Šakynos tarmės daiktavardžio kaityba

LITHUANIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE LITHUANIAN SOCIALIST REPUBLIC, LITHUANIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE LITHUANIAN SOCIALIST REPUBLIC A. JONAITYTĖ 1. GENERAL REMARKS Family. There are three genders of nouns: masculine, feminine and general. There are not many common nouns in the dialect. Except for nouns denoting the names of persons, actors, e.g.: gré bE jis, grė:bėije; Rid lis, RFS klé' "a ridge, -ė"; ti emuo, shepherd'- ne; sė'nis, sė'ne; šdlimiri:s, šėlimirė" "who is very afraid of cold"; vilūgis, viluge..., and the names of some animals and birds, e.g.: kalakuc, kalakūte; 6°%i's, 6°$ka, etc., where the grammatical gender corresponds to the actual masculine or feminine gender, the grammatical gender of all other nouns is a purely formal grammatical category. The masculine genders are all a-, ia-, u-, iu-stem nouns (dd‘ike, kirvis, li'tus, so'džus), except sxsuva and dūktė“, all consonant-stem nouns (rdumuo, taėšmuo), i-stem dantis, vagis and those o-, io-, é-stem nouns that denote a male person, e.g.: dė'de, téte „,daddy‘“, viršila; surnames: karpū'ovi'- če, lape, mažč'ika, pauga, no'rutavi-- ée... It should be said that surnames with the suffix —avyčia || -ėvyčia in the plural, in addition to the feminine gender, can also have the masculine gender, e.g.: jeckė'vi"- dčes || jeckė"vi'- čei, karpa viCes || karpavi"čei... In addition to the 0-rooted surnames daugė'la, nd'reika, nd'rvaiša, ra'dvila, there are also daugė'Is, nd'reiks, nd'rvaišas, radvils. The feminine genders are o-, io-, ė-stem nouns (gė'rve, mdrti, toga, valdže), except dantis, vagis, all i-stem nouns (d'nkštis, naktis) and the consonant stem dūktė and seesuva. The genus of dialect and lk corresponding nouns does not always coincide, e.g.: abgama "molar", blakstiens,,blakstiena®, da'lna "palm", ėketi's "peach", md rks "carrot", pod'ris "pair", skalkei "lime", valnarė'"- žis ",burdock". If the genus of the dialect noun does not coincide with the genus of the corresponding Ik noun, it usually coincides with the genus of the neighboring Žemaičių (e.g., Kuršėnų) or aukštaičių dialects. 1 The article is part of a larger work on the dialect of Šakyna. It uses the same phonetic transcription as in the article “Radical dialect interjection and preposition” published in the 2nd volume of “Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai” on pp. 109—130. Only in mixed diphthongs ui, iri, u + I, m, n, r is the strong-first preposition marked (*) instead of (*). Dialect examples, except in exceptional cases, are not transposed into lk, 91 In dialect there are also nouns that have both masculine and feminine genders, e.g.: cibulis || cibile „svogūnas“, gri‘ba || gri'ps, liepa || lieps, riūta, but in plural next to riū'ras and rūtai, spurga || spuūrks, sūodis ~ sūodys || stodžei. (common- ), faba || žd'ps (common- ), || vasculitis vascularis (r.) General genus are nouns that can be applied equally to both male and female persons (sometimes to different living beings). Most nouns of the common genus are of the o stem, but there are also some of their other stems (a, ia, ė, iu), e.g.: avė'piza "a limp, -ė", drambila, "a big, clumsy man", ištiža, išarga ~ išžarga "an outcast, -ė", kldika "a fool, -ė", lamata, "a ruined man, -ė", liešūunaša "plkininkas, -ė", lx2'rva „apsileidėlis, -ė, ištižėlis, -ė“, naevala, navalč'ika „apsileidėlis, -ė“, nzevalga, niospro'ga „dvėsena“, pakard'ila,,padauza®, pamd‘iva, pa'mpla,,pamplys, -ė“, pikéirna, plūkata „unserious person“, rūkata,,susiraukélis, -ė“, slopsna,,dvasna- ®, snarglaéda,spienburnis, -ė“, spré‘gana,,dvasna, dvėsena“, sūkaza,.susisukélis, -ė, susiraukélis, -ė „tared“ ika,,mégstas daug ir garsiai kalbėti“, vd'lkata...; head, "smart, -ė", gargd'rs, "iStisélis, -ė", kūnčas, "Sykstuolis and niurzglys®, li'uZas "lazy, -ė", makd'rs "twisted man", plitrpals "Plepys, -ė", sali-Rlus "easily offended, capricious Man", snooze "distracted, -ė", srūlbis ,,clumsy, unbuilt man“. When comparing the examples, it seems that o-root nouns of the common genus are old, the words of other roots iš will have o passed the common genus later. į This is partly iš confirmed by the dialect ir phenomenon that any masculine feminine noun passes into the general genus if it is used to ar characterize something, e.g.: tas bjauri tikras į be $urbel"3 nema to" te My dear, sake, kd ks mouse*da; but for that, bėnt Raule; Now, peéliksiene, that good iSkalbo Cus "likes to talk." All nouns of the common genus have one thing in common — they all have a derogatory, demeaning meaning. But, as an exception, we should also mention such words of the common genus that do not have a negative meaning, for example: ligd nis (sa'ka, ka VL nis jau, AE muoli sutrdukta; ligd nis sa*kanti...; jū'sa els jau, sėnei ligd' nis), tūlmo'čus "translator, interpreter -a" (dns tz" būva par. "tūlmo: čus a. „jau, „ūlmo: aus pritri-kai (speaking of a woman). Funny. There are 1000 likes and 1000 dislikes. The old postpositional locals have disappeared. Adesive and aliative have disappeared without a trace, the remains of the singular iliative are found only in the prepositioned and, most often, fragmented forms, e.g.: sa bū'da "he drives the dog"; td'u