Kapsų–Zanavykų tarmių būdvardžio ir skaitvardžio kaitybos bruožai

TUVIY KALBOTYRO QUESTIONS. III Academies of Sciences of the Soviet Union KAPSU-ZANAVYKU TARMIU BUDVARDZIO IR NUMBER Changes! BRUOZAI J. SENKUS I. BUDVARDIS Family As in lk, in the descriptive kapsų and zanavykų (Kalvarija, Kapsuko, Kazlų Rūda, Vilkaviškis, southern part of Šakiai and some parts of other districts- )? in dialects there are three adjective genders: masculine, feminine and non-adjective (none), e.g. baltas, -a, balta; iodas, -a, iodine; small, -a, small; sdtus, -i, stu; sūris, -i, sūrū. Some, such as ja, mot. g. ė, stem adjectives do not have an anonymous parent at all. There are adjectives of the a, mot. g. o stems that do not have a noun gender, e.g. basas, -a, kvaišas, -a, and some adjectives have only a feminine gender, e.g. dédinga višta, éringa avis, nėščia moteris, kalšinga katė. Quite lively, in comparison, is the nameless family of u-kamieniy adjectives: dišku, gaižū, gardu, gražū, kartū, lygu, stiprū, tinku, nemandagu… With it there are also a lot of beautiful comparisons and sayings, e.g. : Light up the moon (light) Gs.3 Tamsū — put something in the eye (very dark) Plv. Sometimes there is another example in which an anonymous relative is almost solitary, e.g. : This way too much to cut —cut straighter Brt. There is no distinction between male and female voices in the series. An adjective is usually combined with a noun. With some nouns, the form and gender of adjectives may not coincide, e.g. : Scary lip (loving, clever) zas Joc Nm. She's a real devil's girl, Alvt. The genitive of adjectives that are pronounced at the end of the stem differs from the feminine singular noun only in the place of pronunciation, e.g.: cold winter and very cold, short day short diends. 1 Sometimes some more necessary features of the work, use or other features are also touched upon. 2 For more information, see the article J. Senkus, Noun consonant stem conjugation in the ir Kaps and Zanavika dialects, —Proceedings of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences (hereinafter referred to as MAD), A 2 (7), 167, 1959, 3 The abbreviations of the places given in the examples are the same as in the Lithuanian language dictionary, 5th ed. K. Ulvydas, Vilnius, 1959, or in the article J. Senkus, Preelipsių vartojimas ir svarbesnės jų reikšmės kapsų ir zanavykų tarmėse, MAD, Vilnius, 1960. A 1 (8), 125 —150, 1960. 133 The adjective infinitive is unchangeable and can take the function of an adverb. In the sentence, the pronoun is sometimes replaced by an adverb, e.g. : MD everywhere is good || well Gs. He has a little bit of all things. It is possible to use both forms in the same sentence, e.g. : There is no good where only one is good Zal. However, the anonymous genus cannot be replaced by an adverb in such impersonal sentences and sayings as: Where short, let it be short. Where red, so beautiful, where cute, so eyes Gs. It's already a long day Plv. The man — that's nice to look at (well grown, handsome) Žal. He went out, neither red, neither white (neither bad, neither good, neither to anyone) without saying anything to Gs. In addition, in certain sentences or in the construction of the negation, the form of the genitive singular of the masculine and the genitive singular of the feminine are sometimes used in parallel, e.g. : Nothing géra || géro from him will be Plv. What do you hear? (1990) What do you hear? Vlkv. Number The adjective in descriptive dialects, like Ik, has three numbers: singular, plural and plural. The plural is very rarely used, and only when the adjective is next to a noun expressed in the plural form (with the numerals du, am, a, ja, u, ju root singular noun, etc.), e.g. : And there came two boys, both beautiful young men Nm. I met two young men Grl. We have two little brothers, both of whom would not be Gs. It is particularly rare for female adjectives to have a plural, which is perhaps more common in the Zanavik dialect, e.g. : Had only two spotted chickens and nothing else Grš. 2, No. 2. Dgs. caud. form coincides with the plural form of the