Kuršių Neringos žvejų lietuvių tarmė ir lietuvių kalbos įtaka šių žvejų latvių kalbai

LITETUVIU RKALBOTYROS KL AUS TM AL IT LiL ET UV O0.S$S.TSR-MOK. S LUO AKADEMI IA LITHUANIAN TARGET OF COURSE NERINGOS FISHERS and the influence of Lithuanian language on the Latvian language of these fishers K, MORKŪNAS and A, SABALIAUSKAS Introductory remarks The name of Neringa is mentioned in historical documents from the 13th century. In the documents there are various forms of this name: Neria, Nerei, Nergia, Nerya, Nerie, Nerye, Nerge, Nerga and others! These words are usually accompanied by the epithet Curoniensis. For example, Peter Dusburg (died about 1330) writes in the third part of his Chronicon Terrae Prussiae: “Anno Dn. MCCLXXXIII Eighty men of Latvia, at the same time as the winter, through the Curonian Neris entered the land of Sambie and two of its territories, Abendam and Pubeta, by fire and robbery, and destroyed the western part of the Christian people, and none of them resisted, all were saved." There is also a separate chapter,- ,De edificacione castri novi in terra Sambie supra litus maris: salsi in Neria Curoniensi‘®, which is written in the 13th century. "Anno domini MCCCVIII in die beati Georgii Mansto et Sudargus et alii nobiles de Samethia cum V milibus equitum circa castrum novum in Neria" (in Latin). Curoniensi intraverunt terram Sambie et territoria Powundie et Rudowie in= cendio vastaverunt"*, "The origin of the name of this place is difficult to say with certainty. There are various explanations. F. Klugé® believes that Nehrung is a German Semitic modified form of Niederung,,2emuma‘‘, This opinion was also supported by H. Paulius (Deutsches Worterb., 4. Aufl, (1935), 375)?. G. H. F. Nesselmann (Thess. ling. Pr., 111) associated this placename with lit. merti*. Others have claimed that it originated from sen, 1 Plg, R, Ekblom, Uppsala Universitets Arsskrift, 13, 138, Uppsala -Leipzig (1948); H, Frischbier, Preußisches Worterbuch, 2, 93-4, Berlin, 1883, * Plg, Scriptores Rerum Prussicarum, edited by Th. Hirsch, M, and Toéppen, Strehlke, E, 1, 144, Leipzig, 1861. 3 E.g., ibid., 144, * Plg, ten pat, 5 Plg, F. Kluge, 174-5. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache, 347, Ber+ lin-Leipzig, € Plg, R. Ekblom, 1924, ten pat, 133. * In the same way, the 141-2, 131 Prussian word * neria, only this word in no sen. in the Prussian language monuments is not attested. Attempted to associate Neringa's name ir su Recently, R. Ekblom has proved that this placename is of Scandinavian origin?. The epithet Curoniensis probably arose because of the nearness of Neringa to Curonian Islands, to which Klaipėda belonged until 1328. ?, The first traces of human presence in Curonian Spit can be traced back to very ancient times. The oldest archaeological discovery —human-processed horns of northern deer, found near Rasytė, in the opinion of experts, about 10 lying in the ground. 000 years. There are quite a lot of Late Stone Age finds in Curonian Spit, which show a relatively high culture of the inhabitants of that time." Of course, these human traces probably have nothing in common with the later inhabitants of Curonian Spit in historical times. The main business of the inhabitants of Curonian Spit is fishing. This was determined by natural conditions, since the peninsula is surrounded by the Baltic Sea on one side, the Curonian Lagoon on the other, and there is almost no arable land. In the past, Neringa fishermen mainly, apparently, fished in the lakes; Fishermen’s villages were established on the edge of the lakes, which are also mentioned in documents quite early, for example, Rasytė is mentioned in 1372, Nida — in 1437. About the founding of Nida and other places, A. Becenbergeris heard such a story, caught three robbers in Klaipeda, the first of whom was called Schwarzer, the second — Preileri, the third — Nideri. Instead of killing them, they floated them into the sea. The waves brought these rafts to the Curonian Neringa dunes, and here Schwarzer founded Juodkrantė (German: Schwarzort), Preileris — Preila, and Niederis — Nida'?, The historical basis of this presentation is as much as, as P. Smith correctly observed- '4, that a large part of the dune inhabitants came from various refugees and storm-blocked fishermen. In fact, the ancestors of the old inhabitants of Curonian Spit Neringa moved here in different times and from different countries. It is possible that most of them came from Latvia. Einhorn writes in his Historia lettica in 1649 that Latvians, who also speak German, live all along the coast as far as Danzig. They themselves no longer know where and when their ancestors came from!