K. Širvydo „Dictionarium trium linguarum“ naujadarai

LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI IV LIETUVOS TSR MOKSLŲ AKADEMIJA K. ŠIRVYDO “DICTIONARIUM TRIUM LINGUARUM” NEOLOGISMS K. PAKALKA In almost all old Lithuanian-language writings and bilingual or multilingual dictionaries, one can find neologisms1. In their abundance, among other seventeenth- and eighteenth-century works of Lithuanian lexicography, K. Širvydas’s dictionary “Dictionarium trium linguarum”2 stands out most, especially its third edition (1642). In compiling his Polish-Latin-Lithuanian dictionary, K. Širvydas made use of the Polish and Latin word registers in the dictionaries of the seventeenth-century Polish lexicographers N. Folkmar and G. Knapski, and sought to provide Lithuanian equivalents. For the first SzDi edition, K. Širvydas took the Polish and Latin words from the 1623–1624 edition of N. Folkmar’s dictionary “Dictionarii Quadrilinguis, Latinogermanopolonicograeci”; for the third, expanded edition, he drew on G. Knapski’s “Thesaurus Polono-Latino-Graecus” (1621)3. At that time, Lithuanian-language traditions in public and cultural life were weak. Lithuanian was used more widely only by the people, enslaved and oppressed by the feudal lords. In K. Širvydas’s time, the Lithuanian written language still had no firm traditions. In the administration of the Lithuanian state, both before writings in the native language appeared in Lithuania and afterward, Old Church Slavonic, Latin, and Polish were widely used. The Lithuanian writings that appeared in the sixteenth century lacked terms and words for expressing various concepts of social and cultural life. K. Širvydas especially needed many Lithuanian equivalents when compiling his trilingual dictionary. K. Širvydas himself had to create many neologisms to name various things in animate and inanimate nature, material and spiritual culture, social life, and other spheres. Most neologisms belong to the domains of spiritual culture and social life. 1 Cf. V. Drotvinas, The formation of compound nouns in sixteenth- to eighteenth-century Lithuanian writings with regard to their components. — “Vilniaus Valstybinio pedagoginio instituto Mokslo darbai”, 3, 203—220, Vilnius, 1957; Ways of combining the components of compound nouns in seventeenth- to eighteenth-century Lithuanian writings. — “Vilniaus Valstybinio pedagoginio instituto Mokslo darbai”, 8, 59—88, Vilnius, 1959. 2Hereafter, we will refer to it by the abbreviation SzDi. 3For a fuller account, see K. Pakalka, From the history of K. Širvydas’s “Dictionarium trium linguarum”. — “Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai”, 3, 277—287, Vilnius, 1960. 281 fields. Some of them, for example, ecclesiastical and philological terms, will be touched on only briefly here, since they are discussed in other articles4. K. Širvydas’s neologisms are considered to be words and periphrastic designations composed by K. Širvydas himself as examples of spoken language, or morphologically translated from Polish (and sometimes Latin), and not found in other writings published before K. Širvydas. These words generally denote new concepts and new names for things that were lacking in seventeenth-century written Lithuanian. In identifying neologisms, we rely on the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (vols. I–V) and its card index. Since not all words from sixteenth- and seventeenth-century language monuments have been entered in the card index, K. Širvydas’s neologisms can at present be identified only approximately. The article also briefly mentions semantic neologisms in SzDi. Naujadarai pateikiami iš pirmojo (1629) ir trečiojo (1642) SzDi leidimo. Daugiausia čia remiamasi SzDi trečiuoju papildytu leidimu. Examples are given in the original spelling. Commas are used in place of the vertical bars used for punctuation in the dictionary, and also where no such bars appear but they are necessary. A period is placed between Polish and Latin words. The examples from the first and third editions are marked with the corresponding abbreviations—D1, D3. The numbers accompanying the abbreviations indicate the original folio in the first edition of SzDi and the page in the third. Words cited from K. Širvydas’s “Punktai sakymų” (1629, 1644) are marked with the abbreviations PS I, PS II. Examples are presented with Polish and Latin equivalents, so that the formation and meanings of the Lithuanian equivalents, among other things, may be more clearly seen. From a dictionary entry, usually not all Lithuanian parallel equivalents are given, but only the word in question. Most of the neologisms cited are nouns and verbs. The origin and formation of adjectival and verbal neologisms (especially those formed with suffixes) are difficult to trace, so they are treated less extensively in the article. The neologisms in SzDi are discussed here according to the main types of word formation involving prefixes, suffixes, and compounding. After compound words, two-word and multiword terms are reviewed. Prefixal neologisms are presented by the prefixes of nouns, adjectives, and verbs; suffixal neologisms thematically (according to the meanings of the suffixes); and compounds according to their constituent word parts. Compound neologisms are treated only briefly. They are discussed in the above-mentioned articles by V. Drotvinas. Only more characteristic examples of neologisms are given here, illustrating the word-formation types mentioned above. 4 Many of the ecclesiastical terms in the fifth edition (there are few in the first) were discussed by the Polish linguist N. Borovska in the article “Wpływy słowiańskie na litewską terminologię kościelną na podstawie Dictionarium Szyrwida,” published in the book “Studia z filologii polskiej i słowiańskiej,” vol. 2, Warszawa, 1957. In that article, N. Borovska compared the ecclesiastical terms in the fifth edition of SzDi with those in M. Daukša’s “Postilė” (1599) and concluded that K. Širvydas had carried out substantial work to Lithuanianize foreign ecclesiastical terminology. Philological terms are presented in A. Balašaitis and K. Pakalka’s article “Filologijos terminai K. Širvydo žodyne „Dictionarium trium linguarum“.” — “Lietuvos TSR Mokslų akademijos Darbai,” A 1(8), 211–216, Vilnius, 1960. 