same verb, e.g.: dviem ir visiem geriem vaikams. In descriptive dialects there are four degrees of an adjective: 1. unequal, 2. higher, 3. highest and 4. the same, or the highest of all, which is an intensified variant of the upper degree, e.g.: géras, -a, gerėsnis, -ė, geridusias*, -ia, pac (all, good, what) geridusias, -ia. As we see, the highest degree can also be called the highest of all, the highest of heights, the highest degree of what. The upper and uppermost degrees are formed with prefixes, and the fourth degree consists of two parts, the first of which is a quadruple form; the first part can consist of: 1) the pronoun pac (pars), the corresponding vowel itself, 2) the pronoun egész or the non-comparative degree of the graded adjective dgs. kilm., 3) pronoun kas vns. kilm., sometimes and conjunct, 4) preposition for with the pronoun visas, toda dgs. gal. form; the second part of the adjective in the upper case of the adjective in the lower case’ * The upper case of the adjective in the lower case ends in -ias; extremity -is very rare or not at all. What are the differences between the sweet, the fatty, and the fast? —Sweet —sleep, fat —earth, quick —think Ig. 5 Plg. J. Jablonskis, Rinktiniai raštai (compiled by J. Palionis), 1, 206 —207, Vilnius, 1957, 6 When the first part of the fourth degree is made up of the preposition za with the pronoun all dgs. kilm. form, the second part can also be the form of the higher degree of the graded adjective, e.g.: za všetky milejšia. 134 degree form, e.g. : She's got su herself all || over, beautiful || ko (by) the most beautiful girl Gs. He then moved to the nearby town of Toliara (Toliara de Sus). He was a good friend of Mr. Goodman, who lived in the house. I think she's the most beautiful of all the Žal. The pronouns pac, of all, co (kuo) with ordinary adjectives of the highest degree, meaning the highest degree, form one syntactic-semantic compound, e.g. : He chose the most drunk (apple) Alk. The hay rotten after drinking Dks. In descriptive dialects, there is also a form composed of the pronoun pac, pari and a noun adjective, e.g. pac dobrasis, pati jaundji. In terms of its meaning, this form in descriptive dialects is more suitable for the non-comparative degree, as a strengthened and intensified variant of its meaning, rather than for the highest degree. The highest-level forms of Lk have not been heard in the descriptive dialects. In addition to the above-mentioned degrees, the descriptive dialects have a lower nuance of the meaning of the non-comparative degree. There are two forms used to express a property of a lower than non-comparative degree: 1) with the prefix apy-(apyjaunis, -€)8, 2) with the suffix -okas, -a (jaundkas, -a). The meaning of both forms is the same — lower than the value of the non-comparative degree, e.g. : Already warmed up || warm water— you can swim Plv. The woman is a wealthy woman, and the man is a poor man. Some of them are very fast, others are very slow. This means that the forms are used in a higher degree of significance. All these forms could be attributed not to the degree, but to a completely different lexical meaning of the word. However, for the speaker of the native dialect, it seems better to associate them with the concept of degree. All the above degrees of adjectives, except for the form with the prefix ap and some forms of all the upper degrees, are not only masculine and feminine, but also innominate, or no-second, genders, namely: 1) lower than the non-comparative degree: graždka || apygražu, mažodka, 2) incomparable: gražū, mūza, 3) higher: grafiail(s), mažiaū(s), 4) highest: grazidusia, mažiausia || gražiau, mažiau, 5) highest of all: vis || gražių || ko gražidusia (gražiau), visįį || mažų (mažiū) || ko (kuo) mažidusia (mažidu)". As we can see, except for the non-comparative, all other degrees of adjectives of the genitive have two or even more forms; especially the highest degree of all. The higher-grade form with the adjective s (gražiais, mažiatis) used by more older dialect representatives is considered older. The highest degree also