®, Because of the heavy punishment and long military service, many Latvians fled to Neringa in later times. The inhabitants of the dunes used to say that the later inhabitants came here from "finland- ", but this name is undoubtedly confused with "lyfland- ". Plg, P, Smits, Kuršu kapu folklora, 4, Riga, 1933; plg. taip pat A. Bezzenberger, Die Kurische Nehrung und ihre Bewohner, 22 (182), Stuttgart, 1889, ® Plg, R, Ekblum, ten pat, 133-150. 1 Pig, J. Endzelins, Par kurseniekiem un vinu valodu, 6 (reprinted in,,Burtnieks* 1931,-1102- -8). 11 Pig. P, Kulikauskas, From the History of Lithuanian Culture, 2, 73-4, Vilnius (1959). 12 Pig, A, Bezzenberger, Uber die Sprache der preußischen Letten, 137, Göttingen, 1888. 1 Plg, A Bezzenberger, The Curonian Spit and its inhabitants, 24 (184). 4 Plg. P. Smith, ibid., 10. 35 pp. J. Endzelins, ibid., 6. 132 raised not from elsewhere, but from Latvia, shows their surnames'®. Individual families came to Neringa from Austria (the Romakar family = German Rademacher- ), from the depths of Russia (the Petrovich, Bezorukas families)!”, Of course, a number of residents moved from various nearer places in Lithuania. The fishermen who came from Latvia kept their language. Latvian was also learned and spoken at home by most fishermen from other places. However, the local inhabitants of Curonian Spit do not consider themselves Latvians, even the words denoting the concepts latvis, Latvian language, they borrowed from German (/etis, letisku). They all consider themselves to be Kurians, speaking Kursk. A characteristic feature of these inhabitants is that, it can be said, they have no folklore at all. It is difficult to find a person who can tell a fairy tale or say a few verses of a song, let alone sing it. There have been various attempts to explain this strange phenomenon. Becenberger believes that the main culprit here is the poor nature and the poor life of the fishermen themselves. In the opinion of Mr. Šmits, this was due to the isolation of the Kurians. Mr. Mitman explains that various religious, sectarian beliefs, the prohibition of singing songs or telling tales, because such things are sinful, may have had an influence. However, it is likely that all three factors are to blame here", the Old Kurians preserved their language only in the part of Curonian Spit that at the time belonged to bourgeois Lithuania, because there was a slightly lesser influence of German language. The other part, which had been under German rule all along, was completely Germanized. However, A. Becenberger writes that in the late 19th century some people in Šarkava and Pilkupé also spoke Latvian. In Rasytė, A. Becenbergeris had heard that there was an older generation of people who understood Latvian, but he himself had never met such people*8. The fishermen of Curonian Neringa were always actively communicating with the surrounding Lithuanians: they sold them fish, bought from them agricultural products. Lithuanians from the other side of the Curonian Lagoon were also constantly moving on the way of marriage. Active communication with Lithuanians and Latvians forced Žvejas to learn Lithuanian. In addition, the Lithuanian language was used in the churches of Curonian Spit until the beginning of the First World War. It is a common phenomenon that the inhabitants of Neringa spoke three languages: Latvian, Lithuanian and German. Paul Megot, who helped Abel Willis translate Luther's Enchiridion into the Old Prussian, writes that he also knew the Curonian (= Latvian, K. M., A. S.) and Lithuanian languages!® („,,..In deme ich mich neben meinem Tolkenambt Zum offtern in Visitationibus, Preuscher Littauscher und Churischer sprache, wie auch in Vertirung des Preuschenn Catechismi nach vermogen gebrauchenn lassenn. ., “)%, Kr. G. Milkus states in his Lithuanian grammar:,,Bey den Curen auf der Nahrung ist die Curische oder lettische Sprache als lingva domestica —«cms. 18 pp. J. Plakis, Kursenieku valoda, 3, Riga, 1927. 17 Plg, P. Smits, Kuršu kapu folklora, 9. 18 Plg, A. Bezzenberger, Uber die Sprache der preussischen Letten, 1. » plg, G. Gerullis, Philosophical Studies, 8, 51, Riga (1928), Plg. 20 Ibid. 52-3, 133 im use; but they also understand and speak the Lithuanian, as well as other so Fisher, es will also be them the Service held in in Lithuanian language”“*!. Kuršių Neringa, Karvaičiai village, was born Luudvikas Rēza, how A. Becenberger said, "das einzige Child of the Curonian Neigung... which has a made a name for himself”**. Kuršių The language of the Neringa fishermen has been extensively studied. About this language some knowledge gives already ir Povilas Ruigys in his Lithuanian language grammar. He writes in: ,,Bey den Curen is remembzu ering her da Dialect one Mixture from the Language of the Curlinder, (before their descendants they pretend,) and the Fishermen of their sey; although they also use both-sided mouths separately, and their own