vis rēik čit i-kandin "you still have to go after"; /ūuka || laukuo || laukuon "outside- ", cf. the Kurėnai Žemaičių laukuo, the Klaipėda lauk.o; sieta ~sietan "so she drives the cows to their place in the barn"; chick shalin; mask žė'mė" "land". These postpositional pronouns have given way to prepositional constructions, e.g.: miška paukštis i, pniška i Sit; in i, "meadow; pas, pmo'tind- 'te visa vald'te,,- at mother's is best for children- “; I'm a dog, brother. Sometimes, although very rarely, there are also cases where the ordinary pronoun is used in the meaning of the iliative, for example: kdntmifiuos nuvaū're vėtšus "to Kafitminius nuvarė versius". This is the only example of a long-lived bridge in the area, and it is the only example of a long-lived bridge in the Eastern Highlands. with the adjective constructions, such as: ddr namuds atveža (about Varena); you arvažiosit svecuds (Lazūnai), it must be, not possible, because in the dialect nowhere any clearer even overlapping dgs, iliative traces92 kų no. This will most likely be a completely new phenomenon, just an extension of the meaning of the ordinary local?. When the old postpositional locutors disappeared from the dialect is difficult to determine. But it seems that this had to have happened long ago, because not only the Šakyna dialect, but also all the adjacent Žemaičių and Aukštaičių dialects do not have these locals. In general, the endings of dialect vocals almost always echo the endings of vocals of the respective Ik stems and are of the same origin. Almost all of the differences in the dialect's verb endings are due to phonetic morphological ending shortening®. ar Yes, except for the root a, nouns of all roots have a shortened singular pronoun ending, e.g. : §fé vi, miškė'li", gdlvo“, liepo', ddržinė“, palubė“, pė'čui, vidui, vandeni"... The endings of the plural noun and, except for a-, ia-stem nouns, the plural genitive are also shortened. However, this is not equally true for all of the subgroups. In the entire Žemaičių žemė border (Kruopiai, Dilbinai, Šakyna) and especially among the older generation of people, forms with -s, e.g., dgs, are found much more often than in the area further from the Žemaičių žemaičių dialektas. caud. : eyes, bd bums, pO nd ms, sé id ms, Emo nims, žo:lūms „„herbs“...., dgs. inag. : di enums,,dienomis “, naktims, pušč*lė'ms, -licums „ūlyčiomis“. In the case of the 1990s, it is more common than the 2000s, but not as common as the 2010s. caud. : arkli'm, būud'm, la'tvė'rm, mo'terim..., dgs. innag. : mdldum „,,moldom“, raudė'm, pūšim. This -s declination, like manomaš, has its origin in the double forms. Based on Ik and old writings (Vilnius catholic and Gospels), it is possible to assume that in the dialect first and long ago dgs was shortened. the old limb of the user, and much later —dgs. a limb of the inner limb, which 1k has survived to this day, e.g.: eyes, hands. From the same sources it appears that vns. the inner limb will be shortened together with the dgs. a housekeeper. When speaking about plural nouns and adjectives, it is not possible not to discuss the plural noun and adjective endings -um(s) of all feminine words of the conjugated parts of the language, e.g.: to'kūm(s) susivė"lušum(s) žilūm(s) galvim(s) (dgs. uud.); su. total: Rum(s) sanum(s) kūlamum(s) mašinum(s) (dgs. įnag.). (See also individual strain paradigms.) The area is known for its large number of mountains and a large number of lakes. According to the material currently available for the Lithuanian Language Atlas, the ending -ums extends to the west to the following limits: Papilė, Tryškiai, Kuršėnai, Kelmė, Adomaičiai, Pagramantis, Žigaičiai, Lauksargiai, Rugaliai, Eičiai, and further to the east and reaches the Nemunas at Jurbarkas. B. A. Cepe6pennukoB, O HeKOTOpbIX BO3MOXHbIX IIDHUHHAX NPOHCXOXJEeHHA HJIJIATHBHOTO 3HAUCHHA Y JIATbINICKOTO JIOKATHBA, Booklet dedicated to academic professor Dr. Jaūnis Endzelis in commemoration of 85 years of life and 65 years of work, 243, Riga, 3 About morphological shortening of limbs see more. V1. 2008. The shortening of the endings in Lithuanian dialects. —Vilniaus valstybinio pedagoginio instituto 19€0. Mokslo darbai, 8,97—98, Vilnius, 1959; J. Kazlauskas, Noun (i) u inflection change, —Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai, 2, 26, Vilnius, 1959, 4For more details see J, Endzelins, Latviešu valodas gramatika, 405, Riga, 1951 and the literature cited there, bos dgs. the noun ending -ums is written in Veiviržėnai, e.g.: šakdms, veséms etc. 93 ir : Pakapurnyje (Raseinių r.), Joniskyje (Tauragės r.), Viduklėje (Raseinių r.), Nemakščiuose (Skaudvilės raj.), Didvéjyje (Raseinių raj.) limb -ums uWritten only dgs. I don't think so. In the plural noun, feminine nouns of all stems retain their old endings, Compared to older sources, it turns out that the endings -ums presence only dgs. innagininke is either a completely new thing, or a mistake of the recorders, because from Nemakščių ir Median origin In the writings of S. Stanevičius® the ending -wms is found in dgs. naudininke, and dgs. a maid, e.g. : I'm going to work on laywele, I'm going to swim in the (26 marelums psl. )% „...munes graudey werky graudžiums aszarelums (34 psl.); Our passivism Rigos