has a short form: grazidu, mažidu, melidu: Md here for all grazidu Žal. For all my- * akamieno dgs. kilm, has also the form of ju trunk, 8 Forms with prefixes po-, pa-, used sometimes in Ik (pdgeris, -ė, pdjaunis, -ė) or other dialects (east highland pajdunas, -d, pagėras, -d), unknown to kapsai and zanavykai, Instead of it sometimes said ap-: sesuo apsenė ir ir Ta Nm. ® See, M. Sapijanskaitė, Garliavos tarmė (diploma thesis, manuscript in Vilnius State V. Kapsuko University, Department of Lithuanian Language), 51, 1951, 0 Similarly, adjective adverbs, whose forms usually coincide with the forms of some degrees of the genitive, are graded. Such diversity is best known to the author in the post-apokalyptic tombs of Lidu, the hometown of Gs. This abbreviated form is also used in the highest 135 degree of all. There are remaining forms of adjectives in the upper or uppermost degree of the genitive adjective, although the form of the non-comparative degree is no longer present, e.g. : It's funny that you got it ji Grl. Laughing md bo iš at him when he overturned the į rake Ms. There are also adjectives that cannot be graded, for example: 1) adjectives with suffixes -inis, -ė, -utinis, -ė, except for one other Word, for example: paskutinis, -ė, paskutinėsnis, -ė, paskutinidusias, -a (Até paskutiniausia diena, i dd negūtava Gs.), pirminis, -ė, pirmutinisnis, -ė, pirmutinidusias, -a; 2) some diphthong adjectives, e.g.: basas, gulščias, pėkščias, raitas; 3) some polystemous adjectives, e.g. ūšdaras, ardaras, arbulas. This includes adverbs with a prefix, which are rarely (more often only in folklore) graded, e.g. : I will sing a beautiful song, a beautiful song round, longer — more beautiful Plv. In addition, there are adjectives made from nouns with qualitative suffixes -ingas, -iškas, uotas and others, such as veršingas, miltuotas, mėšliškas. Sometimes the adjectives used to indicate the degrees of adjectives mentioned here, e.g. : No bags carrying labjausia miltuota kupra Vlkv. In the descriptive dialects there is one more adjective of the higher and upper*o degree, formed from a noun. In senior, the senior, is, for example, dog-eater, Sunidusias''; ponėnis, ponidusias. * As with nouns, adjectives ir have seven variations. The vowel form of the adjective differs from that of the noun only in the singular, and in the adjectives with the -ė root; all other adjectives have the same forms of noun and pronoun in the descriptive dialects. The adjective, like other variable parts of the language, has most of its variations in conjugation, so it is usually the most discussed. 1. Conjugation of ordinary adjectives In many dialects, the consonant endings of adjectives in descriptive dialects coincide with the consonant endings of other parts of the same language- !?. The adjectives in dialects, like Ik, have three consonants. The adjective conjugation is not examined here by conjugation, but, as with nouns, by stem. It is not a complete system of adjective conjugation in descriptive dialects that is intended to be presented here, but rather to highlight only the more characteristic or concomitant forms. YW Plg, He for all the dogs (worst, meanest, wickedest) Gs. 12 Plg, J, Senkus, Characteristics of noun conjugation in the kaps and zanavyky dialects, MAD, A 2 (9), 1960. 136 Polysyllabic adjectives The male genus V. blue blue, blue K. blue «blue, blue N. mélyndm, blue, blue, blue(s), blue(s) blue G. blue blued W. blue blued, blued, blued Vt. mélynam, blánablá, blánam(e) blálynuos, blálynuosė, mėlynuose, mėlynuose Female genus V. blue, blue blued K. blued, blue blued, blued N. mélyndi, blue mélynom(s), mélyndmi(s- ), mélynom(s) G. blue blued blued W. blue, blue blued(s), blued, mélynoni(s), blued Vt. blue(j), blued, blued, blued, "blued, blued(j), blued Limb. Mr. vns. caud. The noun ending is sometimes used next to the noun ending: zanavykų and kapsų I (Vilkaviškis and others) -wi (for white, blue), kapsų II (Kapsukas and others) -u (for white, blue). This ending is more common when there is a noun next to the adjective, e.g. : To such a bearded man