Dabartinės lietuvių literatūrinės kalbos būdvardžių laipsniai ir jų reikšmės

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE QUESTIONS IV LT E TU VOS TSR 100 mg/ day ACADEMY CURRENT LITHUANIAN LITERARY LANGUAGES BŪVDARDŽIŲ DEGREES IR JŲ MEANS A. VALECKIENĖ $ 1. Individual items may have different amounts of the attribute. Differences in the quantity of properties of the items being compared are shown in degrees. In the present Lithuanian literary language we can distinguish du independent degrees: the higher the higher. ir Be of these, the so-called highest of all highest degree is still used. ir But they, as we will see later, do not form separate degrees, they are variants of the higher highest ir degree with a certain nuance of meaning. su The non-comparative form of an adjective does not belong to degrees (géras, -ū, sėnas, -a), which shows only the property of the object itself, its quantity in relation to the property of o ne another object. It is not possible to define a certain number of objects in a given time, but it is possible ir to define a certain number of iš objects in a given space. be su In contemporary Lithuanian literary language, the following are considered to be constructs of subjective į meaning that do not fall into the category of degree: su adjectives with suffixes -okas, -a?, prepositions apy-, po- (senodkas laikas, apygilė duobė, pémazis autuvas), denoting a general full quantity of ne the property, minor adjectives ir (mažytis,-ė, jaunūtis,-ė), usually denoting the abundance of the property. In this way, we consider the comparative element, by describing the quantity of the property, as the main feature of the degree category. $ 2. In modern Lithuanian literature, the suffix forms of degrees are common. The higher degree is formed by the suffix -esnis, -ė, the iš highest degree su — su Appendix -iausias, -ia*, e.g. gėras,-d, gerėsnis,-ė, geridusias,-ia; Zdlias,-ia, žaliasnis,-ė, Zalidusias,-ia; beautiful,-i, more beautiful,-e, more beautiful,-ia. Degree forms are derived only from qualitative adjectives. iš Separate higher ir "Plg. B.B. Bunorpanos, Pycekni asm, MockBa—Jlenurpan, 243, CospeMeHHbIė 1947; pycCKHŪ s3bIK, Mopcdosorus, nox penaknnuei akan, B. B. Bunorpanosa, 142, Mock: Oh, yeah. 1952. * In Latvian our su -okas,-a with the corresponding suffix -ūks, -ū forms the upper degree forms, e.g.: mazūks,'smaller, -ė', lielaks, -a 'larger, -ė', For the origin of -a these suffixes 3 see J. Angelus, Baltic language sounds ir forms, 137— 138, Vilnius, 1957; J. English Grammar, English Grammar, 3, 127, Warsaw, Poland 1956. 4. The adjectives of the highest IV 49 degree in Lithuanian do not have the incommensurable form, the corresponding root is indicated by the noun, e.g. vyrėsnis,-ė, vyridusias, -ia vyras), viršesnis,-ė, viršiausias,-ia viršūs), galidusias,-ia (: galas). (: (: Most likely, they will be ir composed of the iš above-mentioned nouns. When the designated object is to be emphasized, distinguished from others, iš in a certain context, especially in dialects, clear forms of nouns are often used with upper-major prefixes, e.g. : su ir Ano's dagger was už stronger than all the daggers Whoa. They're my relatives, I don't need any more Yeah, yeah. Ans was the master of už all masters VKkS. When it's ji not working, it's still a manure dump (polluted) Skr. He's a big cheat: he ir už the trickier ir už of the tricks, the dog doglier Apple R I 207. I went to the forest, I cut down the pine tree (from the oratory) Jż. The Higher Degree § 3. The adjectives of the higher degree in contemporary Lithuanian literary language denote a characteristic of which a certain object has more than a specific object, or, in general, gu other objects of a similar kind; also a characteristic that the same thing at the present time or under certain circumstances has more than it had before will have later. ar According to the aspect in which the greater quantity of the property of the thing is indicated, three higher-grade values can be distinguished: the comparative value of the object, the comparative value of the subject and ir the indefinite eliative value — of the object*. 1. Comparative value of the object $ 4. Adjectives of the higher degree of comparative value of an object indicate that one of two specific iš objects has a greater amount of the marked property. In modern literary language, comparison of the characteristics of two objects is usually expressed in a su sentence by už ir prepositional conjunctions like, not like, than, nor. Also, the characteristic of two objects is compared in individual be sentences without a connecting — word (see section 4.4). examples below). § 5. Comparison of characteristics can be of two kinds: emphasizing relative. ir a) Emphasizing the comparison of the characteristics of objects. Kai ku- 'These characteristics are typical, common to certain objects, e.g., sweets, 'mas for honey, whiteness for ir snow, etc., etc. They are here, compared su to other things, abundant, large, they can be called full features. When du comparing objects, based on the characteristic of one of them, the greater quantity of the characteristic of the other is su said by emphasis, highlighting. In contemporary literary language, this type of adjective of higher degree is particularly common in poetry, e.g. : 4 On the terms, cf. C. I. Uabenko, O snauennn npocrhIx dopM cTenenHefi cpaBneHHA TpH/IaTaTEJILHbIX B COBpeMeHHOM PYCCKOM JIHTEPAaTypHOM si3bike, —«Yuenbie 3anHcKH Jlenunrpaackoro roc. nose. HH-Ta um. A. Ha. I'epuena- ", 130, 60 tt., 1957. 