Provincial words and Have kinds of speech. Z. E. Meise hooves at them Bread, Ko tu gribba what are you doing? Duodma gave me, Naude Money, Man Miles Kungsin my dear Mr., Meitine one Girls, Wessele pargdjusis welcome, Karautis in Loffel, Ką klaujas what are you doing? Tellis an ox. They distinguish themselves by their more courteous expressions and courteous Redensarten®®, We find almost 300 all the words of this region 1786-9 m. 100 mg Peterburge P. S. The Palaeontology Dictionary ,,Linguarum totius orbis vocabularia comparativa““**. Also wrote about this language M. I. A. You're a violinist, jo but your work is full of mistakes? *?. About Pervalka fishermen dialect is printed I. P. The Baker's Work®. The Latvian language of the fishermen of Curonian Spit Neringa was also studied by such famous Baltists as: A. Becenberger, J. Plakis, J. Endzelynas®. The Lithuanian language of these fishermen has not been studied so far. Therefore, in June 1957, the Institute of Lithuanian Language and Literature organized a dialectological expedition to these places, sending the authors of these lines according to The Lithuanian language atlas material collection program describes the Lithuanian language of the aforementioned fishermen. The expedition was also attended by the employees of the Institute of Language and Literature of the Latvian Academy of Sciences — E. ir M. The purpose of this study was to investigate the language of these peoples. 21 plg, Chr. G. Mielcke, initial frame of a Lithuanians English-Engli165, sh Dictionary, Cambridge, 1800.; 22 Ple, A. Bezzenberger, Die Curonian Nehrung and her Resident, 58 (212). For L. The origin of the plg. also K. Forstreuter, Journal of Slavic Philology, 14, 25-8, Leipzig (1937); P. Smits, Folklore of Curonian tombs, 6. 23 pp. P, F. Ruhig, Anfangsgriinde einer Litauischen Grammatik, 132, Königsberg, 1747. 24 As to the inaccuracy of the words found here, see A. Bezzenberger, Uber die Sprache der preussischen Letten, 2. 25 Plg, M. I. A. Voelkel, Die lettischen Sprachreste auf der Kurischen Nehrung, Heidelberg, 1879, in 26 Pig, A. Bezzenberger, ten pat, 2-3, 27 Plg, I. P, Becker, Die Sprache der kurischen Fischer in Perwelk auf der Kurischen Nehrung, BB, 28, 257-81, Gėttingen (1904), 28 Plg, previous footnote. A, Becenberger wrote about the Latvians of Neringa in the magazine „Austrums“, XII, 21-5 (1896). 134 Most of the old inhabitants who ir speak ir Latvian, Lithuanian, found Nida, where the expedition participants stayed the ir longest; po dozens found Preiloje ir In Pervalka, o several — In Black. Until the Second World War there were many jų more, but the Germans forcibly evacuated the inhabitants of this region, after which only a part of them managed to return to their native o land. į = Most of the dialect material recorded iš Population of Nida: Jono Pinkio, Mikelio Pugelio, Dovydo Pinkio, Jono Sakūčio; Juodkrantė: Martyno Šilbako, Mikelio Pičiaus; Pervalka: Nickel Bastikio, Miko Bastikio, Frisia Folding; Preilos; Martyno Kakio, Marijos The Others. ir All respondents are representatives of the older generation, mostly 70-85 years of age. Any more pronounced dialectal differences between the individual Kuršių The inhabitants of Neringa have not been noticed. Differs usually only one other lexical detail degree of language proficiency ir and influence of literary language, Phonetics I. Crossing ir the line Kuršių In the Lithuanian dialect of the fishermen of Neringa, there is a general declination. The intersection here diverts iš the long short ir root of the short long į limb. ir Iš the root of the į short limb (long short) ir consonant is always brought up, in the long ending it o sometimes remains, e.g. quite often in adverbs: mažai, skersai, daugails~daugiaiais, aréafis~artiaiis, verbs of the future tense In the third person: stati's~statys, pataisi's~pataisys, padari's~padarys in some other ir cases. Individual words sometimes retain the accent o at the end, sometimes are pronounced at the root, e.g. arkli's and drklis~arklys, kapai and kapai, kviečai and kviččaimekviečiai. This variation in pronunciation can also be observed in the speech of one speaker of the same dialect. In contrast to other Lithuanian dialects that use the declination, the descriptive fishermen's dialect uses the declination even from the long strong-vowel ending. However, even in this case, there are words that are pronounced twice by the same person, for example: vaikams and vaikdms, kalnams and kalndms. Similarly to Lithuanian dialects on the Latvian border, in Curonian Spit the accent is often moved from the middle of the word to the beginning of the word in polysyllabic words. This type of accentuation is undoubtedly due to the influence of Latvian. When the accent is withdrawn, there is no trace of the old accent: all the vocal pressure is concentrated in the newly pronounced syllable. The length of the rope usually depends on the type of rope being used. When the accent is raised to a short vowel root, the preposition is always abbreviated: druska~druskd, su Féme~su žemė, pati~pati, maži=vmaži, visi~visi, kéturi~XKketuri, sėpti'ni (and sepri"ni)moseptyni, ėsu=vesū, métus~metus, ragu~ragi, visu~visil, svélai~svelial, buvau~buvall, sésuo~~sesud, sulini's~ well, débesai~debesiai „clouds“, daktarai~ daktarai. 