Pirmosios lietuviškos knygos tarmė

LEIFER USVI) K ALT BO TY RO $0 Rubia 8S 1-M AL 1 LMR "PSU" VO 5 "TSR MO'K'SLU "AK ATD E M TJ A PIRMOSIOS LIETUVISKOS KNYGOS TARME J. SENKUS I. IVADINES PASTABOS 1. Current Conjecture and Research on the Mažvydo Catechism Dialect That Catechism! the basis of the language is the Zemgale dialect, has long been recognized. A. Sleicheris (see [1] XI) attributed the Catechism to the dialect of Klaipėda (see [2] 45). This theory has long been accepted and recognized. In 1922, the editor of the publication of Mažvydas' writings rejected this theory, saying, "in fact, about his dialect we can only conclude that it is Žemaičių. We are not yet able to define the boundaries more closely” ([1] XI). K. Būga ([3] LVII and 6) considers the dialect of the Catechism and its translator Mažvydas as the dialect of north-western Žemaitija. But neither one nor the other clearly and broadly supports their claims and does not undertake to justify and prove them. Other Lithuanian linguists do not do this and do not attempt to do so. For example, A. Salys, speaking about some Žemaites keeping the diphthongs am, an, em, en intact, only mentions that,,MazZvydas writes an, am and en, em, so he has kept them intact. But he and the rise, there bit, is from the south corner of Žemaičiai“ ([4] 15). This is done by the Norwegian Ch. Stangas savo veikale,,The Language of the Lithuanian Catechism of Mažvydas“. Ch. Stange, without examining the language of the Catechism, although not quite convincingly destroying the evidence of A. Sleicher, comes to the following conclusions (see [5] § 340): 1. Mažvydas was a landlord of Greater Lithuania. 2. The entire basis of its language is the north-western or central Zemgale dialect. 3. The dialect of the Catechism is not purely Žemaitiška, but Žemaitiška with High Germanic impurities. However, Mažvydas's language is not a mixture of Žemaičių and Aukštaičių dialects, but only a Žemaičių dialect modified by the Aukštaičiai. Therefore, in addition to the normal (Low German) genders, there are also High German things. 2. Changes in the Lithuanian language and the area of the Žemaičių dialect According to the historical grammar of the Lithuanian language, the ancient Lithuanians, for example, pronounced the word medį as follows about 500 years ago: *medjai, *medjuon, *medjamus, *medjuons, *medjais, *medjuonsen. This is what he said and 1 Here the so-called Catechismusa prasty szadei..., translated by M. 1547. 67 Mažvydas, ir Karaliavezvi, laughed out other words. Iš In the examples we see that in the pronunciation of ancient Lithuanians instead of the present dž, there ¢ were sound combinations dj, rj. Then in those Lithuanians, where after these z, dj was the ancient short or at that time already abbreviated a (except in the diphthong au), it began to be pronounced as e in north-western Lithuania; j, which appeared before «e», according to the law of historical Lithuanian phonetics should have disappeared (see [6] § 88 and [5] § 28), i.e., ta, dja > je, dje > te, de. Thus, instead of the ancient Lithuanian *medjai, *medjamus, *medjais here began to pronounce: medei, medem(u)s, medeis, Thus, the north-western part of Lithuania, which began to speak, was already called Žemaičiais, the south-eastern part of Lithuania – Žemaičiais, and the eastern part of Lithuania – Žemaičiais. — Aukstaiciais. This change of sounds, which formed the Lithuanian language into the Žemaičių and Aukštaičių dialects, is today called by Stango (see [5] § 28) the ‘Žemaičių sound law’.” In documents and chronicles of the 14th century we find place names (see [7] 23, etc.) written with ¢, d, e.g. : Gederaiten (Giedraičiai), Wandeiagel (Vandžiogala- ). The names of the Aukštaičiai and Žemaičiai themselves in these sources are also written with:. Documents from the end of the 14th century already contain such names: Saltzeniken, Salseniken (Salčininkai), Salse (Salcia — the name of a stream south of Vilnius), Anse (Ancia — Black