282 To provide a greater number of neologisms in the article and bring out the main productive types more clearly, we also include in the summaries examples not cited in the text. Prefixal formations K. Širvydas translated many Polish prefixed words using prefixed neologisms. a) Prefixed nouns: ap-, api- apgirdinimas (: listening, v. hearing) D331; apgulimas (: siege. Obsidio) D101; apidara (: bookbinding, sword scabbard, etc. Integumentum (scorteum) D3268; apłayka (: neglect of something. Neglectus, incuria, neglectio) D3524; apweldeimas (: conquest. Occupatio, obsessio, circumfessio) D3256. to- giver (: oddawca. Retributor, recompenſator) D1105; delay (: odwołoczenie et odwłoka. Dilatio...) D1109; reject (: odmiot, v. wymiot et odrzutek) D3248; memorandum (: pamięć, pamiątka. Memoria, monimentum, monumentum) D3283; verbal rebuttal (: odpór słowny. Infirmatio rei, refutatio, confutatio, dissolutio criminis) D3250. to- founder (: założyciel. Fundator) D1209; excuse (: zamówka. Praetextus) D1209; blushing (: zapłonienie. Rubor) D1210; substitute (: zastąpienie, zasłonienie. Interpositus, us, interiectus, us) D3531; guardian (: opiekun. Tutor, curator, patronus) D1114. Iš- distributor (: separator. Distributor, partitor, diuisor) D1157; hider (: hiding place. Conditorium, receptaculum) D3399; expenditure (: expense. Expensa) D1199; liberator (: emancipator. Liberator, adsertor, vindex) D3510; embroiderer, embroideress (: embroiderer. Acu pictor) D203. ne- nonexistence, absence (: nonexistence. Absentia) D192; unworthiness (: unworthiness. Indignitas) D3204; infant (: infant. Infans) D3205; ignorance, lack of knowledge (: lack of skill. Imperitia, ruditas, ignorantia) D197; dishonesty (: dishonesty. Detrectatio officii, beneficentiae neglectus) D3219; unrhymedness (: lack of rhyme. Inconcinnitas, inconsequentia) D3215. un- feigning (: feigning, pretending. Commendatio) D3454; anticipator (: one who anticipates. Praecursor) D1187; 283 fruit-picker (: to pluck fruit. Legulus, strictor auulſor) D3236; female messenger (: female messenger. Nuntia) D3331; numb fish (: a numb fish. Torpedo) D353. re- helpfulness (: helpfulness. Officium) D3454; eavesdropper (: to catch, to eavesdrop. Obſeruator, ſpeculator) D3307; listener (: to eavesdrop. Explorator, coriaceus) D128; melancholy (: melancholia, illness. Melancholia) D3167; splendor (: appearance, magnificence. Species, oſtentatio) D3342. per- breaking (: falling, fissure. Fractura oſſis) D3414; reseller (: reseller and dealer. Inſtitor, propola) D1114; warning (: warning. Commonefactio) D1145; book reviewer (: book censor. Librorum iudex, cenſor, reuiſor) D327; foresight (: review. Praedeſtinatio, prouidentia, fatum) D1146. pra- pra-ilgis gen: gio (: extension. Prorogatio, productio) D3349; surname (: surname. Nomen) D191; extension (: extension. Cunctatio, prorogatio, mora) D1142; spy (: spy. Explorator, ſpeculator) D3415; sinner (: sinner. Peccatrix) D140. toward-, near- pribuytis (: parish priest's, elder's, etc. residence. Sedes aut habitatio praefecti alicuius) D3376; pridereimas (: decorum. Decor, decorum, conuenientia) D1151; prikasaś (: trench, cf. row; earthwork) D3351; priepußte (: attribute, circumstance. Attributio, accides, qualitas) D3363. with- ſugulda (: syntactic cohesion. Conuenientia, concinnitas) D3405; ſumuſitoias (: pretender. Fictor, ſimulator) D3549; ſupratibe (: understanding of the intellect. Captus, docilitas) D3317; ſußeimas (: gathering. Synodus, conuentus, congreguſus, conuenticulum) D1163; ſußtikrieias (: to contend. Conſertor, praeliator) D337. cover- covering (: cover, trace: Praetextus, integumentum obtentus, us) D3319; encroachment (: encroachment. Flagitatio, ſolicitatio) D187; raider, invader (: raider. Emiſſarius, inuaſor) D3189; attack, raid= (: attack. Incurſio, incurſus, inſultus, inuaſio) D3189. b) Verbs with prefixes: cover- slander someone (: I slander someone regarding something. Calumnior, criminor odio factū aliquid) D3317; orphan (: I orphan. Orbo, derelinquo) D115; 284 I trick (: I deceive someone. Frustor aliquem, falso, decoquo res alicuius, induco in errorem aliquem) D3265; I pledge (: I vow. Voveo, promitto, recipio, (pondeo, polliceor)) D1169; I proclaim (: I announce something throughout. Cōclamito tota urbe aliquid, deblatero) D3391. re- I regenerate (: I give birth again. Regenero aliquid) D3251; I pluck (: I will put aside. Decerpo) D1106; I deny under oath (: I renounce an oath. Abiuro, eiuro) D1107; I ward off evil with the holy cross (: to avert something by the holy cross. Cruce sacra malum auertere) D3256. iś- I insult someone (: I insult, mock someone. Insulto alicui, impropero) D3461; I burst forth (: I break out. Scateo, scaturio, mano, emano, promano) D1199; I engage in this and that (: I occupy myself with this. Hoc ago, hoc verso, tracto...) D39; I set up (: I expose. Ad pecandum procluis) D1203. un-, not-, dis- I do not acknowledge (: I do not admit. Nego) D3214; unheard (: unheard. Inauditus) D3216; unconquered (: impenetrable. Inuictus, inconfoſſus) D195; unfinished (: incomplete. Citus, immaturus item quod non ex sententia succedit) D193; I underpay (: I come up short in the count, I underpay. Reliquor, aris) D3552; I am short of weight (: underweight (properly speaking). Non aequat, non implet libram) D3220; I arrive (: I reach. Adeo, accedo, aggredior, peruenio) D122; I finish speaking... I say something to the end (: I conclude something. Finem facio sermoni) D349. nu- I spy (: I look out for. Speculando assequor, speculor) D3502; I distribute (: I grant. Communico, participo, imperto, et or, distribuo) D1185; I pretend (: I present myself. Simulo pra me fero item vendito, ostento) D1185; I amuse (: I run away. Oblecto, consolor, voluptate afficio) D1184; to become thirsty (: to long for. Concipere sitim) D3459. pa- I soften (: I coax. Mollior) D3191; I preserve (: I support. Obseruo) D1128; I appropriate (: I claim as my own. Adscribo, attribuo, imputo, vendico, acceptum, refero) D1151; it recurs (: something bad happens again. Redintegratur, recrudescit morbus) D3324; I double (: I double. Gemino, duplico) D1128. through- I overcome (: I overcome. Vinco, supero, antereo, antecello, praeualeo) D1146; I ask forgiveness (: I beg forgiveness. Deprecor, veniam, postulo) D1144; I corrupt with gifts (: I will overpay. Muneribus corrupto) D1142; 285 I foresee (: I foresee. Praeuideo, proſpicio, praedeſtino) D¹⁴⁶; I protect (: I protect. Caueo, custodio, ſeruo... obſeruo) D¹⁴⁵. over- I increase (: I increase something. Augeo, adaugeo, affero, do incrementum) D³³⁶³; I fill to overflowing (: I fill a vessel beyond measure. Ultra modum vas impleo) D³³⁵⁷; I lose by playing (: I waste time, lose. Perdo ludum) D³³⁵⁰; I foretell (: I signify beforehand. Praeſignifico, praemonſtro, portendo) D³³⁵⁹; I call by a surname (: I give a