29 Plg, Lithuanian Spelling Dictionary, 113, 115, 120, Kaunas, 1948, 135 After removing the iš strong root, the pronounced syllable į usually has a strong preposition, after removing the strong root, a strong preposition, e.g.: aGrkli's-varklys, drklams~arklidms, šmdna=-Žmonėa, O lf'tus=-lytūs „lietus“, į naus~sinaiis bafiga~bangd, — bafzda~barzda, raitka~ranka, perku~perku, diéna~diena, roéra~tvora, vaikai~vaikai, unigufu~ungurill, ufigufams~unguridmsy s, diénoms~diendms, ; kamibafai~kambariai, eigulai~eiguliai. In the dialect, the trumping, tvirtapradé tvirtagalé pregadés are clearly heard. Short prepositions are no different from literary language ir (pp.) the appropriate standby. Ją have usually short accented vowels, e.g. visas, miškas, buvęs „namas“, kėpt, ušnėšt, kast, mana~mano, tdavarvtavo, senesnis, mažesnis, nepakela~nepakelia, Trumpiné pregadė sometimes is still in place ir I'm going. strong prepositions, e.g.: valandas~vilandas, $éme~2Emé, képe~kepe, iépélis~tévelis. The strong-pronounced preposition is on the long kiriuoty vowels of the first sando: bėga, virai~vyrai, šdnai, kotas, Su~nbiisiu, sdule~sdulé, gaunu, ir dudra, paléidau, samtis, kam. bi Si prégaidé is in place ir I'm going. shortinés prepositions on the first sands of mixed 2, 4-- /, m, m, r ir diphthongs gi and diphthongs: milrai~miltai, dirba~dirba, bulvés~bulvés, putka~puika ‘excellent’. Newly formed mixed diphthongs may also have a ir strong-pronounced prefix, e.g. gérs~geras, ndms~namas, tyr ~ you. ; Long vowels have to pronounce the prefix with a strong accent (good--good, that's~ war, fst~Iljsti, Si'st~siiisti) diphthongs. In ir diphthongs, the strong prefix seems to be mostly heard on both sides, e.g.: naujas, sausas, vaikas, laiva~laiva,aiz, dangu~dafigy, banga~banga, pirkt, gintaras, sunkai~ sufikiai, Bur. But so pronounced this anticipé of ne all (and even always ne the man to himself) equally clearly (in other examples ji written on the second component). II, Speaker ir individual sound feedback In terms of sound, the descriptive dialect differs little from the Lithuanian literary language. This is the only way to get the most out of the sounds. no Vowels ir are diphthongs. Short vowels 7, « Kuršių Neringos In Zvetarme jų they are pronounced ne as tightly as kapsų, e.g. visas~visas, visi~visi, mūšamomūša, guli~guli®. LK. vowels é, o, except for the absolute ending, mainly kept unchanged: tėvas, bėga, tévélis~tevilis, da'vėm, brolis, sodi't~soditi „to plant“, nežinau. In the absolute primary ending these vowels are not accentuated (screaming almost never occurs, because the screaming limbs are iš usually retracted) e (or e) ir a, e.g., we (pronouncir ed žėme)mo žemė, ~ dalgė dalge, vire (or vire)~viré, was--was, ddrba~~work, had~had. The so-called nasal vowels in the root are usually pronounced as in literary language, e.g.: kd'sti~Kkisti, sis~7gsis, ir sa-la~sgla, paspé si~papaexamples in less stressed Za dialects 30 i, u individual Signs not indicated, t. y. written bu. | 136 spésti, skė'st-oskėsti, fist~listi, gri*Sta~griZta, padi st~pasieisti, sku sties~ skustis ‘complaint’. Gallinéje q, ¢ sometimes iSvirsta u, i, e.g.: lefitu~leiita, afitaru~afitarg "second", buvis~buves, tis~mitgs, pasé'nis~pas€nes. md Only very rarely are these vowels pronounced in Samogitian? !, e.g. and “what”, in ofuoline ‘okšuoliņa’. LK. diphthongs 7e, in the uo dialect are usually preserved whole, e.g.: miėstas, lietuviškai, kiek, diūona, amigos. However, there are some words in which the diphthongs ie, uo, as in some Žemaičių dialects, are ir pronounced as monophonic, e.g.: mį'li "dear", near the sea ‘piers’, ‘piers’§ “by”, nū “from”, $4 “dog”. Lithuanian Ik. diphthongs ai, ei remain unchanged in the root and ending of the word. Only in very rare cases, as in Žemaitija, they become vowels, e.g.: ir vakd'lis 'boy', vaka'li "Baby!" LK LK. short vowels in the descriptive dialect are short: visas, mūša; only in mixed diphthongs (I, u--I, m, n, r) ir diphthong wi accent :, u elongate, are pronounced semi-long, although as clearly as in ne eastern Highland dialects, e.g.: miltai~miltai, bilve~bulvé, prika opūika „puiki“ (in the examples, the semi-long is not marked separately; it is indicated by the strong-pronounced prepositional sign). The long vowels in the middle of the