Vikv. Mr. vns. and dgs. vt. most often both kapsų (hereinafter —kp) I, and ir zanavykų is pronounced without the ending -e (baltaimūė, mėlynanmi, baltuds, mėlynuos)*- *; kpll is usually pronounced with the e. Mot. g. vns. vt. is often used without the limb —pure trunk (white, small, blue). Male and female dgs. caud. most commonly pronounced without the ending s (baltfem, baltėm, mélyniém, mélyndm). The archaic form used in the writings of Salomėja Nėris, who comes from the KPL, is unknown to the maZiemus'® dialect and probably used by the poet for the purpose of rhyming. Mot. g. dgs. in. the most common form is with the ending m (baltūm, mélynom); The full ending seems to be more common due to the influence of literary language. Anonymous genus has the ending -a: white, small, blue. "The two-year-- old daughter of a woman's ex-husband". ward. differs in the place of conjugation -anonymous genus is pronounced at the root. This stem also includes the conjugation of adjectives with the minor suffix -ukas, -ė (a, mot. g. ė stem). Their masculine singular, in general, varies as a root adjective or noun, and the plural—as a root noun. The female gender is changed as ė ka4 The place of accent or preposition is given here only the most commonly used one. 8 Salomėja Nėris, Raštai, 1, 206, Vilnius, 1957, 138 mieno noun. Iš all systems distinguish only vns. See su in very different forms, namely, kpI is, e.g.: malý(á) — a I'm here. b.c. form, pronoun for — little boy(e) and for ja whom. b.c. shape, little one — a I'm here. noun form, mažiūky(je) —i, ja root noun form. Some of the forms mentioned here are familiar and kpll, e.g.: mažiūky, baltūky Kps., Dkš., mažiūkiam, baltūkiam Dks. Spelling. As the inverted examples show, descriptive dialects have not only different endings of the same verb, but also different accents and prepositions, on which the endings ir themselves sometimes depend. Many of the accentuation threatening things are in the same places in the descriptive dialects. The given two-syllabic paradigm examples are strong-pronounced strong-pronounced ir prepositions, multisyllabic o strong-prono- — unced prepositions. Of course, there are examples with a short suffix. Mot. g. vns. caud. is usually pronounced galūnėjė; root and stem pronunciation (whites, lifetime, in general) is rare. This is called mothball. ir g. jo I'm here. two-syllable adjectives vns. use, e.g.: gracefully (graphs), sochi (sdčei), žalči (žūlei). For more details, see at it, mot. gim. his trunk. Man. g. vns. ir dgs. vt., when the limb is shortened, due to the change of the prefix, it is pronounced firmly (maZam, mažus). This is most commonly the case ir su against. g. vns. vt., e.g. mažėo(j). Mot. g. vns. See ir dgs. caud. ar in., when the limb is shortened, sometimes, especially in kpl, there is also a short prefix, e.g.: mažėj, maždm(s). Mot. g. dgs. caud. and. inn. overlapping endings usually differ in adjective: naud. is a solid start (mažom), o in. — solid-tailed (smiles) "Short-term memory loss" (PDF). There is a temporair ry vague concentration on the consonant m (maZom). All this shows that the differences in the pronunciation of these pronouns are levelling out. In the case of a II non-convex surface, e.g. See the consonant, usually, is in the penultimate syllable. Adverse reactions, particularly CPIIr (morning) — New Uta, Garliava), pronounced vaguely, but the old one iš has a firm beginning (in small, small), which is why it is marked here. The adjective blue is ir III ir I accents: mélyniem || mėlyniem. It is a more I rare consonant. Dvojopumov are ir adjective su suffixes -onas, -a, -ėtas, -a, -ingas, -a, -ybas, -a ir kt pronunciation, e.g.: rauddnė, raudoni, dulkėtas, -a, dirpėtas, (Dūrpčtas -a maišas Ms. ), windy, -a (windy day Kbr. ), miltingas, -a, early, early'®. There are some ir other pronunciation variations of the ar differencmų eone Ik pronunciation, for example, about Vilkaviškis is pronounced: senjvas, -a, akjlas, (akylas, -a), gailjvas, (He -a has such a gailyvés heart -a Ms. ), rimtas, -a, Idisvas, -a\7, Dialectal prefix In common dialects it is pronounced only with a short suffix su (paprastas)’. 