: Skirsnemunė, Pauliy-BarzdZiy village, Stakiai corner in this section: ir Stakiai — 100 km. — Ariegala. So Mut ir Veliuoniškių border, started Birbiliškės north-western edge at It runs along the western edge of Birbiliškės to the southwest from Rievos, Rupéikiy, Kazėkos and Jovaliskés km., then along the river Alsė and the northern edge of Paslauskinė girios to PauliųBarzdžių km. and the northwestern side of Rudzinskinė girios. From here it turns straight to the south. It is composed of different types of woods and forests. It is intended to be used in non-commercial purposes. Ši The isofona also fluctuates over several kilometers, because the language of the people tų themselves has both Mut and Veliuonian characteristics. Beyond this boundary to the east is the Veliuonis dialect, characterized by the following most important features: a) the unpronounced ending Ik -¢ responds to -i; 5 0 —u, e.g.: kdrvi ~ cow, kiatili ~ pig, mūši ~ battle, nėši ~ pregnant, namu ~ home, saku ~ says, vaiku ~ child; uncut limbs b) -és, -os remains intact as 1kS, e.g.: katés, pėlės, rarikos, vagos; c) e at the beginning of a word is always translated as a, e.g.: ainįū, aigulys, arškčėtis; d) the accentuated e is always pronounced with a accent, like Ik ia, e.g.: mergeėli ~ mergėlė, vaikeli ~ vaikéli. e) common ending -¢ is pronounced in a continuous, aspirated way, e.g.: ait ~ eiti, jor, Soke; 6 Pig, P. Jonikas, Pagramančio tarmė (hereinafter PT), § 5, Kaunas, 1939, 7 See A. Salys, Archivum Philologicum (toliau APh). 4, Kaunas (1933) and map. 8 These sounds at the end of the word are translated into -is, -us only by the Veliuonians who live east of the line Veliuona — Ariogala. 123 f) future tense verbs in the first person plural have the ending -sme, in the second -ste, e.g.: nmėšme ~ nėšime, skalpsme ~ skalbsime, skalpste skalbsite; ~ g) the first syllable of secondary diphthongs y, f + I, m, mn, r is always pronounced shortly, e.g.: bdltims (white), sirmaišis (sourmaišis). $ 10. The Southern Frontier. This border, which began at Skirsnemunė, runs along the Nemunas river to the west to the former border of Klaipėda region at Smalininkai. In Užnemunė there is the same Veliuoniškiai dialect, e.g.: émi ~ Ėmė, dari m darė, lašu ~ lašo, manu ~ mano, virs ~ vyras, Fvifs ~ žvyras, only here the e at the beginning of the word is not converted to a: einė, eilė; the pronounced e before a soft consonant is not pronounced as ia here: Availėli ~ kvailėlė; The I-th and II-th person plurals of future tense verbs are pronounced as lk: eisim, nėšim, $dksit. III. "Map 11". The description is accompanied by a dialect map showing the area and boundaries of the dialect. Since the main purpose of the map is to highlight the dialect boundaries, it does not mark smaller areas, but mainly focuses on areas of importance to the dialect boundaries, to highlight the name of the dialect. All the names on the map are as they are used by the dialect representatives, only transposed into Ik. R20 ' a3 | Sedfyv,, PIR r Fibs tai HR S ji £1] “Yt, v arlaukių i vai ey į () į t TF “; ry \ | * Paalbuoty gS TO 4 ~~ arng (i. e. 3 8 ERIVILKAS maža ama’ 32152 > a ao a. : om XE pelts i Joo kaiė Tu=Et SPaskyna, ne GN i, /(Va ui; a pd i: mal oy iar 2 6 į a ujininkėlaief, i ia CE vid fy, ay 4 ! į Pa AN K, Yi hE Paals al) 1p 2 TIP VY nd 2 Path y ų = er. i indiates i: Ny ee a dr r - | eye o3 e Mr Paieraie aj Da | Erčiai —A D Vertimčii Lu 1 r. i | =peąjlkėsi iT 6 ss udelial [| Take it easy. | — aaa ontvils e) e i ¢ a) x. Virniškiai adverbs| Įmsrė 4 - X : "Electro- ! lyte (E)" 2 aN : i A (PDF). . WN) RainiajgTM fruits s* § Fal apa "ng al Skinsus NOT Jd RAYDONS Eos country, „A Š gs ARKA ican Lyyrial #7 | — == / as 5 CY r) a 5 x sr SL Ea “2 — 00 m 5 £54 Sg =>, » aimels Gelgaudiškis ~ mn] Tek 7 = ha || "UR ®Pervarninkai 4 0 4 6k Įs uDARGAS ERs —— d d 22+30' g3e Figure 1. The limits of the Mituva river dialect. I —the boundaries of administrative districts, 2—the boundaries of forests, 3—the boundaries of the north-western highland dialect, softening / against the vowels of the back and middle row, 4 —the boundaries of the Žemaičių mudininkų dialect, 5—the boundaries of the Mituvos river dialect, 6 —the boundaries of the north-western highland dialect, conditionally withdrawing the inflection, 7—the boundaries of the Veliuoniškių dialect, 8 —the range of conditional withdrawal of the inflection 124 IV. Some data on the history of the descriptive area ir dialect research overview § 12. a) The Mut area is in the western part of the Highland dialects and reaches to the Žemaičių mudininkai (see $ 2), the name of Aukštaičiai and Žemaičiai from ancient times has meant not a linguistic, but purely geographical concept: Žemaičiai —inhabitants of the lowlands, aukštaičiai —highlands- ?*. K. Būga" suggests that these two names have appeared around the beginning of the 13th century. They lived in a low-lying neighborhood. The name Žemaičiai appears in Russian sources in the beginning of the 13th century!*. This suggests that the name itself must have originated earlier. If these names were not related to the language, it is quite possible that Lithuanians and non-Lithuanians living west of the Nevėžis were called Žemaičiai — inhabitants of the lowlands. In this way, the Mut area belonged to the Zemgalians in geographical and administrative terms until the emergence of Lithuanian dialectology, when the names of the Zemgalians and Vysokiai became the names of dialects. b) Historical data show that until the middle of the 14th century the area of the investigated dialect, like the larger part of the southern Zemgaly area, was included in the area of Karšuva land. The facts given in the chronicles show that Lithuanians lived in this area. The chronicles mention some of the names of the castles and places in this area, which have remained unchanged to this day, e.g. : The Dusburg chronicle mentions that in this area there was a castle called Bebirvaitė, which was burned down by the crusaders in 1307. Bebirvytis is the northern stream of the study area. Near Bebirvytis is Bebirvai km., located from the former Bebirvai manor (see map). In 1315, the Dusburg Chronicle mentions for the first time the castle of Christmemele (now the town of Christmemele on the eastern edge of the described area). The chronicle of Wigand of Marburg mentions it for the first time in 1357!" the river Mituva in the study area, “in 1357 Marshal Siegfried... suddenly entered the Lithuanian land and arrived at the river, called Mituva in the language of the local people”...; The Dusburg Chronicle says! ", that in the land of Karsuva in 1259 the crusaders built George's castle (now the city of Jurbarkas) and many others. XIII—XV aa. the research area was constantly attacked and looted by the crusaders. This resulted in a decrease in the population of Karšuva and a change in its administrative division. There are a number of villages in this area. In the 16th century, the village of Karšuva** was mentioned in sources about the Zemgallen region. At that time, only the southeastern Zemgallen region belonged to this village. "The investigated area in the 16th century was a part of Veliuona village and formed the northern part of Jurbarkas and 9 Zr. 2, 199, Kaunas, 1934, 10 See, K. Būga, Lithuanian Language Dictionary (hereinafter LKŽ), LIII, Kaunas, 1924. 11 A. Mouthpieces (hereinafter referred 1930. to as ŽM),6, Kaunas, 12 Ibid., 31 —32 and map. 13 Sources of the History of the Lithuanian SSR, 1, 53, Vilnius, 1955, 14 Ibid., 53. 15 Ibid., 16 Ibid., 78. 37. 1 Zr. A. Salys, ZM, 31. 18 See. Axtell Hajasaemble Buaenckoro Gas commnccieio pasfopa ApeBHHXD akTORb, 8 —93, 25, Vilnius, 1898. 125 Part of the Veluona valley. From Jakubovsky's map! * see that Veliuonas pavietas XVI a. iš the northwest side sought Pajūrio ir Karšuva parish, in the north approached to Midwife ir Raseinių valsčius, in the east came up to Vilkijos valsčiaus, o in the south was nutįsęs through Nemunas to Šešupe. The map shows that the study area at that time was very wooded and rarely inhabited ir by people. This is reflected in the relatively low annual revenue from these parishes. c) In the history of dialectology it is known that various natural barriers (forests, marshes, rivers, etc.) that prevent people from communicating, or old administrative units have had an influence on the formation of the boundaries of some dialects*?, The geographical location of the area and its administrative affiliation has had an influence on the formation of the boundaries of the dialect of the studied area and its dialectal characteristics, as for many other dialects. As already mentioned, the study area belonged to Veliuona village since the 16th century and was rarely inhabited. Furthermore, this area was separated from the northwest side by large forests. Because of this, the population of some linguists say?! could have been supplemented by the Western Highlanders, aliens from the Nevėžis Lowland. Considering these circumstances, it could be assumed that all this could have created the conditions for the dialectal characteristics of the western Highlands to take hold in this area. The western Highlanders of this area, by maintaining contacts with their neighbours, could also bring some of their dialectal characteristics into their dialect. For example, following the example of their north-western neighbours, the Samogitians, they could begin to pronounce both strong-vowel double-vowels with the same length, and the strong-vowel in the middle of both vowels, e.g.: a.t.c ~ aūtas, bai.sei ~ baisiai, da.lgis ~ dalgis?®. The influence of the Žemaičių dialect can be explained by the laws of word ending shortening of the investigated dialect. d) With the emergence of Lithuanian language science, the area of Lithuanian language began to be divided into dialects. Already D. Klein in his grammar notes that the most important difference between all other dialects of the Lithuanian language is the Žemaičių dialect, although D. Klein uses the name Žemaičiai in an administrative sense**?. About 200 years later, A. Šleicher divided Lithuanian into the Altai and Žemaičių dialects. He also did not draw a clear line between these dialects. In 1861, J. Juška published his work “Kalbos Lėtuviszko lėžuv*o ir létuviszkas statraszimas arba ortografija”**, in which he roughly divided Lithuanian into dialects for the first time. He distinguished four dialects: Žemaičių, Prussian Lithuanian, Ariogališkių and Eastern Lithuanian. The area of Ariogališkiai approximately coincides with the area of the western Highlands. Nurodydamas ariogališkių.tarmės ribas, J. Juška 19 Žr, J. Jakubowski, Map of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the middle of the 16th century, 1, Krakow, 1928, 20 Žr, A. Salys, APh, 4, 22, 27, 28, 29, Kaunas (1933). n See. A, Salys, ZM, 112-113, 22 See APh, 4, 28; PT, § 15. 28 See, Grammatica Litvanica... M. Danieli Klein, XVI, Regiomonti, 1653. 2 Žr, A. Schleicher, Hanibuch der litauischen Sprache, 4—6, Prague, 1856. 25 Jon's Juszka, Kalbos Létuviszko lėžuv*o ir létuviszkas statraszimas arba ortografija, Peterburgas, 1861. she says that the Ariogališkių dialect 126 goes west to Jurbarkas? *, Jurbarkas, in fact, is close to the Žemaičių border (see zml). Since J. Juška did not specify the exact boundaries, it can be said that he was the first to assign the Mut area to the western Highland dialect (in J. Juška's term, the Ariogališkių dialect). Speaking about the Ariogalician dialect, J. Juška correctly notes some dialectal characteristics of the Ariogalician (including Mut) that have survived in the studied dialect and remain unchanged to this day." At the end of the 19th century, with the interest in Lithuanian dialects for practical and scientific purposes, the area of Mut is also being studied more extensively. We see this from the surviving letter dated September 14, 1882, written from Pasvalys? *?, The author of the letter (unspecified, J. Jablonskis or J. Spudulis) highlights a number of phonetic and vocabulary features of Skirsnemunė district (now Mut area). In pointing out the dialectal characteristics of the skirsnemuniškiai, the author of the letter distinguishes the skirsnemuniškiai from the eastern highlanders by the different consonant /pronunciation, e.g.: ss. +» Likewise as Gruzdėczai (now north-western highlanders, with the accent drawn away —E. G.) Skersnemunéczai (the author of the letter calls the Skersnemuniečiai of the Skirsnemuniškiai, apparently because in the 7 dialect, being somewhat expanded, cf. § 13, the unusual ears could seem similar to the Žemaičių e < i—E£.G.) says saulė, meilė, and not saula, meila...