word, both pronounced and unpronounced, remain long in the dialect: vi'ras~vyras, gi'vė'narmogyvėna, dirmai~dimai, ruként~rikénti "to smoke", ilistrmįlįsti, ka'snéli~kasnélj. In the absolute ending, long unaccented vowels (accented are very rare) are always pronounced short, e.g. i*ddrba~j darbą, nd ktimonūktį, triju šimturotrijų šitų, butum būtų, viru~vyry. In the closed ending, the long unaccented vowels are also mostly pronounced short, but there are cases where they remain unaccented, for example: drklis and arkli's-marklys. Old short vowels and less frequently abbreviated long vowels often fall at the absolute ending, e.g.: dug~aduga, reik~reikia, /ė'k--lėkia, bailb~baiibia, grii'n~grilina, i'lefid "flight", praafšt-opraaūšta, sudaiišt-osūudaūuūžta, "broken", einam~einame, eisim~eisime, einat-veinate, eikit~eiKite, bi sit ~biisite, tur~turi, pernd'kt~per nikti, ldp~Iépo, nevaldt~nevaliéty "cannot" (along with the more frequently used verbal nouns of the III-th person form žindtuų ~zindty). The a is usually lost from the closed ending (-as>-s of nouns), e.g. ka'tins~Kkitinas, drs~oras, bernūks-—bernūkas, séns~sénas, jduns=-jaunas, žėnts ~zéntas, mė'tsmemėtas, $dlis~3dltas, pardiots~pardiotas. But sometimes the same words are said with a full ending. The vowel a in the ending is usually retained if it would form a difficult to pronounce consonant combination if omitted. But even in this case, a is sometimes discarded, and therefore forms similar to those used in the north-eastern Lithuanian dialects** occur in the dialect, e.g. smdkars,,smakras- ‘, The vowel in the final vw (absolute and closed) always remains, Of other vowel characteristics, we can mention some cases: a) contractions: nėsumonesū < neesū, kî tu~nebéty<nebeeity, kîr~nebėt< nebeeit „,nebeeina““, nebd tmenu~nebitmenu < nebežtmenu; 31 The fate of old nasal vowels in Žemaičių dialektai see. 112; P. Jonikas, Pagramančio dialektas, $$ 22, 25, 27, 28, 33, 40, Kaunas, 1939. 32 Plg, Lithuanian Grammar Dictionary, 121. 137 b) syncopes: nebléida~nebléido<nebeléido, nebgaléja~nebgaléjo<nebeganebmokéja~nebmok&jo<nebemokéjo, 1&0, pastaise~pastaisé<pasitaisé, geléu~ gelžių<geležiū; anaptiksės: robe next to robe c) (probably Germanism) ir rūblis, dėšera ‘sausage’, afitar ‘second’. Fats. Compounds *dj, *rj before the ancient short in the a ir ai descriptive dialect are usually pronounced d, £, e.g.: neléid~neléidzZia, £ddei~20dziai, médei~medziai, vdkietei~vokietiai, tréteis~treliais, médegos~medziagos. However, in this case you can sometimes ir hear afrikatas, e.g.: el%ai elniai šalia eledei, vokiecai~vokie&iai, In all other cases ir ~ (before I'm going. ią, iau, io, iu, iū, ių, ia<*i{a} Africants are always pronounced: valdža->valdžia, valdžią, žOdžarmežddžio, džaiūksmas=-joy, džiūt ir džiūti, bidu~bitiy, kvieči"—— wheat, chaurmobūčiau. co bu Only in the present tense of verbs, like in some coastal Zemgalian dialects, the ir Afrikaans is sometimes missing, e.g. parddau "Show me. Po soft p, b in the middle of the word is pronounced e.g.: j, papjdutas, nusipjdut, bjaiirus~biaurus, in the end of o these j po consonants not hear (veFpa~veipia). Po other soft labial consonants are not j pronounced. As in ir other Lithuanian j dialects, it is pronounced at the beginning of a word before ie, e.g. jieškdt. When the limb short is in the absolute limb, it also a, falls, e.g.: važio j ~visitoja, švejd--fišėja, Zaibio~zaibuoja. In the dialect there is only soft e.g.: ligamvliga, smėlis, šluora, langus, /, kaulus, sulopi'ta-=esulėpta, alaūs, kruta~pluta, alksni'nemvalksnynė, elktione~ elkūonė „elbow“, head, in su prayer~in prayer¢. This is a list of words in / German that have a similar pronunciation. Also the influence of the German language should be interpreir ted as a s consonant before p ir ¢ e.g. : š, S$piritas~spiritas, Studenitai~studefitai, td linas~Stilinas, Tokį s > § we find in ir some other Lithuanian dialects®, as well as o Kuršių In the Latvian dialect of the fishermen of Neringa**. Iš other features of dialect consonantism include: assimilation of consonants: istkast~iSsikasti, a) isidį.rpt-mvišsidirbti, isigéris~ išsigčręs, wustdtum~uzstétum, usdve~uzsdve, abégdjom~apbeégidjom, ataise~ attaisé, adiot~atduoti, drékis~atdrékis @ ,,atodrékis®; ją b) consonant insertion: dri-ktas~driiktas "hard", to crush's Zalktys ~ "Žaltys", smokti'ne=-Smoking "Smiltynė", strive ~a ‘current’. Morphology Some noun prepositionsagost 1. -You're new. Heard only the adjective paskūjis "last", having, as adjectives, an exclusive ir meaning, e.g.: paskujis nd'mas, paskuji karta~paskujj change. 3 Plg, J. Gerullis ir Chr, Stang'as, Lithuanian fishermen's dialect Prasuose, 23, Kaunas, 3 1933. Pig, J, Plakis, Kursenieku valoda, 19, 138 2. -ike (-ike)~-iké. Words with this suffix have a diminutive meaning: saulike~sauliké, Fuvike~iuviké, duonike~duonike. 