Dėl vienaskaitos galininko prieveiksmėjimo dabartinėje lietuvių kalboje

1 ETU VY Ui: KALB OTYROS KL ALES FM ALI LIETUVO'STTS RIMOK SLU ARK ADEM TJA ON THE APPLICATION OF THE SINGLE NUMBER IN THE CONTEMPORARY LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE K. ULVYDAS A somewhat closer relationship between the final vowel and the adverbs in contemporary Lithuanian can be discussed, mainly with the final vowel of a noun in mind. The singular endings of other conjugated parts of speech (e.g., adjectives and participles, "whose main function in the sentence is the expression of the substantive part of the indicative and conjugated dialect, the number and pronoun, which also have no circumstance function at all) (at least in cases when they go alone, without forming compounds with nouns) do not show a tendency to adverb or at least semantically approach with adverbs. However, it should be noted that even the most adverbial noun endings have a relatively low adverbiality. Of all types of singular endings, the time ending is distinguished by a somewhat closer relationship with adverbs and a tendency to adverb, but only in the case of meaning use, when it says more about the duration of time itself, ir o ne which precisely defined point in that duration (‘timeline’)’. This time end in the sentence goes over the circumstance of time and answers the questions: Auomet? When? at what time? Šiam laiko galininkui lietuvių kalboje paprastai vartojama gana apibrėžta grupė daiktavardžių, k. a: diena, naktis, rytas, vakaras, pavdsaris, vasara, ruduo, žiema, vidū(r)naktis, vidū(r)dienis, vidū(r)vasaris, vidū(r)žiemis, pirmadienis, antradienis, trečiūdienis ir t.t., kurie reiškia paros, savaitės tam tikrus laiko tarpus, metų laikus.? From these nouns, the time endings of the words kaftas, sYkis differ little in their meaning and relationship to the adverbs, especially in the case when they say a very general and undefined time of action, state or event, rather than a frequent (see the endings Akaftą and sY)ykį meanings in two sentence pairs: 1. Once he [Mačionis] caught up with Mykolas carrying from the river both half-full buckets of water VnlP138., Batutis, who appeared once in the town and confused People with his stories, disappeared again ŽRI1261. ; 2, Antaniukas, like him already many times! Interestingly, besides the time endings of all these nouns used here in the colloquial sense, there is no possible origin of the negation. Thus explained by a completely weak connection of this kind of time endings with sentence verbs, su 75 Agnieszka taught, took Palmutę už rankutės ir stovėjo kryžkas VnlP16l., Again looking around, stroking the dog, [Kurmelis] went inside į ZRI110. For example, Otrembskis iš refers to the dialectal genders dziėnū, nakci, vasarū, žiėmū, pavasari, rūdeni, karti, corresponding to the literary genders dišną, naktį, vasarą, J. žiemą, pavasarį, rūdenį, kafta, as time adverbs originating from the singular ending of nouns with temporal function. iš However, it should be emphasized that, when deciding the question of the to ar adverbiality of another word and the adverbiality of a statement in Lithuanian, one ar cannot rely solely on the semantic syntactic function, because, for example, in the circumstances of time, various ar other forms of variable words can be used in the sentence as prepositions. su ir be jų — various verbal prepositional ir constructions, which no one thinks are adverbs. nė The process of conjugation of both conjugative and adverbial constructions has been almost untouched by Lithuanian language researchers, so it is not surprising that conjugation is one of the least studied parts of language in Lithuanian grammar. In Lithuanian grammar literature, when speaking about adverbs, we are usually limited to noun adverbs that are derivatives of ir other variable parts of the language, which have their own specific formants, clearly distinguishing them. them from the tų variable parts of speech iš that they have read out. O while in the language itself, be tų adverbs, we have a lot of those who do not have specific adverbial forms at the same time they are not ir some degenerate words they in their external form — completely coincide with the corresponding forms of variable parts of the su language, only in them faded humor, the meaning of the verb, also, compared with the main word o su jų (with the word they iš pronounced), changed isolated ar lexical meaning, relationsir jų hips with su other sentence words are different than those of variable parts of speech. More fun. The fading of the meaning is sometimes so vague that it is very difficult to study the relationships of