““*- *, and, comparing them with Gruzdiečiai, correctly connects these places into One dialectal unit and assigns the Skirsnemuniškiai to the western highlanders, e.g. :,,...Skersnemunéczai as well as Gruzdėczai according to vszkalba priguli, if I am not mistaken to Wakarécz Létuwinjku walig nomination of Fr. Baranauskis, because they have already passed to Létuwju Ryt. in Zemaiczu intervalą..- .30, The letter also gives some differences between the skirsnemuniskiy dictionary and the Gruzian dialect, comparing their dialect with other dialects, e.g. :,,...The language of Skersnemunéczu can be said to be almost as strong as Gruzdéczu, only that it has a lot of familiar words from the Woki language: teip wa grzycza wadina stubę, lopeta —szpatu, badly —szlektai.- ..“3 and,...There are many other things that the Kitoniszkas wadina as elsewhere, i. e. the rupture wadina the foundation, and the bulbes staczai rapukami; apusza — drebulę; bezdą — oil; piszorių —rasztinįku;...mergaite staczai merga, oO kad labai maloniai tai merguczę The dialectal features of the sections of the „32, Munkininkai given in this letter, although correct, are random and not all. K. Jaunius has studied the dialect of this area a little bit more3, In this work it is mentioned that Raseiniai district,,.- .. triangle... between % Jon’s Juszka, min. veik., 8. 27 Zr. Ibid., 24, 25, 27. 288 See Liet. TSR MA Lithuanian Language and Literature Institute Manuscript Funds, No. 2256. 28 Ibid., 1. 3% Ibid., I. a Idem, 1, 32 Ibid., 8 Zr. Ke. K. 2. SIsuncs, Onucanie Poccienckaro ykana, 20 —55, Kopna, 1893. 127 (dgs. gal.); Arūvini (es. |. vns. II person.) and kruvini (dgs. vard.); Jewish (incl. vard., gal.) ir judy (es. 1. vns. I asm.); nutrdukyt ir nutraukėt ~ discontinue (to discontinue); Purvini (es. l. vns. II asm.) ir Purvini (dgs. ward. ); sčje ~ seja ir sėjė ~ seja; Salty in ~ the cold ir Salty ~ Saltyn; waftai (dgs. vard.) ir gate (es. l. vns. II asm.); vėšįs ~ will be a veal (becoming I. III person) and a veal. Although in the cases shown here, the consonant appears as a distinctive feature of several forms, it helps to identify only individual word forms and this is not all. There are genders in the dialect that coincide not only in sounds but also in the place of the accent, e.g. varna, zyle (vs. noun, gal., innag., adjective), varnas, zyles (vs. kilm., dgs. noun, gal., adjective). The same is true for many other word forms. In fact, conjugation as the only criterion for the meaning of a word is rare. The meaning of a word is usually determined by the context, so even the same syllable form in a sentence does not cause any doubt about its meaning. 24, § 24. § 24. § 24. § 24. § 24. § 24. In songs and verses, there are cases when the accent is moved from the usual place because of rhyme, e.g.: svetei, svetei, nebiūkit kalšei: susipratot ateit, susipraskit ir išeit ~ svečiai, svečiai, nebūkit veršiai: susipritote ateiti, susipraskite ir išeit; When you were little, you shepherded the goats; vai kur bū vai, laputaite, ar kur čiužinėjei ~ vai kui būvai, laputaite, ar kul čiužinėjai. "Spider-- Man 25th Anniversary Special". There are four prefixes for accentuated syllables in dialect: the short one (“), the strong one ('), the strong one (+) and the middle one (5). $ 26. A brief anticipation. a) The short preposition is pronounced in a short and strong voice. Because of its shortness, it is not possible to determine by the plain ear what the movement of its voice is. But, like all other whims, it is ascending — falling®!, only it is not known which part, the ascending or the falling, is longer. In addition to experiments, the transformation of one preposition into another does not help to explain this, because both the strong beginner and the strong ending can be transformed into an abbreviation in dialect, e.g.: *galvd > glava, dabaf > daba. (b) A short notice shall be given to: 1, Old short accentuated vowels, if they are not diphthongs, e.g.: kast, krist, nėšt, sūkt. 2. accentuated short finals, which have arisen from the abbreviation of strong initial vowels and diphthongs, e.g.: šaka < *šakd, laukė < *laukén, geri < *gerie, vežū < *vežuo. 3. Pronounced short endings of short words, formed by the fragmentation of pronounced strong endings, e.g.: d < af, i <if, daba < now. 51 Žr, G. Gerullis, Lithuanian Dialect studies (hereinafter referred to as Bed. Dial. ), XXVIII, Leipzig, 1930. 134 4. vowel o, found in borrowed words that have come into the dialect, e.g.: soks ~ sOkas (juice), bdzikei ~ botikiai (boots), kaltdšai. § 27. A solid start. a) The movement of the firm-headed premonition voice is clearly audible. He is ascending-descending. From hearing, it seems that the falling part of this prelude is much longer than the rising part. The voice of a sound pronounced with a strong-sided consonant rises suddenly at first, then, equally weakening, falls**. Sometimes the voice, passing from the rising to the falling part of the preposition, weakens slightly, becomes quiet, and then, as usual, evenly falls, weakens. The most pronounced weakening of the vocal movement in the transition from ascending to descending part can be heard in the suffix -dtis ~ -ditis, -dte —-ditė, PVZ. : avdte ~ aviité, vežšimatis ~ vezimditis. Although in this case there is no such break as in the Žemaičių dialects, the dialect's firm beginning is slightly closer to the burn-out, and that is why G. Gerulio Lit. Dial. It is quite rightly said that even the southern neighbors of the Žemaites, the Pannonian Highlanders, are not alien to the fireside in certain cases. b) In dialects, the prepositional pressure of the first vowel is always at the beginning of the pronunciation, and in diphthongs and triphthongs — at the first syllable. The sound on which the firm-onset prepositional voice pressure is placed is usually long, only the vowels i, 0, u, being the first strong-onset diphthongs, are short, e.g.: pilt ~ pilti, drs-—Oras, pult ~ pūlti. Sometimes (in emphasis) they can be lengthened to semivocals: pi.rms pirmas, da.lk dūlka. ~ ~ c) The fixed preposition occurs only on long syllables. It can be held by: 1. Old long vowels, e.g. : éd ~ ėda, smooth, stdks ~ stėgas, sieris. 2. Old diphthongs, e.g.: (vowel) bdime ~ fear, kdulas, léist, liet, liops ~ wiobas; (mixed) malka, mėlžam, miltai, dulkes ~ dūlkės, sdmtis, sémt, kimt, Rkūmšče ~ kūmščia (kumštis- ), pantis, žėnc ~ žėntas, kinkas ~ kinkos, dund ~ dūnda, ddrps ~ darbas, gėrt, žirnis, žiūrke ~ žiūrkė. 3. Newly formed mixed diphthongs: in which the a, e lk of the first syllable represent a strong vowel that is not part of the diphthong (see § 58b), e.g.: gals ~ gūlas, kéls ~ kėlias, ndms ~ namas, sénc ~ sénas, rvdnc tvanas, ~ ms ~ z€mas; of which the first sando 7, w lk responds to the diphthong composition without joining the same accented vowel with a su short suffix, e.g.: arims arimas, ~ piktiūms piktūmas, ~ šils šūlas, vaikinc ~ ~ A boy; whose first sando broadened, labialized o Ik corresponds to the same pronounced narrow o with a strong or short suffix (cf. § 58b), e.g.: kdrs — choras, japdne japonas, mdlkasis, mergdms, ribkaulis, vdrs ~ spias; in which the first sando ė, y, # ~ echoes into the diphthong composition without joiningj the same firm-end vowel, e.g.: bérs ~ bėras, eglync ~ eglynas, kūne ~ kūnas. 4. newly formed mixed trivowels, in which the third syllable Ik is a consonant at the beginning of a new syllable, e.g.: gaun ~ gauna, suols ~ sūolas, vienc vienas. ~ * 52 Plg, F, Kuršaitis, Gr., $8 193, 194; Ke. K. flsuucs, [Tavuarnan kumkka KoBecKoH ryGepniK, un): skysk. 134 — 135, Kosna, 1900. 135 5. Long a (< di, dn), e.g.: kiauldte ~ piglet, kumeldte ~ kumeldité, mergdte ~ girl, ją (< *jdn) ~ ja, jąs ~ jas, katrą ~ katra, katrds ~ katras, ta, rds tas. tą ~ ~ 6. ¢ (< én), e.g. gyvėt ~ gyvénti, kedėt ~ kedénti (paSyti wool), sėt ~ sénti, s¢st ~ sénsta. 7. į (< in): mit ~ minti, pit ~ pinti, skit ~ skinti, rvft ~ tvinti, vadįt ~ vadinti. 8. y (< § 28. Tvirtagalé priegaidé. a) Tvirtagalés's prepositional voice movement is ascending-- descending. The ascending part of the prelude is significantly longer than the falling part. The voice of a sound pronounced with a strong consonant is initially weak, then gradually rises for a long time and evenly, strengthens and reaches its culminating strength at the end of the pronunciation, 0 at the very end drops sharply. The strong-vowel prefix of the dialect is quite similar in its vocal movement to the strong-vowel prefix described by K. Jaunius, in his words, equally rising (cJraGoHauaJibHasi paBHOMepHO Bocxoasimas uHroHaums)®. It is much shorter than the Zemgalian dialect testing. b) In the vowels and é, y, @ 4-1, m, n, r diphthongs, the pitch of the prepositional voice is always close to the end of the pronunciation, in the diphthongs a, e, 7, u + I, m, n, r it is at the end of the first and beginning of the second syllable (cf. G. Gerulis, Lit. Dial., XXXVII), and in the triphthongs the end of the first syllable takes the greater part of it, and the second and third syllables — the remainder. Vowels pronounced with a strong-end suffix are always long, e.g. ašaka ~ ussaaką, bérem ~ bėriame, dėže ~ dėžę, gimis, koše ~ kėšė, pūka-e pūką. Fixed-point double-sided a, e, i, u + L m, n, T; ai, au, ei, w are both semi-long and pronounced similarly to some of the south-western Highlanders, e.g. bai.ges baigiasi, da.h.ktis dangtis, vi. The Wolf. The first syllable of the diphthongs ė, y, ū + I, m, n, r is pronounced long, the second seems short, e.g. : Aūlverčeis ~ with cows, #ovjirs ~ gravel. Trigarsiy the first syllable is pronounced as a semilong, the second as a short third, e.g. : o ~ ~ ir Rkiafilšeres ~ piūlšeres (pigs), pointed tip. (c) A solid-tip anchor may have: 1. Old long accentuated vowels, e.g.: éme ~ Ėmė, gaidys, globis (greed, wealth), griūva. 2. long vowels, which have arisen from strong-pronounced folk syllable diphthongs, e.g.: grgstas, grėšt ~ to cut, grist ~ to return, siūst. 3, Pronounce old short a, e, e.g.: lakals ~ lakalas, mėdis. 4. Old diphthongs, e.g.: baida ~ baido, baidž ~ baūdžia, peilis, kanips ~ kampas, parfas, kišminc —kiiminas, purkst. 5. newly formed mixed diphthongs, in which the first sando é, y, ū Ik echoes into the composition of the diphthong without joining the same accented vowel with a strong suffix, e.g.: rėms ~ rėmas, kojinc ~ kvynas (kmynas), #ifir ~ žiūria (žiūri). — 58 Ke. K. Sigpuncn, IlausTnasi kuužka Kopeuckod ryGepuin, 135, Kosua, 1900. 136 6. Triacoustics, e.g. : Gairkelis (the road to Gaura), Taiiršilis (the name of the forest). § 29, The Middle Wait. a) The movement of the middle vowel in the dialect is vague, but it can be heard with a simple ear that it is ascending-descending. The upper part of the tail is slightly longer than the lower part. In its voice movement, this prefix is similar to the dialect prefix, only its ascending part is shorter than the ascending part of the prefix of the prefix, and therefore it is pronounced much shorter: the voice here only rises and falls. b) The voice pressure of the middle prelude, like that of the stern, is at the end of the first sando and at the beginning of the second. The first syllable of the diphthongs pronounced with the middle consonant appears to be longer: it is marked as a semilong; the second one —slightly shorter: it is marked as short, e.g.: geram ~ geramė, katram ~ katramė, mergoms ~ mergomis, viršum ~ viršumi. c) The middle prepositioné in the dialect arises directly from the preposition of tvirtagalés or from other prepositions, probably through the degree of tvirtagalés (see §§ 33a, 34 b). Most often it is a diphthong of the final syllable, e.g.: geram ~ geramė, vienam~ vienamė, akims ~ akimis, alum ~ alumi, sūnum ~ sūnumi, skiedroms ~ skied- ’. N 5 r = romis, visoms ~ visomis, anoms~ anomis, vols ~ vėlas, Adoms ~ Adamas, Jonc ~ Jonas. It is also found in various short words, e.g.: kai (when and how), tai ~ tai, dui ~ dui, pui ~ pui, kol ~ kdl. Sometimes it is also heard in the g-kamieniy root of Sauksmininko nouns, e.g. vaikas~ vaikas, vaikai~ vaikai, varge~ vaige. II, Unpronounced syllables $30. The Prelude of Preterite Syllabics. a) Regardless of the old prefix, all unpronounced long syllables preceding the accent have a strong prefixTM, e.g.: atūdėjė audėja, grėbėjė grėbėja, skalbėjė skalbėja, nors: dust, grépt s grėbti. The origin of the name of the village is uncertain. ~ ~ ~ ~ ir b) Su In dialects, the adjective of the pre-accent syllables is closely related to the retroflex. The retroflex occurs in the first pre-accent or newly formed long final syllable, after