and White tributaries of the Nemunas). But Žemaičių Ančia from the same sources and at the same time written Ante. Thus, it turns out that the Žemaičių and Aukštaitijos dialects were created at the end of the 14th or the beginning of the 15th century—just before the first book in Lithuanian was printed. In the past, the area of the Žemaičių language (dialect) was larger than today: the historical border of the Žemaičių aukštaičiai ran through Nevėžis. Today, the Žemaičiai is the quadrangle between Darbėnai, Vegėriai, Raseiniai and Žemaičiai Naitimiestis in the north-western Lithuanian SSR. According to the law of Samogitian sounds, the triangle between Šilutė, Safrininkai and Labguvė is also a part of Samogitia —and here it is pronounced mėdei, jdutei… In addition, there is also the Samogitian pronunciation of dgs. viet. —lauku's ~ in the fields and. 7, u > e, 0 (except fishermen's dialect), but vns. caud. pronounced in the highland dialect —of*roi, sūnai ~ Man, son. This is the transitional dialect of the Žemaičių aukštaičiai. The functioning of the Žemaitijos sound law (z, d: č, dž) and the boundary of the different pronunciation of the bivowels ie, uo almost coincide, except for the above-mentioned triangle. Today, due to the different pronunciation of ie, wo, we not only distinguish the Žemaites from the Vysoké, but also divide the Žemaites into three subgroups — the bivowels wo, ie, which were already present in the Vysoké at that time, were pronounced three times instead of the Žemaites: 1.0 —dona | aukštaičių wo: žem. 2. ut —du'na | ~ duona 3. ou — douna | 1. et —pens | aukštaičių ie: žem. 2. ft —pi'ns ~ pienas e*, —> rasein. 1*,. u* telšišk, ei, And according to the genders of the place names in old documents, it appears 3. no —peins | 68 According to šį the different pronunciation of bread, the three Žemaičių dialects are called donininkais, diinininkais, dounininkais, and according to the most important city belonging to them Klaipėda, Raseiniai, Telšiai we can call them klaipėdiškiai, raseiniškiai, telšiškiai. The races are divided into the following categories: Races for beginners. The Klaipėda area includes the coastal area from Kretingas to Silutés. It is assumed that the e!, 0* (de'na, do‘na) of Klaipėda are the old sounds of all Lithuanian pronunciation, from which later the Upper Aegean ie, uo and the Žemaitija dūnininkų, dounininkų genders (cf. Latin folk gender ndvo, Italian nuovo, French nouveau) arose. Therefore, it is believed that "Jaunius, apparently for phonetic reasons alone, claimed that the de'na and do'na in Klaipėda are pronouns for other Žemaičių genders: deina, di'na and douna, duna. In fact, the local names preserved in the 16th-century acts of our state show that at that time the Žemaites would still be ¢, 0. I could not find any traces of ei, ou among the place names of Dounininky area. Actes usually write e, 0, and in the mudists’ area sometimes u, y. Tatai shows that here ¢', 0+>1i*, u* had already begun” ([7] 26). In conclusion, this supposed exchange of sounds could be briefly described as follows. —>aukštaitijos re, uo Ancient Lithuanian ė, 0 > ui lala —> Žemaičių e*, 0 ->klaipėd. that the ot current three dialects of the Žemaites —> were created ou between the end of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th century—already in the 17th century. po 1547 po II. 1998-1999 THE REFLECTIONS OF THE SECOND CATECHISM 1. Phonetics a) Vowels and diphthongs é The narrow ė (derived from *&) in Žemaičių (except in some places around Priekulė) and earlier in places in East Prussia (e.g., about Tilžė and others) is pronounced ie. For example, the Žemaites of Telšiai: T7feus ~ father, t0pied,ū'- ms ~ tupėdamas ([8] 11), the Raseiniškiai: 7iéus ~ father ([8] 17), tupiedams ([9] 88), the fishermen: ties ~ father ([10] 61), tupiedams ([10] 62). (For the same transformation in other languages, see Latin folk gender célo, Italian cielo, French ciel.) When this transition began in Lithuanian, it is difficult to say for sure. In the catechism, instead of the present literary ė, it is usually written e and sometimes re. After k, g is always written ie, but here it is: there may be a softening point. The diphthong ie instead of ė is written in the following examples of the Catechism (see section 4.4). [1] ir plg. [5] § 26): 1) in the middle of the word: cziesa (44, 2*; 54, 17; 69, 2), cziesi (57, 24), drebiegamu kieliese (36, 18/19), (21, 16), milician (33, 11), millieia (33, 12), * The first number indicates Catechism page, second — verse. 