3.-uk (-iukas). This suffix is used quite often; has a small, sometimes pleasant meaning: gaiditkas, vi'rttkas~vyrukas, medukas ,,medlis, kiemuks~kiemukas, bernuks~bernukas, dar#ikas~darziukas, paršūkase=piglet, gozolūks „ožuoliūkas“, kabliks~hakliukas. 4. -u'klis~ -ūklis. Girdėta tik girtū'klis=ogirtūklis „girtuoklis“, -alis. 5. Heard only evening ‘child’. 6th ed., ed. This suffix (as well as -ukas) is very often used to form diminutive and graceful nouns, e.g. kalnélis~Kkalnélis, tévélis~tévélis, miestėlismomiestėlis, plotélis~plotélis, Fvejélis~ivejélis, kurbéle~kurbélé,,pintinėlė“”. 7. -ėlemvėlė: muséle~mus€lé "fly". 8. -ulis: skirdulis ‘drowning’’. 9. -uolis: gi*vuolis next to gi'vulis ‘animal’. 10. -nik, -é. This suffix is very active in the dialect. Nouns made with it indicate: a) the name of the person in relation to the profession, work: karéaminiikas ~karéiaminifikas „A person who has a career or has worked in it“, darbinifikas, paisininkas „pailininkas“, mok{*klininkas~mokyklininkas- ,,mokytojas‘, kolif kininkas b) a person with regard to his origin, place of residence or nationality: nidininkas „„Nida inhabitant or a person from Nida“, preilininke~preilininké „Preilos inhabitant“, pérvalkininkas,- Pervalka inhabitant“, kėpininkas „inhabitant of the hills“, kūršininkas=-kūršininkas „kuršis“, lietivininks--litūvininkas „Lithuanian“, lLetuvininke~lietuvininké „Įlietuvė“. Note. In words that have a main accent in the root, sometimes a secondary accent is also heard in the suffix, e.g.: nidi, nifikas, preili, ninikas. 11. -goat. Substantives made with this suffix have a diminutive meaning: tinklditis ~tinklitis. 12. -ute~-ute. This suffix is used to make feminine nouns of diminutive meaning, e.g. merguce ~merguté. Number, In addition to the singular and plural forms, the dialect also uses the plural forms, Mostly the plural masculine noun and adjective verbs are found, e.g.: du géru métefu~- du geri mėteriu (metru), du lénku būvaredū 1énku būvo, mana du puzbrolu palika~mano du kuziniu paliko, du girininku buva~du girininku būvo, du šimtu gafis~du šimtū gaūs, tūri di vaiku~turi du vaikū, buvaū du si-ki~buvall du syki, gal jis du kambatu imtu~gél jis du kambariu imtų? In similar cases (especially with two, denoting pairs of things) the plural forms are used quite often, although sometimes the plural forms are also said, e.g., di paūkščai paliéka~- dh paūkščiai pali€ka, Linksniai and the endings of some links, In the Descriptive dialect the internal present pronoun (insensitive) is usually expressed by the preposition in with the suffix, e.g.: ved £' jū'ra--žvejėja į jūrą "fishes in the sea", buvai i* katina~buvall į Kaūną "I was in Kaunas", gi'vė'na i" nida~gyvéna to Nida the degree of influence can be judged that 139 ir iš of this little A. Becenbergerio iš vieno Preila fisherman's written text?? : "I was already nitalu azmidzis feeling that the evil spirit is already near ir me. ir ta pi Then I es thought: He will find me pi not to come near when I es want to use the name of God. But it's coming closer and closer ir es I just wanted to squirt. Then they started to birp me again, and us they wanted to sleep me with it. but I will try to wake up and sing spiritual us prayers to God in the highest ir places, and I will pray to God in the true faith that my creator will not give me to the one who has es touched me, nor will your es brokenness break me. ir ir ar pi nu Ir then es nu all hearts to God, as alive, not to turn away from your faith. es nu Ir then my heart became joy, love atseradas, then I felt ir that he wanted ir vengeance es and he forced me to all Zudet; but my nu spiritual prayer being to the Lord, I pray that he should ir destroy me, so that he may restore es me, and I feel that he will restore me, so that I may pray for his divine awakening. tu nu ir nu ir es ir es — Ta evil spirit is that, ir where the fairy is overcomes and does the same thing according to my heart feeling, which the same fairy does““43, How ir iš As can be seen from this small dialectic text, the influence of Lithuanian language is most clearly reflected in the lexicon. A lot of o Lithuanian words, as well as Slavisms used in Lithuanian į language, entered this language through the church, because, as mentioned, for a long time the services were held here in Lithuanian language. At home, the old fishermen also quite often read all kinds of Lithuanian hymns and other similar ir books of theological content. In this way, words į such as: apaštals (47)*, apiera (47), artims (48), bedievis (50), dievabaimings dieva kiins katoliks krikščanas neprietelis neprieteliste spavieda sūdna (53), diena ufgavienis (53), venlavang, (61), venčavan- (63), ęs stans (69), žegnūnę entered (69), the (81), fishermen- 