the fall of the terminal accented vowel. The reversed consonant retains the strong prefix ar of the consonant-contrary syllables (except in cases where the strong prefix becomes a middle one, see. § 29c), e.g. : small (< *kelfjėn) — kelijė, galvd ~ galvojė, aky akyjė, ~ danty dantyjė, ~ vandeny vandenyjė, ~ gerd gerojė, ~ visė visojė, namuds ~ namuose, tévuds ~ tévuose, vienuds ~ vienuose, dideliuds ~ didelivose, ožos ~ aviZose, triobds ~ triobose, svarbids ~ svarbiose, tds tose. ~ ~ § 31. Pokirtiniy syllable prefix. a) All long uncirculated syllables that follow the po kiréiator have a strong preposition, e.g.: didudér~ sneeze, kdsét ~ koséti, šidvdur ~ šėvauti, #ioplit ~ žiOplinti, špildnktis ~ st See. K. O. Slpuuncs, TpaMMarhka JMTOBCKaro sabika, nepesoxs K. Byra, 45, Merporpans, 1916, 137 špūllanktis, nors: laikes. In the dialect, the prefix of subordinate syllables is pronounced with a weak voice. b) Subjunctive long vowels (kamiengaliai), having become joiners of compound words, break the accent on themselves. Such a deposition retains the strong initial prefix of the postpositional syllable, e.g.: girndkalis (girns mill), saulėtekis, saulėlydis, sailčtakis, tursdmiegis (sensitive sleep), vasarddrumnis (wet as summer water), žarndgalei ~ žarnėgaliai. § 32. The same long unpronounced syllables have different prepositions if they go before the accented syllable and after the accented syllable, ąĄžšuols ~ ąžuolas and GFudlync ~ ąžuolynas, maišai ~ maišai and siūrmdišis ~ sūrmaišis, žOIŽ ~ žolė and kiėmždles kiemžolės ~ (veja). III. Accessory change $ 33. The case of a fixed-start prefix transforming into other prefixes. In some cases, the initial prefix of the investigated dialect is regularly replaced by a short and strong prefix. a) The preposition with a short, firm prefix is regularly conjugated at the end of the word in the same cases as 1k, e.g.: rankd (< *rankd), pati (< *pati), namė (< *namėn). When the accentuated endings of the word disappear, the accent of the studied dialect is retracted to the penultimate syllable. In this case, the abbreviated form of the prepositional prefix of the strongprefix is automatically replaced by a strongprefix or a middleprefix. In this case, the preposition Tvirtagalé occurs if a long syllable preceded the fallen final syllable, e.g. šak0o (< *šakėjėn) ~ šakojė (see § 30b), the middle one — if the vowel of the contraction was short, e.g. aluj ~ alujė, meduj ~ medujė geram ~ geramė, akims (<* akimis) ~ akimis. Here, a possible object, the abbreviated preposition could have changed indirectly into the middle, and through the degree of the preposition of the strong noun: *geramén > geramė > geram > geram, cf. vols ~ volas, Joe ~ Jonas and Gerulio Lit. Dial. XLVII—XLVIII. b) The preposition of a fixed verb changes | in a fixed verb: 1. When the stems change in words of the same root, e.g. kurpe ~ kūrpė and Ruipius, kūoc ~ kuodas and Kudde ~ Kuddé (name of a kudde), prioc~ puodas and puddfius, pilnas and artipilnis, séile ~ séilé and seilius (to whom the saliva is that), tievs ~ tėvas and rėtis. 2. when consonant adjectives alternate with nouns, e.g.: dukitas and aitk$tis, ilks mv ilgas ir ilgis, karštas ir kafitis, mdrks ~ mérgas and Mafgius, rdips ~ raibas and raibius (striped cock), rdinc ~ rdinas and rainius (striped cat), sdrgus and Safgius (Suns name), sdrc ~ sartas (light brown, when talking about horses) and Safes, šyvs ~ Syvas (white, when talking about horses) and Sjvis, but: bérs ~ béras and Bėris, juoc ~ juodas and Juodas. - 3. When consonant verbs alternate with nouns, e.g.: dukt ~ grow and gis, duot and dudkle ~ duoklę, dure ~ durti and diltis, &st and éskus (who eats a lot), gldpr ~ globti (turtéti) and glgbis (wealthy, greedy), kldr and paklode ~ paklodeé, mdkam and mbkestis, mazgdt and mazgdre ~ mazgote, rési~ tsžti and rėžis (piece, fabric vault, plot of land), riipjtis ~ rūpintis and rilpestis, sčst and pasūste ~ pasosté, sčr and séje~ s€ja, skyst and skusic ~ skuūidas. 138 Shot ir through the ir fence. 4. ~ when co-rooted adjectives alternate with verbs, e.g. bale ~ white and baltuor, jiioc ~ yellow and judduot, mdrks ~ multicoloured and mafguot, mélync ~ blue and mélynuor. 5. verbs in the third person of the future tense, e.g. gulésiu and gulls, grépsiu ~ grébsiu and gréps ~ grébs, džiūsiu and džiūs (dzius), ifgysiu ~ išgysiu and i£gys ~ išgės (idgis), miegdsiu and miegos, pjdusiu ~ pidusiu and pjails, rdur and rails, šdut and Sais, trduke and traitks, turėsiu and rurės, žisiu and Fis (žus). 6. when common nouns with verbs are alternated, e.g. gira (clumsy person) and gūrėt ~ gūrinti (going in a contracted state), gdfelis (going in a contracted state) and gdžįr ~ gozinti (going in a contracted state). 7. When simple verbs are made easy repetitive, e.g.: čakt and lūkuriuot, sndust it snfiduriuot, virt ~ virti and vyrulivot. 8. when the nouns of the strong-first root become the second sandu of the compound words (excluding prepositions) and retain the accent position, e.g. abZeltkdjis ~ apželtkėjis and kdje ~ koja, devyndaibe ~ devyndaibė and darps ~ darbas, dykadudnis it dūona, juodgalve ~ juodgalvė and galva ~ galvą, dvinjtis and nytis, šeravilnes ~ šeravilnės ir vilna ~ vilna, raudonveidis and véic ~ vėjas, funkdjis (the right handle of the dagger), but: besdtis, begždis, behearted. § 34. The case of a fixed-end preposition transforming into other prepositions. In the dialect, the strong-ended preposition has sometimes been replaced by a short, strong-beginning middle preposition. a) In rare cases, the short-terminal prepositional consonant becomes a consonant at the end of a fragmented adverb, conjunct and other ir service words, e.g. daba (< dabai), d (< af), i (< if). Tvirtagalés transformation into an abbreviation, a possible object, occurred through the middle preposition, e.g. af > ar > d. b) In various short service words and nouns of foreign origin, the strong preposition sometimes turns into a middle one, e.g.: anr~aiit, kur~ kui, kol ~ kdl, viel ~ včl, Adoms ~ Addmas, pojic ~ ponas, uzboric ~ uzbdnas. c) To turn a hard disk into a hard disk: 1. When the uncreated short a falls off at the end of a word, and the strong vowels a, e with /, m, m, r form new diphthongs, or when the same new diphthongs are formed in compound words, e.g.: drs ~ aras (0,01 ha), bdr ~ būra, gém ~ gėma, gėl ~ gčlia, gals ~ galas, gyvén ~ gyvėna, kéls ~ kėlias, kérs ~ kšras, ndms ~ ndmas, péltake ~ péltaké (sewing method, stitches backward, such stitches are similar to the path of a mouse), kélviere ~ kélvieté, sėnc ~ sėnas, šėr ~ šėria, tranc ~ tranas, žals ~ žūlias, šėmė ~ žėmas. 2. When simple verbs are transformed into ordinary verbs, e.g. braida ~ braido and braidžio ~ braidžioja, drįst and drąsįt ~ drąsinti, gįt ~ giūti and gdiniot, lįst and landžior, rėkt and rékjt ~ rékinti (virkdyti), siškt ~ siigti and sdrgįt ~ sarginti, skelst and skdlsit ~ skélsinti, skėsr and skéndér, Saitke and šūkaut, Svilpe and švilpaur ~ $vilpauti, teist and téisjt ~ téisinti, vilke and vdlkior, FvVkt ~ zvigti and Foygie ~ Zvyginti. 139 3, When prepositions go as noun prepositions, like Ik (except for strong subjunctive prepositions), e.g. : ir į ir inpinc ~ fpina (coffin), į įpils ~ įpilas (impils), įsaulis (place in front of the sun), įkalnis (foot of a mountain), įkapes~ikapés (cloth in which a coffin is laid); nd~ nud su nuūobrukas nūobrukos, į nilomec nūometas, nwotaka, ir nuovalas ~ nūovalas, miomone ~ nuomonė, nūožiūra; par ~ ~ (over) ir pdrbėgt (run over), parvešt (transport), pdrdurt (pierce), pdrleist (pass); pd and pdretis, posūnis, pdkarštis, pdkietis; prė ~ pri€ and prielips ~ sticks, attacks (to be frightened), shelters, eats (eating, eating), stupid (half-stupid); pro and prdtekinis (almost tekinas), prdrėksmeis ~ prérėksmiais (in a groaning voice), prdbrėkšmeis ~ prėbrėkšmiais (swinging); priėš and priešpilnis, priešpiečei ~ priešpiečiai, priešgyna ~ priešgyna, priešpriešeis ~ priešpriešais. 4. In some verbs with a root in the present tense - St., e.g. : be born ~ be born and be born, die ~ die and mift. $ 35. Cases of transformation of short-term anticipation into other anticipation. The short preposition of a dialect can turn into a strong part when the unpronounced short «a, short 7, x with ls m, n, r, v form new diphthongs at the end of the word, and also when the same mixed diphthongs are formed in compound words, e.g.: arims ~ ploughing, gręštiūos ~ drilling, im ~ taking, piktūms ~ wickedness, pipirs ~ pepper, šilbaravykis ~ silbaravykis, šūls ~ juice, vaikinc ~ boy, vidurlaukei ~ middle-aged people. When the accented end of the word is shortened, the abbreviated preposition of the studied dialect changes to the middle one, e.g. alum ~ alumi, medum ~ medumi. It is possible that this change of moods occurred through a strong mood: Jytumi > lytum > lytum. IV. The Meaning of the Word § 36. The adverb may be a distinctive phonological feature of several sounds and accents of completely coinciding word forms, for example: galvd ~ galvėja and galvd ~ galvojė, liepsnd ~ liepsnėja and liepsnd ~ liepsnojė, rasd ~ rasėja and rasd ~ rasojė, pavajé ~ pavajėja (deda pavają) and pava)d ~ pavajojė, siūlė ~ siūlėja and siūlė ~ siūlėjė, šakd ~ šakėja and šakū ~ šakojė, wagd ~ vagėja and vagd ~ vagojė; brinkt ~ bringti (become expensive) and brifikt (swell, increase- ), gyr (health) and gįt ~ gifiti> išgirda ~ išgirdo (Es. 1. III asm.) and išgišda ~ išgirdo (but. k. I. III asm.), išdut ~ iššauti and išait ~ išaūti, išdukt ~ išaugti and išaūkt ~ iššaūkti, kampa (part of the horns) and kampa ~ kampą, kampą, kdrpa (grown up) and karpa ~ kaipo (Es. l. III asm.), Akdršt (senti) and kafšt (wool processed by a certain machine), kinka ~ kinka (thigh) and kiūka ~ kifiko (Es. 1. III asm.), krdujes ~ kraujasi and kraiijes ~ kraiijas, lénke ~ lėnkė (diep) and lįsta (ilista), ldpa ~ lėnys (bat. k. 1. III asm.), mit ~ minti (processing linen) and mjr ~ minti (predict a mystery- ), lysta (fence post) and lįsta (ilista), zįst ~tinsta and rėst ~ ista, užmiršt ~ užmiršta (forgotten) and užmifršt ~ užmiršta (forgotten), varpa and varpa ~ vaipo, vaipa, Zils ~ žilas and &ls (future 1st IIT person). 140 In dialect there are also such forms of words whose meanings are completely different, but not only the place of the accent, but also the adverb they coincide, for example: sakai, laikai, maišai, lankai, vaikai, etc. forms mean dgs. ward. and verbs es. I. vns. II asm. The meaning of such words always emerges from the sentence. Vocalism I. Vocalism of the word stem 1. Vowels a, q. § 37. Dialectal a, corresponding to lk a, has the same origin as 1k%, a) This short a is unpronounced, e.g.: adata, balana, vakarė, Zabarai (which is pronounced with dried forks), and pronounced in the following cases: 1. In such monosyllabic words, which are also monosyllabic, e.g.: ja, kar ~ that, kas, pac ~ the same, tas. 2. in the prepositions of verbs and verb-subjects (of the active type and subordinate), e.g.: dpmete ~ apmetė, dpnešu, apsimat ~ apsiimate, dpskalbiau, dtkasam, dtkemsu, pakiSu, pasimat~ pasiimate, pdžiūriu pradedu, prakalei, pralenkiau, apkirpc ~ apkirptas, dpverstas, ateinant, atkasant prarastas, pareinant, pramusias, prdvežant. 3. primary verbs with the S$root a in the common case and in its derivatives, like Ik, e.g.: lake, plakt, rakt, rast, $dst, rdzddva ~ found, rdstų, razdaves ~ found, rdzdams ~ finding, but: plakc ~ plūktas, rastas. to 4. in the forms of personal, adjective and recursive pronouns, like Ik, e.g.: mana ~ my, sdva ~ my own, tdva~ yours, manę (my), sdvę (my own), tavę (your), mani (my), tdvi (your), sdvi (your own), mdnim (with me), sdvim, tavim.. 5. adjectives, numerals and possessive pronouns in the singular form of the masculine noun, e.g. baltasis, gerdsis, kietasis, aštuntasis, dešimtasis, mandsis, tavdsis. 6. anamatopoietic verbs with the suffix -ėti in the third person present tense, e.g.: kvakse ~ kvaksia (kvaksi), sprakse ~ spraksia ~ (spraksi), takse taksia (taxi). 7. in adjectives and verbs made from jy with the suffix -eléti, e.g.: bakst and-bakstelét, stdpt ~ stabt and staptelér ~ stabteléti, šmdkšt and šmakštelét, Svdpt and Svaprelét, trakst and trakStelét. 8. in some individual words, e.g.: dklei ~ akliai (blind insects, attacking animals), andpus, badikuot (whirling, starving- ), braske ~ strawberry, rakalis (a man who peels horses), rakaliuot (peeling horses), $madaruot (flagging- ), ragius (very puffed up, like with horns), rdge ~ ragė, skdlanduor (teliuskuoti), vdpaliuot (speaking nothing). b) This a long is: 1. Pronounced with the main accent (in addition to the cases mentioned in section a) of this paragraph), e.g. krapšta ~ krapšto, laksta ~ laksto, laps ~ lūpas, pašars ~ pašaras, 8 See J. Endzelins, Baltu valodu skagas un formas (in Latvian), § 12, Riga, 1948. 