words of this kind with adverbs. su su How is the question of the process of conjugation of variable parts of speech solved in the Soviet Russian linguistic literature? A. B. According to Shapira, Russian verbs (with prepositions jy) ir be the process of conjugation has been touched in their works by many authors, but most clearly this process is A. M. Peskovskiy®, So we should ir raise here A. M. Peshkovskiy's thought. Examining the various transitional cases of speech parts A. M. Peškovskis emphasizes that it is most common in the jų area of adverbs, because all Russian adverbs, except the so-called,,prototypical® (such as 30Eco, mam, mym, moeda, eceeda, some others); is aside ir relatively recently adjective nouns. iš ir 2 Jan Otrebski, Wschodniolitewskic narzecze twareckie, Czech grammar, Kraków, I, 1934. 3 Mpop. A. B. 419, anu po, O6 06pasoBannH HapeunH B COBPEMEHHOM PYCCKOM f3blKe, «= nbye: CKHŪ s513LIK B LIKOJIe“*, Ne I, 31, 1947.; 76 A. M. Peškovskis sees the process of conjugation of adjectives and nouns in the,,isolation* of any one verb from the general conjugation system. This “isolation”, says A. M. Peškovskis*, took place extremely slowly. He sums up at least seven factors that caused this “isolation”, namely: 1. „that the remaining funny things gradually went out of use, died“; 2. “that they were not used in the meaning of the whole Word in which the corresponding syllable is used”; 3. ‘the fact that the relevant verb itself was not used in the meaning of the verb itself or in the meaning of the whole word in which the remaining verbs are used’; 4. ‘the fact that it acquired any sound difference in comparison with other syllables, apart from the differences it had as a separate syllable’; su tų 5, “that everyone else would have fun gaining the differenctą e”; 6. “the fact that the preposition merged with the vowel removed su one concept į from the system”; 7. ‘the ir combination of jį all or some of those factors (which was the most common)’. A. B. Sapira® correctly observes that all these factors raised by A. M. Peshkovskiy are in fact only possible consequences, reasons of noun ir and adjective adverbation, because the most important thing that determines the transition of various forms of adverbation is the use as circumstantial words, circumstantial function in the word combination. 0 ne į jų jų This circumstantial function overshadows the objective meaning of the word, and from this results everything that isolates the verb itself, weakens its meaning, which eventually disappears altogether, the former form of the verb completely passes into the adverb. These remarks of A. B. Šapira are also characteristic of the process ir of adverbation of the forms of variable words in Lithuanian language, where į the noun adverb is passed through the circumstantial function of the word, the weakening of the objective and formal meaning of the word, the isolation of the verb and finally the complete disappearance of the meaning. Ir If, along with A. iš B. Šapira, we į recognize the above-mentioned factors raised by A. and M. Peškovskis as possible consequences of the adverbation of nouns and adjectives, it is interesting to see whether the time ending in Lithuanian, which, as we ir have seen, is jo sometimes considered an adverb, is in any way connected with at least one of these consequences or not. The observation here gives a not entirely positive answer, First of all, it must be emphasized that all (old and newly formed) nouns that go in the final part of the time are used as well as all the other verbs, If the use of some verbs is not intensive or sometimes more difficult possible, it does not mean that they potentially do not exist, In addition, in the verb system all those words are used in the verbs with almost the same meaning of "the whole word", For example, if we take the word diena "year from morning to evening", we will see that in all the used verbs the same meaning of the word remains: Šnekėk greitai, diena trumpa B. Dienos jau ilga Krns. A day's drive from here riogso mountain PE, Piktą dičną reik su piktžolė pravaryt SchT7. ¢ A. M, IleuikoBerknh, Pyceknli CHHTAKCHC B HAyYHOM OCBelleHWH, H3A. 4-o0e, 129, M., t Ibid., € Ilpog. A. B. lllanupo, O6 o6pazosanin gapeuKĖ B COBPEMEHHOM PYCCKOM fA3LIKe, = „Pycckuė A3bIK B mKOJIe“, Nel, 31 —32, 1947. 1934. 