surname. Cognomino) D¹¹⁴⁶. add- I increase (: I increase, add, append) D¹¹⁴⁹; I add (: I add. Add, append, join) D³³⁶¹; I adorn (: I embellish. Adorn, apply a cosmetic cover) D¹¹⁴⁹; I add (: I attach. Gather, join) D¹¹⁴⁸; it happens (: it happens. It occurs, comes to pass, happens, takes place) D¹¹⁵¹. with- I arrange (: I arrange. Arrange, organize) D¹³⁴; I invent (: I make something up. I invent, pretend) D³⁵⁴⁹; I create (: I create. Create, establish, form) D¹¹⁷⁶; unite (: to unite something, to unite oneself. Coadunare, unite, bring together into one) D³⁵⁴⁵. for- I give someone something (: I grant someone something; cf. Gale) D³¹⁸⁶; I lay on, I impose (: I lay on. Impono, inſumo, impendo, sumptus suppedito also I accustom) D¹⁸⁷; I insist (: I press, urge. Urgeo, inſto, flagito, ſolicito) D¹⁸⁷; I fertilize abundantly (: I manure. Accumulo, congero, repleo) D³¹⁹⁹; I climb upon (: I step onto something. Aſcendo, ſcando) D³⁴⁸⁹. c) Various prefixed adjectives and adverbs: slanderous (: defamatory. Criminoſus, calumnioſus) D³³³⁷; beyond-the-border (: situated beyond the borders. Extrafines ſitus) D³⁵¹⁷; released (: freed. Libertus, manumiſſus) D³⁵¹⁰; expenditure-related (: relating to expenses. Sumptuarius) D³³⁸⁴; disobedient (: not obedient. Contumax, inobſequens) D³²¹¹; accidental (: fortuitous. Accidentalis) D³³⁶⁴; contractual (: agreed upon, contractual. Pactitius, condictius) D³⁴⁵⁷; narratively (: in a manner of relating. Ex denütiato) D³²⁶⁸; openly (: openly. (Adverb:) Detracto velamine) D³²⁴⁶; aźupayniotay (: entanglement. (Adverb:) Contorte, implicite, perplexe) D³⁵³⁴; iźtumpuſiey (: convexly, bulgingly. Carinatim) D³⁵⁰³; nedrauſiey (: separately, not together. Diuiſim, non ſimul) D³²¹¹; untoriney dayktay (: aerial things. Res ſuperae, meteora) D³¹⁹³; untroitonis (: posterior. Poſterus) D¹⁹¹. Prefixal neologisms occur with almost all Lithuanian prefixes used in the contemporary literary language and in the East Aukštaitian dialects. 286 Most of the cited prefixal neologisms are morphologically translated according to the word-forming components of Polish and Latin words, for example: apnašlinu (: I orphan. Orbo, derelinguo) D1115; atduotojas (: giver. Retributor, reparator) D1105; atguldžiu (: I set aside. Decerpo) D1106; ažugaldytojas (: founder. Fundator) D1209; daeydinėu (: I approach. Adeo, accedo, aggredior, peruenio) D122; išduodimas (: expenditure. Expenſa) D1199; išfatau (: I put on display. Ad pecandum procluius) D1203; nederiſte (: unworthiness. Indignitas) D3204; nuſiuntine (: messenger. Nuntia) D3331; nudaliu (: I share. Communico, participo, impert[o], et or, diſtribuo) D1185; perpirkėjas (: reseller and middleman. Inſtitor, propola) D1114; perdawanoiu (: I corrupt with gifts. Muneribus corrump[o]) D1142; paklauſinėtojas (: eavesdropper. Explorator, coricaeus) D1128; pauntrinu (: I double. Gemino, duplico) D1128; prailgis gen: gio (: extension. Prorogatio, productio) D3349; pragauſinu (: I increase something. Augeo, adauge[o], affero, do incrementum) D3363; pridereimas (: propriety. Decor, decorum, convenientia) D1151; pridauginu (: I increase. Augeo, addo, adjicio) D1149; nedaeis (: premature, immature; also, something that does not turn out as expected. Citus, immaturus item quod non ex sententia succedit) D193; nekalbolis (: infant. Infans) D3205; ſumuſitoias (: fabricator. Fictor, ſimulator) D3549; ſueylūu (: I arrange. Ordino, diſpono) D1134; ſukalbetinis (: contractual, stipulated. Pactitius, condictitius) D3457; untritoinis (: rearward. Poſterus) D191, and so forth. In many cases, SzDi’s translations are good, rendered creatively, and conform to word formation both in colloquial Lithuanian and in the related Polish and Latin languages, for example: atgimimas (: rebirth. Diuſaſio, dehortatio) D3251; atgimdžiu (: I regenerate, give birth again. Regenero aliquid) D3251; iždaliotojas (: distributor. Diſtributor, partitor, diuiſor) D1157; išrašas (: excerpt, extract from something. Apographum) D3502; išdawęs (: publisher. Proditor) D1199; prąžunga mažieſne (: venial sin. Minima noxa leuius...) D379; ne išieyžda (: indemnification. Indemnitas) D218; neklausa (: disobedience. Cōtumacia, inobedientia, parendi dedignatio) D3211; nemokſlas (: lack of knowledge. Imperitia, ruditas, ignorantia) D197; ſuwienint (: to unite something, to unite with one another. Coadunare, unire, redigere in unum) D545, and so forth. Sometimes K. Širvydas translates Polish prefixal words into Lithuanian without taking account at all of the meanings and functions of Lithuanian prefixes, for example: apſunkinau ku (: I burden someone. Onero aliquē, grauō, aggrauō, deprimo) D3228; atſiſiekiau (: I renounce something on oath. Eiuro, eiero, abiuro aliquid) D3251; atſiſinklin krįžiu šwynthu (: to ward something off with the holy cross. Cruce ſacra malum auertere) D3256; ažuntėlimas (: omission of something. Reticentia) D3523; nudawimas (: commendation, praise. Commendatio) D3454, and so forth. As a result, some Lithuanian equivalents are difficult to understand without the Polish text or explanations. Compound neologisms Compound neologisms in SzDi are formed according to almost the same types of compound-word formation as those found in the contemporary standard language. a) Noun and verb, e.g.: auxadaris (: alchimiſta. Chymicus, Chryſopaeius) D32; karioſtowis, karioſtonėte (: oboz. Caſtra, tentorium, ſtatiua) D1102 287 kurpiedaris (: świec. Sutor) D3439; rubasiuwis (: krawiec. Sartor, sarcinator, vestitor) D3128; waykagamide (: położnica. Puerpera, parturies) D3322; waykaweudis (: pedagog. Paedagogus, formator, instructor puerilium morum) D3288; źinkladare, waydaddare (: fantazya. Phantasia, vis imaginatrix) D360; źinkladeja, źinkladaris (: cudotwórca boski. Taumaturgus) D337. b) Noun and noun, e.g.: bilawiete (: court or tribunal. Forum cōpetens, tribunal) D363; iźdowiete (: treasury. Aerarium, gazophilacium) D1166; kieltuwagiſte (: cattle theft. Abactus) D326; medźiamine (: cotton. Linum xylinum, linum gossipinum, lana xyli, linum e gossipio seu xylo frurice) D38; mergaweite (: a city of women. Gynaecēū, gyneconitis, idis, virginal) D364; protomęyle (: philosophy. Philosophia, studium sapientiae) D361; świnowiete (: lead mine. Plumbifodina) D1113. c) Adjective and verb, e.g.: negiźwagimis (: miscarriage, stillborn child, premature infant. Abortiuus fetus, abortus, us) D3323; piktadeiste (: wickedness. Focius, maleficium) D1216; sunkianesis (: load-bearing. Clitellarius, sarcinalis) D335; wiltawiliste (: hypocrisy. Hypocrisis) D1101; źiemalusiste (: corpulence. Corpulentia) D1174. d) Adjective and