141 ruts ~ rutas, stakles ~ staklės, Sake ~ fork, raks ~ path, yesterday, šūgrė mm žūgrė. | ' 2. Pronounced with a lateral accent in the prefix -av-, mr. § 20. Unscrambled a, responding lk a, in the appendix -is a long Samogitian ir dialect®. A possible thing that there it lengthens also due to the side effect. For a list of words a, with this Ik a, meaning, see. § 61. § 38. Dialectal gq, the reverberaIk ą, nt is derived iš from the diphthong am, as ir I'm going. This is a always long, e.g.: ąžuols ąžuolas, ąsnis, ~ ąsinai, vgsas, vąškara (hump a hook to hang a pot on a fireplace; anyway, a hump is a figurative thing). Younger dialect speakers, especially school children, tend to pronounce the unpronounced a shortly, e.g. : Shchaslavync shchaslavyn, vaSiuk vaSiukas, ~ shzhasiūks goassiūkas. ~ The unpronounc- ~ ed ą < an is always short in Veliuoniškis dialect, for example: kasniūks ~ kasnitikas, sanarys ~ sąnarys. It is possible that this feature of the Veliuoniškiai dialect affects the representatives of the investigated dialect. ir For the dialect at ą the end of the word, see. §§ 64, 65. § 39. The dialectal a, which corresponds to lk ai, is found in the pronounced and pronounced with the strong-part suffix -atis ~ -aitis, -ate ~ -aitė, e.g.: kiaušindtis kiaušinšitis, lašinačei lašinaičiai, merygdte mergaitė, obeldte obeldité, vežimdatis vežimaitis, ~ višrate vištaitė. § ~ 40. In the dialect ~ there is a a, which lk ~ echoes the a and ė in ~ the adjacent ~ syllables; u and ė sounds. Such a a is caused by contraction and elision. About jį the e, ¢. § $ 85. ; 41. The dialect e, corresponding to 1k e, has the same origin as Ik, see. Endzelynas, SF, United States $ 10. ; a) This short e is unpronounced, e.g.: besmegeniū, debesis, ešerė, genesys (the path of animals through the fields), and is pronounced in the following cases: 1. In such monosyllabic words that ir lk are monosyllables, e.g.: bė, lésk, nė, šė, tē, vė. 2. Verb ir derivatives of verbs in prepositions (of the non-ending kind of participants and participants), e.g.: bégulem ~ bėguliame (refuge), bėkertant, bélesant, nėneši, néperkam, nékepc~nekeptas, népirkc~nepirktas, néskustas. 3. primary verbs with the root e in the plural and its derivatives, e.g.: deékt ~ to run, képt, mést, néit, pėšt, vėst, vėšt ~ to go, héfddva ~ to carry, néSty, néfdaves ~ to carry, néfdams ~ to carry, but: pėšras, nmnėštas, vėštas vėžtas. 4. Ordinary adjectives in the higher degree, e.g.: gėrėsnis, mažesnis, sunkesnis, vyriausiasne ~ ~ vyriškesnė. In the upper degree of substantive adjectives, the old short e is long, and lk is repeated by the short e, e.g.: większąjį, sunkiausiąjį, vyriausiasnioje ~ vyriausiasiojo. 5. In verbs made in ir iš jų conjugations, for example: rėkšt tékstelėt, trėkšt ir trėkštelėt, ir trėpt ir trėptelėt. 86 See P. Jonikas, PT, $50 c. 142 6. In real (usually non-Lithuanian) names, e.g. : Adéle ~ Adele and Angel ~ Angel and Angel ~ Anėlė, Béne ~ Bėnė (Benedikta), Bėnius ~ Bėnius (Benedict), Ele Ėlė ~ (Elena), Gėc ~ Shame (Gediminas), Géne ~ Gėnė, Klementas ~ Klemensas, Lėva (Levosė), Marcėle ~ Marcėlė, Pétre ~ Pėtrė (but Peter), Séle ~ Saddle (Salome), in Vėre ~ Vērē (Veronica). 7. Suffix in su surnames -eckis, for example. : Burbowski, Demeter. 8. in some individual words, e.g.: bėbras, kebėklis (which is used to hook something), perékle ~ perėkle, šėkur, šiūrėklis (which is used to rub when bathing), švėplius (which does not make some whistling sounds), Svéple ~ švėplė, vépelis (whistling, whistling), vėkur, žėbrius (murzius). b) This e is long if it is pronounced (in addition to the cases mentioned in section a) of this paragraph), e.g.: bėrem ~ bėriame, gėret ~ gėriate, lėpin ~ 1€pina, mėdis, šėrem ~ šėriame, žėmuoge ~ žemuogė. In the end of the word, there is a e. § 66. § 42. The dialectal g, which corresponds to lk ¢ (and in some cases to en in verbs), is derived from the diphthong em, as is Ik ¢, which is always long, e.g.: grėst, grėšt ~ grėžti, gręštūvs ~ gręžtūvas, Rkėsr, skėst, spėst, gyvėt ~ gyvénti, gyvėšiu ~ gyvėnsiu, gyvės ~ gyvens. The younger members ¢ of the dialect tend to ir pronounce the prefix shortly, as in the dialect of the neighbouring villages of Veliuona, for example: grežiū ~ gręžiū, skestū skęstū. For ~ the dialect ¢ at the end of the word, see § 69. § 43. In dialects, there is an e, which is lk for the e and a sounds in adjacent syllables. Such an e is due to contraction and elision. It is talked about $ 85. ė. § 44. The dialect ė, which corresponds to Ik ė, is derived from the old ė, as is Ik. Endzelynas, SF, § 11. It is always pronounced long, e.g.: dilgėlė, mčta — mėto, sédéje ~ sėdėjo, šėržčje ~ šėrėja, vėgėlė. For the ė at the end of the word, see § 70. $ 45. In dialect, there is an ė, which Ik echoes the e and ė in adjacent syllables; i and ė sounds. Such a ¢ is caused by contraction and elision. It is discussed in $ 85. i, y, in. § 46. The dialect i, corresponding to lk i, is of the same origin as Ik, see. Endzelynas, SF, $6. This i is always short (unless it is a double sum), e.g. : Bišpilis (castle hill in Jurbarkas district), gile ~ gilė, giminė, ritinas ~ ritinasi, Šiline ~ Šilinė (town in Jurbarkas district). For the dialect i at the end of the word, see § 71. § 47. The dialect y, which corresponds to Ik y, is of the same origin as Ik, see. Endzelynas, SF, § 7. y is always pronounced long, e.g.: gydyt, krypūot, lydyt, lygybe (lygybė), lytys, lytūs, plyšys, ryšys, šulinys. For the dialect y at the end of a word, see §§ 72, 73. § 48. In dialects, the intonation of the Ik in (and in some verbs in) is derived from the diphthong in. It is always pronounced long, e.g.: grįšt ~ to return, glist, įspįst, išdrįst ~ to dare, mįslė, tjst ~ to quiet, tįsta, #{st; 18pins, nekabįk ~ nekabink, pažįt ~ pažinti. Iėpįs ~ 18pins, krūtįs ~ krutins. 143 frt ~ break, break down (dryers for drying linen). dėgti dėgti, ~ degėsei degėsiai, ~ dėglas, nedėgulis, dagidt, dagūs. dirpt ~ to work, iždirbis ~ work, ddrps ~ work. dript ~ dribble, drimba (dribbling), dripkus ~ dribkus (dribbling), drėpt ~ drėbti, drapstyt ~ drabstyti. sudvisa sudviso, dvése dv@sia, dvėst, dvaskus, dvasna, bedvdse ~ bedviase (doll). gilti, gyl ~ g¥la, depth, gélt (hurt), gelūnis, pagela (wet ~ cold, Salty humidity), sauzgėlai ~ (dry gelances). gimt ~ to be born, gymis, abgams ~ mole. git ~ get, génam, genesis (path through the fields roti, ganyit, pasture gdi= niot. girdyt, girdiks ~ girdukas (audible calf), pagiridt, pagires ~ hangover, girc ~ drunk, gért, gerklė, gériau, gérims ~ drink, glemšt ~ glemzti, glamžyt. grimst ~ to sink, gramzjt ~ to grind (to grind). adgrisa ~ atgriso, grés ~ grésia, grést, grdsus, grasiėti ~ threaten. grést, grandyt, pagrandiuks ~ grandchild. grist ~ to return, grįšė ~ to return (a handful of combed flax), grėšt ~ to drill, grąžį[t ~ to return, gr@stas ~ drill, sugrąštai ~ to drill. kipt ~ to hang, kibe ~ kibė (trailer), kabjtis ~ to hang, priekabė, kabūs, kabė, hook. kilt, kilnor, kylam, kélt, kélc ~ raised, kéle ~ raised, mountain, hill. kimšt, kemš ~ kamša, kamša (clogging), kamšaris, korštis, kamšyt. klimt ~ to climbed, to climbed, to climbed. křeč ~ shake, shake up, shake, shake up. kriviise, kremit ~ to chew, to chew. pakvipa ~ pakvipo, kvepét, kvdps ~ kvapas, datkvaps ~ dtkvapas (atsikvepimas), fragrant. lėk ~ 1&kia, Iške ~1&ke, lakid ~ lakieja, lakrė. liūkt, linkyms ~ bending (slope, inclined place), leiikt, Iėnke ~ lėnkė (dike), lankstyt, lanikstus, lariks ~ Tank, visit. liūda ~ liūdo, list, lendū, landžiot, landyt, landa. sumizga ~ sumizgo, mėkst ~ mėgzti, susimazgęs ~ susimazges, mazgidt, mazgyt. mirkt, mirkyt, merkr, markjt ~ markinti, marka. nėšt, nešidt, na¥éer ~ burden, našūs, sąnasas ~ joints, panašūs, pasinalft ~ take advantage. nerst, nerštas, išnaršas ~ nesting, nesting, nesting, nesting, nesting, nesting, nesting iznira ~ izniro, nért, nére ~ nėrė, išnara, išnarėt ~ išnarinti, narys (sąnaris), narstyt. plifit ~ flows, plėčes ~ expands, platavotis (to live broadly), platūs, —samplatd (generally), pldris, pldc ~ expands. pėšt, peštūks ~ peštūkas, pašiodt. surizga ~ surizgo, rėkt ~ rėgzti, rezginys, razgyt (carve). 150 pick, pick up, pick up, pick up (warranty), paraitkus, parankines ~ parankinés (half plate, knife ir fork), picks picks. ~ siYpt, serbefic ~ ribentas, sarpįt ~ sarpinti. skimtelėt ~ skimbtelėti, skambįt ~ skambinti, skambals ~ skambalas. separate, ~ separately, account (davinys), skarmais ~ skaimalas, skariūkę ~ skariūkė, skvirbįt ~ skvirbinti, skvefpt ~ skveibti, skvarbyt, ackvarbai ~ atskvarbai, slinkt, slenk slenka, ~ slanikius (crumbling slab), sldnkiot. slép hide, ~ slépsnys, paslépsnei paslépsniai, ~ hide hide, secretly. ~ sparkling ~ spengti (ringing in the ears), spasms (deafening), yolik spafigas ~ (deaf). spirt ~ to kick, to kick, to stab, to stab. spriūkt ~ sprifigti, sprénksét ~ spréngséti (koséti uzspringus), spradigus, sprangit ~ spranginti. svirt ~ leverage, lever, sway, sweat, sveriks ~ svérikas, I[yksvara ~ equal balance (half-balance), svarūs, svdrs svaras, svoris. ~ tekėt, aptaka (nail tumor), initaks ~ spring, raks ~ path, bride. telke, talka, patalkys, talkininks ~ talkinifikas. tikšt, tėške ~ tėškia, rėkšt, taskyt, raškūot (walk through the dirt), ištvina ~ i8tvino, tvindyt ~ tvindyti, rtoįt ~ tvinti. rovdnc ~ flood, flooded (dead). väst, nauvedžei (newlyweds), vadžidt, vadžes ~ vadžios, vadįt ~ to call. pull, pull ~ pull, pulled ~ pulled (door pusher), vdlkior, valkus, ūžvai- « kals ~ ūžvalkalas. virst, vefst, išvartas ~ outburst. abžirt ~ to look around, abžįr ~ to look around, Fert, žarstyt. žiūksnis ~ zingsnis, žiūgine, ženikt ~ Zengti, Fangus (having a good step). whistling ~ whistling, looking ~ looking, looking, looking at ~ looking at. II. 1998-1999 Vocalism at the end of a word 1. Vowels a, ą. § 61. In dialects, the a, which originated from the old short a (lk a), is usually declined in the open ending. The short a falls in the III-th person present tense of verbs and in the conjugated adjectives in the nominative genus, e.g.: dudž audžia, dug auga, braūk braūkia, biin būna, ein ~ eina, gied ~ gieda, gyvėn ~ gyvėna, gréb ~ ~ grébia, gifdž ~ ~ gitdžia, im ~ ima, kdnd ~ ~ kinda, keft ~ ~ keita, ki§ ~ kiša, (ės ~ Iėsa, lp ~ lipa, myl (myli), ndr (nori), pil ~ pila, pin ~ pina, skin ~ skina, suk ~ suka, šąl ~ šąla, šnėk ~ šnėka, velk ~ velka, '#iir (seeing); kfet ~ hard, šalt ~ cold, šilt ~ warm, Sverit ~ holy, Being at the open end of the word after /, m, m, r and a long syllable, a may not fall, e.g.: bgla, kūre ~ builds, rėme ~ reams, šėre ~ feeds; Stupid. If at the end of a word a short a goes after a j and a historically long syllable, it always falls together su j, e.g.: bliau bliduja, ~ daimio dainuoja, ~ gaišto gaišėja ~ (delay), see § 93. 