Perkeltinės žodžio reikšmės ir jų pateikimas „Lietuvių kalbos žodyne“

the result of the process. A word that has socially accepted, constant meanings can be used newly, creatively and thus acquire new semantic nuances. On the other hand, the use of the word, which occurs initially only in certain cases, can spread in the language, become established, i.e. become the meaning of the word. Academician Ščerba points out that the meaning of a word and its use is one of the main contradictions on the basis of which a dictionary article® is created. - The dictionary article must reflect what is constantly used in the language of society, a certain linguistic collective, and what constitutes only a narrower semantic o variant used in a certain context, therefore the dictionary compilers constantly face the question of presenting the metaphorically used word in the dictionary as an independent figurative meaning of the ar word, only as a metaphorical adaptation of the word to a certain case, not forming a new meaning, not exceeding the limits of the direct ar meaning of the word. Each newly emerging metaphor is like the first stage of changing the meaning of a word. — "Every new use of the word, says — V. Doroshevsky, corresponds — to a new situation, in each new o situation, compared to those in which the word was su used until then, there are certain differences elementy"®. First of all, the direct meaning of the word is used metaphorically in a certain context, in a certain situation as a semantic reconstruction with a strong visuality, expressiveness. Take the following examples: Yla sf. (1) K; SD366 sharp 1. metal tool with shank, used to drill su a hole: ... Yla was broken Er. Freedom as Yla Krtn. || prk. : yla Ta (about a walking cow) it's the worst of už all cows: it doesn't eat where it can, it just runs and runs Km. ... 1 egg sm. (1, 3), Chives (4) 1. SD34, Sb, Vb, Skr bones covering the brain; skull: In this place you can dig all kinds of bones, eggs Trgn. ... || prk. : The forest with grey bristles stirred on the black hill egg trš. ... bleeding,-blooding,-blooding intr. 1. K, DZ bleeding wounds: iš The hand he held on his chest was už bleeding J. Mac. || prk. : like Ir an unhealing wound that land question for us still bleeds bleeds! ir A. Gud-Guz. The injustices still bleed J. Avyz. ... In these examples, a walking cow is compared to a cow, a su hilltop to a head egg, the openness of a — su sensitive issue, the consequences of wrongdoing — su bleeding from a non-healing wound. Metaphorically used words here cause vivid images, such figurative use has a real basis, a concrete support, a very close connection with the literal meaning of the word. — su That the clarity of the image, the specificity, the closeness of su the connection in the literal sense is a distinctive feature of figurative use, the Soviet lexicologists and theorists of lexicography ir point out. Academician ir V. Vinogrado- ® 2r. JI. B. where p Ga, Onur oGuteit Tea tree extract. — <Hasecrna AH CCCP, Ornenenne autopetatyH pul s3bika>, 3, 89—117, 1940. * MetaphorsThe word "severe" is understood here in a broad sense, other tropical t. y. species are meant. ir į *W. Doroszewski, Z Problems of Polish Lexicography, 93, Warsaw, 1954. 237 that tree'; 5) Vrn "bucket with twigs for crushing porridge; menturis'; 6) 'thick tree, stuck with stumps, for peat making', e.g. : After mining rides ratchet Up; 7) Dg 'branched column for drying pots'; 8) 'grain blocking machine', e.g. : Today we'll crush rye with a squeaker Lzd; 9) 'a device for bending, winding or twisting threads; benktuvas', e.g. : Go thread nuog racket Kb. Threads from the shovel weam either on the bend, or on the ratchet Prl; 10) Jz, Up 'inagis ropes spinning', etc. In the figurative sense, the word reketis is used to refer to an outridden, fat, clumsy person or a cumbersome, space-consuming thing (This got a husband such a raketis Skr. Go on, racket! Trng. But the cabinet that carpenter made! It's a terrible rekétis — there's nowhere to pass VšR). All the literal meanings of this word are united by a common feature—- expansion, spreading in space. This feature of almost every object called a ratchet can be adapted to characterize a person or some other expanded object, so it is difficult to say which image of an object the speaker has in mind in a particular case when calling a person a ratchet, which figurative meaning is closer to the literal meaning of the word, because in the same dialect the word ratchet often has several meanings and all of them can be the basis of a figurative image. Thus, in the absence of a precise and clear determination of the relation of the figurative meaning to one of the literal meanings of the word, "there is nothing left but to place such meanings at the end of the dictionary article. In colloquial language it is customary to compare the most characteristic, brightest feature of an animal or an object with the inner or outer features of a person, usually . negative, characteristics, often adding irony, contempt. Sometimes the meaning of a negative trait can also have a shade of tenderness, admiration. For example, a snake is called an evil, treacherous, wicked man: Such a snake, do not start with him! Alif Lam Mim. You won't get a glass of water from that snake, Ldvn. The men are grey, but the snakes themselves are grg. In addition to the negative meaning, this word is also used without any condemnation, hatred, in a softer, joking sense, when speaking about a living, agile, smart, etc. person, marveling at him, e.g. : Oh fast, snake! Slm. Brave, lively everywhere you go tė — su Dbk. Oh, ji beautiful, snake! Mrk. In all the cases mentioned here, the meanings of the words are used to describe, qualify a person. Academician Vinogradov calls such meanings predicative-characterizing meanings*??. They are usually used in language, only to indicate the characterized object individually (usually by pronouns this, that, this, etc.) or to address it. The semantic function of predicative-characterizing meanings is to associate the characterized object with a characteristic, the brightest, most characteristic of the object, which is indicated by the direct meaning of the word. su Iš The interpretation of the predicative-characterizing meaning of the word should be seen that such a meaning is always used, only when characterizing a person with a certain characteristic. ne o Therefore, it is inaccurate, for example, to interpret the predicative-characterizing meaning of the word fox 'a sweet-toothed man; cunning, twisted man' or the word bag of this kind of meaning — 'Ne20 Zr. B. B. Bunorpanaos, Ocioannble THO JeKCHYECKHX SHaueHHĒŪ CIA. — "BoNpocH 53biKO3HaHHAa», 5, 24, 1953. 249