slides, our ornamental screens, our jutrineles. (92); Asz paszersiu sawa žyrgužely ney rugeleys, ney miželeys, grinums awyZelums (122);...kurys tum taiku būdamas Wylniuje, mūn muna yr daynūms iserddy teyksma ta jog dainažimes paraszy (132). Both Stanevičius- 's songs published in 1829 and the large area of spread of -wms do not allow this ending to be considered a very new phenomenon. As can be seen from the examples given, in Stanevičius’ writings the ending -ums is found in o-, i0 and é-root nouns, so it cannot be completely new there, because it must first have appeared only in one of the roots, probably (7)o root, and then penetrated into other roots. First, it had to penetrate into the ė stem, because éir io-stame root consonants of nouns in Žemaičių and Naujaisiais Vakarų aukštaičių dialects, except vns. and dgs. locals and dgs. the usufructuary with the usufructuary, are equal. The exact age of the ending -ums cannot be determined yet. True, in the Gospels of the north-western highlander of Prussian Lithuania, Wilens, we find: priewaisdumis (Ev. 25) and paslaptūmis (Ev. 30). But there are no more similar cases in all Wilen's writings, and it is not known how to interpret these examples: whether innagininku with -umis, or proofreading errors, In addition, the first word may be incorrectly used as a v-stem, and the second — simple žemaitybė, which occurs quite often in Wilen's writings. From the fact that in the present Lithuanian dialects and in older sources (Stanevičius) dgs is nowhere recorded. inagininko with the ending -*wmis, it should be assumed that the ending -ums has appeared when the old dgs was shortened and uniformized. The ending -ums was previously considered to be borrowed from the Veliuonis dialect, and the new ending -wms was immediately generalized to both vowels. But this opinion is contradicted by the extremely large area of -ums distribution, which covers not only almost all the north-western Highlanders, but also a good part of the Zemgalians and extends from the border of the Latvian SSR to the Nemunas. It is not possible to consider -ums as lawful in the simple case of abbreviation and deflection of the unaccented ending -om(s), because this is contradicted by the fact that for a long time in those 8 See. S. Stanevyčia, Pasakėčios, 5, Kaunas, 1948. 8 Examples are taken from S. Stanevičius, Dainos Žemaičių, Vilnius, 1954. In order to change the spelling of the letter Z, Stanevičius' text was rewritten. Some of these examples are mentioned by Mr. Grinaveckienés. See. E. Grinaveckienė, Mituva river dialect, PhD dissertation, 305, Vilnius, typewriting, in dialects where the ending occurs 1955, ; 94 -um(s), derived from the verb dgs. I limb of a person -om (< -ome), e.g.: darom, sakom, kirtom never goes anywhere į -um, although it's been a long time dgs. ir dgs. of the — noun verbs ir I the person's limbs are phonetically similar. The exceptions are only two examples: prasum „,prašom“ (Šakyna, Kuršėnai) and šinums „žinoma“ (Šakyna, Kuršėnai). They, as it seems, have already detached themselves from the general verb system. But in some Northwestern Highland dialects the ir accent has had a certain meaning -um(s). Yes, for example, in the Mituva river dialect (approx. DGSE (DGSE). servile ir limb -um(s) is only used for root-pronounced words, e.g. rafikum(s- ), uogum(s)"... Also -um(s) cannot be regarded as an ataying ir u-kamieniy iš noun, because wherever it occurs, the ending ji -um(s) is used only in feminine nouns, feminine y-root nouns that would later have passed to another feminine root and at the same time o have carried the ending ir -um(s), not in Lithuanian. Be of the ir same u-kamieniy nouns, except dgs. no verb ending coincided with the verb ending of any feminine genus stem, so even a su simple analogy could not be. Overexposed dgs. of the shape of a spoon su -wmis we find in Latvian, e.g.: retumis “rarely”, mazum(is) little by little, huge "very much", places "in places" ir etc.® These forms K. Miihlenbach interprets as adverbs -made-up dgs. the keeper?. Any forms of Lithuanian language su -um(s) cannot be explained by this. Thus, the origin of the ending -um(s) remains unclear. Perhaps it would be possible to assume that the pronoun who was a decisive factor here. In the dialects of this area, the pronoun who's noun form is almost always kum < kuom < kuomi, like aštuntas < aštuntas. This is also the case for the female gender of the name. with a servant, e.g.: with kum? —with the hand(s). Later, it could have been transformed by analogy with kum? —with arm(s). The ending -um(s) is not used equally throughout the Šakyna dialect area. It is most common near the Žemaičių border (Kruopiai, Šakyna, Dargaičiai, Dilbinai, Žagarė), but, for example, about Skaistgiris it is rarer, especially in ė, i trunks. There are more common old limbs of individual trunks. Even further east (Daunorava, Joniškis) it is no longer recorded! ?, The plural locus ending is also abbreviated in dialect, e.g. dvišo's, Idukuos, namuos. But the plural pronoun is not abbreviated as regularly as the singular, and alongside the abbreviated forms are often used full forms, e.g.: laukuose, miestuose, tro:bo'se... Moreover, the abbreviation is not the same for all root nouns. The most commonly abbreviated dgs of a-, ia-root nouns. 