151 When at the end of a word after v, the short a usually remains intact, e.g. būva, griūva, kliūva, pūva, sikva (although said sitv), ir easy. In the closed limb in some cases a disappears, in — others remains. Jo fate in the dialect under study in this case depends on the preceding consonants. jį The short a is always omitted if it is preceded by one consonant, e.g.: bic ~ been, drifc ~ hard (strong), diktdks ~ diktėkas, gyvėnims ~ gyvėnimas, kic~ kitas, kfec ~ kietas, laps ~ lapas, ndms ~ namas, priic ~ prūdas (mud, pond), praSyms~ prašymas, puodiks ~ puodukas, rauddénc ~ raudénas, ryc~ rytas, sdrks ~ sargas, Sic ~ šis, vaiks ~ vaikas, vyrs ~ vyras; but this a always remains after s, §, 2, š, ¢, & e.g.: basas, beržas, daržas, gramzas ~ gramzdas (white, hard, large edible mushroom), griūšas (a river fish that lives under stones), gūzas, kalkozas (a cooperative), kernézas (a teenager), kėršas, lūšas, lizas ~ nezdas, mūžas, palšas, paršas, plokpėzas (a potato pancake, fried without fat on a cabbage leaf), pūžšas (a puff), rdgas, satisas, šūšas, šliūšas (an iron device for setting the wheel of a carriage down a hill, as well as a wooden load similar to a sleigh for carrying harrows), vaikėzas (a teenager), valkiūzas, vūšas; The name is derived from the Greek λέκος (lékos), "cat", and κεφαλή (kepha), "head". In the second round, he finished second in a two-run knockout. In this case, a iSkritimas is noticeable only if it is preceded by a r or p consonant, e.g.: dékc ~ dégtas, drigaiic ~ drigantas (stallion), kamips ~ kampas, liépc ~ li€ptas, mdlc ~ maltas, palikc ~ paliktas, rime ~ rimtas, sprikc~ sprigtas, tflc ~ tiltas, virc ~ virtas, bet: pėštas, vėštas ~ vėžtas. In all other cases, a remains, e.g.: saddle, bérnas, driežlas (hedgehog), džiūksmas ~ joy, fire, graipštas ~ grabbing (triangular net for catching fish), griafismas, griuckas (sieve), grunmistas, karštas, kaitksmas, kraštas, kitas, laiškas, minkštas, pirštas, dulvas, puskas (acne), prastas, spitras (blind), švėplas, tikras, viskas. § 62. a, originating from the long a of the final solid, is always short in dialect, like Ik, and corresponds to lk a, e.g.: kira (< *kitd), kdosa, malka, mama, maža, tešla, varna, varpa, viena. So, first *Idod > ldvd, and only then doa. § 63. a, originating from the unaccented final long a, is usually short in dialect and only has the sound of o, e.g.: būva ~ buvo, dirba ~ dirbo, kdsas ~ kūsos, kdula ~ kaulo, kifta ~ kišto, laitka ~ laūko, lepas ~ liepos, rdsas rasos, raiikas rankos, šakas šakos, raša tašo, vaika vaiko, vdrnas varnos. KirCiuotas senasis tvirtagalis in dialect is iSvirtes ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a į o, Zr. § 76. In cases where the uncirculated old 4 is turned into an o, see § 76 a, b, c. § 64. a (q), originated from the firm-origin final diphthong an, in dialect as ir It is usually short, e.g. : (v.s. innag.) dvifa, wave, gerd, jooda, loop, other, raised, hand, one; (dgs. gal.) poppy, other, crepes, small, chicken. There are cases when the q < dn dialect at the end of the word is long (q) ir responds Ik a briefly: a) In 152 feminine noun forms: (in adjectives) didžėję5? (< *didjdnjdn) ~ greatest, greatest ~ greatest, better ~ better, better ~ better, best ~ best, most beautiful ~ most beautiful, most beautiful ~ most beautiful, blackest ~ blackest, blackest ~ blackest; (in numerals) pirmąją ~ pirmąją, pirmąsęs ~ pirmąsias, trec¢je ~ trzeciąją, (trečėsęs ~ trzeciąsias; (in participants) kulemąję kuliamgja, kulemąsęs kuliamąsias. b) In pronouns ana, ji, katra, 9, šita, ta, e.g.: aną ~ ana, angs ~ anas, jė ~ ja, jés ~ jas, katrą ~ katra, ~ karrgs ~ katras, šė ~ ~ šia, šės ~ šias, Sg mm Sita, $irgs ~ this, 1g ~ that, tds ~ that. § 65. a (gq), originating from the strong diphthong an, at the end of dialect words, is usually always pronounced shortly and corresponds to 1k Ąą, e.g.: dusta ~ dusty, balta ~ baltą, darža ~ daižą, dirpta ~ dirbtą, kėpta ~ kėptą, kita ~ kitą, laiėka ~ latika, pieva ~ meevą, pilka ~ pilką, pilama ~ pilamą, pirma ~ pirmą, puoda ~ pūodą, raiika ~ rašką, siūra ~ siūtą, séda ~ soda, siidyta ~ sūdytą, teve ~ tėvą, valgoma ~ vilgoma, viena ~ Vieną, visa ~ visą. There are cases where this a, like Ik, remains long (gq): a) in noun forms, e.g.: (in adjectives) didžėję ~ the greatest, baltąjį, gerėsnęję ~ the better, geridusėję ~ the best, juodąjį, piktąjį, rudąjį, saldžęję ~ the sweetest, vyridusęjį ~ the senior; (in numerals) afitrąję ~ aiitraja, pirmąją ~ pirmąją, trėčęjį ~ trėčiąjį, trėčęję ~ trėčiąją; (in participants) skaidamaji, sūveštąję ~ the swaying, melting. b) The singular and plural of the masculine gender participants in the noun verb, e.g.: vdlgas, eisęs eisiąs, gulsęsis gulsęsis, dirpsęs dirbsiąs, mise mūšią, nfsq (nesą), nėšęs ~ nėšiąs, prašą. remembering, saying ~ saying, sewing ~ sewing, standing, squeezing. ~ ~ ~ ~ c) In pronouns ana, ji, katra, ši, šita, ta, e.g.: aną, jė ~ ją, katrą, šė ~ This, this, that. e, ¢. § 66. e, appeared iš at the end of the old e, short closed word in the dialect, usually, disappears, e.g.: ėkmenc (< *eczema) ~ EĒkmens (stones), piemenc (shepherds), piemejic ~ shepherds, smégenc (brain), šufic ~ Sufis, vdvers (squirrel), vovefs, only in the words šūnes, cilvēkus this is e sometimes said next to the i-trunk ending -ys, e.g. cells || Sines, people || people. At the open end of the word the e short remains, e.g.: vaikė (v.s. tablespoons ), warge, man. § 67. e, derived from the old long e, in closed and open ends of words, unpronounced, usually, is a short atliepia ir Ik é, e.g.: bare būrė, ~ dare~ darė, dirse ~ dirsė, kirpes ~ kūrpės, medines ~ medinės, ndgines ~ naginės, pémpe ~ pėmpė, rugines ~ ruginės, wafles ~ vatlés, šiūrke ~ žiūrkė, žitūrkas ~ ziurkeés. All-time verbs plural first second person final ir e <é in dialect is fallen, e.g. : bégam, bégat, bégom, bégot, bégdavom, bžgdavot, béksim bégsime, bėksir ~ bėgsite, bčkrumem ~ bégtuméme, békrumét ~ ~ bégtuméte, sédfem (sėdime), sédfer (sédite). 58 The dialect is always iš ą broader due ¢ to prefixation už Ik usual ¢ ir pronounced as long ia, the forehead is examined a § 84. 153 In this case, when the ending e < é, the penultimate syllable is at the end. The ¢ of the penultimate syllable at the end of such a word, forming a new diphthong with the consonant of the last syllable, is more similar to the e than to the ė in dialect, e.g.: verpem ~ veipéme, virem ~ viréme, žėrem ~ žčrėme, žafstem ~ žaistėme. In all other cases, the buves € in the penultimate syllable remains unchanged, e.g. vefpér ~ vépéte. šafstėt ~ played. For cases where the unpronounced old ė in the dialect is deformed into ė, see § 70 a,b,c. The long long e in the dialect is turned into ė, see § 70. § 68. e, originating from the strong-started diphthong em, is usually short at the end of the word in dialects, as is 1k, e.g.: (cf. ingress) girinė, kvietinė, medinė, pelė, straudinė, virvė, barzdė; (Yng. viet.) bėrže, lange, laukė, rasalé, skiedryne, stdge; (dgs. loc.) eye (in the eyes), ear (in the ears), tooth (in the teeth), muscle (in the muscles), brain (in the brain), heart (in the hearts). -The enclitic particles of conjugative verbs se (< sen) and e at the end of the word are also short, e.g.: pėštise (to punch), pjdunase (to pee), šdusise (to shoot). There are cases where the dialect e, which originated from the strong initial diphthong em, has disappeared at the end of the word: a) singular pronoun, e.g.: (adjectives) baltam ~ baltamė, gilem ~ giliamė, gražem ~ gražiamė, juodan ~ juodame; (numbers) fourth ~ fourth, first: ~ first; (pronouns) anam ~ aname, katram ~ katramé, kitam ~ kitame, patim (pačiame), fram ~ šiame, visam ~ visame; (participants) stdvendem (standing), Fydendem (Rising). b) in the plural pronoun, e.g.: (noun except;-kam.) daržuds ~ darzuose, eferuds ~ ežeruose, grébliuos ~ gréblivose, loviuds ~ loviuose, šuliniuos ~ Suliniuose, tvdrtuos ~ tvartuose, oviduriuds ~ miduriuoseé; oats ~ in avizose, kurpés ~ in kūrpėse, rriobds (trobose), virkščios ~ in viekštose, but akisė (in eyes), pusisé (in pines); (budvardziai) dideliuds ~ didelivose, didelės ~ didelése, giliuos ~ giliuose, gilids ~ giliose, senuds ~ senuose, sends ~ senosė; (numbers) dvigjuos ~ dvi€juose, dvidjos ~ dvigjose, trijuds ~ trijuose, rrijos ~ trijose; (pronouns) anuds ~ anuose, ands ~ anose, kituds ~ Kituose, Akiros ~ kitosé; (participants) valgomuos ~ in the dining room, valgomos ~ in the dining room. § 69. e (g), originated from the strong diphthong em, is usually short at the end of the word, and corresponds to 1k ¢, e.g.: didele ~ didelę, egline ~ ąžuolinę, kdrve ~ kovę, kiaiile ~ kiaulę, mélyne ~ mélyne, miline ~ milinę, péle ~ pėlę, rugine ~ ruginę, wafle ~ vatle, virve ~ viive, dle ~ žolę, žvaigžde ~ žvaigždę. The final e of the singular and plural noun of the male gender participants, originated from the strong em, is long (g) in the dialect and corresponds to Ik g, e.g.: atėję, buvęs, iždrėsęs ~ išdrįsęs, išdžiūvęs ~ išdžiūvęs, išbėgę ~ išbėgę, nulašėję, nusiminęs, pasigriébes, sugūlė, supūvęs, suséde, usidėjęs ~ užsidėjęs. In this case, the unpronounced ending e < én is pronounced shortly, e.g.: būves ~ buvęs, ėjos ~ Ėjęs, nusimines ~ nusiminęs. ė. § 70. ė, derived from the old long e, is found at the end of a dialectally pronounced word. Lk it responds to ė, e.g.: duobės, gėlė, karė, kvieslė, rėksnė, srovė, vėžė; drops, stand, flow, silence, laziness, watch. 154 The long-running, short-running, and e long-running words į are e, shortened to short-running words. § 67. In dialect, there are cases where the long é is also found at the end of an unpronounced word: a) su - Here, here, here. ir -to use the third person future tense, e.g.: dlpés (alps), dukiés, čidudės, klausinės, kdsés, ‘mirksés, serrgės, skėndės, sūkinės, svėrdės, nėurrpsės. In this case, ě<č remains unabbreviated, probably because of the analogy with other forms or the accent (e.g. mirksésiu, mirksėsi,..- .mirksėsim; žydės, krutés, judės). b) At the ending of conjugated verbs, e.g. brdižėtės, barés, maudėmės. Here ė <é has remained unabbreviated due to the adhesion of the consonant particle (cf. § 76 (b). c) Recently found at the end of the word (due to the fall of; together with the whole syllable), e.g.: duklė ~ auklėja, kldusiné ~ klausinėja, sukiné ~ sūkinėja; kirpé ~ kurpéje, ndsiné ~ nosinéje, peludé ~ peludéje, žėmė ~ z€méje; néfér ~ you were pregnant, rasér ~ you were raised. In this case é < ¢ is not abbreviated therefore. that the rear is already open after é>¢ (cf. § 76 ©). i» y, in. § 71. i, originated from the old short 7, remained intact in dialect only in /-kamieniy in the trunk of nouns, e.g. ausis, naktis, pišis, svirtis. . . ..ee. * w.. -3 In all other cases the short: is dropped at the end of the word, e.g. akim ~ . § s x akimi, alum ~ beer, medum ~ honey. § 72. i (y), originating from the old long strong i, is shortened at the open end of the word, and completely dropped at the closed end, e.g.: patl, martl, ji, ovištoms ~ vištomis, avims ~ avimis, drdbės ~ drėbėmis. In the third person of the future tense of the adverb or root y, at the end of the word, it is always long, e.g.: daikstys ~ daigstys, dyks (digs), gys (gis), gaudys, kurstys, ys (lis), pilstys, plūš (pliš), rs (ris), traukys. § 73. i (y), originating from the old long tvirtagalis į (-jas, -ijas, -ije), is long in the trunk of the in-a-stame nouns, like Ik, e.g. kumelys, gaidy, vėžys. At the unpronounced end of a word fis í is short, as in Ik, pvz.: dalgis, žvirblis. Unpronounced this i is long and; -kamieniy in the plural noun, like Ik, e.g. akys, dantys. Thus, *dures > dverys after *axis > axis had already passed, and therefore this in could no longer be shortened here. § 74. i (in), derived from the strong in, is usually short at the end of the word, corresponding to 1k in, e.g. : Aifovi ~ Kilvj, srci ~ srcu, versi ~ vets. There are cases where this uncertified i at the end of a word is long (in): a) In noun forms: (in adjectives) the great, the rich, the last, the first; (in numerals) the second, the first. b) Participles of the masculine gender, formed from dialect:a-stem verbs, in singular and plural nouns, e.g. šiūrįs, sčdįs, šiendujįs, šiiūkaujį, varlidujįs, Foliduji. 155 c) Pronouns anoks, jisai, nėjoks, šitoks, toks, visokis, vienoks in the singular ending, e.g.: andkį, jiji, nėjdkį, šitokį, toki, visdkį, vienodkį. § 75. i, appeared in iš the firm-beginning diphthong fe, in the open end of the word is short, as ir Go, for example. : back (<*good), white, black, other, small, first, bright, carry. In dialect, there are cases where the old end of the word does not consonate, see. je § 81b, o. § 76. 