noun, e.g.: didźianame (: court. Aula) D356; mielaśirdiste (: mercy. Misericordia) D181; palodawiete (: brothel, bawdy house. Lupanar, ganeum, ganea, ae. f.) D3216; piktąźdźius prieś Diewu, piktąźadźia (: blasphemer. Probroſus in Deum, blas- phemus) D319; śwetimaźiemis (: foreigner. Extraneus, peregrinus, alienigena) D337. e) Numeral and noun, e.g.: dwikiele, trikiele (: parting of the roads. Biu(i)um, triuium) D3390; dwileźuronis (: bilingual. Bilinguis) D128; kietwirtąsusparis (: quadrangular. Quadrangidus) D119; wienamoteris (: one-legged man. Monogamus) D388; wienapardawimas (: monopoly. Monopolium) D3397; wienawiete (: monastery. Claustrum, caenobium, monasterium) D3105. f) Various other compound words: adverbs and nouns, e.g.: daug=galibe (: greatness. Potentia) D3478; daugnoreimas (: greed. Auditas, cupiditas, affectus) D110; numerals and verbs, e.g.: pirmagimis (: firstborn. Primo genitus) D1122; wienagimis (: of the same kind. Unigena, unicus) D387; wienawaldzis (: sole ruler. Monarcha, unius omnium princeps) D146; pronouns and nouns, e.g.: wisagalibe (: omnipotence. Omnipo- 288 tentia) D¹⁹⁸; two numerals: devintąsimitna jis (:=d dėjwięcętny. Nongentesi- mus) D¹²⁹; pinktadešimtnikas (: pięćdzięsiątnik. Quinquagenarius) D¹²¹, and others. Mention should also be made separately of the two-word and multiword neologisms that occur frequently in the dictionary and describe new things, phenomena, and concepts, for example: giwas fidabras (: rtec. Argentum vivum) D¹⁶⁰; jubileuBas, miėla wasara (: miłosciwe lato. Vulgo jubileus) D¹⁸¹; lankas iż muro, iż akmenu dungtis pujatiikieb padaritas (: frambuga. Arcus) D³⁶³; mieJtas pirmiauJias (: stołeczne miasto. Urbs regia, ciuitas regia) D³⁴²³; mokslas aplink aptiekos dayktu, aptiekos žinia (: aptekarſka nauka. Unguėta-ria) D³³; nekalbus waykielis (: niemowlątko. Infans) D⁹⁴; šilkuKirmele (: jedwabny robak. Bombyx) D¹⁴⁶; žinia paraykimo Junariu (: anatomia. Incijio mēbrorum, ars anatomica) D³²; žmogaus ažumušėias (: męžoboyca. Homicida, Jicarius) D¹⁷⁸; žmoniu wagis (: ludźikrayca. Plagiarius) D⁷⁴; żwirżday inkſtuoJe ir kitur Jopuli daru didi (: kamień choroba. Calculus, lapis) D³⁹³, and others. As in the modern literary language, the predominant type of compound formation in SzDi is noun+noun and noun+verb (this type of formation is now frequently used to create scientific and technical terms in various fields). Other compound-formation types—adjective+verb, adjective+noun, adjective+numeral, and numeral+noun—are uncommon. Two-word and multiword neologisms are generally made up of colloquial words. Some of the two-word and multiword terms mentioned above and elsewhere later developed into compounds, for example: giwas fidabras (: rtec. Argentum vivum) D¹¹⁶⁰ — mercury, Jzomo kaulas (: żebro. CoJta) D³⁵⁴⁰ — rib. One or another two-word or multiword term was later replaced by other colloquial words—nekalbus waykielis (: niemowlątko. Infans) D⁹⁴ — infant; by other neologisms: mieJtas pirmiauJias (: stołeczne miasto, Urbs regia, ciuitas regia) D³⁴²³ — capital; by international terms: žinia paray-kimo Junariu (: anatomia. Incijio mēbrorum, ars anatomica) D³² — anatomy. Some compounds are translated part by part from Polish and Latin, while others are formed more freely, at the author’s discretion and following colloquial usage. Most of SzDi’s compound neologisms are formed by translating Polish, and occasionally Latin, words according to their component parts, e.g.: dwikiele, trikiliele (: rożſtanie dróg. Biuum, triuum) D³³⁹⁰; dwoiliczewis (: dwoiżęczny. Bilinguis) D¹²⁸; kietuwawagjfe (: bydlokrądtwo. Abactus) D³²⁶; promomyele (: filożofia. Philosophia, ſtudium ſapientiae) D³⁶¹; tieJadunJis (: prawolamca et prowokacjąca. Legisruptor) D¹¹³⁹; waJara=augis (: latorośl, gałązka młoda. Turio, planta, germen, ſtirps, inſitum, tradux) D³¹⁴⁹; wienaginis (: jednorodny. Unigenitus, unigena, unicus) D³⁸⁷; wienapardawimas (: ſamokupiejſtwo. Monopolium) D³³⁹⁷, and others. The formation of some of SzDi’s calques also conforms to Lithuanian word-formation rules, e.g.: dwikiele, trikiliele (: rożſtanie dróg. Biuum, triuum) D³³⁹⁰; fueti- 19. Kalbotyros klausimai. IV 289 mažiemis (: cudžožiemiec. Extraneus, peregrinus, alienigena) D³37; wienawaldis (: jednowładca. Monarcha, unicus omnium princeps) D¹46; medžiavilne (: bawelna. Linum xylinum, linum goss[p]inum, lana xyli, linum e goss[ip]io seu xylo frurice) D³8, and others. The components of compounds are almost always Lithuanian, with only a few words having a non-Lithuanian first or second component, e.g.: citražaydis, unt citros žaydžius (: cytryſta. Citharaedus, cithariſta) D³39; hiſtoriariaſis (: hiſtoryk. Hiſtoricus) D³82; inſtrumentas murogrowis (: kuba woienna wielka murowa. Balliſta, catapulta) D³144; maſčiaudis (: ſłoy. Pyxis) D¹169; piktadējiſte (: złocżynſtwo. Socius, maleficium) D²16; weydamanynis (: licemiernik. Hypocrita, pharaſita, qui vultu et exterius veſtibus magnam, ſanctitatem praeſeferit) D¹72. Among some compounds, an occasional word has prefixes and suffixes in its first or second component, e.g.: karioſtowinis item karioſtowintoias (: obożny. Adiectiu: caſtrenſis subſt. menſor, metator, caſtra metator) D¹102; negzwagūnis (: pomiotek, martwe dziecię, porzutek. Abortiuus fetus, abortus, us) D¹323; ſwetemažiemis (: cudžožiemiec. Extraneus, peregrinus, alienigena) D³37; žmoga=užmuBis (: męžoboyca. Homicida) D³168, and others. Such formations are also very rare in the literary language. Suffixal formations Of all the neologisms in SzDi, most are suffixal formations. a) Nouns with agentive suffixes: -maker wielder (: gunner who handles a cannon. Fuſor aeramentarius) D³377; fighter (: combative. Pugnax, pugnator) D³17; helper of someone, believer, mediator (: guarantor (figuratively). Promotor alicuius) D³63; plunderer, ravager (: predator. Raptor, praedo, latro, praedator, ſtoliator) D¹26; finder (: discoverer and inventor. Inuentor et autor) D¹90; instigator against someone innocent (: instigator. Accuſator) D³90; shooter (: marksman. Iaculator, ſagittarius) D¹176. -keeper linen-weaver (: linen-weaver. Linteo, onis) D³300; armored warrior (: warrior in armor. Cataphractus, loricatus, cataphractarius, clibanarius, grauis armaturae miles) D³103; joker (: buffoon. Sannio, riſor) D³413; bookseller (: bookseller. Librarius, bibliopola) D¹67; guard (: guard. Speculator) D¹176; cruel man (: tyrant. Tyrannus, ſanguinarius) D¹112; Catholic (: Catholic. Catholicus) D³87; musician (: player. Luſor, aleator item, muſicus, fidicen, citharaedus, lyricen) D³8. 