77 The Diénaq hospital has recovered again Slap. With the day they will cross all three schools Throat. You can't go anywhere on such a day. Give him my best wishes for K11318. Such a clothing only for warm days Slap. In those days it was warm in Br. During those few days, they went through the alphabet of their science in the most beautiful way. It’s not a good job in such a cloudy day Rdm’. The examples also show that the adjective still retains its vowel meaning. In each case, we feel it here as a complement, here as time, here as the end of the party. Finally, phonetically (in terms of the place of its accent or consonant) the final part of the time here differs in no way from the other final parts of the word. If we look at other words in the tense in a similar way, we will also see that their tense forms are not related to the above mentioned effects of noun and adjective conjugation. Thus, the isolation of the final of time itself from the general system of conjugation, as well as their interaction, cannot be of a significant degree. However, even with all this in mind, it should not be forgotten that the temporal endings of some nouns used without adjectives differ in their meaning from the other verbs of the same word and also from the temporal endings used with adjectives. Let's take such time endings used without marks, which indicate certain periods of day, daytime or seasons (day, night, morning, evening, spring, summer, autumn, winter). After all, having these time endings used without marks, no one will doubt the somewhat increased commonality of their meaning, even a certain abstractness. For example, in the sentences: Come a great day, not in the evening and Come another great day, in the first case diéng means "during the day" in general, and not at a specific time of the day» in the second case saying another day already emphasizes a specific term, not the time of the day in general. This explains the tendency of some linguists (e.g., J. Otrembski) to consider such time endings of generalized meaning as adverbs, especially because the use of said endings only in the context of the sentence contributes to the commonness of that meaning; O use, as already noted above; first and foremost leads to adjectives of funny forms. Thus, a certain commonality of meaning and the exceptional function of circumstance brings those time endings used without marks to a fairly significant degree "closer to the adverbs, leaving them as if in an intermediate stage between the noun verbs and the adverbs. When studying the process of conjugation of noun verb forms, especially in cases where there is doubt whether a noun verb has already definitively become an adverb, linguists often put forward another criterion of decision — namely, the ability or inability of that verb to have adjective signs. If a noun or its individual syllable form is syntactically restricted, it reduces the number of Kkiekis® marks that can be combined with it. „The complete loss of the ability to be marked by an adjective means adjective7 Zr, J. Balčikonis (red.), Lithuanian language dictionary, 2, 343, 1947, 3 B, B, BunorpagnoBs, Pyccku#t s3bik, 380, M, —JI., 1947. 78 džio form transition adverb. į A sharp to decrease in power is a symptom of a transitional state®?, Let’s now look at the forms of the time ending in Lithuanian language and see how, when and to what extent they ir can be marked with adjective ir other signs, Time ending with combinational signs: adjectives: vėlų vakarą, ir paskutinę naktį, vėlų rūdenį, naktį l. nakčidusią; nouns: a su moment, the very middle of a. spring, kata, the same day, diéng, another day, one dayéna, morning, one morning, rude, rude, the same rude, b. night, one ¢§ night, evening, the same evening, the šį same working tą year, another mint, this tą hour, this girl, next spring, one afternoon; noun tą adjectives: r0kią solenną godzinę, šį tdękią piękną tą wielką, tą szczęśliwą godzinkę, sam tą tą tą c. ir tą tą Iytotąjį rytąs participiais: d. ateinančią diénq, pėreitą rudenį, ūžpereitą vasarą, praeitg naktį, Laiko galininkas jungiamuosius nejungiamuosi2. us ženklus::Tą rudefis naktį, su tą rinkimų ir paušarį, vieną paušaro dieną, vieną tokį pokalédinio mėto šventūdienį, karštą vūsaros popietę. 3. Time. adjective with incompatible adjectives: vaidinimo diéng, piiitiés mčnesį, rinkimų pavasarį. The examples already given clearly show that words with a temporal ending in Lithuanian can be marked with both conjugations (adjectives, nouns, numerals, participles) and conjugations with non-conjugations, as well as with non-conjugations alone. It goes without saying that in those cases where we have any mark, there can be no question of the adverbiality of the temporal ending, because the mark itself emphasizes the meaning of the temporal ending, and as long as the meaning of the vowel is clearly preserved, the word is still not converted into an adverb. In su the given examples, the meaning of the verb of the temporal ending is