0, the iš appearance of the spelled old a, longus supposed as ir Ik, e.g.: ballads, kilnds, lynds; black, murvinds, sick, branches, ordds, furrows. The old long end of the unpronounced word has been a shortened in dialect, see. § 63. In dialect there are cases where the unpronounced old long is unshortened outverted a ir į o, as ir Go, for example. : a) Verbs with the suffix -oti in the 3rd person of the future tense: aSaros, kybos, kyšos, kiūtos, Rliipos, ldidos, pasakos, rymos, samanos, tykos. Probably, the long a in Cia was not abbreviated by analogy with other forms or accents (cf. dSarosiu, asarosi, aSarosim; bégids, balnds, nešios), cf. § 70. b) In the galliné of SangraZiniy verbs, e.g.: bréfos ~ bréZosi, dirbos ~ dirbosi, kiFpos ~ kifposi, laikas ~ laikosi, piFkos ~ pitkosi, rūšos ~ rašosi, skaitos ~ skaitosi, sitivas ~ siūvosi, šliūostos ~ šlūostosi. In this case, the long a remained unabbreviated, because when the consonant particle was attached, it was no longer at the end of the word, in the second syllable from the end. c) A recent addition at the end of a word: (at the open end of a 0 word because of the fall of j with the whole stem) girio ~ girioje, kybo ~ kyboja, kyfo ~ kyšoja, /dvo ~ lėvoje, pievo ~ meže, pasako ~ pasakoja, pasakoje, rymo ~ rymoja; (at the end of the word) būvot ~ buvote, &ot ~ &jote, važiavot ~ vazidvote. In this case, <a galliné> has been found, relatively recently, already after the ending a> a (see § 62). This can be confirmed by the fact that if, say, the ending of the pronoun *pievajėn had fallen before a had become o, then the pronoun would have been no different from the noun *pfevd (substantive) and *pfeva (local). If the time of transition from long a to short a had passed, @ would have been shortened equally in both cases, and since this did not happen, the localis ending je (< jen) must have not yet fallen at that time. u, is y. § 77. u, originated from the short wu, at the word's ending, like Ik, is dropped, e.g.: aštuoniems (<*aštuoniemus), dukterims, gražidms, jiems, sakitom ~ sagtims, tiems, trims, vagims, vdrnoms, visiems. In the root of the word this w, like lk, remains and is short, e.g. gražūs, spiėčius, sūnūs. § 78. ū, derived from the old f, is always long at the end of the word, like Ik, e.g.: lygūs, nykūs, siinūs, sūrūs, saldūs. The # in the third person of the future tense, at the end of the word, also remains usually long in dialect, e.g.: džiūs (džius), grifis (grius), Rlifūs (klius), las (luš), pis (pus), ritks (rugs), slūks (slugs), siūs, trūks (truks), žūs (žus), but: will. 156 The length is retained here, probably due to the change of the preposition of the steadfast preposition into a steadfast preposition, § 79. u (y), originated from the steadfast diphthong um, is long and short at the end of the dialect word, Always ų < un is at the end of the IIl-6th person of the plural noun and the verb pronoun and corresponds to Ik y, e.g.: diškių, andkių, baltūį, baltūjų, eitų, karčiūjų, kertvištų, mėnesių, nėštų, ndsy, peliū, pirmijjy, spiéciy, viendkių, važiūojenčių važiuojančių. In the case of pronouns I, ru in the plural genitive ending w < un is always short in dialect, or ír is completely declined, e.g. miūsu || mūs ~ ours, jūsų || jūs ~ yours. ~ Form be x in dialect almost more common. Always u < un is in the singular infinitive verb, e.g.: grūžu gražų, kdrtu ~ ~ kartų, médu ~ mėdų, rilkštu ~ rūgštų, saldujį ~ saldųjį, spiėčiu ~ spiéčių, sraūnujį ~ sraūnųjį, sikru ~ sūkrų, sirujį ~ sūrųjį. § 80. w, derived from the strong-started diphthong wo, is usually, like Ik, short at the end of the open word, e.g.: baltų (<*baltuūo), dainuojau, dideliu, gaišuoju, gerū, keliū, kitū, lingu, laukū, penktūs, pačiū, sergančiu, sėdžiu, stéviu, vienu. In dialect, there are cases where the old xo at the open end of a word, unlike Ik, remains unconsonant, see § 81 b. § 8lc 2. Diphthongs Vocal diphthongs. § 81. a) Dialectal diphthongs as, au, ei at the end of a word remain unchanged, as does lk, e.g.: baltai (in common use), rašai, rddai, sakai, vaikai, viendi; gaiis, radaii, šdkau, valgiau, žarščiaii žarsčiaū; You did, you said, rat. Multi-family real names ~ vns. sk., usually pronounced with the particle as, sometimes may not have it, e.g. : Astan (Antanai), Juozap (Juozapai- ). After a soft consonant, the diphthong ai turns to ei at the end of the word, e.g. peilei ~ knives, mafčei ~ maičiai, sdmčeis ~ samčiais, žvirbleis ~ žirbliais (zr. § 84). b) The old ie, u at the open end of the word in the dialect are usually in consonant, cf. §§ 75, 80, but there are cases where they are also intact at the open end of the word. 1. at the ending of the II-th accent of noun genders, e.g.: (in adjectives) velikiji ~ velikiji, vecesnijie ~ vecesnieji, vedžidusieji ~ didžiZidusieji, gerfejie ~ gerieji, kartuejie ~ Bitter, little little, sweet ~ sweet, older older, beautiful ~ beautiful, graceful ~ graceful, graceful ~ graceful, new new, evil evil; (in ~ numerals) second second, first first, third third; ~ second second, first first, third ~ third; (in participants) ~ going going, going, going ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ the associates; ~ worker to worker, ~ worker to worker. The old dialect representatives in this case instead of the second de démens galdini have ei (<ai), e.g.: geriejei (good), pirmiciei (first), sergantiejei (sick), e.g.: kdkiu, rdkiu. 157 2, Pronouns anas, anoks, jis, koks, kitoks, katras, néjoks, tas, toks, šieks, šitoks, šis, visas, vienoks at the ending, e.g.: anie, andkie, jie, kokie, kitokie, katrie, nėjdkie, tie, tdkie, šiOkie, tokie, šie, visi, viendkie; antio, andkiuo, jūo, kdkiuo, kitdkiuo, viendkiuo. The ending in this case may be dialectally outverted uo ir į u, Both sexes, it can be said, are used in parallel. ; In contrast to the open-end ie, wo, unlike lk, are pronounced in the dialect with a strong-pronounced consonant. su 3. In the upper case of ordinary adjectives, e.g.: baisiduųsie baisidusa, geridusie ~ geriausi, gražiausie ~ gražiausi, baisidusiuo ~ baisidusiu, geridusiuo ~ ~ geriausiu, gragidusiuo ~ gražiausiu. 4. Old verb ie communicative imperative ir singular In dialects, the ending of the 2nd person is usually declined, e.g.: eit eiti, nėšt ~ nėšti, pilt ~ ~ pilti, sift ~ siūti, veFpt ~ veipti; go, cut, sew, spin. The old dialect representatives pronounce the final se of these verb forms, e.g.: eitie, nėštie, prafistie, eikie, nėškie, praūiskie. c) At the end of a closed word, the old 7¢ is always intact, and wo in some cases remains intact, in others it is transformed into wu. At the closed end of the word fe, they are pronounced whole: wo 1. Reciprocal verbs in the first and second person endings of the present tense, like Ik, e.g.: prausiuos, stdjuos, sčdžiuos, vežuos; dudies, work, wash, carry. 2. in conjugated forms with enclitic se (<sčn) particle, e.g. laukentiese ~ laukiantiese (pregnant- ), šnekčdamiese (talk). 3. As in lk, at the end of the I-th accent of noun genders, e.g.: geriejie ~ gerieji, gerūosiuos ~ gerūosius, geresniuosiuos ~ geresniūosius, pirmiejie ~ pirmieji, Aetvirtuosiuos ~ ketvirtuosius, kelintiejie ~ kelintieji, kelintuūosiuos ~ kelintūosius, skaudamiejie ~ skaudamieji, sergančiūosiuos ~ sergančiūosius, 4. i-kamieniy at the end of the singular genitive of nouns, e.g.: ndstes, Sirdiés, usniés. The old no at the end of the closed plural of nouns, ordinary adjectives, numerals and participants is always unisoned and turned to u, as is Ik, e.g.: laukūs, pldukus, namūs, ratūs, ragūs, retūs, virtus, išgijęus ~ išgijusius, The old wo at the end of the closed plural of ordinary pronouns is unisoned and turned to w in all cases, as is Ik: Aelintūs, kirdkius, kitūs, kokius, néjdkius, pačiūs, šiokius, šitokius, vienus, viendkius, visūs, visdkius, bet: anos, jios, katritos, šituos, šiuos, tūos. In this case, the pronounced closed word end wo, unlike lk, has a strong initial preposition. (d) Dialectal diphthong x; remains unchanged at the end of the word, as does Ik, e.g. pafšui, vaikui, vilkui, žvirbliui. Mixed voices. § 82. For the old mixed an, en, in, un at the end of a word, see 88 64, 65, 68, 69, 74, 79. All other mixed diphthongs at the end of a word are rarely found in the dialect. The exception here is only the new mixed diphthongs at the end of the word, e.g.: gėr ~ gėria, pil ~ pila, šėr ~ §€ria (see § 58 b). In adverbs, various adverbial verbs and conjunctions, and sometimes in pronouns, the second syllable of mixed diphthongs at the end of the word is usually declined, diphthongs are suire, e.g.: vysoky ~ up, gery ~ geryn, grazy m grazjn, kiety ~ kietyn, kovaily ~ vailšn, maj ~ mažšn, trumpi) ~ trumpšnį; a ~ af, i ~ if; daba ~ dabat, dd ~ yet, kodé ~ why, rodė ~ therefore; mą ~ man, laūka latikan. 158 ~ III. Combinatorial laws of vowels 1. Balsio and paplatéjimas § 83. As in other dialects of the Lithuanian language, the vowel e is expanded in Mut. In dialects, the e (e<ė, e <en, e-+ 1, m, n, r) is always broadened and acquires the tone of a if it precedes a hard consonant. This extended e is represented in phonetic transcription as a ligature of the letters a and e (ee). In dialect it is pronounced as Ik ia, e.g.: berfas ~ bérzas, berdams ~ beidamas, deg ~déga, deelna ~ dėlna (hand), ėžers ~ Ežeras, gars ~ gėras, išvefs ~ išveis, kale ~ kéltas, kelmai ~ kelmai, kerfas ~ kérias, keep ~ keipa, l@s ~ lėsa, melfu ~ mélzu, menka ~ menka, mergas ~ meigos, mas ~ més, dJbels (apple), paSam ~ pėšame, senc ~ s€nas, skveinas ~ skveinas, supelija- 's ~ supelijes, šdėkai's ~ šOkęs, Sverit ~ šventa, taeks ~ teks, ov@dam ~ védame, velkam ~ velkame, ems ~ žėmas, ženc ~ 7éntas. The long e at the end of the open word in the dialect also has a shade of a, which originated from the strong-tailed em, e.g.: nubčge' ~ nubšgę, nulaščja' ~ nulašėję, isisaiiséje’ ~ išsisausėję, plokdydave' ~ plukdydavę, valgydave"' ~ vilgydavę, te ~ tea. Such an e, in fact, does not uzzakaléja, and with respect to the rise of the tongue only slightly distances itself from the ordinary e and approaches the a. e. In other dialects of Lithuanian, cases of e-proliferation also occur. In the eastern Highlands, the pointed e turns to a when it is platédated, e.g. va'da ~ vēda, vadū ~ vedū, va.stu. (aim) —vestu, vastu' (alleged consequence) ~ vestu, vas ~ vés, ava'la. ~ a woman, kuma'la. ~ kumélé. Such examples are given in Pr. In the article of Skardzis,,- Dél vowel assimilation”, where it says: “It has been observed that vowels often influence each other in a similar way, both progressively and regressively. This is especially evident in our dialects. For example, the sub-Athenian, eastern Highlanders, say: bd'ga ~ runs, bd'ktų. (aim) ~ run, na'ša ~ nėša, nast m nėšt (from nėštū), Auma'fa. —kumėlė, but b&Gi ~ bégi, b&kt ~ bėgti, ne.§t~ neti, g. pl. kumé, lu. ~kuméliy and so on... Thus we can see that in the sub-atény speech the vowels of the front row before the vowels of the back row in the following syllables are successively sėsi sénsi, sės senis, sėčiau séntiau, sftum séntum, sfdams séndamas, šąšlavas (saSlavos), šąl šąla, rojs tvifis, tojt tvinti, tvfst tvinsta, tof159 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ tų ~ Twenty. In cases of boiling n į m, zr. § 109. f, ch, h. § 97. The prefix f, ch, found h in dialect mostly only in words of other languages, is rare. a) Iš in the dialect of these consonants is usually found e.g.: f, fūktelis (similar to arpa agricultural machine), furra (warm women's coat), férma, finansai ~ finances, fygusas (figus), féleris (defect, fault), frencius (coat). In other words, f is replaced by p, e.g. pabriks ~ factory, purmonc ~ furmons (carriage), purmdnka (carriage with people), partigraps ~ partigripas (photographer), pudameiic ~ fudameifitas (foundation). Young "dialect representatives pronounce svetimzodziy. b) Boriniy at the beginning of 4; in dialects it is usually dropped, e.g.: aktdrs (hectare), ifinas (anthem). f Sometimes such 4 is replaced by g, e.g. : Gesdriks (Henrikas), gerps (herbas), gektars (hectare). In dialects, / is pronounced, e.g.: aha (yes), ěhě (bad!), uhiě (alo, démesio!), yhaha (horse's squeal), oho. Tarmés youth and borrowers pronounce A. c) The prefix ch is not used at all in the old dialect. In all cases, it replaces it. Lithuanian 4 (also in novadarų), e.g.: kdrs ~ choras, kolera ~ cholera, tekninkūms (technicism), tékninks (technician), Rkirūrks ~ chirurgas, kargktorius (character), kliorke ~ chliorké (chlorine), RAuliganc ~ chuliganas, kyeri (smart). The younger members of the dialect pronounce the loanwords ch. 2. Africatos c. § 98. The c is much more common than the lk in the Afrikaans dialect. For this reason, its origin is more diverse than that of lk ¢. Like Ik, ¢ is found in dialects mainly in borrowed words and words imitating natural sounds, e.g. cukrus, cigonai (gypsies), cigdrs ~ cigar, cimejic (cement); cipuks~ cipukas (chicken), ciepsét, cypr, cyplys, capt, čapūks ~ capūkas (edge of a garment, a piece of clothing that can be caught). In addition, the Afrikaans c in the dialect is due to assimilation of sounds. This is the most common type of c. The most commonly assimilated sounds in the dialect are the r and s, d and s sounds. In this case, the c is always a consonant, as in the following examples: 1. When the prefix ¢ and the particle s of the root or adjective meet, e.g.: acisėda ~ sat down, acigule ~ lay down, acikéle ~ stood up, acliuoge ~ sliogé, acklende ~ revealed, ackleiskim ~ let us reveal, ackverbe ~ opened, acmeik~ dismissed, acpési ~ dismissed, ackirty ~ separated, acoyrdva ~ swayed; acpinda ~ dispindo, acitka ~ atsūko. 2. from adjacent words with the first proclitic, the final: and the initial s, e.g. an caules ~ on the sun, an cienas ~ on the wall, an ctala ~ on the stylus. 166 3. from the compound words d, £ at the end of the first sentence and s at the beginning of the second sentence, e.g.: dricpraiidis ~ dritsprandis, viciene ~ vidsienė. 