69 milieti (33, 19), niekakiu (35, 7), riedik (59, 1), sątiewanems (33, 7/8), stawieti (12, 2), Tiewa (24, 11; 41, 2; 59, 8), Tiewai (35, 11), Tiewe (45, 2 and 6; 48, 19; 54, 2), Tiews (65, 13), Tiewu (35, 8; 45, 15), turieti (37, 2), turietu (37, 21); 2) in the secondary ending of the word: miliek (38, 21; 58, 7), naktie (78, 5) ~ nakté(je- ), padiek (66, 24), pawzdiek (79, 5), rustibien (35, 11), szirdie (34, 20) ~ Sirdé(je), traiczie (45, 16), turiek (59, 6). It would be hard to believe that only softness is indicated here—Here the 7 is much more frequent than before the ancient short e (*ė). It is also difficult to say how the ancient ě (long) was pronounced here. The more frequent writing of e than ie may not be a true phonetic thing. Instead of the highland ė, today's Žemaičių pronunciation ie (with a not quite pronounced 7): dičėl ~ dėl, t0piėd,d*- ms ~ tupidamas ([8] 15) allows us to guess, at least in part, that the authors of the Catechism spoke and spoke in this way. 0 Instead of Ik o, the Catechism writes a and less often o. As it was pronounced, we can only guess. Today, the eastern Highlanders pronounce 4, sometimes ¢ (4 with an o impurity and a shade and a pure d). In the West Highlands, where the o is pronounced today, there was 4 in ancient times, and later d was pronounced. Today, in addition to the Eastern Slavs, there are also some Samogitians in Klaipėda, for example: rape ~ ropė. In addition, in the region of Klaipėda closer to Priekulė, the o is still present today, and all other Žemaites have wo or wo in the middle of the word instead of the ancient a and the written o: mūtotines ([8] 11) ~ mother, mudt „itnes ([8] 17), nuérc ([8] 10) ~ with desire, muér’ ([8] 17) ~ with desire (I want). The order of transformation is: 4 > a > 6 > uo. East Prussian fishermen diphthongize o. (with a vague u after 0): šduku ~ šėku, pdunai ~ ponai ([10] 12). At the time of the publication of our first book, apparently, in Lithuanian language, or rather in the dialect of the author of the Catechism, there was the second degree of transformation, because next to the words that are most often written with a (e.g.: bralei (8, 4), szadei (17, 2), szmaniu (17, 3) ~ people, paczias (8, 2) ~ herself), there are quite a few words with o. it, apparently, appeared in Žemaitija much later. o writing occurs only in the following examples (see [1] and cf. [5] $ 22). 1) In the middle of the word: altar (28, 10), bilodams (26, T), dony (32, 18. twice), klausitojus (36, 16), malonei (54, 10), malones (58, 12), mokik (67, 1), mokslas (13, 1), nota, notas (68, 2 and 4; 72, 4), Ponas (30, 19), raschose (13, 14), roda (10, 11), Rosza (73, 7) ~ rose, skaitose (13, 14), schlowinti (58, 24), szodzia (30, 17). 2) In the secondary (later) galliné: baszniczio (11, 6) ~ church(je), tog (9, 9) ~ yogi, losko (63, 3), makitos (16, 17), saugok (57, 5), walio (12, 12), wenok (31, 3). In total (by Bar count)—25 occurrences with o next to 610 occurrences with a, i.e. close to 4 94. Stange believes that this small percentage is merely a random sporadic element from the Highlanders (probably Highlander Westerners — J. S.) 70 dialects. Or another guess would be possible: In the ir dialect of the Catechism author (Žemaičių) at that time the ancient was pronounced with 4 fluctuating pronunciata; ion, of course, there may occasionally be fluctuations and variations in writing. ir Here it is also necessary to mention and assign the