reinforced by both the conjugable signs, which also go with the same verb, and the non-conjugable signs, which are connected with the form of the temporal ending by a control relationship. In the first and second case, we still have definite nouns. Even in such a combination, as nūktį nakčidusią, the meaning of the verb remains, because it is strengthened here by a kind of adjective of individual action, harmonized with the noun of the same root, Some nouns denoting the concepts of time, including: akimirka, valandėlė, valanda, savditė, menuo, mėtas, etc., cannot go with the ending of time (not pobūvio!) without a sign at all, In literary language, such nouns as pavakarjss, pavakarė, vūkaras, darbymetis, pdpietis, etc. are usually used only with signs for the ending of time, Tatai also shows the nounality of the forms of the ending of time and the survival of their verb meaning in those cases where the ending of time has paZyminiy. su If there is ir anything in common between the time endings used as adjectives, on the su one hand, and the adverbs, on the other, it is only their temporal meaning, which is the most characteristic of time adverbs, and also their syntactic function: both the noun time ending and the time adverb are used in the sentence to indicate the circumstance of time. B. B. Bunorpaos, Pyceknū ssw, 308—381, M. —JI., 1947. 79 This ends ir the su commonality of the adverbs of the ir time-terminal verbs used in marks. The very nature of the ir latter, the syntactic jų relationships with other su words of the sentence, sometimes the formal jų peculiarities are still of a different nature. However, a certain group of nouns, which have been raised earlier, usually referring to periods of day, week, year (day, night, morning, winter, spring, autumn, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday...) for the time ending are used both with su and without signs. be Here perhaps only somewhat stands out the noun vakaras time end, whose suffix at least in literary language we be are not very inclined to use probably because next to the suffix here we have the time locus vakarė, as the most commonly used suffix almost completely turned into an adverb. be ir Time endings in su marks ir be certificates It is also used as a substitute for such substances as caffeine. The tense endings of all these words, when they do not have any signs, just come closer to the adverbs than in any other case of verbal ir usage, the signs used are the tense endings of the mentioned nouns to Be “have a slightly different, — more general, more abstract lexical meaning than in the cases where they are used as adjectives. su | Sometimes to some iš tų prepositionally used time adjectives, such as early, late, vūkar, tomorrow, do not strengthen the meaning of the verb, on the contrary, even overshadow it, as if forming together adverbial nė compounds enriched with o, finals, e.g.: early ja morning, tomorrow night, late rudenį, rytdj rytą, plg. su also dialectic saying in the middle) ndkij. At the same time, it should be noted that such compounds of time endings as diena naktį, diena nakrtėlę, dieną ir nūktį, rytą vūkarą, žiemą vasarą, which are usually used without any marks, also usually have a very generalized meaning. ir Ir be the approximation of the time endings used in the certificate to the adverbs is not all of the same degree. This depends on the inner meaning of jų individual words or groups of words. Let us say, such time endings as kaftq, sYkį, dieną, nūktį, rytą, vakarą, pavūsarį, vdsarq, rudenį, žiemą, daugiau "approached to adverbs than Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday... It is particularly difficult to distinguish the endings of the words kaftas, spkis from the adverbs, because the meaning is very general; jų therefore, words only time ending only has a be stronger tų temporal meaning as precisely because of its ir meaning characteristics begins to somewhat ir isolate the conjugation system. tų However, the ability to have marks does not allow us to completely distinguish iš those Words that are closest to adverbs from nouns. ir iš Su In one of his ir be works J. Jablonskis, who already understands nė the category of adverbs very broadly, in some cases even assigns to it the general, objective divisor, considering the adverbs as adverbs without any exceptions, has not distinguished the time endings of the adverbs used in the adverbs. Neither does J. Endzelynas consider those finals o as adverbs,“ ir who in his works gives such adverbs as šiafidien to be illustrate the origin of the finals in Latvian Lithuanian language. ir se (la. today), tonight (la. Suonakt), shimet (la. šūogad), once (la. vičnreiz), hereinafter referred to as la. drusku,“ druscip, šūorit, 80 šiovakar, šuonedėl, šūovasar, rit(u), mentioning together the Latgalian forms vosor and žim, which are either of the final or of the infinitive origin! ?, In addition to the temporal ending, the function of the temporal circumstances of the action or state in the sentence is performed by the length, frequency, as well as manner endings of some words. In the first of them we answer the questions: how long? How long? (It was warm and nice in the Taruti family CvRVIII118 all day and the next day, and for an hour it was seen a bunch of People ib225 rising up on the hill.) Jablonskis does not distinguish between the frequency ending and does not even use such a term, but he gives examples of the use of this ending when speaking about the “long distance and stroke traction g-k”*. (cf. Every morning, I emphasize, Lichen BitšPvas252 now macked through the herd of herds). With the finite of the passage (which is discussed separately by J. Jablonski, but in fact comes closer to the finite of the “long distance and stroke traction” than the finite of the frequency) we answer the questions: how long? How long? J. Jablonski distinguished it, based only on the fact that it is used "usually after the slide or" movement verbs, to indicate for how long someone withdraws, leaves or. stops, leaves to stay, to relax, to rest...“1* (e.g., the guard withdrew from box JoL76 for a moment). It is also possible to talk about a more pronounced approach of all those adjectives to the adverbs only in cases where they do not have certificates. But even here, the degree of this approximation depends on the nature of the individual words or their combinations. In terms of their temporal meaning and circumstantial function in the sentence, such final compounds with other Words as trochūtį, trupučiūką, galėlį, galiūką, mūžumą, mažulėlę, akimirką, valandėlę, ar jų dieniūkę, su dienéle, kaitą, sykį (nei kaitą, nė syki), kas dieną, kiekvieną rytą, kas mėtą, kiekvieną vakarą, kas žiemą, kas vasarą, visą diéna, kitą syki and so on are closer to the adverb. These words ir jų the approach of the compounds to the ir adverbial compounds of the adverbs is of ne a lesser degree than that of the previously discussed time terminals. This is shown by the fact that some of them, e.g.: £trupūtį, trupučiūką, mažulėlę are not inclined to have a note in the language at all, while the compounds kas diėną, Rds rytą... tend to complete conjugation (kasdiėną, kasdién, kasdié...). However, neither the aforementioned endings nor their combinations with other words of the unbroken ending (dieną, kitą kartą) can be considered as fully conjugated, because they are not completely isolated from the conjugation system, other conjugations are still used next to them; of course, those final compounds have not absolutely lost the ability to have iš adjectives (even the compound jų kas + adjective ir can have adjectives, be e.g.: kas mielą dienélę, kas vieną dienéle). ar jų At the same su time, the endings that indicate the amount of time must be accompanied ir by endings that indicate the quantity of an object, characteristic or action. These endings often have the same genders as those used to denote the quantity of time, e.g.: kruopelę, kruopelytę, kruopeliūtę, galą, galėlį, galūtį, galiūką, trupūtį, tru10 See, J. Endzelins, Latviešu valodas gramatika, 600, Riga, 1951, as well as his Baltu valodu skaijas un formas, 228, Riga, 1948, 1 See 1928. (in Lithuanian) Rygiškių Jonas, Linksniai ir prielinksniai, 74, Kaunas, 1928. 12 See ibid., “75–76. 6. Slang questions II. 1998-1999 81 putdly, little bit, little bit, little bit («polski szmat») ir t. t., plg. also in literary language does not use the unnecessary gender biškį, biskį, biskėlį, ir biskūtį, biskučiūką («German bischen»). These endings, performing the function of the circumstance of the quantitative way in the sentence, also come close to the adverbs, but do not become adverbs at all, as do the endings performing the function of the circumstance of the time, which do not have signs. ir Thus, we see that the noun endings used to indicate the circumstances of the sentence, although they come closer to the adverbs, especially in cases where they do not have signs, but in the present Lithuanian language they are not able to form at least the more pronounced type of ordinary (non-conjugated) ending adverbs. The most important thing that can be said about such endings is that they are undoubtedly in the intermediate stage between a noun and an adverb. In general, it is necessary to emphasize that the final part of a noun (both singular and plural) is one of the verbs that, even in the circumstances, does not tend to adverb, in its full form (with the ending retained), except in the case of abbreviation and especially in conjunction with other parts of tų speech or other words (kaf:'*< kdrtą, vakar<!vūkarą**, Siafidien, šiandiėną<šiani diėnan, šiūąnakt<šią nūktį, vienąkart<vieną kaftą, šimet<3į mėtą, angsyk<ang sykį, visqdien<visq diėną...). By the way, A. Leskynas!