4. at the closed end of a word, when the short a ($ 61) is omitted and is next to the sounds ¢ and s, d and s, e.g.: lc ~ Ištas, képc ~ kėptas, kiec ~ kietas, pjc ~ pintas, rdc ~ ratas, réc ~ rétas, skįc ~ skintas; arioc ~ arūodas, griic ~ grūdas, jtioc ~ juodas, kuoc ~ kūodas, lec ~ Iėdas, pic ~ padas, priic ~ prūdas, proc ~ puodas, péc ~ pėdas, ric ~ rudas, sdc ~ sddas, roc ~ todas, žiec ~ žiedas. This occurs most often at the end of a closed word when a short vowel is omitted, e.g.: geltdnc ~ geltdnas, mélync ~ blaudynas, rauddnc ~ raudėnas, sénc ~ sénas, šiėnc ~ šiėnas, vandefic ~ vandefis, vienc ~ vienas. s turns into | ¢ and in the suffix -nskof foreign-- origin names, e.g. : Bagddnckis ~ Bagdanskis, Paldnckis ~ Paldnskis, BerZinckas ~ Beržinskas. Probably due to the suffix -nskanalogija s iSvirsta | ¢ and the suffix -ausk-, as well as in other words with the sound combination -ausk-, e.g.: pliaucka ~ pliauska, Lazdduckas ~ Lazdauskas, Grubliducke ~ Grubliauskė (Grubliauskaité), bauckine ~ bauskiné (carried from Bauska). & § 99. In terms of origin and usage, the Afrikaans ¢ is also more abundant in the dialect than lk: 1. č, originated from ¢-+j, like Ik, see § 95. 2. č, originated from imitation of sounds of nature, e.g.: čeršt, čerkšlė, čršt, čiaupūptis, čiškėt, nėštit, suūpt, čiupūte ~ Ciuputé (whoever does something for a long time, picks up). 3. Borrowing č, taken together with the word, e.g. česnūks ~ garlic, čemeršjs (bitter grass), čidbras, žemčiūgai. There are numerous cases of Afrikaans ¢ in the dialect, resulting from the assimilation of sounds, Sounds ¢ and š, encountered next to each other, always give č Afrikaans, e.g.: ačėrt ~ to feed, ačala ~ to cool, ačdižša ~ to cool, Ačvilpe ~ to reflect, dėliauže ~ to crawl; an nėdįį ~ on straw, an čirdiės ~ on Sirdi€s, an čaliės ~ on country; pikéasei~ pikéchasei. The Africanate ¢ is given by assimilating the next-to-- next and 4-1 š sounds, e.g. : Eičas (< Eid-+šas, surname- ), Eičei ~Eiciai (village), judckus (< juod-+škus); "Group 1: The Forests of the South" (PDF) (PDF). The Afrikaans č becomes the sound š after m, e.g. gryncala- ~grynsala, Jonėkis ~ Jofičkis (John), Ončėke ~ Ofické (Ona), Geicke ~ Geiidké (Genė). The Afrikaans ¢ is pronounced due to assimilation in a group of words from dialect c and § sounds, e.g.: vien én la, ki én čąla ~ vienc $onc šyla, kic šdne šąla ~ one side is heating, the other side is heating. dz. § 100. African-- Americans are rare. It has arisen: 1. From the imitation of sounds of nature, e.g. dzinkt ~ dzingt, dzimbįt ~ dzimbinti (going lazily), dzangior (going far without a clear goal). 2. due to ‘assimilation of the sounds ¢ and 3, d and =, which come next to each other, e.g.: adzimbe ~ atzvimbė, adzylidje ~ atzylidjo, adzirze ~ atzirzé; ka dzifze ~ kad zifze. 167 3. Assimilation of the sound z with the preceding x, e.g. : Bandzinai ~ Banzinai (village name), bendzinc ~ benzinas, kombindzdnc ~ kombinzēnas. j. § 101. In the African dialect, it is more common than Ik. It can be caused by: 1. Iš junginio dj, zr. § 95. 2. From the memorizing of the sounds of nature, e.g.: ei dium dium dZium. 3. due to the assimilation of sounds that are closely related, e.g.: (t+ 2) adfvénge ~ atžvėngė, adžėle ~ atžėlė, adfygiuo ~ atžygiūoja, adfagrei ~ atzagriai, adfenge ~ atzengé, adZafste ~ atzaisté, adžaibio ~ atzaibuoja, adZabdje ~ atzabdjo; an džiemos ~ on ziemds, an džėmes ~ on žemės, an džolės ~ on grass; pigjoles ~ weeds. The Afrikaans dž is also observed in compound words before sharp consonants, after the Afrikaans č, e.g.: dridégalys ~ drūčgalys (bald end), kurdžgalys ~ kurégalys (pédo razu end), trédZdalis ~ trėčdalis. II. 1998-1999 Combinatorial laws of consonants 1. Assimilation (a) Softness of pre-fats due to assimilation. § 102. In dialect, consonants can be hard and soft. Hard consonants are always before the vowels of the back row, as is Ik, e.g.: bala, bdba, baiigu, vabals ~ beetle, skamib ~ sounds, šiumb —šlumba, stvaigždūte ~ stardust. If the word end is shortened and the short a falls out in dialect, the consonant that preceded it at the end of the word remains strong, e.g.: dirb ~. dirba, dréb ~ drēba, éd ~ ēda, kand ~ kanda, lešid ~ lefida, šib ~ žiba, šind žinda. ~ When standing immediately in front of the front row of vowels, or in front of a consonant, they are always soft, e.g.: bi7is (bee), Bebr 7? y7is~Bebirvytis (stream), Raušinis ~ egg, Repies ~ bake, /ékims ~ flight, lygybe (equality- ), Pėlke ~ pélké, SiekSnis, žydėt-o bloom, ždplas ~ žioplas. If for. In the dialect of word end shortening, the short a or £ falls before the soft consonant, so the consonant that precedes it is always pronounced softly, e.g.: my I ~mylia (myli), 19d% ~ Igdžia (lydi), £57 (tyli), £yd (žydi), pér (peri), gil (guli), gyvgT ~ gyvénti, matyt matyti, sakyt sakyti, šūrėt žiūrėti. § 103. The prefixes g, 4 are soft only when they go ~ directly before ~ the vowel of ~ the front row or the sub-Sakéj vowel, e.g.: girgždėt ~ girgždėti, kirbėt ~ kirbéti. When there are other consonants between the g, k and the front row or pre-vowels, the palatal g, A are pronounced hard, e.g.: grūšas ~ griūžas 62 In dialect we encounter several words where the softness of the consonants is progressive. In words: 441 5 ~ klėas, ždis ~ žūlias, because of the shortening of the limb, when a is shortened, I remains soft and softens the following s. 168 (rubbish), gnybu ~ gnybiu, pag?čpsrai ~ pagrčbstai, g7j§ E ~ returns (returned, a handful of stripped linen), quickly (fast), griebaū ~ griebiaū, g7éb lis grėblis, ~ grdva ~ griėva (which quickly turns), griūva ~ griūva, grduže ~ griduzé, k¥ auk § 18 ~ skalukšlė (a cracked part of the sides of a loaf), AroRe ~ kričkė, AT šis ~ kriūkis (lazda), k7jke ~ kijke, k1en 08 ~ klein® (door stop), 47iP ytė klipyta (a ~ man who has turned around), Sk I aida ~ skliaūdo (turns around, speaking about the ears of an animal), kreipes ~ kreipiasi, krypst ~ krypsta. g, k are somewhat softened when they stand at the end of a word before a soft ¢, entering the same syllable, e.g.: praiT RT ~ pravirkti, išderkt ~ iddeikti (destroy, slander), ap nik7 ~ apnikti, įsmkT ~ jsmigti, į 7iRT ~ įtikti, ištrūkT ~ ištrūkti: išd IRT ~ išalkti, i 267i nkT ~ iSbrifikti, pradink? §77in RT ~ istrifikti, Sekt ~ sekti, bekT ~ bėgti, dek7 ~ dėgti, sprok7 ~ sprogti. If there is another consonant in the end of the word between the soft: and k, g, or if k, g belong to another syllable, then they are hard, e.g.: suplūkšT ~ supliūkšti, i § 7 Pyk § 7 ~ ištrykšti, uštrėk š T ~ užtrokšti, nakTis ~ naktis, sak7is~ sagtis. § 104. All other consonants, standing before the front row or the pre-fronted vowel, are soft even when there are several of them; The softest is the one that stands next to the front line or the pre-vowel, and the others that precede it are less soft, e.g. b1y#07 —blyžoti (to lie like a suparalizuotas), pasTerh1é ~ pasterblč (lower part of the roof, shelter), Fi7 5 1 ūks ~ žvirbliūkas, bildun ~ blaauna, abž liba ~ apzlibo (below), Bl iid%ei ~ Bliūdžiai (village), įblendžem ~ jblefidziame (we mix), brinkt ~ briškti, b7i57~ bristi, b7ydé ~ bryd® (breeding through the grains), §7/pn J ~ silpnyn, picks ~ plitikas (hit), pré de ~ priéde, skalp kit ~ skalbkite, liepTélis mo lieptélis, prikase ~ prikasė, prie $prieSeis mo priešpriešiais, p rig 17 es ~ priglites (dirty), Fup S nis ~ pinch, p7isakyms~prisikėjimas, sud7éptinis ~ sudrébtinis (who lives unmarried), drieflas driezlas ~ (deer), twin ~ twins (clothes or bedding), d'dišaks ~ two-sided, ben d rininks ~ beidrininkas, trįt ~trinti, Triny tis ~ trinytis, šienat Ve ~ Siendtvé (Sienapiiite), send? Demo old age, 7TFoba trioba ~ (troba), 7risa ~ triūsa, 77 wukSmas ~ triūsas, 17e3hET ~ treskéti, $aT7inis ~ Satrinis (Satra), Mat lei Di ~ Mantviliai (village), padognes padognés, ~ ga¥nys garnys, ~ išRišta iškičto, ~ papurtTe papurté, ~ usp ringa uzsprifigo, skie yme ~ skiedrynas, bdrébe dr apdrėbė, ~ abd ryfa a apdryzo ~ ~ (abruibo), aps niga apsnigo, ~ abd Everythi- ~ ng goes wrong, ~ everything goes ~ wrong, everything goes wrong, everything goes wrong (down), abdede ~ apdegė, abdéje~ apdėjo, abdévéje ~ apdévéjo, aPpTisidje ~ apsistojo, al pide ~ atpiove, TFOb Dieta ~ tridbvieta (base of the shelter, location), /or ~ Pid iris 169 Te ~ 8 ~Vidgiris (forest), Degind gi ris ~ Degūtgiris (forest); šdugž dėtis šaukšdėtis, ~ kupėT eta kupštvieta, D ~ § 105. Fat soft in the ir case (degree of softness weaker) when they go against g, k, po of which the front row vowels stand other soft ar and softened consonants, e.g.: 77 enkS fis ~ slefikstis, 7 i kSm J be ~ linksm§bė, giTgždėT ~ girgždėti, TOinkdot ~ tvinkčioti (tvinkséti), BiIk8 Tis ~ bilkštis (noise, bip), Ver kšiėna ~ verkšlėna, Sirksėt ~ girgséti (gagenti), div Git ~ erginti, DITkTėS Tis ~ bitkrėslis (plantas), anglis ~ anglis, ž1FAklesmo žirklės. : § 106. The softness of consonants is very weak if they stand before g, k and other soft or softened consonants entering another syllable, e.g. abgYiežau ~ apgriežau, AD sk Ver be ~ dpskverbé, abgrdsT ~ apgridzti (apversti, suversti), abg ndu §7 ~ apgniduzti, abg TEST ~ apgréZti, apknist ~ apknisti, apvertirt ~ apversti, apk7éST ~ apkrėsti, apk Tinit ~apklifipti, adgričpT ~ atgriébti, aTkFIST atkristi, a7k73k7 atkriokti. b) Similarity of pre-fats due to assimilation. § 107. In dialects, the consonants that are near each other and also those that are not near each other in adjacent syllables resemble each other. In Lithuanian words, the consonants usually resemble ~ each other regressivel- ~ y, and in foreign words they also resemble each other progressively. The consonants /, m, m, r are not affected by other consonants, and themselves are not affected, although in the dialect there are sometimes suffocated or broken consonants in their vicinity, e.g.: vartinglys (spider web), vafringliuot (catching spiders), $prokl? (exploded, explosion site). The other consonants themselves assimilate and are assimilated by the other consonants, § 108. The sounding consonants that are before the muffled ones are muffled, and the muffled ones that are before the muffled ones, like Ik, are muffled, e.g.: (muffled sounding consonants) sudrėpr ~ sudrėbti, grépt ~ grébti, geFpr ~ geibti, gnypt ~ gnybti, Slupt ~ Slubti, šlūps ~ Slubas, ankstyps ~ ankstybas, kipkis ~ kibkis, saltkafdei ~saldkai¢iai (sweet bitter), smaiks~smaigas, varks ~vaigas, vanaks~vinagas, varkias~vaigsas, vandeninks~vandeningas, uSprole~uzpuolé, dior peili ~ dioda peilį, brėt puiva ~ bréda puivy; (in the circle of the dumb) ZAbdams ~ lipdamas, puzgalve ~ pusgalvé, puzbadfiu ~ pusbadziu, libda ~ lipdo, lfebžiedis ~ liepZiedis, pigdagis ~ piktdagis, rriligZoles ~ trūkžolės, Labgirine ~ Lapgiriné (forest), abdailina ~ apdailino, abdégina ~ apd@gino, abdaiife ~ apdaūžė, abdaindva ~ apdainavo, [kz bitys (léks bee), pjaiiz bėrža ~ pialis bérza, t02 duobės ~ tds duobės, viz gires ~ vis giriasi. § 109. In dialects, there are many cases where two adjacent consonants or two different consonants become similar in terms of the place of articulation, e.g. : The prefix s, standing before č, always turns into § in dialect, e.g.: mėščiau ~ mėčiau, vėščiau ~ vėsčiau, lėščiau ~ lėsčiau, Rkriščiau ~ krisčiau, snduščiau ~ snuusčiau, sčščiaus ~ sėsčiausi, Aknifpščes ~ kniūpsčias, gulščes ~ gulsčias Gūščius ~ 170 Gūsčius (surname), Kriščius ~ Krisčius (surname), riščė ~ risčia, kas demo kas čia, ankščiaii ~ anksčiauū. In dialects, Priebalsis 2, standing before dž, always turns into ž, e.g.: oškabaiždžei ~ oškabaizdžiai (asiūlkliai), J/aždžiūke ~ lazdžiūkė, lišdžiūks ~ lizdžiūkas, skrūždžių skrūzdžių. The nasal consonant m, standing before the palatal, is always in the posterior part of the tongue in the dialect, and is marked in phonetic transcription with an inwardly folded loop, e.g.: lagka ~ lanka, lengvas ~ lefigvas, ~ sutink ~ sutifika, rangytis ~ rangytis, énge ~ éngé, ranka ~ ranka, rdgkiot ~ rankioti, rafgos ~ rafigosi, lagguoc languotas. The prefix "n" before the "l" becomes "m" in the dialect, e.g. pempirkščei (< five-fingered) ~ pempiikštai (blue lupine), nukampūrėt (< tortured) ~ nukampūtinti (tired, tortured), samplaté (< in a pile) ~ samplatojė (in a pile), kampūsįt (confounding), kompiskior (confiscating), Grimberkis ~ Grinberkis (surname), Fémberks ~ (Fainbergas, surname). $ 110. In dialects, there are cases where consonants not adjacent to adjacent syllables are similar in terms of articulation. Most often, the consonant s turns into š if the adjacent syllable begins with §, e.g. : Sufitka ~ shouted, šušaūla ~ froze, Sulla ~ warmed up, SuSdude ~ shot, šąšlavas ~ shot, šąšlavync ~ shot, mūšiškis ~ ours, jūšiškis ~ yours. Distant assimilation is also observed in foreign-origin words, e.g. pelicilinc (penicillin), leguliatorius (regulator), levdlveris (revolver). § 111. In dialects, there are cases when two sounds that are next to each other merge into one Afrikaans due to assimilation; See §§ 98, 99, 100, 101. In cases where s, § becomes ¢, č due to m assimilation, see §§ 98, 99. c) Disappearance of fats due to assimilation. § 112. The disappearance of prefixes due to assimilation in the dialect is observed in the following cases: 1. When two identical consonants meet, the first disappears due to the inconvenience of geminate pronunciation, e.g.: (k-k) Rékalnis ~ Rėkkalnis (mountain Pamituvio km.), šakotis ~ šakkotis; (1-1) bouncer ~ bouncer; (m-+m) winter ~ winter; (s +5) bū sdrgu ~ būs sargu, bū sulos ~ bus sulės, kelisyk ~ kelissyk, pusaldis ~ pussaldis, pusausis ~ pussausis, puskystis ~ pusskystis; ($45) izdka ~ iššoko i¥dve ~ iššėvė, išėre ~ iššėrė, išala ~ iššalo, išauke ~ iššaukė, i Siena~ iš šiėno, i šalies ~ 18 Salis, į Sune ~ iš šūnio; (r--t) an raūka ~ afit tako, an tilta ~ on the bridge, an tulšiės ~ on the bile; (£42) užėle ~ užžėlė, užvyrava-= užžvyravo, užvėnge ~ užžvėngė, nufvyge (užžviegė), u šžOdi ~ ūž 20dj, u žėme-—žemę. ūž 2. When two consonants that differ in pitch meet, e.g.: (d-} r) basitakis ~ bafidtakis (a path used by a herd); (g-+-k) dalkoris ~ dagger; (k--g) būgalis ~ būkgalis (the bare end of the egg), <fvdgalis ~ žvakgalis; (s+ 2) pasidarys zūkuls ~ will make a zūkuls (will make a stack of cooking food); (s+ š) bū žolės ~ būs žolės, mii fafdy ~ mūs žaidyje (in our yard), pusiemis ~ pūsžiemis, pūžalis ~ puszalis, pūžlibis ~ pūsžlibis (half); ($-+ 2) ižerge ~ out of the ground, iženikt ~ to get out of the ground, i žolės ~18 žolės, i žievės m iš žievės, 171 i goose m from goose; ($--2) iįzimbe ~ išimbė (išzvimbė), izylidje ~ išzyliėjo, izirze ~ išzirzė, izurge ~ išzurgė (išprašė, išviliojo); (£--s) wusprifike ~ to squeeze, usūka ~ to squeeze, usėk ~ to squeeze, uskurde ~ to squeeze, u sava ~ to your own, u sailsa ~ to dry; (£49) ušdka ~ uzsoko, wuSauke ~ ūžšaukė, įšvilpe ~ uzdvilpé, ušiauše ~ užšaaušė, u straudį ~ ūž straudų, u šiėna ~ ūž šiėno. In this case, the second consonant assimilates the first, and both consonants become similar, become the same, and therefore, as in the case of gemina, the first disappears. 3. when two flat or two muffled consonants collide, the first becomes similar to the second and disappears, e.g.: (ž--2) ūzimbė (užzvimbė), įzirze ~ ūžzirzė; (5s--š) pūšalris ~ pūsšaltis, pūšiltis ~ pūsšiltis, pušėšta ~ pusšėšto, "pūšimtis ~ pūšimtis, saiūšake ~ salisSaké, gér Sduruvs ~ labs šautuvas; ($-+ 5) ispirga ~ išspirgo, isprdga ~ išsprūdo, ispriida ~ išsprūdo, isigės ~ išsigąs, isūks ~ iSsuks, isaiisįt ~ išsausinti, ispdust ~ išspausti, i saisa ~i§ saūso, i save (from itself), i skepetds ~ iš skepetds, 7 skiedrds ~ iš skiedros. 4. When two sharp or two muffled consonants meet next to each other (usually in joined words), 0 is followed by another consonant with a different pronunciation (po skardžių —duslus, po duslių —skardus), the second consonant always disappears, e.g.: kifpente (< kiropentė), kiškotis (< kirokotis), rankgagalis (<rankovgalis), diėmedis (< dievmedis), šalpūsne (< šaltpusnė), Pilkelis (< Piltkelis), vižgaidis (<vištgaidis- ), pikvotė (< piktvotė), pigdagis (< piktdagis), skimteléje (<skimbtelėjo), apklimt (<apklimpti), viškiaušis (<vištkiaušis). 2. Disassimilation § 113. Rare cases of progressive and regressive dissimulation are observed in the dialect, for example: léndre (cane), lendrinis (cane), pdrkelis (parker), drdelis (order), plygeris (flygel), legistruoc (registered), kalikatūra (caricature), seliūnc (seniūnas), trėjingai (training). 3. Aspirability of the subcutaneous fat § 114. At the end of the word, explosive consonants are pronounced with a clear aspiration of the voice. The most common aspirated consonants are k, g, ¢, e.g.: ateinant- ', bėgar“, bék', lipk“, dug" ~ auga, deg! ~ déga, ség' ~ séga. The aspiration of the aspirant to the aspiring body is expressed by aspiration. In the group of words, aspirated sounds are pronounced unaspirated, e.g., going in the elk forest, run namd. 4. Metathesis § 115. Nearby metastasis. The following are the most commonly used: 1. $k is changed to I, e.g. reišk ~ means, reikš; shout, scream; blaškai (crushed straw), b/Oškem ~ bloškėme, blOšt; tryska ~ squirt, squirt, squirt; raiisk~ taliskia, zaūkšt ~ tauūkšti; mésk ~ moisten, rékst ~ crack; daisk ~ hereuškia, čiaūkšt ~ hereukšti; pliūška ~ plifisko (bliūško), plidks: ~ to plump (to plump); tėšk ~ throw, throw away, throw away, throw away; pyšk ~ pyška, pykšt ~ pykst; pdšk ~ foot, pdkst ~ pocket. "172 2. cf. with cs, e.g. dreskiū, drėkst. 3. 2g su gz, e.g.: mėzg mėzga, ~ mėkst meégzti; ~ squeal, scream, screami- ~ ng; sumizga ~ sumizgo, mikst ~ migzti. Sometimes a consonant with a vowel can also have the K-consonant, e.g. pirmas pirmas primdélé ~ ir (cow first ver$iu), primgalys (primagalys). § 116. Distant metastasis. Distant metathesis is most often observed in foreign-origin words. Most of the time, the consonants of adjacent syllables alternate places, e.g.: altirėlije (artillery), cviliks (cviklis), ddrelis (dollar), mocotiklas (motorcycle), klingeris (ring, riestainis), klingeriuot (ringing, twisting, twisting, twisting), levoriicije (revolution), répcec (recipe), nukampūtįt ~ nukanpūtinti (tortured, tortured, exhausted), dukštinielks ~ aukštinielkas (aukštielninkas). There are cases when the consonant of one syllable moves from its place to an adjacent syllable, e.g. pempirkščei (< penfirščiai) ~ penpiikštai (bluovy lupiny), voratlinkis spindulis). (< 5. Disappearance of periosteum due to shortening of limbs § 117. The end of the word is shortened. Especially the unpronounced end of the word is affected by this shortening, e.g.: šūkas ~ šakos, but: šakos, galvds, mergas ~ meigos, but: mergos, katrds (cf. 88 61, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 74, 79). The shortening of the word ending after the old long vowels and diphthongs in the dialect causes 7 to disappear, see § 93. § 118..Due to the shortening of the extremities, other consonants also disappear in the dialect. In the second person of the singular imperative, the R is usually dropped if there is one consonant left in the stem, e.g.: gér ~ gérk, pil ~ pilk, sém~ sémk, sup ~ súpk. Sometimes the k disappears incorrectly in the second-person ending of imperative sentences after the old long vowels and diphthongs. e.g.: bė ~ run, wait wait. It seems that A must have disappeared recently, because its softened consonant, at the end of the word, is still soft. Adjectives with the suffix — yn (<yniui) are shortened to A in dialect, e.g. gery ~ ger¥n, kvailį ~kvailyn, knapy ~ knapyn (riestyn). femy ~ down, toly ~ tolyn, tamsy ~ tamsyn, tanky ~ tankyn. Most often, adverbs, conjunctions and various other short words lose their final consonant, e.g.: kodé ~ why, todė ~ therefore, mą ~ to me, dd~ yet, daba ~ dabai, a ~ af, í ~ if, ka ~ that, kai ~ as; tei (yes), šitai (this way), anai ~ anaip, kitai ~ kitaip, bela kai (bella when). The final consonant remains if it stands before a word that begins with a vowel, for example: or I, and I, as as. 6. Other cases of disappearance of consonants n. § 119, cases of disappearance of the old nm, which went with the second sandu of the folk syllabic diphthongs, see $ 96. v. § 120. A generous v disappearance is observed in the dialect in the second gender of the plural feminine (and where the genders coincide, the masculine) numerals and pronouns, e.g.: abidi 173 (abidivi), antodvi, katriovi, jodovi (black), shituodi (Situodvi), madi (mudvi), judi (moveable), abiediejy (both), abiedem (both), vienudi (single), vienudiejy (single), but: dol, dviejų, dviem. There are also unfair cases of vw dropping, e.g.: lyse (lyse), Jlysūte (lyse), zimibe (zvimbia), prazimbe (prazvimbė), zimbims (zvimbimas), zimzims (zimzimas), hops (< wraps) ~ hops. d. $121. The decrease of the d is noticeable in dialect words with the suffix -zda, e.g.: laza ~ stick, lizas ~ nest, lazuot ~ beating with a stick, lazéle ~ stick, lizėlis ~ nest, barza ~ beard, barziot ~ barzdūoti (rubbing something with a beard), bargzyla ~ barzdyla, barziks ~ barzdukas, blauza ~ blauzda, ‘blauzittke ~ blauzdziuké, brazas ~ brizdas, braziiot ~ brazduoti (shaving a carrot or other vegetable into fine slices), grasmizas ~ gramzdas (white hard mushroom, suitable for salting), grūzas ~ grūzdas (the same), vézas ~ vėzdas (stick), bézas ~ bėzdas (bush, similar to white, with red berries), skuzbezis ~ skūzbezdis (mushroom from which smoke comes). Younger dialect speakers pronounce these words with a d in the prefix. $ 122. The disappearance of prefixes at the beginning of a word is rare and random, e.g.: okiečei (Germans), olungž (Volungė), Olungiške (Volungiškė, village name), overis (squirrel), rolai (brother), roliūk (brother), rolyti (brother), črem (we drank), érsim (we will drink), šūpūže (toad), indtumei (we will know). 7. Adding and insertion of additives § 123. At the beginning of the word before ie in the dialect is always added 7, and before wo KKartais ©, e.g.: jieškau (I am looking), jieva (ieva), jietis (javelin), jiėšmas (javelin), viūoga (berry), vuogaut (to collect berries), vafikšlis ~ aukšlis (a container made of birch bark for collecting berries). § 124. In some cases, a j is inserted between two vowels that do not belong to the same syllable, and sometimes even to the same word. : Pajikojei ~ Paikojai (village name), į jūpa ~1 Ūpą, įjdudžiau ~ jdudziau, įjėjaiį ~ įėjau, įjeit ~ įeiti. § 125. Incorrectly, there are sometimes cases of adding consonants at the beginning of the word, for example: taiūkštas (high), džiogys (high), silsčtis (to rest). § 126. Sometimes the k is inserted in the middle of the word, for example: plookštas (fiber), raikštis (tissue), pėkščes (foot). It is believed that the su insertion 4 in similar cases has arisen due to analogy with other words **, In other words, the same word su can be used to refer to A the same thing in different languages (e.g., stirring, stirring up). 83 Zr. H. Dupsean nn O BeraBoukbiXt A Hg Bb GajabTHHCKHX® S3bIiKAXb, 9 —11, C.-[Terep6yprs, 1913. 174 8. Various articulatory disorders § 127. At the beginning of a word, instead of lk b before /, sometimes a p is pronounced, e.g. supliūška (subliūško), pluiik (blunka). ; In some foreign words the p turns into b at the beginning, e.g.: blidmba (seal), bliombuot (sealed). GOHETHKA MBOPA BACCEKHHA PEKH MHTYBA 9. H. TPUHABSLIKEHE Peamnome Lens nacrosmeii pačoThi —onkcarh H HAYYHO HCCJIEJIOBATH (DOHeTHUeCKYIO CHCTEMY roBOopa CeBepO-3amajHbiX ayKIUTafiToB, B KOTOPOM COXPaHSIeTCsi MecTO yJlapenusi, CBOICTBEHHOE JIATepPaTypHOMY SI3bIKY. B paGore onpeneasiercss 3BYKOBOil COCTaB, OMHCHIBAETCS yJapeHHe, H3ydafOTCS] HHTOHALMS,, BOKAJIM3M H KOHCOHAHTH3M IOBOpA. OonernueckHe SIBJIEHHSI roBOpa OOBLSCHSIOTCSI HCTOPHYECKH; OHH CpaBHHBAIOTCSI C (PAKTaMH JIMTOBCKOIO JiKTepaTypHOro si3blKa H COCEJAHHX T[OBOPOB. B favore ycranaBaMBalOTCS TAKE 3aKOHbI BO3HMKHOBEHHSI, pacripocTpaHeHHSA H ynorpebnenusi (poHeTHUECKHX sBJeHHH roBopa. Takum o6pa3oM, GoHerTHKA ropopa B paGore npejcCTaBisieTCsl Kak CHCTeMa B ee PasBHTHH. B BBOJHON uacTH yKasaHbl TrpaHHIBl Ho TeppuTOpHs rosopa. PaccmarpuBaeMblii TOBOpP 3aHHMaeT UeTbIDeXYTOJIbHHK, oOpasyemsiii lOpGapkckum H. PacceiiHSŪCKHM pafioHaMH, Ha OKpaHHaX KOTOPOrO HMReIOTCS CJeflylollHe HaceseHHbIe nynktel: Cmanununkail, Bamxrupuc, [umkaitusii, Craksii, CkupcHemyne. [lo COKpalenuio ČOe3yjiapHbIX APeBHHX JOJIHX KOHEYHbIX -a, -as, -e, -es (B JIMT. f3. -0, -0s, -&, -€s, Hanp. : sąka,,rosopur (-aT)‘‘, šakas,,BerBH‘‘, sake,,ckKa3aJ1 (-K)“, šakes,,BHJIbI'‘) TOBOp OTHOCHTCS K HAapeuyHio CeBepo-3anajiHblX ayKIUTaHTOB. It's a panuna ycsoBHOH OTTSKKH yaapenus (no JinHHH IOQopaiiusait —Oopkenai — IlanmjuHHe) orziensier roBop OT FOBOPOB JIPYTHX CeBepo-3anajiHbiX ayKIUTaiToB. Coxpanenne TBepAOro /nepejį IJaCHBIMH 3aJiHETO psiia OTAEJSET H3yyaeMblit roBOp OT roBOpa CeBepo-3allajiHbIX ayKuITAHTOB, paHee npuHajexaswero KuiaiinejickoMy kpaio (K sanagy or CMaJMHMHKAal H3-32 BAMSHHS HEMELKOro s3blKa npousHocaTest pliduks,,BoJioc““ Bmecto plauks n T. n.). Ha Bocroke rosop rpaHHYHT C BEJIIOOHCKHM TOBOPOM. Dra rpaHHua BnepBble Oblla ycTAHOB/- JIEHA A. Camicom B 1933 roy (cM. Archivum Philologicum, IV). B young paGorte rpaHHubi: roBopa yToyHedbl. B Hacrosinee Bpemsi K BeJIOOHCKOMY TOBOpY elle OTHOCHTCSI TEPPHTOPHs K BOCTOKY oT Jauuun: CkupcHemyne —DBapamxsii — Craksiit —Apérana. Hano orMeTHTb, 410 K BOCTOKY OT IpaHHIbl, YCTAHOBJICHHOH B paGore, GesyjapHbie -ė, -O TOJIbKO B OTKPbITOM KOHUE CJIOBA NpeBpaTHJucb B -i, -u (sdki,ckasan (-K)“, saku,roBopur (-sT)“), a B 3aKPbITOM KOHILE CJIOBA 3TH 3BYKH He OTJHYAlOTCs OT 3BYKOB JIHT. 53. AGcomoTHoe npeBpaiieHiHe KOHEUHbIX GesyjapHbiX -0, -¢ B -u, -i HaGaozaercs JHB Janelle K BOCTOKY (OKOJIO BejitooHbi H Apéraner). It's been a long time. 175