's Latvian (83), language. (87), (89), (92), Zegnati (92), sekmines, dangun Zengims, granas, etc. Many Lithuanian words came into the language through ir trade. A very interesting phenomenon is that in these dialects Lithuanian numerals from eleven to nineteen are used, which are quite different from the Latvian numerals. The Latvian numerals of this kind have been displaced in relatively recent times, for example, A. Becenberger** still writes: „wienapadesmit, wienpazmit oder wendlik, wėnoliR, weéndlika, windldk, wendlik'®, wenalika duipadesimt, duipazmit oder dwilak, dwilika, The text is given in altered spelling, the phonetics of the dialect it reflects only in general traits, plg, Bezzenberger, Uber die 12 ir 18 A, Language of the Prussian Letten, Here 12-4. are given comments on the quoted text, Plg, Plakis, Kursenieku 4 valoda; the J. numbers in parentheses indicate the pages of this work; words not cited, written by the author, 45 Plg, A. Bezzenberger, ibid., 71. 46 Indicating this form, the dialect representative has heard his father using the form elfejesimt, 146 dwilaka trispadesimt, trilūka, trilika katrdlika penkdlika scheschdlik septinapadesimt, septindlika aschtundlidka, aschtendldk dewindlika. * J. Plakis“" already refers only to: wiendlika, dvylik, trilika, ketrdlika, pepkalika, Seialika, sesalika, septinalika, astuopalika, devipalika. Verbs are a very constant element of language, and this is a rather strange phenomenon. This is probably due to the trade, Because, in trading, the numerals are used most often, Since fishermen usually traded with Lithuanians, they had to use these numerals constantly, Gradually they began to use them when talking to each other in Latvian. In the dialect such Lithuanian words as: zuikis, žvirblis, tranguole, lašini, Žaibis „lightning“, liguonis, antakis, žands „jaw“, žents „nephew“, rankave, pakaušis, gandras, dulkes and others are quite often found. Among the phonetic phenomena explained by the influence of the Lithuanian language, this time the Samogitian dialect, J. Plakis points out the transformation of the pronounced long e into a bivowel ie in some cases; diel, kadiel, befiedis, dieku, driegnas, dviesti, Sieda, tekielis, mievs, vielu, viesas angielis, tie ““ten*8““, However, as far as I have noticed, this transformation affected only such words that are also found in the Žemaičių dialect. In addition to the examples given by J. Plakis, it would be possible to mention the words: atdriekis, erškietę, užgavienis, taigi, į šiuos. words could be regarded as borrowings. The influence of Lithuanian language should probably be explained by the presence of Afrikaans č, dž <*rj, *dj in nouns: zalktis —zalkči, bitę —biču, elnias —briedži, spridis — spridži, sirdę —sird¥u®. J, Endzelynas believes that these forms can sometimes be winterish (“time would not be quite unpredictable...”)- 9?. However, in this case, the influence of Lithuanian language would have helped these forms to remain alongside the forms zušu, vūcieši, pašu, lauži. Due to the influence of Lithuanian, the consonants 4, g before i in some cases did not change c, dz (a servant, a Greek). Among the morphological features, we should first of all point out the pronoun order of the verbs, In the first person of the singular, Lithuanian endings are introduced everywhere: būčau, duočau, iečau, nūkčau, dzievuočau, zinačau, pirkčau*!, Due to the influence of Lithuanian language, the plural forms of the second person also appeared: duotumit, varėtumiis?, E.g., Plūkis, Kursenieku valoda, 48 E.g., ibid., 16. 47 J. 29, 49 Plg, ten pat, 18,, 50 Plg, J. Endzelins, Philologues' Society's Articles, 12, 170-1 (1932); J. Endzes lins, Grammar of the Latvian language, 51 Plg, J, Plūkis, ten pat, 34-5; J. Endzelins, On the course 178-9, students and the wig language, 4; A, Bezzenberger, Uber die Sprache der preussischen Letten, 96-7. 52 Plg, J. Plakis, ibid., 35; A, Bezzenberger, ibid., 97. 147 The plural final forms of personal pronouns mumis, jumis are also explained only by the influence of the Lithuanian language- **, Are such forms used in neighbouring Lithuanian dialects*- ?, The Lithuanian suffix -ybė displaced the Latvian suffix -iba; The influence of Lithuanian language is also explained in such expressions as: es viskuo turu, es nieka nituru, es kuo ndrin turu, vitti tveras viens citu (= la. vini ker viens otru)?