290 -one who does glutton (: glutton. Edax, vorax, gulos) D1103; overturner (: one who overturns. Euerfor, demolitor) D3509; eavesdropper (: listener in hiding, spy. Obſeruator, ſpeculator) D3307; seller (: trader. Propola) D3352; sinner, transgressor (: sinner. Peccator) D140; perjurer=s (: perjurer. Periurus, periurioſus, perfidus) D3136; greaser (: anointer. Unctor) D3343. -ūnas suffix -ūnas (: mocarβ v. mocny, pan wielki) D3177; gierūnas, ėpūnas (: roβkoβnik, pieściwy. Voluptuarius homo, delicatus) D3379; pabėgunas (: fugitive. Fugitius, perfuga, traſfuga) D3535; prakielūnas (: superior. Subſt: Praefectus, praefes, praepoſitus, ſuperior) D3353. b) Nouns with suffixes denoting an action, state, position, etc. -imas įſirišimas (: taking possession of an estate. Ocupatio poſſeſſionis ex edicto iudicis) D3491; weldžiòimas (: command of a hetman. Ductus, auſpicium, imperium ducatus) D382; laymimas (: condition, otherwise fate, destiny) D3117; świlpuojimas (: whistling. Strepitus, ſibilus) D113; jungſtawimas (: journey. Actio, inceſus, profectus) D1135; žwelkſeimas (: eloquence, inclination to speak. Profluentia, redundantia in dicendo) D3181. -class, -klis, -klė ažūſtoklis, ažūſtokle (: screening, covering. Interpoſitus, us, interiectus, us) D3531; žaydikle (: playground. Spectaculum, ludus, lujus) D147; apginkle (: fortress. Munitio, propugnaculum, praeſidium) D3450; gaukł a s (: acquisition. Conſecutio) D3185; ſtowikle (: station. Statio, tabernaculum) D1174. c) Nouns with suffixes denoting names of tools, household items, domestic utensils, and equipment: -klė perſkirklė (: spinning wheel. Diſcerniculum, acus criminalis) D3350; ſkaytikley (: counting beads. Abaculi, calculi ſupputatorii) D3153; tieſikle (: a device for setting a straight wall or pillars. Perpendiculum) D3178; ōiedikle (: shape, form, figure, pattern. Forma, ſpecies, conformatio, ſimulachrum) D3138; weyždikles (: glasses. Conſpicilium, oculare vitrum, ocularium ſpecillum) D3263. -house gintuvė (: a masonry bastion for defense. Propugnaculum) D38; indėntuvė (: a box. Capſa, capſula, capſella) D396; 291 pastatuwe (: a base. Subiculū, id quod, subijcitur alicui) D3313; [pau]tuwe (: a printing press, etc. Praelum) D3343; [ukin]tuwe, uſtrauk tuwe (: a builder’s pulley or winch. Trochlea, ae) D3108; trauktuwe (: a lift. Tractoria machina, tractorium organum) D3480; ſibin tuwe at sea (: a lighthouse. Pharus) D3149. d) Nouns with suffixes denoting place names: -tuwe gidituwe (: pharmacy. A place where the sick are treated) D3151; gier tuwe (: tavern. An inn, a drinking house, a den of Bacchus) D397; kirptuwe (: barber's shop. A barber's) D37; meſtuwe (: prayer house, prayer room, small chapel. An oratory) D3178; muſ tuwe (: butcher's workshop where slaughtering is done, slaughterhouse. A butcher's shop) D3396; plaktuwe, bauſtuwe (: torture chamber. A place of execution, a place of punishment) D399. e) Nouns with concrete and abstract meanings and various suffixes: -a- book or sword covering (: bookbinding, sword covering, etc. Integumentum (corteum) D3268; entrenchment (: ditch or trench, cf. row, okop) D351; wall joint, wall seam (: anchor. Fibula murorum, aedificiorum) D32; loss (: harm. Damnum, detrimentum, iactura) D3436. -ja- pretext (: pretext. Praetextus) D1209; stroke of an accent (: blow. Ictus, us) D335; extension (gen. gio) (: prolongation. Prorogatio, productio) D3349; collection (: collection. Collectum, coactura) D3536. -ybė- spaciousness (: spaciousness. Laxitas, capacitas) D3357; difference (: variety, difference. Differentia, diverſitas) D3388; corpulence (: corpulence. Corpulentia) D333; devotion (: piety. Pietas, deuotio, cultus in Deum, etc.) D3185; softness, wantonness (: lewdness. Molities, illecebra, deliciae, lenocinium) D3158; perceptiveness, understanding (: grasp of reason. Captus, docilitas) D3317; certainty (: truth. Euid entia, certitudo) D148. -ness- clergyhood (: clergy. Status ſeu ordo eccleſiaſticus) D127; bakerhood (: baking. Furnaria, panificium) D3292; fleshiness (: corpulence. Carnoſitas, corpulentia) D1 80; motherhood (: maternity. Res materna) D3161; melancholia (: melancholic illness. Melancholia) D3167; energy (: diligence. Energia) D3395; unanimity (: uniformity. Unanimitas, concordia) D146; cookery (: cooking. Coquinaria) D3140. -ling, -ling dwarfhood (: dwarf. Nana, pumilo) D397; 292 damage (: ʒgkoda. Damnum, detrimentum, jactura) D³⁴³⁶; trade (: iarmark. Mercatus, nundinae) D³⁸⁵; painting (: malarʃtwo. Pictura, graphis, dis) D³¹⁶²; -related memorandum (: pamięć, pamiątka. Memoria, monimentum, monumentum) D³²⁸³; minerals (: minera, ruda, kopane rzeczy w ziemi, krubce. Foʃʃilia, metallica, mineralia) D³¹⁷⁴; bathhouse (: kąpiel. Lautatio, natabulum) D³⁹⁶. cauterizing (: kauterium, apertura. Cauterium, cauter, cauʃticum) D³¹⁰⁰; compass for sailors, of stars pointer (: kompas morʃki. Pixis nautica) D³¹¹⁵. -ness apireyʃkumas (: distinctness. Conʃpicuitas) D¹¹¹¹; aplinkumas (: circumstance. Confinium item circumʃtantia) D¹¹¹²; perʃwarumas (: preponderance. Praeʃtantia, gravitas) D¹¹⁴⁶. g) Nominal neologisms formed with various suffixes used less frequently by K. Širvydas: -elė: kirpelė (: barberess. Tonʃtrix, tonʃtricula) D³⁷; -etis: elgietis (: begging from a beggar. Mēdicatio) D³⁵⁴⁰; -gas: aʒūdagas akiu (: inflammation of the eyes. Ardor, flagrantia oculorum, inflammatio) D³⁵²⁵; -ienė: ʃaldienė aptiekinė (: marzipan. Marciparis, panis ʃacharites) D³¹⁶⁴; -ylas: rukilas (: incense material. Suffimen, incenʃum, thymiama) D³⁹¹; graʒilas (: beauty aid. Offucia, ae, pigmentum) D³²⁹²; -yčia: ʃakitiničia house of God’s word, mokʃliničia (: pulpit. Suggeʃtum, ʃugeʃtus, us, ʃuperior locus, roʃtra, orum) D³¹⁰⁰; rukilničia (: incense burner. Acerra, thuribulum, batillum) D³⁹²; -ynos: iʒkaʃinos (: things dug up from the earth. Foʃʃilia, orum) D³¹¹⁹; -ynė: darine moved from place to place and assembled from masonry, suitable for adding to a fortress (: mobile war tower. Machina bellica, machinatio, ambulatoria turris, ʃubrotata turris, turris mobilis) D³⁸; -inė: apwalinė (: ball. Globus, ʃphaera) D³⁶⁶; stove (: dʒiwowiʃko. Theatrū) D³⁵⁹; -(i)us: avenger (: mśčiciel. Vindex, ultor) D³¹⁸¹; -ka: neglect (: zaniedbanie czego. Neglectus us, incuria, neglectio) D³⁵²⁴; -stis: thought, f. of thought (: koncept, wymysł, pojęcie. Conceptio animi, notio, ʃpecies et cogitatio) D³¹¹⁷; nuboʃtis (: bothering someone. Vexatio, inquietatio) D³³⁶²; -tina: veal (: cielęcina. Vitulina) D³³³; -vis: standing (: ʃtan. Ordo, conditio, conʃtitutum vitae) D³⁴²¹. h) Adjectival neologisms: -ingas aʃakingas (: sharp. Aʃper, ariʃtous) D¹¹¹⁵; butingas, eʃingas (: essential. Substantialis) D³⁹⁰; ⁵ The above-mentioned suffixes are also not very productive: -a, -ja, -uonė, -onė. 293 pavejlingas (: exemplary. Bonum exemplum praebens) D¹⁴⁸; nuomaruoningas (: suffering from epilepsy. Epilepticus, comitialis homo, caducus) D⁹¹; teviškningas (: hereditary. Haereditarius) D¹²⁸; žinklingas (: wondrous. Monſtroſus, prodigioſus, miraculoſus) D³⁷. -ic, -ical draugaliinis (: adulterous. Adulterinus) D³³⁷; dunginiey (: celestial. Diui, coelites, coelicolae, ſuperi) D³²⁰¹; gieruowinis (: tavern-keeper’s. Cauponius) D³⁹⁷; pridėtinis (: added, annexed. Adſcitus, adſcititius) D³³⁶¹; nuomaruoninis (: of a ruin. Caducarius) D³⁹¹; raſitońis (: scribal. Scriptor ius, literarius) D³²⁹⁶; regiklinis (: theatrical. Theatralis) D³⁴⁷⁶. SzDi suffixal neologisms are usually formed from various parts of speech—nouns, adjectives, verbs, for example: drobininkas (: linen-weaver. Linteo, onis) D³³⁰⁰; maldibė (: worship. Pietas, deuotio, cultus in Deum etc.) D³¹⁸⁵; gaylinikas, ſmarkinikas (: tyrant. Tyrannus) D³⁴⁵¹; tikribe (truth. Euidentia, certitudo) D¹⁴⁸; pabėgunas (: fugitive. Fugitivus, perfuga, traſfuga) D³⁵³⁵; bauditojas (: shooter. Iaculator, ſagittarius) D¹¹⁷⁶, and so on. There are few neologisms formed from primary words. It is characteristic that K. Širvydas, like other authors of early writings, sometimes formed agent nouns (nomina agentis) with the suffix -tojas from primary verbs, for example: lietoias (: a worker who handles metal. Fufor aeramentarius) D³³³⁷; kaſtoias (: digger. Foſſor) D³¹¹⁹; mūzboias (: fighter. Pugnax, pugnator) D³¹⁷; wežtoias (: carter. Vector) D³⁶⁵; raſtoias (finder and discoverer. Inuentor et auctor) D¹⁹⁰. In contemporary literary language, agent nouns are formed only from secondary verbs. In the more than three hundred years since K. Širvydas’s dictionary appeared, the use of suffixes has changed slightly. The suffixes -tojas, -inykas, -imas, -umas, -inis were productive not only in K. Širvydas’s time but also today. The suffixes -imas, -ienė, -kl- are considerably less productive in contemporary literary language than in K. Širvydas’s dictionary. The author of SzDi used some suffixes with a broader meaning than was customary in the literary language of his time. For example, the suffix -tuvė, used to denote not only a tool, for example: trintuve (: grater. Cneſtron, cneſtis, is) D³⁴⁴², but also a place—gidituve (: infirmary. Locus ubi aegri curantur) D³¹⁵¹, kirpėtuve (: barber’s shop. Tonſtrina) D³⁷. In contemporary literary language, the suffix -ykla is most commonly used to denote a place. Alongside ordinary adjectival derivatives with the suffix -ingas, for example: ſupratingas (: perceptive. Solers, ſagax, mentis compos, argutus, ingenioſus) D¹²⁵; ugningas (: fiery. Ignitus D¹¹¹⁰), SzDi also contains unusual derivatives: kareywingas (: warlike. Bellicus, militaris) D³²¹; berkſningas (: frosty. Pruinoſus) D¹¹⁷⁴; žwozžd ingas (: starry. Sidereus, ſtellaris) D⁴¹, which in contemporary literary language are formed with other suffixes: -iškas, -uotas, -ėtas. It seems that K. Širvydas also used some adjectival suffixes too broadly and imprecisely. Among translated neologisms formed with suffixes, only a few more notable examples may be mentioned, e.g.: dunginiey (: heavenly. Diui, coelitus, coelicolae, ſuperi) D³²⁰¹; 294 kunibe (: stoutness. Corpulentia) D³³³; meſingite (: fleshy stoutness. Carnoſitas, corpulentia) D¹⁸⁰; wieniſte (: unity. Unitas, unio, concordia) D¹⁴⁶, etc. Among words morphologically translated from Polish,⁶ we find the greatest number among prefixed and compound neologisms. The emergence of many morphological calques should be explained by the fact that K. Širvydas, who studied at non-Lithuanian schools, found it difficult to avoid the influence of Polish and Latin. His very good command of these languages overshadowed his sense of his native tongue, and he sometimes coined neologisms according to the word-formation rules of Polish and Latin, without regard for the specific features of Lithuanian word formation. In his effort to provide the dictionary with a rich, varied, and comprehensible Lithuanian vocabulary, K. Širvydas sometimes presented certain neologisms alongside other colloquial words, periphrastic expressions, neologisms, and borrowings, e.g.: tay weykiu, tai darau, tuo apſieymi, aplink to ermi waykščioiu, tuo pratin uſi, tay weykalau, darbuoloiu, tuo werčioji, unt to įſſirundu, išįd uomi, tami trunku (: I busy myself with this. Hoc ago, hoc verſo, tracto, in hoc haere o, in hoc tempus conſumo, impendo, operam do, v aco, inhaereo, inſiſto, incumbo huic rei) D³⁸–⁹, wilna unt medžio augunti medžiavvilne (: cotton. Lineum xylinum, linum goſſipinum, lana xyli, linum e goſſipio ſeu xylo frurice) D³⁸; pirma pradžia dayktu św ieto, pirmaprade (: element. Elementum) D³⁵⁵⁹, katalikas, wiſotinikas (: Catholic. Catholicus) D³⁸⁷; wienowaldžia, monarchia (: one-man rule and monarchy. Monarchia, unicus principatus, imperium abſolutum) D¹⁴⁶. The neologisms in SzDi were coined at different times. Some were created while compiling the first edition of the dictionary, others the third. Since the third (1642), fourth (1677), and fifth (1713) editions are almost identical in scope, the same neologisms recur in them. The Lithuanian word index to the first and third editions of SzDi that we compiled clearly shows that some neologisms appear only in the first or only in the third edition, while others appear in both the first and third, e.g.: apgaletinis, apimtinis (: victorious. Triumphalis, palmaris) D³⁵⁵⁷; apgineias, apgintojas (: defender. Protector, defensor, propugnator, patronus) D¹⁰²; ażurabas (: written undertaking. Autographum, cautio, cautela, obligatio) D¹²¹⁰; ażurabas (written undertaking. Tabulae, cautio, praeſcriptio) D³⁵²⁶; iždowiete (: treasury. Aerarium, gazophilacium) D¹¹⁶⁶; iżbkalba (: pronunciation. Pronuntiatio, facundia) D¹²⁰¹; iżbkalba (: pronunciation, eloquence. Eloquentia, copia dicendi) D³⁵⁰⁰; katawiłiodaris (: swordsman. Macheropeus) D⁷⁹; katawiłiodaris (: swordsman. Machaeropaeius) D³¹⁷⁰; protomyele (: philosophy. Philoſophia, ſtudium ſapientiae) D³⁶¹; praſtaenas (: sinner. Peccator) D¹⁴⁰; waykawed is (: teacher. Paedagogus, formator, instructor puerilium morum) D³²⁸⁸; ⁶ At that time, the Polish lexicographer G. Knapski also encouraged the creation of neologisms based on classical languages in his dictionary “Thesaurus Polono-Latino-Graecus.” This is noted by the Polish linguist J. Puzinina, who studied G. Knapski’s neologisms, in the article “Neologizmy Grzegorza Knapskiego,” published in “Poradnik Językowy,” 1955, No. 2 (127), No. 3 (128). 