primary absolute unpronounced ending ir to the syllable of the pronounced ending, in which po 4 (solid-tailed premolars; solid-state pre-emption 4 by F. de Sosiuro (Saussure) — Fortunatov law was already abbreviated) goes for example: s; szadeia (51, 17), szito (8, 6), of the swamp (53, 25), nog amszinas (55, 11), isz Marias mergas (21, 10), tos (9, 21). A distinctly different picture is in the absolute crossed final. By counting the bar, iš 115 In the catechism in place of such extremities & (tvirtagalés priegaidės ilgojo a) 40 written su o, t.y. 34,80 %. For Bo example: : ant zo (11, 20), taipo, kaipo (24, 7), yes (25, 17); ant ra (44, 1), ia (48, 2, 9), kaipa (54, 2). In the first part of the Catechism more o, common in — a. the second Here we have ar pronouns particles of speech; such accidents, usually. least influence from other dialects (and spelling errors), so here, it can be assumed, there was a clearly fluctuating pronunciation — the pronunciation of a real intermediate sound between a and o. From all this we can conclude that in the Catechism, in addition to the ancient a, there is already and o. And this is not so much the influence of another dialect or spelling errors, as a matter of the dialect of the author of the Catechism himself. This dialectal phenomenon began in Žemaitija 400 years ago and still has remains in the Klaipėda region. Today, the old @ and the transitional degree 4 are still used in Eastern dialects. It is also worth noting that the present Samogitian «o» is not yet present in the Catechism, so it has appeared in Samogitia later (from o). e, u The unpronounced short e in the middle of the word is narrowly pronounced in today's Žemaites, e.g., dounininkai: peimeni ~ shepherd, oudega ~ tail. How it was pronounced during the presentation of the Catechism and in the author's dialect remains unclear. In the jo Catechism, the unpronounced middle and secondary ending of the word e is always written e: neprictelius (52, 13; 58, 7), senigi (37, 13), atmen (10, 26). Whether this e in the Catechism would be a highland dialect or whether it is later narrowed down in Žemaitija, is difficult to say. In some places in the Žemaitija region it is pronounced openly —e: kets, perms ~ kitas pirmas. How it was pronounced 400 years ago, we cannot find out from the Catechism. In many places it is short: in the Catechism it is alternated with e, e.g.: preimtumbet (39, 15), miletumberese (32, 22). This would indicate, however, that there is a certain phonetic connection with the pronunciation of today's Žemaičiai. In some cases, the 0 is pronounced as "bova": bova ~ was, bu'tomet ~ would. In the catechism we do not find this change at all—or was it not in Žemaitija at that time, only it is not marked; written: apturim žmagus ar (53, 20), (17, 8). 71 ie In the Catechism, instead of the Altay ie, e is usually written: ischletas (27, 3), letuwynika (11, 26), wenas (10, 1). How it was actually pronounced is unclear. It is often written with ie and 7. The writing of ze is, of course, High Germanic. But here we still have to distinguish between words that are pronounced with ie in both Altai and Žemaičiai. He also signs them with fe in the Catechism (cf. [5] 53). These are: 1. Slavic debtors (wiera), 2. with nie-(nothing 35, 7) and 3. god. These events are often written with an e: dewas (9, 25), Dewa (8, 18), greschnas (49, 3), greku (58, 11). It is also sometimes found in the Catechism in places where it is normally used. There are approximately 65 distinct high qualities of this species (ie). All in all, this is not much. Thus, this kind of high-classism does not speak for the auto: rius and translator of the Catechism to have been a high-class. On the contrary, even where ie is not used, we have some typical low-handed nouns. Gender prisch corresponds to Žemaičių pri“š; the highlanders are against. Prisch is used many times, 14 priesch o only once. Aukštaitiškas mielas Katekizme rašomas milas. which corresponds to Žemaičių mils. The