7 El. Grinaveckienė, Mituva river dialect, PhD dissertation, Vilnius, typewriting. 294—295, 1955, 8 J. Endzelins, Latviešu valodas gramatika, 602—€03, Riga, * K, 1951. Miihlenbach, Das Suffix -umaim Lettischen, Indogermanische Forschungen, XVII, Strassburg, 10 The material for Daunorava 412—413, and Joniškis 1905, was taken from the Lithuanian Language Atlas of the Lithuanian Language and Literature Institute of the Lithuanian MA of the LTSR. 95 pronoun, less -o, io-, ė-roots and all least i and dialect consonant root nouns dgs. natives —dgs of these tribes. locals are almost not truncated at all. a-, ia-root nouns dgs. the maximum abbreviation of the local endings is characteristic only of the Šakyna dialect other northwestern Highland dialects ne ir (e.g., Mituva river) but as shown Material for the dialectological atlas, and for the dialects of the Kaps-zanavyki (which do not shorten the native of other tribes at all)* and their neighbors Veliuoniškiai. Number. The dialect noun has only two numbers: singular and plural. The binary, in general, disappeared. Some of these remains are still found in the dgs of the masculine nouns of air ia-stames and other stems. in the final case, if used with "du" or "abu(du)", e.g.: valū"kuos buvau pasisé-jes du céntnefu; two statement I write; su. Spread the oil over the two ends. But in such cases the plural forms are also used in parallel, e.g.: atein pralč'ides di mėnešus;...ku'- rė'ni du pėčus diena i na kti; I've got hundreds of them. Everywhere else the singular disappeared, its place was taken by the plural; e.g.: nebeduod d piena tie, du spėnei; these titoj i_skle pa, dvi ba Žėkas auksiniu" išridina...;...dvi bačkas rem i i, da“ maisa; I don't know who's gonna take to's_,two. air ia-stem nouns dgs. The two-digit remains of the adjective are explained by the analogy of the numerals „du“, „abudu“. This is confirmed by the fact that exactly the same traces of the plural are characteristic of many other dialects, in which the plural of nouns has also almost disappeared, e.g.: kapsų-zanavykų*?, the highlands of the southern northwest (Jurbarkas)! * Eastern Highlands (Linkmenys)'® dialects. The two-digit number has left its mark on the dgs of all the stems. beneficiary and, with the exception of a, ia stems, dgs. Maid! ?, where the ending -s has been dropped due to the influence of the plural, e.g. jau, „dviem vaikd'm dtė'me karifius dukūmantus; America added phonic to the French, giving them vérid m. When the dialect lost its double count, it is difficult to say. The number not only indicates the number of objects, but its grammatical forms are sometimes associated with various lexical meanings, e.g.: dviratis, „dviratis“ and dviračei „the front axle of a carriage with wheels and yens“, graži'be „beauty“ and gražt'bes „beautiful places“; beautiful things", le'c and ledai "hail", mė*dis and mé dfei "firewood", nd'sts and nd'si's "noses", ri'c and ri tai "country of the world", etc. As in lk ir and other Lithuanian dialects, some nouns in the Šakyna dialect sometimes have only one or two numbers: either only plural, or only one11 plg, El, Grinaveckienė, Mituvos upyno tarmė, 292, 299, 307, 311-312, Vilnius, 1955, typing. 12 See, for example, Atlas material collection "Programs" question 290 trial maps of Southern Lithuania, Vilnius, Lithuanian Language and Literature Institute, manuscript. 13 J, Senkus, Characteristics of noun conjugation in the dialects of Kaps and Zanavyk. — Journal of the American Mathematical Society, Series A 2 (9), 157, New York, 1959. 4 El. The more characteristic forms of genus, number and verb in the dialect of the river Mituva. —Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai, 2, 181, Vilnius, 1959. 15 J, Kardelytė, Noun conjugation in Linkmenų dialect. —Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai, 2, 166, Vilnius, 1959. 16 See J. Endzelins, Latviešu valodas gramatika, 405, Riga, 1951 and the literature cited therein, p. 96 For example, singulars: balti*be, dė'jims, kareivije, kréida, piens, švins, etc. ; plurals: ir bdltinet, eké" Ces, lašinei, mielės, miltai, miti"bas, musti nes, ntiobaigas, pakasi'nas, prisnas „Snukis“, sma‘genas, niežai, raudes p-raudonlige, nuokulstas „naubrukos“, pd-biras, pamazgas || samazgas, barkicei, vé*darai and others. Trunk. The roots of dialect nouns are the same as Ik (a, ia, 0, io, consonants), but: é, i, u, iu ir 1. The root of individual dialect nouns does not always coincide with the corresponding It is the root of nouns, e.g.: abana, bitis, blakstiens, daine, dėbesi s, de*Ina, Rise mis, nd'sini's, drbaela, po'ris "pair", sma'genas, kirša, viešnė", žvė'ri's. ++ Some words have two roots, e.g.: gri‘ba || gri"ps, sūodžei || siiodis ~ sūodys, žilvitis žilvite, éketi's ėketė", žaba žd*ps etc. || || || ir 2. Not all roots of dialect nouns are preserved equally well. The best preserved stems are a, ia, 0, io and, partially, ė; 7, u, iu and especially the consonant roots are preserved much worse and even now they are getting weaker, because new words are passing from them to other roots: the masculine — to a, ia, the feminine — to 0, io, and sometimes even to é roots. In addition, individual consonants or even whole