®, J. Endzelynas!® ir other linguists even yesterday derived from iš the singular native. But K. Būga has observed on this subject:,, That the adverb yesterday... would have iš arisen a local evening, hardly Leskynui In Lithuania they will believe. Everyone knows that yesterday there was a broken tailbone. It should be noted that the number of noun endings that have a fractured ending and are not merged with other parts of the language by other words su is extremely small in Lithuanian: ar just one other jų (cf.: kafr, yesterday, if the latter adverb is actually derived from the iš finalis). iš The most common forms are the first noun, adjective, numeral, and occasional su noun adverbs with the second noun (usually the second noun ending of the ar occasionally preserved ir ending). — ir So, let’s stop a bit at the tendencies of making these adverbs, dividing them into at least several groups. 1. noun-+substantive element Such constructs, where the first element is a noun, and the second element is a noun ar (occasionally) preserved ending of a noun, occupies the most prominent place among compound ending adverbs. 18 pp. : Will he ever get a protelus? a, It should not be forgotten here that M vdkar could be derived with the same certainty su from the nobleman evening, ir 18 A, Leskien, Lithuanian language Reading book with Grammar and Wėrdbuch, 177, Heidelberg, 1919, 16 T, Endzelins. Baltu valodu skanas un formas, 228, Riga, 1948, 17 K, Būga, Kalba ir senovė, 1, 160, Kaunas, 1922, a. Įvardis kas and noun galininkas'®: kasdiėną, kasdién, kasdié, kasnakt, kasvakar, kasžiėm. 82 b. Pronoun ras, that ending and the ending of the noun of the deformed or deformed ending: zandiėn, tafidéj, tasidei, tandei, túdien, tqdién, túdie, tąkart, tūnakt, tūnedėl hibr. ‘that week; that Sunday", zrąsim. c. Pronoun anas, ana whole or deformed and deformed ending and noun mark: anafičės hibr. ‘anąakart’, anafidien, anafide, anafidie, angdien, anądie, afidien, afidie, anafidéj, anandiej, anafidienai, anafidai, ananddi, anafidies, anafidienais, angkart, angmet, angmét, anqryt, angsyk, angvakar. d. Jvardzio šis, ši galininkas and noun point: šįkart, šįmet, šįryt, šįsyk, Sjvakar'- ®, šiandičną, šiaiidien, šiaiide, šiūdei, Siafidei (= šiandiej- ?), šiaridėj, šiaūdie, šiafidiej, šiąnakt, šiąnakt, šiūnedėl hibr. “this week; this Sunday, this summer, this winter. : Sometimes there are cases of dialects and extraordinary words intertwining, cf. Žemaičių šianpartdiėną. e. The pronoun's somehow end and the noun's diend truncated or deformed end: somehowfadd (Siokiarndiej?), somehowden. f. The pronoun which and the noun diena have a nutrupéjes end: kurigdien. g. the final part of the pronoun kitas, kita and the noun point: kizandien, kitandie, kitądien, kitądie, kitafidei, kitandie (cf. the unmerged word combination kirą diėn, where the consonants of both words are still preserved- ), Airakart, „another time; once upon a time, in ancient times“, kitgmet, kitgmét, kitgnedél hibr, „,next week; next Sunday”, kiząkart, “not now, next time, next time; juniper; otherwise; occasionally; before„“, Sometimes the first démens end is cut off here: RAitsykį. h. Pronouns each, kelifitas, visa finalis and decrepit noun point: Riekviengkart, kelintąsyk, visąčės hibr. visqdién. 2, Adjective-+- noun mark The first place here is the adjective ending (most often the preserved endings), and the second — the truncated noun: amžinądien „nie būdu, nieku gyvu, niekad; anaiptol“, amžindiė „t. p.“ amžinytėn „t p.““*?, you said “bad day, working day”, swefritądien. 3. Numeral + noun point a, Quantitative numeral and truncated noun: vienudien, vienreiz, vienu reizi, sešikart, sešissyk, Simitqkart. 18 It should be noted that the second accent of these fragmented adverbs could in individual cases be of the noun origin, ¥ to these formations belongs also the gender this spring, which is found in the Dusetų dialect. 20 Sometimes, and especially when the ending of the first point is ir broken down here, it is impossible to determine whether we have a final, noun, or finally a conjunctive adverb, cf. the phraseological compound eternal day ‘in no way, as alive, very, extraordinarily’ in the sentence Eternal day did not want Sly, 83