Žemaitiška is the plural gender of adjectives and pronouns -im(u)s, used 21 times next to 5 Vysočitian -iem(u)s, -em(u)s. For example: Darantimus artimims (52, 3), (32, 2), for pigeons (65, 12), The (62, 10). remaining sweikims (T7, 3), tims (28, 1), wiresnimus (32, 12). This is a purely Žemaičių dgs. the gender of the beneficiary —it is not used anywhere else except in Žemaičiai. Writing themus (20, 14), tiemus (25, 4), as mentioned, is high-language. But it is not as common as diena (9,5; 12,13; 19, 2, etc.), which, apparently, as an everyday word, is more likely to spread with foreign phonetics. The other highlands are almost all unique. The plural noun of the masculine gender of adjectives with -igi (= -iji) can only be explained on the basis of the Žemaičių dialect — the older Žemaičių e before j is assimilated into i: wysagalintigi (21, 3), senigi. (37, 13). The sign is sometimes with e: schiregi (28, 5). Silvarta is also a Žemaitijos gender. Thus, the writing of all these genders with 7, which corresponds to the Vysočanská ie, is an important Žemaitiška characteristic of the Catechism. There is no such thing as a high level of security in such situations. uo Instead of the highland wo, the Catechism usually writes o, except for incidents. where there is a common sound for all # zemaičiai. But how it (0) was pronounced. is also unclear. For example: Dona (23, 11), dory (9, 21), ischdotas (26, 4), schwentosius (20, 19), wando (24, 5). There are no high-rises in the area. But as already mentioned earlier. in this case, there is no need to wait for the occurrence of the phonetics of the dounininkai or dounininkai. By limiting the use of wo and comparing it with the genders of the Aukštaitija, we will also find some things typical of all the Žemaites. Žemaitiškas is the pronoun of the akamieno plural with -wsu (present gender of all Žemaičiai with -ise, -ūs(e): hukiusu (8,15), Metusu (79, 22), wargusu (54, 22) and so on. ; exception —superiority: Whole thing (8; 21). He is also a member of the DGSE. a suffix with -usius: schaukiencziusius (50,10), which is only next to 5 examples with -osius (Aukštaitijos -wosius). 72 Drunken (29,14), Drunken (30,5) closer to Daukanto ir Valančiaus drunkard, dounininkų gertū'ki's ~ drunkard (drinker), dūnininkų girtūklis ~ drunkard (see [9] § 74, 12). al, These et diphthongs in Žemaitija ir In East Prussian there is an inclination toward the unison: mamū*t* ([8] 17) —mamaité, 372° ([8] 15) ~ eiti. In the Catechism there are two vowels everywhere. The occurrences of broken (67,12) and not expanded (79,14) are to be considered proofreading errors (cf. [5] § 35). It is assumed that this unification in Lithuanian dialects began to occur in later times. b) Zema special law of sounds This law still needs to be discussed in more detail here. According to the Dūnininkai dialect, the operation of this law can be described as follows: before the literary language endings ia, iai (from the ancient d, di after the soft consonant), iams the Žemaičių dialect has no Afrikaans, except for the nouns of the IV-th syllable (iukam.): gaidė' ~ gaidžiai, jd'ute' ~ jaučiai, gaidėėtms ~ gaidžiams, gram.de *movgraudžiai, d'*'ud, kent.. (see [9] § 55); but ratSus~ rūčius, ra': Fe: ~ raiai... ([9] § 91). It is explained even more extensively in the monograph "Lithuanian fishermen's dialect in Prussia" —as far as its functioning there (in the Curonian Spit —between somewhat south of Rūsnė and Labguva) is manifested (see [10] 19 and so on): before the literary language ia, iai is maintained d, t: meld ~ meldžia, kent ~ keidia, šot'udems ~ FodFiams, trėts ~ trėdias, jaute'ms ~ jaučiams, širdei ~ širdžiai, grau.dei ~ graiidgiai, gaidéi ~ gaidžiai, pPd'ukietei ~ vokiečiai, sū jautéis ~ sū jaučiais; On the contrary, before the literary i, iau, io, iu (iū), ių and before ia, which is abbreviated from the ancient long, the Afrikaans dž,:š are pronounced: sa.l.dde~- sald%iq, Ba:l.dže ~ vladžią, pla'tše ~ plačią, ma.r.tše. ~ maida, guldža.u ~ guld#iail, saldža.us ~ sald%iails, matša.u — madiail, saldžotas ~ sweet, mė*dže ~ mėdžio, da.mgrše ~ dafigčio, kartšotus ~ bitters, gaidžū ~ gaidžiū, girdžū ~ girdžiū, kentšū ~ kenčiū, širdžu“ ~ širdžiū, Ba'lišu" ~ valčių, Laldžė ~ valdžia (<*valdiįd), deltšė ~ delčia (<*deltid- ), su širdže ~ su širdimi (<*$rdiq), sū naktšė ~ si nakčia (<*naktia), didžės —didžias (<*didias- ), kartšės ~ bitters (<*kartigs). (See [3] 1, LIX et seq. and cf. [5] § 28.) According to this law of Samogitian sounds, the language and dialect of the Catechism of 1547 are clearly Samogitian. It has been maintained consistently, except for a few highlights. E.g.: kientenczius (61,4) ~ suffering, pareme (30, 15) ~ myself, rretes trečias, gieidenczius (21, 8) ~ (50, 11; 59, 3) ~ lustful, schirde (43, 4) ~ heart, ssadei (top) ~ words,'but: szadzia (12, 13) ~ word, treczia (17, 15) ~ third, didziap (10. 7) —— didZiop..., because here At the time of the emergence of the Zemaiti§kojo law was still ancient Lithuanian long a (a). The same (Zemaitic) law of soft consonants a > ir po 73 e. And in this respect this law is maintained. For example: didesneme (28, 15) ~ didesniame, riesiauesis (25, 22) ~ straightest. Exceptions to the Zemaitic law are only a few high qualities, namely: gieidza (29, 9) ~ lust, treczas (19, 1) ~ third, parvaraiancezias (30, 9, 10) ~ enduring, krautas (76, 5) ~ blood, nenauias (29, 20) ~ unnew, walia (36, 22) ~ will (v.s. innag. ). (Zr. [5] § 28.) After looking at all the sounds, we will see that as many individual sounds, not to mention the Žemaitic sound law, so the whole set of sounds is or can be Žemaitic and forms a clear picture of the Žemaitic sound system. There are also a number of high-rise buildings. For this time we are content with the most typical and important events. In addition, here, as a rule, the middle of the word is taken, the end is only touched where it was almost inevitable (e.g., when speaking of o). In dialects, the phonetic changes of the beginning or middle of the word and the end are often different. After reviewing the more important features of the Catechism of the middle sounds of words, let us take a separate look at the endings. Today, the word ending is most altered in northern and partly western Lithuania: short vowels almost always fall, long ones become short, diphthongs — monophonic. What happens to the word ending in the Catechism? a The short unpronounced a of the absolute ending falls: armen (10, 26), dirb (31, 10), gier (12,14) ~ good, piln (53,12) ~ full. This is in accordance with the pronunciation of today's Zemgalių. The declination of the e (e < *7d), which occurred according to the Žemaičių law of sounds, of course also agrees with the pronunciation of the Žemaičiai: gieid (29, 10) ~ lust, neapkient (20, 13) ~ hate; even the whole syllable is dropped (-je < *-jd): karaliau (63, 5) ~ karaliauja. The ending a before s, i.e. not in the full ending, often remains; In Stango's count, remaining here a is about 160 times and falling out 38 times. Examples of the fallen: deschins (47,11), gals (39, 16), ischganims (56, 22), Pans (44, 2), pilns (65, 10), stals (77,7), welns (53,10; 78,9) and others. This pronunciation is the closest to the Žemaites, some Lithuanians of the northern Lithuanian SSR and East Prussian Lithuanians. i ¢ In the Catechism, the 3rd person ending of the I-th person verb almost always declines: gal, mil, nar, tik, tur… The 7th person ending of the verbs of the prepositional personification sometimes declines, sometimes not, e.g.: est (28, 3; 30, 15, etc.), dost (71, 18), giest (63, 16, etc.), esti (17, 8, etc.), dosti (25, 4, etc.), serkti (70, 3). Thus, in the Catechism there is not yet a final and complete fall into these events, as has already happened in the Žemaitija of these days. A similar thing will be observed in 74 su i ir other incidents. It is also noteworthy that in the imperative mode ir somewhere else usually, maintained in i, the Ten Commandments (i.e., in