numbers from the more common stems are being introduced into these disappearing stems, for example, u-, iu-stemmed nouns in the plural are consonantized continuously by a-, ia-stems. In the singular, the singular noun of the u, iu-stems takes the form of a-, ia-stems, e.g.: su alieju, su cūkrų, su trakto'fu. In the plural noun of feminine nouns of ė, i and consonant roots, the -um(s) forms have invaded the noun and the noun-infinitive, e.g.: dgs. caud. akūm(s), ka'fvum, mo teerum for ‘women’; dgs. innag. dilgi'fium,,urgynėmis“, dukterum „,daughters“, širdžium „hearts“... io-stem nouns vns. The infinitive form has also invaded i-stem feminine nouns, e.g.: su ake, nd'se, Za'seir etc. The most commonly used is the fractional method, which uses the fraction of the total number of fractions (see figure). Although the stems of 7, u, iu are disappearing, sometimes some of their syllables are incorporated into the words of some of the stems of za, ė, e.g.: vns. ward. katis "cat", kištis ",kūtė", mo'ki"to'jus, "teacher", raši'to'jus ",writer", upis "river", etc. Some:o-stem nouns have passed to the ė stem, e.g. giū'nė“, jd'uje (see ja'ujė' ~ jaujėje), skri'ne (see skri'nė" ~ skrynéje), vViešnė" ~ viešnė, vi'šne ~ vyšnė (see vi'šnė" ~ vyšnėje). Passed because of the fact that most funny. in the dialect of the extremities coincided with the corresponding é-kamieniy vowels (differs only vns. deputy, dgs. a substitute and, in part, a servile and a servile, i.e. if the limb does not penetrate them -ums). Finally, it should be emphasized that where the root of the dialect noun does not coincide with Ik, it usually coincides with the corresponding root of the neighboring Žemaičių and Aukštaičių dialects (Kuršėnų and others), and sometimes with the root of the neighboring Latvian dialects (Bukaiši, Mežamuiža) (cf. Latvian akmins, kalki, paris and others). Spelling. The two-syllable dialect nouns have the same 4 accents as Ik, only a-stem III accent nouns have vns. The pronoun is not pronounced at the ending, like Ik (e.g.: biržė, darbė), but at the root, e.g.: bė'rže, darbe, etc., as in other northwestern Altai and Žemaičių dialects. Polystemous nouns differ from Ik in that they have only 3 accents: I (e.g., aktoc, pavasaris), II (e.g., kd'pu'sc, paklo'de) and III (e.g., kamuo7+ Language questions lis, _ 97 rtešuc, spra-gils). In addition, the a-rooted multisyllabic nouns of the third a-accent vns. the pronoun is pronounced at the root, as in the case of bi-syllabic nouns of the same stem with the III accent, e.g. d'žuole, riešute etc. ir The pronunciation of individual nouns does not coincide with the pronunciation of the corresponding lk nouns. to individual strain paradigms. 2. LINKSNING a trunk Singular I II III IV V. Akd'uls, piršc, ke Ims, Iduks K. kd'ula, piršta, ke Ima, lauka N. Rd'ului, pirstui, kee lmui, laukui G. kdula, finger, ke Ima, field In. kd'ulu, finger, ke*imu, field See kd'ule, finste, kee.lme, lauke Š. Akd'ule, finger, ke name, field Plural | V. kd'ulai, pirštai, stumai, ldukai kdulu, K. pirštu“, kūaelmu“, Išuku' kduldm', N. piršta'm, kaelmd'm, laukd'm kduld'ms, pirSid ms, kelmd ms, laukd ms G. kd-ulus, fingers, kae'Imus, fields In. kdulais, fingers, stumps, Idukais See kd'uluos, pirštuos, kaelmuos, ldukuos kd'uluose, pirituose, kelmuose, ldukuose 8. kd'ulai, pirštai, stumai, l4ukai stumai, laukai Notes. Funny. In ns. deputy. Sometimes, the winglets are spotted in the ground. local form, e.g.: blu-džūkuo, dafžūkuo, laukūkuo (Root) kaklūko" (Dilbinai). This form is found only in nouns with the maZybi suffix -ukas. This form of the local name is borrowed from the neighbouring Žemaičių dialektai (see Kuršėnų kaliūkuo, suodfittkuo, sviffitkuo- ... in this dialect it is quite alive). But it is interesting that in the Šakyna dialect phonetic low-level errors are not always corrected. This is the origin of the O-kamenny noun vns. vietininko’- s. Vns. the shouter. Multi-syllabic a-stem nouns vns. the vocalist very often has a shortened ending, e.g.: d'vin, k@'tin, pa'tin, va'buol,,vabale®, žū'sini, etc. Vns of proper nouns. nie17 In the more funny ones, with adjacent forms, the more frequently used form is written first, then the less frequent one. 18 Plg, Latvian a-stem nouns vns. mėža, tėvą, Dėl kilmės Zr, J. Endzelynas, Baltų kalbų garsai ir formos, 106, Vilnius, 1957, kados does not have the ending -e, but only the formant -ai, e.g.: bičužai (surname), jankd'uskai (surname), jd'nai, md'rti'nai, trai etc. 98 pe ir Iš the form of general nouns šį vns, the exclamation mark always has only the word "father" to the — sons. In other general nouns this formant occurs only very rarely, for example: žd'gai, žd'gai, diok dagūta (Dargaiciai). Vns of real polysyllabic nouns. $goldsmith forms are very often abbreviated, e.g.: jd'kim, ir lz'vo'n "Leon, Stanislaus, va'clau? "?. Dgs. the shouter. Dialect already more often ir III, accents IV in two-syllable nouns instead of dgs. vocalist uses dgs. denominator (plg. paradigms). Spelling. Some a-stem dialect nouns are pronounced differently than Ik? ?. In the I-dialect, dmatninks, amerikd ns, dvarininks, keld-uninks, pabūklas "device, tool", prd'c, purslas, sko'lininks, sa-vininks, stazbū'klas, ips, žoi'rs, gintars, ka rininks, RPd'uklas "an old thing