£, JIKTOBCKHH IOBOP PbIBAKOB KYPINIO HEPHHIH H BJIHSAHHE JMTOBCKOrO SI3bIKa 3Jlelihemy JIATbILICKOMY SI3bIKY " f K. O. MOPKYHAC u A. H. CABAJISIYCKAC Pe3io me B crarbe jpaectsi Kpatkasi ucropus HaceJieHHs Kypuno Hepunurnu. Yra3uIBaeTCsl, UTO GOJBUIMHCTBO JKHTeJeil B pa3io0e BpeMs IpHGObIJIA H3 JlaTBHH, Jlutebl u gpyrux crpau, Iloutn Bee crapbie xxutenu Kypuno Hepunru nsjpasna 3HAaJIH TPH f3biKa: JIATBILICKHĖ, JHTOBCKHA H HEMEUKHI, Jlanee onuchiBaeTcs OCOOSHHOCTH 3JelIHero JIHTOBCKOTO roBopa. ®ouernka. [oBopy XapakTepHo MoJjuas peTpakuHsl yAapeHHS. Yapenue nepeHOCHTCS ¢ KPaTKOro H J0JTOro OKOHYaHHA Ha JOJITHH H KpaTKHĖ COPEHb CAIOBA, Hanp. : bafzda~barzdd,,6opoaa‘*, mazi~mazi „,MaJibie““, vaikai~vaikai ‘“‘neTH‘‘, sésuo~vsesud,,- cectpa‘‘. XapakTepHO, uTO B HaOJIIOJjaeMOM TOBOpe yJapeHHe YaCTO MepeHOCHTCs Jake. C OKOHYaHHil HHCXOAfUeH JĮOJITOTĖI, Hanp., drklams~arklidms,,KOHSIM‘‘, H C CcepejįHHbi CJIOBa —Ha HAaYaJo CJOBA. Dro obbsicHAeTCS BJAUSHHEM JaTblLUCKOro fsbika, Ho B HeKOTODpbIX CJIyJas11X y/apeHHe OoCTaeTCsl B OKOHYaHHH, Hanp. : little,,Mano0- ‘‘, twofold~plural „OoJibure“, made~made „,cHeJiaeT, clenaior. B craThe Takxe mnojpuepKHBaeTcs, UTO 4acTo Jake. OJIHH H TOT Xe MjCTaBHTe/]b roBopa B OTAeJbHbIX CJIOBaX yJapeHHe CTaBHT He OAHHAKOBO. B OrkpsiToM mepBhyHOM OKOHYaHHH Oe3yjapHbie ė, o (yAapdemble MOUTH He BCTPeYaioTcsi) COOTBETCTBEHHO MPOM3HOCATCH ¢ (HJIH e) H a, HAmp. : Žėme (uu Zéme)~zEmé,,3emns‘‘, buva~buvo,,ObiJi“, a B ĮIpyTHX NO3HLHAX STH ryacHsie (6e3yjapHbie H MOA YAapeHHeMm) MPOH3HOCATCSA Kak B JIHTepaTypPHOM sisbike. Take Sister. B JiKTepaTypHOM S13biKe vaule ECBro NPOH3HOCATCH H AMDTOHTH fe, uo, ai, ei, © TOJIbKO B OTJeJbHbIX CJIOBAX —Kak B JXeMalTCKHX rosopax, Hamp. : pri'š<pričš,mepei- ’’, ni'<nud „OT“, $0<8ud,,cobaka‘‘, vakalis (B JiuTeparypHoM si3bike vaikčlis) “zierka‘. Besyjiapubie 10arue riacHsie B OTKPHITOM OKOHYaHHH COKpaTHJIHCb, Hanp. : ddrba~dérba ‘,pa6oTy’’, nd-kti~ ~niktj,,Houb (BUH. NJ.)%, vi'rTu~vyry,Myxuun‘‘, HacTo ApeBHHe KpaTKHe 52 Plg, J. Plakis, Kursenicku valoda, 26; A. Bezzenberger, Uber die Sprache der preussischen Letten. 8 Plg, F. Kurschat, Grammatik der Littauischen Sprache, 234, Halle, 1876; J. Aleksandraviéius, Vakarinė pajūrio Žemaičių tarmė, 59, Vilnius, 1951 (manuscript). 8 Plg, J. Plakis, ibid., 20, % Plg, J. Plakis, ibid., 29. For other syntax, see lituanizmy plg. A. Bezzenberger, ibid., rJacHbie, a HHOTJAa MH Į[OJITHe, TIpeBpaTHBLIHeCS B KpaTKHe, B OTKPHIT104-9, 148 OM KOHIle CJIOBA HCue3aloT, Hamp. : dug~d4uga „pacTeT, pacTYyT- “, tir~turi ,,AMeeT, HMeIOT“, l6p~16po ‘JiaraeT, JiaraioT’, B 3akpbiTOM KOHLE CJIOBA game BCEro Hcue3aeT a, Hamp. : bernuks~bernukas,„,- MaJIbuHk“- “, séns~s€naHO s,,CTapulil‘‘, HHOra B TeX Ke CJIoBaX OHO COXpaHseTcH. Coueranua *dj, *ij riepejį JApeBHHM KpaTKUM a H AH(DPTOHrOM ai Haine Bcero npousHocAtcs d, £, Hanp. : neléid~neléidzia,,He nmyckaer, He nyckator“, tréteis~treciais,,TpeTbHMH“, HO HHOrja TOSIBJISIOTCA HK. a(OpHKaTbI (Hanp., MNPOH3HOCAT deer deer H ,,night’*). B H3yuaemMoM rosope npoH3HOCHTCS TOJIbKO MSITKOe /, Hemp. : liga~liga ,,60/1e3Hb’’, sloughed , meta’, su head,,c rosoBoii*’. OGbACHAETCH BAHAHHEM HemelKoro s3wika. Ilojį BAHSIHHEM HeMeUKOro S13biKa COrJiacHbih s mepej p H £ „npeBpamaerTcA B § Hanp., $piritas~spiritas,, cnuput‘‘, Studefitai~studefitai,«CTYA@- HThI"". Mopdosorus. B rosope cpaBHHTeNBHO 4acToO ynorTpeGasioTcs HMEHHbIE (bOopMbi JiBOiiCTBEHHOr0 uYHcJa (valle BCero (OpMbI HMEHHTEJIbHOTO H BHHHTeJIbHOTO MYXKCKOTo poja. [l/s BbipakeHHS HHeCCHBA H HJIJIaTHBA ynotpeGJasercA MNpejJiokHasi KOHCTPYKLHA -į „B““ C BHHHTeJIbHbIM Majexom, Hamp., klaipéda~i i+ Klaipėda „B Knaiinege; B Kuaiineay*. TBoputesbnbiii najgex eIHHCTBEHHOTO YHCJIa CYLIECTBHTEJIbHbIX JKEHCKOTO son C OCHOBOH Ha -i game BCero KOHUaeTCA Ha - I, Hanp. : shi'rdi ,,cepauem‘‘, fish ,,pbi6oil‘* H OU€Hb peiKo Ha -im (zuvim<zuvimi ,,pbi6oii‘). B rosope eme coxpaHHJIHCb HeKOTOpble OCTaTKH OCHOB Ha corjacHyio (onemy, HO GoJblueli 4YacTbio CYymMmeCcTBHTeJIbHLIE JTOH OCHOBBI yXK€ CKJIOHSIIOTCS MO THMam APYrHX ocHoB. B rooope BCTpEUaeTCsl HeMaJIO TJIaroJIoB aTeMaTHYecKoro cmpsikenusi. Yame Bcero is about 3 pm, Hanp. : €sti~@sti „ecTb, CyTb“, eit~elti, HET, HAYT“, miékt~miégti,,- cnuT, cnar‘. B mecrto (opm npouejiero MHOrOKpaTHOro BpeMeHH, ynoTpelbJsieMbiX B JIHTOBCKOM JIHTEPaTypHOM f3biKe, B H3y4aeMOM rosope ynorpe6asiiorcs CJIOxXXHLIe (opmbl, Hanp., lū'bėjom vest (B JiuTepaTypHOM S135bIKe vėždavome),,Be3J/IH‘‘. Cunrakcuc. B stom pasjene npHBoAATCS NpHMeDpbI HEKOTOPhIX MaJeXKHbIX H OpeJIONHBIX KOHCTPYKUHH (Hamp.: HMeHHTeJbHbIH C HHOHHHTHBOM H C JleenpuyacTHeM, BHHHTe/bHBI OTpPHLAHHS-H Jp.), OTMeyaeTcs ynorpel/eHHe HeKOTODbIX COI030B B CJIOXKHOMOAYHHEHHOM MpeJI/IOXKEHHH H Jp. You're a jerk. CnoBapHoMy cocTaBy roBopa XapakTepHO o0uJiHe JaThilllCKHX, HeMelKHX 3aHMCTBOBaHHil. B rosope Take BCTpedaloTcsl H CTapbie JHTOBCKHE CJIOBa, peAKO MonajawouHecs B ĮpyrHX rosopax JIHTOBCKOro f3blKa. * * * Jlarbiuickul s3bIK poi6akoB Kypuno Hepunry nenbiraJi GoJbiioe BAHAHHE JHTOBCKOTO S13biKa. JTO BJAHSIHHE YYBCTByeTCH B JIeKCHKe, B (oHEeTHKe, B MopiDoJiorHH, a TaKXKe B CHHTaKCHCe sigbika. OueHb HHTepecHbl (akT, 4TO B CHCTEMY JIATbILICKOTO $i3biKa MPOHHKJH HMeHa YHCJ/IHTEJbHbie JIHTOBCKOIO sisbika or 11 zo 19, 149