295 wienawaldĭs (: sole ruler. Monarcha, unius omnium princeps) D146; wienawaldĭs (: sole ruler. Monarcha) D387; fūsusmaūgis (: goose-thief. Qui anſeres hominibus surripit) D121. The number of neologisms in the first and third editions of SzDi was determined by the sources used for the Polish and Latin sections. For the third edition, K. Širvydas took the word register for the Polish and Latin sections from G. Knapski’s “Thesaurus Polono–Latino–Graecus.” G. Knapski’s dictionary is considerably more extensive than the “Polonicolatina” section of N. Folkmar’s “Dictionarii Quadrilinguis, Latinogermanopolonicograeci” (1623–1624), whose register of Polish and Latin words had been used for the first edition of SzDi. In general, G. Knapski’s dictionary contains far more neologisms than the Polish and Latin section of N. Folkmar’s dictionary mentioned above. K. Širvydas’s neologisms did not all meet the same fate. Of the many neologisms in the dictionary, only a small number entered the Lithuanian literary language. Here are some of the more characteristic examples: apkałas (: rampart. Agger, vallum, caſtra, munitio) D1112; atſwõlgis (: consideration. Ratio, reſpectus, us) D351; atkir tis (: relief aid. Suppetiae quae obſeſsis feruntur) D252; atkir tis (: segment, section. Reſgmen, rećiſamentum) D3453; ažuraBas (: surety. Autographum, cautio, cautela, obligatio) D1210; iraBas, iraſimas (: inscription. Titulus, inſcriptio, epigraphe, epigramma) D188; iBraBas (: extract, excerpt. Apographum) D3502; iBkalba (: pronunciation. Pronuntiatio, facundia) D1201; bookseller (: księgarz. Librerius, bibliopola) D167; camel (: wielbłąd. Camelus, dromas, adis) D3457; cotton⁷ (: bawełna. Linum xylinum, linum goſſipinum, lana xyli, linum e goſſipio ſeu xylo frurice) D38; seller (: prgėkupėn. Propola) D3352; preface, foreword (: prgėdmowa, prgėmowa. Proemium, praefatio, prologus) D3349; tailor (: ſątawy. Veſtarius) D3433; printing press⁸ (: prąſa papiernicza drukarſka etc. Praelum) D343; similarity (: podobność. Similitudo) D127; likeness (: podobieńſtwo. Analogia, similitudo, proportio) D3310; actor in a comedy (: aktor komedyjny. Actor, comedus, hiſtrio, ſcenicus) D31. Some other SzDi neologisms that entered literary language acquired different meanings: forester (: pustelnik. Eremita, anachoreta) D3371; prison (: ciemnica. Carcer, ergaſtulum) D114; slaughterhouse (: rzeźniczy warsztat gdzie biją rzeź, kutlof. Laniena) D3396; nickname (: przezwisko. Cognomen) D1146; deceiver (: jedło vide iem) D146; righteousness (: rectitude. Aequitas, iuſtitia, veritas) D1139. 7In literary language, it is used without a linking vowel and without an affricate. 8In J. Bretkūnas’s writings, it means ‘a wine press, a press for crushing grapes’. 296 A large proportion of K. Širvydas’s neologisms were poorly formed, did not conform to the word-formation rules of Lithuanian, and were not sufficiently clear, precise, or convenient; consequently, they did not take root in Lithuanian, for example: blushing (: ǧaplonienie. Rubor) D¹¹⁰; guard (: straźnik. speculator) D¹¹⁷⁶; account of goods sent (: inventory, report of goods received. Diunatio) D³⁴³; the art of gluttony (: poſorbyctwo. Paraſitica ars) D³²⁸⁶; tailor (: krawiec. Sartor, sarcinator, vestitor) D³¹²⁸; spectacle (: dźiwowiſjko. Theatru) D³⁵⁹; man==killer (: męźoboyca. Homicida) D³¹⁶⁸; Some of K. Širvydas’s neologisms that were well formed also failed to become established in literary language, for example: defender (: serving in defense. Tirtelaris) D³²³⁵; reject (: rejected thing or outcast) D³²⁴⁸; publisher (: wydawca. Proditor) D¹¹⁹⁹; grater (: tarka. Cneſtron, cneſtis, is) D³⁴⁴²; trust (: kredens, kredyt. Fides) D³¹²⁹; firstness (: ancestor, foremost place. Principatus, us, primatus, us) D³³⁵⁹; drawbridge (: kluba or kloba, a building device. Trochlea, ae) D³¹⁰⁸; Relatively few of SzDi’s neologisms took root in the literary language. K. Širvydas used some of his neologisms already in “Punktai sakymų” (1629, 1644), where there are considerably fewer of them. Some neologisms in “Punktai sakymų” are different. The following may be mentioned among the neologisms common to SzDi and “Punktai sakymų”: satisfaction-making (: doſyćuczwinienie. Satiſfactio) D¹²⁴;... and by satisfaction-making we may obtain them from the priest PS I 160; benefit (: prźyſługa. Gratificatio) D³³⁶:... the sweetness of fame and bodily benefits,... PS II 160; bone-house (: koſnica. Oſſuarium) D³¹²³: Our bones are buried in the bone-house PS II 112; happiness (: ßczęście. Beatitudo, felicitas, proſperitas) D³⁴³⁴: God did not assign this to everyone, or give happiness to everyone PS I 38; messenger (: poſłaniec. Nuntius, internuntius, perlator, literaru) D³³¹: When David’s messenger Hanon healed King Amon... PS I 35; faith (: wiara. Fides) D³⁴⁷⁵: For you have faith, which is strong and true,... PS I 224; similarity (: podobieńſtwo. Analogía, ſimilitud[o], proportio) D³¹⁰: Let us make man in our image and likeness.... PS I 88, etc. Although many lexicographers, some translators, and researchers of the Lithuanian language made use of K. Širvydas’s last three dictionary editions (the influence of the first edition has not yet been clearly observed), most of his neologisms were not widely used in the literary language. They are found only in the works of the authors mentioned below. Daugiausia jie buvo kartojami vėlesnių žodynų sudarinėtojų: Pil. Ruigio (1747), K. Milkaus (1800), G. Neselmano (1851), D. Poškos (1825), S. Daukanto (po 1850), D. Sutkevičiaus (1835), F. Kuršaičio (1870—1874), K. Būgos (1924) ir kt. Many of K. Širvydas’s neologisms from the dictionary’s fifth edition, together with other material, are included in the multi-volume “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language” now being published. Some of SzDi’s neologisms were used by the nineteenth-century Latvian lexicographer J. Kurminis (of Lithuanian origin). He not only used one of SzDi’s last three editions 297 the register of Polish and Latin words in his “Słownik polsko łacinsko łotewski” (Wilno, 1858), but also transferred some Lithuanian words from the Lithuanian section, including some of the neologisms. Furthermore, following the example of K. Širvydas’s dictionary neologisms, J. Kurminis created Latvian equivalents10. As J. Lebedys notes, the author of the first Lithuanian hymnal, S. M. Slovačinskis, used some SzDi neologisms in his book of translated hymns, “Giesmės tikėjimui katalickam priderančios”11. Some of K. Širvydas’s neologisms were cited by