of some kind" are pronounced. Almost all nouns with the suffix -ūnas are pronounced with the first accent, e.g.: alejiins (surname), bij ns, keiki ns, laki ns, pasalins, perkins, ratkinai (village), safG4 ns (surname), tauii'nai (village), vijiū'ns, etc., but alu'ns, kdl ns, malu'ns, palatru'ns, "a spice plant grown in nursery schools", are pronounced with the second accent in Tarmé: diržas, gaurai, jūnks, lieknas, lūkšc, maldai "meldai", riksmas, riūl*ūmai, rinks ~ ruūgas, rūožas, vaistai. In dialect III, kidoc ~ kūodas, mdigai "grėbsčiai", mūskuls, puūoc, smd'iks, žd'ips, žae'nc are pronounced. In dialect IV, kdnc ~ kaiitas, mdils, nėerts, veerks ~ veigas are pronounced with a fourth accent. Some a-stem nouns are pronounced two or even three times, for example: akioc Iir III, atklastai I and III b, jegmins and jė'zmins I, II and IIIb, pavalkai II and pa'valkai I, mūurai II and md'urai I. ia stem Singular I | II III IV V. stuūobris, mé: dis, ri pestis, ké-ls K. stiobre, mė'dže, ri peice, kė'le N. stiobfui, mė*džui, rū*peščui, kėlui G. stuūobri, mė'*di, ru*pesti, kėli In. stiobfu, mėdžu, rūpešču, kėlu Vt. stiūobri', mė*di“, rū'pesti- “, kėli Š. stūobri, mė*di, ri.pesti’, ké-Is kėli 19 As regards vns. for the origin of vowel forms, see J. Otrebski, Gramatyka języka litewskiego, 3, 15, Warszawa, 1956, J. Endzelynas, Baltų kalbų garsai ir formos, 106, Vilnius, * The pronunciation 1957, standard is taken from the "Dictionary of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language", Vilnius, 1954. 99 u, iu stem Singular I II IV V. d'mžus, rūrgus, so" dius, tus li dméaus, K. tūrgaus, so*dZaus, l“taus N. d'mžui, tūrgui, s0"džui, li'tui d'mžu, tiirgu, G. s0*d¥u, li'tu In. d'mžum, tūrgum, so'džum, B tum d'mžu, tiirgu, so'džu, li'tu Vt. d'mžui, tūrgui, so:džui, tui Š. d'mžau, tūrgau, sė'džau, Iitau Daugiskaita V.8.d'mée, tūrgai, so" de, Ii “tai K. dma, tūrgu“, so'džu', tu N. d'mdm(s), tiirgd'm(s), so:džd'm(s), litd'm(s) G. d'mžus, tūrgus, $0" d¥us, litus In. d'mžeis, tiirgais, so*džeis, litais See ad'mžuos(e- ), tūrguos(e), so'džuos(e), K'tuos(e) Notes. Funny. The Vw dialect trunk is very sparse. iw stem is much more abundant than u, but still not very abundant. In the plural, both the u and fu stems have passed to the a, ia stems. The consonant root £mé gus in the plural dialect, as in other adjacent dialects of Vysočina and Žemaitija, has moved to the i root: žmd'ni's (noun), žmo'nim(s) (use), etc. In the case of a larger number of rows, the number of rows can be multiplied by 2. the local's adverb pietuse. There is no trace of the iu stem plural. It is believed that the u-, kua-rooted nouns in the plural passed to the i a, ia roots due to the conjugation of the a, ia and w, iu roots. analogy of progenitors and progenitors**. In the singular of the u, iu stems there are also already traces of transition to the a, ia stems. It is a singular noun, which, in addition to its old form, already has the quite common a, ia root form (see paradigms). Now this form is already widespread not only in the Šakyna dialect, but also in many other dialects of the Lithuanian language?*. In some cases, it was already known by Wilens, e.g.: sunu (Cat. 27). Spelling. There are no I and III-dialectal u-kamieniy nouns in the dialect at all. fi*tus and sūūnus are pronounced with the IV accent; md gets singular pronounced IV, plural o — 3rd ed. tu not in stem III ir IV accent nouns. % Zr J. Kazlauskas, The decline of the (i) u conjugation of nouns. —Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai, 2, 20—21, Vilnius, 1959, * More about this #r. J. Kazlauskas, min, article, Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai, 2, 22—30, Vilnius, 1959,, 106 Are there prefixes in the dialect, as in many other dialects of Lithuanian? *, ir is the most sumise.? Except for the words dūkrė* sesuva, all dialect consonant ikaminiai nouns are masculine. The words of ir the feminine gender have passed į o trunk, e.g.: a'šmenas, putmenas,,putmenys, supūdimas“, sč"menas, skūtmanas,,- skūmenys, nuolapos“ etc. ir In addition, the females of the same species have no distinct mo sex organs. All of them, except only the word d'kmins stone, || show a clear tendency to move į ia trunk, but they are almost each in their own way, because one more, the other less are jų trunk forms. ia A completely separate paradigm has the word Gray. j Nouns dkmuo, vdnduo, vns. kilm. stone, water || vd'ndene- ... ir t.t. in all verbs has adjacent sexes: vns. ward. a"kmins, vns. kilm. aū:kmina, vd'ndine, vns. caud. a"kminui, vd'ndifiui ir etc. The same phenomenon can be observed in neighboring ir dialects of the Latvian ir language, such as the Kurzeme Latvian vns. kilm. buckwheat, pc caud. tė'šmifiu' ‘udder’, p.n. gal. Tartrate, aqueous ‘water’; Latvian : akmins “stone”, bottom “bottom”, tesmins “udder” (Bukaiši, MeZamuiZa)®. This in, en alternation is interpreted in two ways: K. Būga considers it a purely phonetic phenomenon?, and J. Kazlauskas in his dissertation, based on the data of Lithuanian dialects and old writings, as well as Latvian and Old Slavic languages, r as remnants of pronouns that have generalized the weak degree of the suffix*!, But in individual cases in the dialect 7, e before n, m can alter and in non-consonant stems at all, no e.g., rėtbinei réibenei, „Reibiniai, kaimas“, gimbiū'Čei gaembii cei || || "Gimbūčiai, kaimas", pagimbu'te || pagembu'te- ,,Pagimbiité, Reibinių km. dirva" (examples written in Skaistgirio apylinkės). Conjugation of masculine nouns with consonant stems Singular Plural V.