everyday language) ne — ne rtureki, Ne gimki, Ne vsgmuschki, ne waky . .. But you'll see, In the catechism, i unfalles has various pronunciations, in today's dialects it is o pronounced differently, in the su e: catechism it alternates most often, e.g., vns. viet. : cloudy (48,1) ir dangoie (74, 22), dienagi (79, 23), iszguldimi (25, 7), stany (18, 8)...; head to (33,10), eye (79,10), (23,10)... Apparently, there was a fluctuating pronunciation between — i ir e, as is the case in other dialects of today's Žemaitija, e.g., Žemaičių ar raseiniškių pdTemi,ė i.sėdegem,ė ([8] 19) ~ in the same jsidegime. This can be said almost equally about the -si particle of conjugative verbs. In the imperfect, its tą vowel is openly pronounced (-se-), in the ir ending it is also openly turned, semi-audible or completely dropped: soki'ros¢ ~ sukūrusi ([8] 19), in the Catechism the endings are usually -se, and -si is also found: kieliese (21,16), makinase (30,23), raschose (13,4), skaitose (13, 14)...; dabaiesy (34,15), stebisi (72, T). In Dzūkian and East Prussian there is a clear e (-se) here. This suggests that the Catechism e (-se) is perhaps not so much a dialect as an ancient one. 3 Today, in the dialects of Žemaitija, Vysočina, Western North and East Prussia, the unpronounced ending -ė turns into -i or is shortened: datvi ([8] 18) ~ davė, pama'r* ([8] 11) ~ pamatė. In the Catechism, this is usually written e (abbreviated): padare (9, 26), milaschirdigiste (20, 14). For the ě in the second word ending, see above. The limb o has also already been discussed. Without going into the explanation of other terminal sounds separately, we should mention here the shortening of the local genders. Today, in almost all ė dialects, the genders of the native are mostly shortened and altered. The same is true of the Catechism. For example: baszniczio (11,6), diena (55, 10), walio (12, 12), walia (67, 4), malane (47, 15), karaliste (63, 6), szeme (51, 8), dangui (28, 22 and others), Karaliavczvi. These features of shortening of the extremity can be found today in Žemaičių, Aukštaičių, Vakarų, Šiauriečių and other dialects. 2. Morphology In morphology, the same picture is obtained as in phonetics, although here ir the high-Tibetan element is more pronounced. Without examining all the grammatical categories here (some of which have already been touched on in phonetics), we will take only examples of the noun iair /stameno and find the noun (see table 1). We compare them with the phrases of Salantai (donininkai) and Pagramantis (dūnininkai). Prie All of the above-mentioned genres are represented in literary works. 75 5, ch. S. Stang, The Language of the Lithuanian Catechism of Mažvydas, Oslo, 6. J. 1929. Endzelin, Latvian grammar, Riga, 1922, 7. A. Salys, Archivum Philologicum, No. 4, 21—34, Kaunas (1933). 8. G. Gerullis, Lithuanian dialect studies, Leipzig, 1930. 9. P. Jonikas, Pagramantis dialect, Kaunas, 1939. 10. J. Gerullis, Ch. Stangas, Lithuanian fishermen's dialect in Frilis, Kaunas, 11. P. Skardžius, Daukšos accentologija, Kaunas, 1935. 12. P. Skardžius, Lithuani1933. an language word making, Vilnius, 1941. 13. Postilla, tatai esti, Short and Poor Explanation, Euangeliu,.. Per Jana Bretkuna, 1—2, Karaliaucziuie 1591. University of California Press. pp. 161–162. 14. Biblia, tatai esti Wissas Schwentas Rasztas Lietuwiszkai perguldytas per Janą Bretkuna... (1590, manuscript). 15. Postilla Catholica... Per Kūniga Mikaloiv Davksią... perguldita,,. Vilnius, 1599. 16. Enchiridion, Catechismas maszas... pergulditas,., per Baltramieju Willentha... Ischspūstas Karalaučiui MDLXXIX, 17. E, Fraenkelis, Archivum Philologicum, No. 2, 140—143, Kaunas (1931). 18. P. Skardžius, Archivum Philologicum, No. 4, 7 =20, Kaunas (1933). 19, J. Gerullis, Ancient Lithuanian Readings, Kaunas, 1927.: 20. Polish with Lithuanian Catechism... by... Malchera Pietkiewicga,... in Vilnius... 1598. 4 [OBOP NEPBOW JIMTOBCKOW KHHTH IO. 10. 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