16 In literary speechthey are pronounced only in the prefix only ir I-II, pg. J. Grammar of the English Language 1, 97, Vilnius, 1957; A. Laigonaite, Literary Lithuanian Pronunciation, Vilnius, 52—53, 1959. | '7 Plg. J. Žiugžda, min. ill., 97 —98. In addition, the ability to distinguish between the different types of aggregates ir and the different types of aggregates ir from each other is not necessarily the same as the Ik ability to distinguish between the different types of aggregates. ; — '8 In dialects or writings there is even pdilgas, reliable —see. J. Otrebski, Grammar of the Lithuanian language, 3, 103 — 104, Warsaw, Poland 1956. 139 The feminine genus (sweet, dark, beautiful) is conjugated as the noun of its root (marti, pari)?*?. i It is also worth noting that some adjectives of the Ik w stem, e.g. stiprus, vikrus, ūmus, mitrus in the KPL substring (e.g. about Jiestrakis, Prienų raj.) are, although slightly less often, also a, and of the o stem: stipras, vikras, miklas, ūūmas, mitras (mot. g. stipra, etc.). Such things also occur in the kpI adverb, for example, next to the more widely used gaišūs, -i sometimes said and gaižas, -a: Išvirė gaižą sriubą Žal. Spelling. Female gender vns. the noun is usually pronounced at the ending, for example: saldžėi ~ saldžidi, gražėi, tamséi; less frequently pronounced with accent at the root: grūžei, tamisei, saldžei. Female gender vns. vt. There are three forms, which also influence the pronunciation: zamsid(j), tamsiojė, tamsiėj. There is a significant difference in the gender distribution of the population. Maid. Sometimes the preposition is concentrated on the consonant m: gražiom(s- ). This is sometimes called a moth. ir g. dgs. caud. u-stemmed adjectives have the inflection mainly at the ending. Adjectives: /ygus diškus, sOtus, tankus kpl are pronounced mainly, especially in the language of older people, at the root; such pronunciation is almost present in the whole area of descriptive dialects, although in individual syllables there is also terminal pronunciation. Single V. equal disk sOtus tdnkus K. equal: diskaus sdtaus tankus N. Hgiam diškiam sdčiam, sočiam tdnkiam, tankidm equal disk sdtų tankų G. Į. Hg high sd density See equal to, equal to great, great sdcie, sdčiame dense, g tdnkiamé; Daugiskaita lygūs diškūs V. sdtūs tdnkūs lygių diškių sdčių K. tankių lygiem(s) diškiem(s) sdtiem(s) N. tankie(m)s lygius diškius sdčius G. tankius lygeis diškeis sdčeis Į. tankeis See Wgiués, lygiuūosė diškiuos, didžiuūosė sdčiuos, sdčiūosė tdnkiuos, tdnkitiosé Similarly, the ir feminine gender is kiréiated. The third, as adjacent, accents here are only indicated for three vowels, as they are more often pronounced as such, although double accents may occur in other vowels. ir Dgs. vt., when the consonant is in the root, in the kpII subjunctive it is in ne the penultimate syllable, e.g.: gražūtose, gražidse (pronounced strongly). ® See. J. Senkus, Traits of noun conjugation in Kapsas and Zanavykas dialects, MAD, ir A 2 (9), 1960. 14) In their structure, or composition, numerals are ordinary (single) ir components. The last ones are also distinguished į from enriched®, formed by two iš words, e.g.: dvidešime*S (dviešimt), trisdešime trisdešimt), contemporary, ( e.g.: šimtai ir penkiasdešime, kėtrys dešimtys. du In terms of grammatical features and conjugation, the system of numerals of descriptive dialects, in general, coincides in many ways with nouns, adjectives and pronouns. Mostly numerals are close to adjectives, some to nouns su ar o — (some almost completely coincide with adjective su nouns). ar In descriptive dialects, such numerals, which do not coincide in conjugation neither with su nouns, nor with adjectives, nor su with jvardZiai, as su ir It seems very small. Ne all numerals have a masculine feminine ir gender. Some, such as hundred, have only the masculine gender, some, o such as one hundred, have only the — feminine gender. The numerals pfrma, 'afirra, trėčia etc. ir are anonymous relatives. There ir are such, for example: ten (ten), twenty (twenty), three®®, which have no category of genus. Numerals usually have the same vowel endings as other nouns. ir Iš occurring exceptions mentioned, e.g.: viemiolika — nineteen, kelidlika, whose vns. the adjective usually does not differ from the — denominator, so the old form of the adjective is still preserved*". It is worth noting that the numerals are four nine men. — g. gal. has a limb -is, o ne -ius: four nine*8. — Conjunctive numerals tiikstantis hundred, thousand du Simitai ir etc. expressed eleven ir su nineteen by — adding the word hundred dgs. form, for example: eleven hundred — nineteen hundred. The o numbering, ir sometimes quantitative numerals, being signs to the words hour, year, are usually used in the sentence of the indicative word, e.g. : be Soko till måndag Vick. Parsifal (parėjo) already po twelve (twelve) Ms. When only the fifth (pefikios), already i raising Alk. Aged eighty (eightyc) died i Ms. However, as the examples show, this is only the case when the marked word (hour, year) is explicitly implied. 84 These are also called the shortened, the abbreviated—Zr. J. Jablonskis, Selected Writings 1, 220; J.Žiugžda, min. I'm sick. 113, 118; be to, plg. Grammar of Modern Latvian Literary Language, 1, 479, Riga, 35 1959 According to the laws of phonetics of apraSomyjy dialects, the endings of some numerals Ziy differ from Go, for example. : One, ten, twenty, thirty..., hundred. This is particularly true in the Zanavyk dialect, where the a mudruly usually O falls out, -zs, -ns > -€, -nc. 36 Except local, e.g. trijuds tvdrtuos, trijosé skryniose Ms. 37 Plg, J. Jablonskis, Rinktiniai raštai, 1, 220. Sometimes, especially in the younger dialects, the final is said and eleven —nineteen, kelis (with a long vowel), Only with a long a taria (eleven chickens, twelve piglets) kplIv (second western kapsai —Daukšiai, Gudeliai, Igliauka, Liudvinavas). 88 The ending -is is used not only in adescriptive dialects, but also in many other dialects; With some exceptions, it is also found in the old writings (Mažvydas, Bretkūnas, Daukša, etc.), but there are dialects, e.g., north-eastern Highlands (Dusetos, Antazavė, etc.), north-western Highlands and many of the Žemaičių, which have the ending -ius: keturis, devynis (like žalius, šlapius). V. Mažiulis, Apie lietuvių kalbos skaitvardžius, —Kai kurie lietuvių kalbos gramatikos klausimai, 56, Vilnius, 1957. Be to, plg. aprašomųjų tarmių dauginius skaitvardžiusį penkeris || penkerius, dvejus || dvejis ir kt. 148 1. Quantitative numerals a. Basic one, -a k Man. g. Vns. Dgs. V. ofenc, one by one, one by one by one K. N. viendm, vienai vientem(- s) vienu G. vienus W. | vienu vienus, vienus Vt. vienami, vienamé vienuds, vienuosė, vienuose k Mot. g. Ink. Dgs. V . one, one of one equal, N. equal to one equal(s), equal(s) G. one one, one Įn. one, one by one, one by one, one by one See vienoė(j), vienojė, [ vienosé, viendse As we can see, the conjugation and pronunciation of the numerals vfenas, -a almost coincides su with the conjugation -a and ir pronunciation of the adjective baltas, kiréiavimu. From lk somewhat different. The plural singular, has only when it is used in plural -a nouns (instead of plural viemeri)® or has a binomial ivarding meaning, e.g. : su ar It's been a year Ms. Only one driskés kélinés left Vick. Yr one scissors, i the same suriidije Plv. Be basic numeric values, one, has other -a ir (adjective, pronoun) meanings*? ; this is seen in the iš following examples: Su jo md one (real) trouble Ms. Only one left (without people) triobs Vick. No Birštonas to King's One (whole) forest bo Out. Apē Bagodtąją only one (whole, real) song, o poem Goats of one grove Plv. All three born one (same) day Nm. There lived here one (some) man Br. Man. g. vns. caud. form only heard in folklore. In idiom, usually pronounced at the ending!", e.g. : Old men live alone Vick. 3 E.g., plural nouns. # Plg. Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian Language, 938. į “1 pdenui is in fact of utilitarian or local origin with the -ui adjective format, used as a reinforcement to the numerals of the same root. Plg. K. Ulvydas, Adverbial forms of singular noun ir su -(Dui, in -i Lithuanian. — Some questions of Lithuanian grammar, 127, 134, Vilnius, 1957. 