Š. tešmuo V.Š. tėšmenei K. ztė'šmene K. tėšmeniu' tėšmons tėšmanu' N. rtė*šmefiui N. tešmenid'm- (s): tešmenim(s) G. tė'šmeni G. «tė'šmefius Įn. rė'šmefiu In. zrėšmeneis tėšmenim(s) See tėšmeni See tėšmefiuos- (e) tėšmenie 27 J, Senkus, Noun consonant stem conjugation in the kapsy and zanavykų dialects, —Lietuvos TSR MA Darbai, Serija A 2 (7), Vilnius, 1959; J. Kardelytė, Noun consonant stem conjugation in the Linkmenų dialect, —Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai, 2, 172—176, Vilnius, 1959, 28 On the reasons for the decline of the old consonant conjugation in the Lithuanian language, see in more detail J. Senkus, J. Kardelytė. J. Kazlauskas, Simplification of the conjugation system of Lithuanian nouns, 4 —10, Vilnius, 1958, typewritten; J. Senkus, p. 167-168 of the aforementioned article. Rigi P21 Bičole, MeZamuiZas izloksne. —Philologists' Mature Articles, XII, 12, 17, a, A 30 K, Būga, Lithuanian Language Dictionary, 1, 42, Kaunas, 1924. 31 I, Kazlauskas, Simplification of the conjugation system of Lithuanian nouns 107 Notes. As udder: jiosmuo, rdumuo, rūdus, sttomuo, šėlmuo. Noun a $menas || ėdšmenei is a masculine feminine gender in the ėdšmenei ir dialect. As a male, he is pronounced like the udder. The word vdnduo, only vns, is also ir consonantized. In the adjective it is pronounced in the root vd'ndans, as in ir neighbouring Žemaičių dialects (Kuršėnai, Papilė). Noun emuo dgs. 7 in the ir noun final has retained the old ir forms: liemenis liemenys ~ emenei, || IH liements liemerius, || dgs. o nuudininke i ir jnagininke more common old forms of the consonant stem: liemenim(s), lemenim(s), o ia trunk rarer: liemefid'm(s), liemeneis. shepherd, syllable dgs. in the noun has only the old forms piemenis piemenys, ~ silemenis silmenys; ~ dgs. naudininįnaginke ir inke in addition to the more common old consonant stem forms emuo has rarer stem pi forms: piemenim(s) ir piemeend'm(s), a emenim(s) piemaeenais. || pt || Dgs. in the postposition next to the more common ir piemefius says shepherds. syllable dgs. in noun retains the old consonant form: syllebenim(s); dgs. innagininke next to the old syllable(s) is found ia-kamienė ir ski emeneis. Dgs. In the final, consonant, ir ia-kamienė ir forms are used: syllables || skiemefius. Dgs. in the locality ia-kaminė form ski temeniuos(, e). stone, other than those of p.n. noun ir adjective, having consonant genders: akmuo || a"kmins, akmans || a"kmina, in all other verbs has completely crossed the stem, e.g., vns. į a caud. a"kminui, dgs. ward. stones ir etc. month, except vns. the denominator as ir 1k, has crossed the į ia trunk. As can be seen from iš the paradigm ir notes, the conjugation of masculine nouns with consonant stems is very confused and, in part, consonant-stemmed. su ia iš a ia trunk forms invaded, it can be said, lawfully, i.e. first consonant į stems invaded trunk forms, trunk masculine i nouns began to pass o i į ia trunk, trunk to forms by analogy invaded consonant trunks. ir į a the intrusion of trunk forms can be explained by dgs. the analogy of the nobleman, cf. a The stem bd/nu ir consonant stem pastors", according to which another i ir dgs appears. hard su consonant: dgs. caud. piemend'm(s), dgs. innag. pi emanais ir kt.32 Vns. local form té§menie, wdndenie, as ir i ir ia in the trunks, borrowed iš from the Žemaites. It is very commonly used in dialects. Suva. Singular Plural V.S. šūva V.Š. cells ~ cells cell K. K. Sanu cell N. (Shakin', Dilbinai, DaN. Sunim(s) meliai, Skaistgirys ir kt.) šūfiui (Skaistgirys) G. Suni G. Suns In. cell (Shakin', Dilbinai, DaIn. šūnim(s) meliai, Skaistgirys ir et al.) cell (ret. Skaistgirys) Surin (Skaistgirys) See cells See šūnuos(e) šūnie 22 Plg, J, Kazlauskas, Lietuvos kalbos žodžių linksniavimo sistemos paprastinimas, 31, Vilnius, 1958, typewritten, noun form, but it is probably 108 Thus, Suva® is almost entirely branched along the trunk. i It's hard to explain. ma borrowed from the Žemaičių iš (plg. Papilėniškių dounininkų $onei šūnie), ~ only in dialect uncorrected phonetic inferiority (plg. still borrowed locals from Žemaitija). This would be ir confirmed by the fact that the ši form is used only at the Žemaičių border, further o east į (Skaistgirys) ji begins to vanish. Keep She is a female member of the family. username *šuniai, probably, is not possible, because, except for the less iš common localities ir borrowed from the Žemaites, the masculine feminine nouns are ir never mixed in the dialect itself. Conjugation of feminine nouns with consonant roots Singular Plural V.S. dust, seaweed V.S. ditkteris~dukterys, sé seris~s€serys K. diukters, séseers dūkteres, sė'seres dukté's, séseries dūkteru', sėsearu' dūkterei, serei dukterim(s), K. seserim(s) dukteerim(s), N. sesertim(s) dukteri, sé séseri dukteris, N. seseris dūkteres, seres : G. G. sé In. ditktere, sé'sere In. dikterim(s), séserim(s) dūkterim(l.ret.) dūkterum(s), séserum(s) See duck, sésert See