researchers writing studies on the Lithuanian language and its lexicon: Ks. Bohušas, “O początkach narodu i języka litewskiego” (1806); I. Kraszewskis, “Litwa pod względem zwyczajów i obyczajów” (1847—1850); J. Karlovičius, “O języku litewskim” (1875); A. Leskynas, “Die Bildung der Nomina im Litauischen” (1891); P. Skardžius, “Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba” (1943); B. Larinas, “Краткий исторический обзор литовской лексикографии” (Лексикографический сборник, вып. II, Москва, 1957); and other researchers of the Lithuanian language. A few SzDi neologisms that took root in the Lithuanian literary language are mentioned in “Lietuvių literatūros istorijos chrestomatija” (1957). K. Širvydas’s neologisms occupy a prominent place in the history of Lithuanian lexicography and literary language. In his dictionary, he was one of the first to seek to bring Lithuanian to the level of the Polish and Latin languages used in seventeenth-century scholarship. K. Širvydas diligently continued the tradition of purifying and fostering the Lithuanian language established by his predecessor, M. Daukša, one of the earliest creators of Lithuanian writing, and played an important role in the development of the Lithuanian literary language. Feeling the acute shortage of Lithuanian terms, he consciously and boldly coined neologisms, often making clever use of the word-formation patterns of spoken Lithuanian and of the related Polish and Latin languages; at times, however, he artificially fashioned cumbersome words and inaccurate, lengthy periphrastic expressions, and even needlessly rejected acceptable loanwords and international words. Some SzDi neologisms entered the literary language. Some others, though well formed, could not spread because until the end of the nineteenth century Lithuanian was not widely used either for scholarly purposes or in cultural life generally. By carefully selecting numerous Lithuanian synonyms for Polish and Latin words, K. Širvydas amassed in his dictionary a rich store of Lithuanian vocabulary, of great importance for the development and study of the Lithuanian literary language. 10 For more details, see D. Zemzare, Piezīmes par dažām latviešu un lietuviešu vārdnīcām. — „Rakstu Krājums veltījums Akademiķim profesoram Dr. Jānim Endzelīnam viņa 85 dzīves un 65 darba gadu atcerei“, 633—650, Rīga, 1959. 11 S. M. Slovačinskis, „Giesmės tikėjimui katalickam priderančios (1646)“, paruošė J. Lebedys, Vilnius, 1958. 298 NEOLOGISMS IN K. ŠIRVYDAS’S “DICTIONARIUM TRIUM LINGUARUM” К. М. ПАКАЛКА Abstract The dictionary of the first Lithuanian lexicographer, K. Širvydas’s “Dictionarium trium linguarum,” particularly its third, supplemented edition (1642), stands out among other Lithuanian dictionaries of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries for its abundance of neologisms. K. Širvydas had to seek out Lithuanian equivalents for Polish and Latin words at a time when Lithuanian was used very little in cultural and public life. In the seventeenth century, spoken and written Lithuanian did not have as rich a stock of equivalents as Russian, Polish, and Latin, languages with written and scholarly traditions. Such widely known parallel dictionaries as N. Folkmar’s “Dictionarii Quadrilinguis, Latinogermanopolonicograeci” (1623–1624) and G. Knapski’s “Thesaurus Polono-Latino-Graecus” (1621) were compiled in Polish. K. Širvydas drew the register of Polish and Latin words from these works (for the first edition, from the above-mentioned dictionary by N. Folkmar, published under the name of its publisher, B. A. Fontana; for the third, from G. Knapski’s dictionary). K. Širvydas’s neologisms comprise: a) Prefixed words with the prefixes ap-, at-, ažu-…: apweldimas (: opanowanie. Occupatio, objectio, circumfer[t]io) D³256; atgimdžiu (: odradzam, znowu rodzę. Regenero aliquid) D³251; ažu[toklis (: zastąpienie, zasłonienie. Interpositus, us, interiectus, us) D³531. b) Compound words: waykarawedīs (: pedagog. Paedagogus, formator, instructor puerilium morum) D³288; protomeyle (: filosofia. Philosophia, studium sapientiae) D³61; /unkianebis (: ciężarowy. Clitellarius, [arcinalis]) D³35; didžianame (: dwor. Aula) D³56. c) Two-word or multiword forms: šilkubirmelė (: jedwabny robak. Bombyx) D¹46; žinia paraykimo fumariu (: anatomia. Incisio membrorum, ars anatomica) D³2. b) Suffixal forms with the suffixes -tojas, -ininkas, -ėjas, -imas, -tuvė: mužtojas (: bitny. Pugnax, pugnator) D³17; žayslininkas (: gracz. Lutor, aleator item musicus, fidicen, citharaedus, lyricen) D³38; ap|firiejas (: obżarty, Edax, vorax, gulosus) D¹103; žings|awimas (: postępek. Actio, incessus, profectus) D¹135; žibintuwe marioje (: laternia morska. Pharus) D³149. Calquing of Polish and sometimes Latin words is characteristic of all types of neologisms (to a lesser extent, suffixal ones), for example: pauntrinu (: podwoiam. Gemino, duplico) D¹28; dwikiele, trikiele (: rozstanie dróg. Bivium, trivium) D³390; žmogaus ajtumėsias (: mężoboyca. Homicida, sicarius) D¹78; mežingife (: mięsi|tość. Carnolitas, corpulentia) D¹80. Suffixal neologisms form the most productive type. K. Širvydas used some suffixes imprecisely, for example, the suffix- 299 The formative element -tuvė in K. Širvydas’s dictionary denotes not only a tool or object—trintuvė (: tarka. Cneſtron, cneſtis, is)3442—but also a place where something takes place—gidituwe (: lekarnia. Locus ubi aegri curātur)3151. In modern standard Lithuanian, words with the suffix -ykla. are used to denote a place. It is interesting to note that alongside new neologisms in the third edition, some neologisms are carried over from the first. Only a small proportion of K. Širvydas’s neologisms have become established in modern standard Lithuanian: arkasas (: okop. Agger, vallum, castra, munitio)112; akirtis (: odjęc. Suppetiae quae obſeſis feruntur)3252; įbrabas (: wypis, ekstrakt czego. Apographum)3502; kupranugaris (: wielbłąd. Camelus, dromas, adis)3477; taligumas (: podobność. Similitudo)1127, among others, because many did not conform to the word-formation patterns of the Lithuanian spoken language. Only a small proportion of them reappeared in Lithuanian printed and manuscript dictionaries by other authors: F. Ruhig (1747), K. Milkus (1800), G. Nesselmann (1851), D. Poška (1825), S. Daukantas (1851), D. Sutkevičius (1835), F. Kurschat (1870–1874), K. Būga (1924), and others. Большинство неологизмов словаря К. Ширвидаса, кроме первого издания (1629), и в настоящее время фиксируются в многотомном академическом словаре „Lietuvių kalbos žodynas“.