149 thousand thousand in descriptive dialects is usually used as the ja-stem of the Į-accent noun and does not differ from Ik. However, sometimes some verbs of this numerals have also 7~kaminio noun endings and can be both mot. and vyr. g., e.g. : Crowds of mines, thousands of thousands of sué Gs. Several thousand people gathered in Plv. In total, there will be apie several thousand rubles of damage. I don't get a chance, Vick. million, billion These numerals are conjugated in descriptive dialects as a stem I nouns. Lk miljonas is pronounced with a strong adjective (million) and is II kiréiuotés2. The conjugation of conjunctive quantitative numerals in descriptive dialects, in general, does not differ from the Ik conjugation®- ®: all words are conjugated except those numerals that are composed of eleven—nineteen, with the addition of the word hundred dgs. kilm., e.g. vard. eleven hundred, kilm. Eleven hundred, maybe. eleven (eleven) hundred. b. Plural These nouns are formed in the descriptive dialects in the same way as lk, but their use is slightly different. With real, definite plural nouns, consisting of two distinct parts, e.g., sickles, forks, shoes, or having no singular, e.g., cemetery, door, only plurals are usually used, e.g. : We had three rodents Dks. Both doors are opened. It has three doors. When the fields were wide, two harrows were used to harvest the fields. However, in some places there are also occasionally parallel and minor plural nouns with these nouns, e.g. : There are dd three forks (manure) Gs. The number one next to one takes a special place, because it is said, for example, and: vienos durys, kapinės, kel(i)nės, kirkšlės. This is because one is a special numeral — with many secondary meanings. The nouns are also to be mentioned separately: metai, langai ir namai. With the plural noun year, the plural nouns (two, three, four, five... years) are also used, e.g. : Five years have passed, and Vick has not returned. It has eight major rivers flowing through it. This seems to be done because year is a noun whose plural meaning is already faded, unclear — in some sense it can also have singular, e.g. metas (time) kelti. And, on the contrary, there are cases when the plural is used for the simple plural noun, namely, okno, e.g. : Two (double) /angai, and still the wind blows Plv. Here the windows already resemble a plural noun; these windows are somehow connected to each — other, as du if they were two sides of one thing; plg. two doors. 52 See. Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian Language; In J. the Greek language, the k. word is also 1, 115, 118 pronounced with a su strong consonant, but the psl is 118 incorrectly indicated. that the word has a su constant accent, | 8 Zr. J. Žiugžda, min. ill., 118. 153 Man. g. V. rrėtas aštuonetas K. rrėjeto aštuoneto N. tretei, -u, -am aštuonetui, -u G. rrėtą aštuonetą Į. rrėtu aštuonetu Vt. rrėte aštuonete Naud. the ending -am (trejetam) occurs rarely —heard, for example, about Vilkaviškis: Ušteks tos drobės da trejetam marškinių. The ending -u is used in kplI. The female forms of these nouns are also used, although rarely, when necessary. In addition, the final form of both relatives is often used ancient (without the long —nose a), e.g. : Turé several working horses and three mares KzR. He raised eight children. | d. Fractional Fractional numerals in descriptive dialects, like lk, are two-fold: compound and compound (compound numerals) and conjunctive. Compound fractional numerals are composed of a plural numerals with nouns half and part: half goes through the first element of the compound numerals, and part through the second. Fractional numerals, composed of the word puse and the plural of the decimal numerals, e.g. pusafitro, pustrėčio, puskvartvirto, etc., are used more often from pusaitro® to pusšimtis and less frequently to pusdusimtas and are not syllable. Mot. g.: pusantros®, pustrečios, pusketvirtos, etc., Fractional