daughter(s), sister(s) daughter(s), sister(s) daughter(s), sister(s) daughter(s), sister(s) daughter(s) Vns. the form of the noun sesuva, most likely, is derived from the stem vns. o the denominator analogy due to the fact that „sesuo“ in the dialect had only one feminine noun with the ending - Whoa. Vns. in the word dūkrė* the stem form is already ė beginning to take hold, according to vns. the analogy of the denominator. Vns. local, dgs. substantive, ir adjective, pronoun, suffix, placeholder, all the Žemaičiai ir borders meet Žemaitiškas é-stame endings (plg. "Kūšėnų sé seserys, Papilės dukkteres, seserys"). On dgs. local forms dūkterūs(e), séserūs(e) see note to the o trunk dgs. local. Recursive nouns are not very common. In dialect they have two endings -is ir -ies, e.g. dra-skimdsis dra:skimd || sies, udimdsis Sa udimd sies. || $d Limbs -ies origin is unclear. Sometimes, especially near the Žemaičių border, purely Žemaičių ir forms occur, e.g.: ardimo's "angry, draskymasis" etc. ir The dialect is characterized by the fact that conjugated nouns are not conjugated: all conjugations are 2 For the origin of this form, see. J. 10. Kazlauskas, min. shop 64 page 109 the form of the noun, e.g. šd'udimd'sies čė nebūva girdé't “there was no fire heard here”; when, pmidns oi rū usirpsi gar, Jo:jo'jimd'sis uš "oh ever tu suffered už tą ‘barking’; kati pasustum su, sava dūužimd'sies "to feel your tu own beating." The skeleton is su not only covered in bones, but also in other materials, such ne as clay. ir ir HMS CYWECTBUTEJIbHOE B IAKMHCKOM TOBOPE A, II. 1998-1999 HOHAKTHTE Pe3tome B crarbe HCCAeAYIOTCS OCOGeHHOCTH CKJIOHEeHH5S HMEH CYLIECTBHTEeJIbHbIX B IMMAaKHHCKOM TroBope, YCTaHAB/JMBAIOTCA CJIEAYIOUME ShapaKTepHble UepTbi H3MEHEHHSl CYIIeCTBHTEJbHBIX: 1. UcuesnoBeHue JBOHCTBEHHOrO uHcJsa. BMmecTo JpeBHEro ABOHCTBEHHOrO ghcJa B TOBOpe ynoTpeOJiseTCHA MHOXKECTBeHHOe UHCJIO, Hamp. : du arklei ‘nse Jowanw', di sé'nai "JiBa chiHa', dvi galvas nape TOJIOBbI* H T, A. OCTaTk ZBOHCTBEHHOrO YHCJA COXPaHHJHCh B BHHHTEJBHOM Majieke HMEH CYIIeCTBHTEJIbHbIX OCHOBb Ha G, ia, €CJH TH TARGET/IbHbie CTOST BMeCTe C UKCJIHTEJIbHbIMH says ‘1Ba’, abu ‘06a’ for abūdu ‘00a’, manp. : du d'#klu ’nByx Jowaael’, both ends 06a KoHUA’. 2. IlanexxHnbie OKOHUAHHS HMEH CYIIECTBHTEJbHBIX TOBOpa B OCHOBHOM Te Xe camble, YTO H OKOHUAHHSA majexeil COOTBETCTBYIOLIHX OCHOB JiuTepaTypHOro A3bIKa, TOJIbKO B TOBOpe OHH MOABEPrJIHCH (DOHeTHUeCKOMY HJIH MOp(OJIOTHUECKOMY COKpamieHHioO. Hekoropbie majiexubie (DOpMbI TOXAECTBEHHb C (JOpMAMH COCEJĮHHX JKeMaHTCKHX IMoBOpOB, Hamnp. : MeCTHbi NMajieXX €AWHCTBEHHOrO UKCJIA YyMEHbUNHTEJIbHbIX CYLICCTBHTeJIbHbIX C cyddurcom ukas: — dafžūkuo ’B OroponnuKe', poodžukuo ’B TOpILIOYKE’; MecTHbIiė MNajieXX eAMHCTBEHHOrO YHCJa CYyLIECTBUTEIbHBIX OCHOB ia, HA i H Ha corJacuwifi: gfd'vie ’B Kanase’, ddntie ’B 3y0e’, vdndenie ’B BOJE’; MeCTHBIH NajieXX MHOMKECTBEHHOrO 4HcJ/a CyllecTBHTeJIbHbIX į OCHOBbI: dkies(e) ’B ryasax’, ddnties(e) ’B 3y6ax’; HMeHHTeJIbHbINH H BHHTEJIbHbIĖ Majie)KH MHOXKECTBEHHOIO YHCJA CYNIECTBHTEJIbHbIX 7 OCHOBbI JEHCKOrO son: MM. G'kes, BUH. akes ‘Tnasa’, duses ‘yuw’. )KemafiTckuM BJIKsHHeM, CKOpee BCero, cjeiyer OOBSCHATL H BTOPXKEHHE B MECTHBIH NaJieX MHOXECTBEHHOTO YHCJa CYIIECTBHTEJbHBIX KEHCKOro son (opm MECTHOro naJieXa CYIIECTBHTE/NbHBIX MYMKCKOro poja: dusuos(e) ’B ywax’. Say(s) 'B BeTBaAX- ', ž'luos(e) "B Tpasax'. loopy Take cBO/CTBeHHbI H (DOpMbI JIATEJIbHOTO H TBOPHTEJbHOrO najeKell MHOXKeCTBEHHOrO YHCJIa BCX OCHOB KEHCKOTO pojla C OKOHYaHHeM —um(s): bdbum(s) ‘6aGam wu GaGamw', gé'fvum(s) ’KypaBAsM WH IKYpaBAAMH’ d'nk$éum(s) ’cTpyukam H ctpyukamu’ AH T. A. 19th century STHX (opm— uncertain. Tool 3rd of July, 2006 (opmbl MOrJiHM 00pasoBaTbCsi IO aHAJIOTHH c 110 įopsoh TBOPHTEJLHOrO NajeXa MecTOHMeHHSA kas ’KTO, 4TO’, kum? ‘kewm, gem’, KOTOpasi MOXET YNoTpeG/siThCs C I'm the son of a man, Hanp., with a wife. sum_er(s) ‘c KeM? C¢ JeBYIUKaMu’>stt kum ?—with your dip(s). 3. OcHOBbl HMEH CYILIECTBHTE/IbHBIX B FOBOPE Te xe Cambie, YTO H B JiHTepaTypHOM fi3blKe, HO CJEJyeT YKasaTb, UTO He BCE OCHOBbI B TOBOpe COXpaHHJIKCb OJIHHAKOBO Xopouwio, Jlyunie Bcero cOXpaHHJIHCb OCHOBBI a, ia, 0, i0, é H TARGET/IbHbIE JKEHCKOrO pojla OCHOBbI 7, Hemp. : Eyes ‘rsias’. I'm not sure if I'm going to be able to do it. Cy- [IECTBHTEJIbHbLIE OCHOBbI # (iu) B MHOXECTBEHHOM 4HCJIE MEPeLNIH B OCHOBbI a, ia, Hanp. : sd'nai ’CbIHOBbA’, sd'jei ’nepepnn’. Xyxe Bcero B roBope co. XpaHHJIHCb CYLIECTBHTEJIbHbIE C OCHOBON Ha corJiachbie, IlouTH Kaxkjoe cJioBo OCHOB Ha COrJlacHbie B FOBOpe CKJIOHSIETCS IO PasHOMY, TaK Kak B CHCTEMY CKJIOHEHHSI KaKJOro CJIOBA BTOPIJIOCh HE OJHHAKOBOE UKHCJIO (OPM CyLieCTBHTeJIbHBIX OCHOBBI ig (HHOTJAa H a). Ecan ocHOBa Kakoro-HHOYAb OT/AEJBLHOrO HMEHH CYIIECTBHTEJNLHOrO He COBnajįaeT ¢ OCHOBOH COOTBETCTBYIOLIEro CYIIECTBHTENLHOIO JIMTEPaTypPHOro Si3bika, OHa TMOYTH BCerja COBNAaJdeT C OCHOBOH COOTBETCTBYIOUIEIO CYUiectBHTEJbHOTO JKeMaHTCKHUX rOBOPOB, a YaCTO H CYIIECTBHTEJBHOIO JIATbILICKOTO f3blKa, 4. Bo3BpaTHbiE HMEHAa CYIIECTBHTEJbHbie B IUAKHHCKOM TFOBOpe, Kak H B COCeAHHX XemalTCKHX ropopax (Hanp., Kypiuenafl), He CKJIOHSIOTCS. 5. B roBope, KpoMe HEKOTOPHIX YKa3aHHLIX B CTATbe HCKJIOYEHHi, HMeHa CYIIECTBHTE/IbHbIE HMEIOT Te K€ camble NapallHrMbi YyJapeHHs, UTO H B JHTepaTypHOM f3blke,