numerals, formed with the noun part, although not fundamentally different from lk, but characterized by some variations in construction and morphology and pronunciation, e.g.: trečiūdalis, trėčdalis, trečdalis; ketvirtūdalis, kervittadalis, ketvirtadalis, ketvitdalis; fifth, fifth, fifth; a sixth, a sixth, a sixth; a seventh, a seventh part, a seventh, a seventh part; an eighth, an eighth, an eighth, an eighth; devintūdalis, deviiitadalis, devintadalys, dcvifidalis; tenth, tenth, tenth, tenth; eleventh, one-eleventh; cf. a twelfth — a twentieth5". These numbers are conjugated as a root noun. The fractional compounds of descriptive dialects do not differ from lk in anything or differ only in already known characteristics, e.g.: vienc trēčdalis (trečiūdalis, trečdalis), du trēčdalei (trečiūdalei, trečdalei)., Here are also the compounds: pirmas dalis, antra dalis, ir t.t. ir ! In addition, the numbering of the characters is different for each of the characters. I.% 55 The first half of the compound numerals is almost absent—says sometimes, probably, only in the sense of time, the first half; livelier is mot. g.: pusé pirmds, e.g. : Lunch apé half before Gs. A little familiar with the compound number dgs. kilm., e.g. : I didn't fuck for half a year, they kicked i me out DKS, 56 is pronounced in parallel with the semi-aphthae, unlike the lk pronunciation —see. J, Žiugžda, min. veik., 7 119. Retkarčiais kirčiuojama ir dvidešimtadalis, 58 Zr. J. Žiugžda, min. veik., 119, 155 Dgs. Man. g. Mot. g. V. fifth pefictos K. fifth fifth} N. penktiem(- s) penktom(- G. s), penktoni(- : s) penktūs penktas Į. penktais penktom(is), penkrėm(- s) Vt. penktuos, penktiiosé penktosé, penktdse Kelintiniy numervardZiy, although rarely, occurs and jvardZiuotinés forms: pirmasis, -0ji, antrasis, -0ji, trečiasis, -Oji and so on%4, e.g. : All girls, only three. in a row vaiks Alvt. Adjective plurals are conjugated as nominative adjectives. The eleventh and eleventh-- century phrases are the same as the eleventh and eleventh-- century phrases, but the eleventh and eleventh-- century phrases are different. Graduated, like lk, is only the first, -a, plg. : The earlier, the better. It is not only morphologically; but also semantically approaches the adjective. Some, especially from the first to the tenth, travelling numerals also have an anonymous genus: pirma, afitra, trėčia, etc., but it is not very popular now. Some quantitative adjectives are sometimes referred to as numerical adverbs or false, undefined® numerical adverbs; their descriptive dialects, like Ik, are, for example: dailg, daiigel, mūža. In addition, some more or less variable numerical nouns, such as: kéleta(s), wielu, kilkanaście, kilka, kėlos, keliasdešime (kilkas dešimtys), keli šimtai, keli tūkstančiai, belong to this type of numerals. The genus of the noun kéleta(s) is usually not distinguished®, e.g. : Gathered kéleta(s) of girls Gs. The men's Zal will come to eat. In addition, the vns of this numerator. gal. is dual, e.g. : He gave kéleta (a bunch) of apples to Gs. Plg. Eleven and others. Some words are made from numerals with certain suffixes or otherwise: they are adjectives derived from numerals- $*, namely: 1. With the suffix -dpas, -0pa: dvejdpas (dvejdps), -a, trejdpas, -a, ketveridpas, -a; so are formed these adjectives up to dešimreridpas, -a, in addition, they are also used from vingtsimteridpas, -a to hundrteridpas, -a and sometimes thousandanteridpas, -a. 2. with -Išipas, -a and -Ijpis, -ė to the numerals from one to ten: vienlypas, -a, dvilypas, -a, triljpas, -a, keturlypas, -a, -3esljipas, -a, aštuonbjpas, -a; singljpis, 8 Numerals greater than the de$imtdsis, -dji, i. e. eleventh, twelfth ir t, t., practically even less commonly used, E.g., % TpaMMaTura pycekoro s3kiKa, 1, 380, Mocksa, 1952; Modern Latvian Literary Grammar, 1, 478. | The 86 kéleta is in fact an anonymous family. 57 That they are not numerals, we see from the fact that we do not use them to denote either the number of things itself or their order, Plg, J, Jablonskis, Rinktiniai raštai, 1, 219, 157