50 "Sweet little one sleeps in silky diapers and sleeps in whiter than snow blankets" "Not P I 143, The oak slaughters, but the granite remains harder than stone, the word of the great singer long ago said" "Beez ML 349. “Look, son, listen to everyone there. Be smaller than a grain of poppy seed, and do not show off to anyone. O waters of the stream! —The tears of the orphan are more flowing and more than them. For the explosions of bombs, for the multitude of cannons stronger for the earth her love and song Miež ML 354. The truth is more precious than gold. Loves Lithuania graze snis youth, negu that roses and tulips weaving Mair R I 58. It seems that the thin eagle is jumping along a rocky path. But the gentler mountain girl —flying, flying in the mountain breeze Miež ML 330. a: b) Comparison of relative properties of objects. Relative comparison emphasizes the relationship of one thing to another in terms of the quantity of a certain characteristic without any emphasis. Compares two disjointed objects without a defined property. The object with which a greater quantity of a characteristic of another object is shown in comparison may not have a comparative characteristic, e.g. when we say: The father is better than the mother, sometimes we do not want to say that the father is good at all. This type of adjective is more common in narrative, in everyday language, e.g. : Stacked a straw pile higher than the laying Kp. Deceive the child now!.. You'll never find anyone stupider than yourself in this mess... Your life is worth more than the hedgehog's, and you're naked like a dog because of that damn smell! I, pp. 67. Smaller than a dog, bigger than a horse (saddle) Lš. Cow and pig manure have a higher Vdk than horse manure. The beds were longer than the human-sized Myk-Put S 150. The mother and both Balsytes tasted uncle's cheese and cheese. A treat for the taste buds! Soft, fluffy, eye-catching, and how delicious it smells! Well, cheese is cheese —and ours is no worse than Myk-Put S 404. When comparing du homonymous objects su in properties of antonymous meaning, the second object can be released; it is implied by context, e.g. : iš Give me my wand, my chicer Upt. This eye is lower, sees less Ut. Maybe the second half of the winter will be colder Ms. Aš I thought, why are you tu always sliding, o here, because, seat one edge raised Srv. It must be said that the emphasizing relative ir comparison of the characteristics of objects does not differ strictly from each other. In both cases, the greater quantity of the property of an object expressed in the higher degree is described in relation to the property of the other object. Be therefore, characteristic, full features ne always absolutely equal to all ir can be perceived as such. In contexts to that are difficult to identify, the iš comparison of the characteristiar cs of two objects is relative, emphasizing, e.g. : ar Stupid friend enemies more už dangerous TŽ V 600. Good advice more expensive už money Oh, God. The proximity ir of the relative accentuator of the comparison of the characteristics of the objects suggests that they will be evolved iš from each other. However, it is now difficult to establish 51 on what basis the greater quantity of property was first indicated in the way that the primary function of the higher degree was to ir raise the greater than — full degree of property only to show the difference in the quantity of property — of individual objects. ar In some languages, the upper-grade forms are made by a suffix su *-tero-/-toro-, e.g. : gr. Op-tepo-e iš OËpėg ‘‘zalias, nevirtas’, skr. amd-tara-h iš amah "as well". Ši The suffix iš originally had the meaning of opposing two concepts*, in Lithuanian there are also preserved separate words of this suffix in the original su (prepositional) meaning, e.g. the latter (and pastor), ant(a)ras, kat(a)ras. A relative comparison closer to the original (prepositional) meaning of the higher degree suffix *-tero-/-toro. $ 6. The difference in the quantity of a characteristic of two objects that are being compared can be described by the units of measure, which in contemporary Lithuanian literary language are usually expressed by the differential function, e.g. : He, Anton, was the eldest, James two years younger, the youngest, Stephen, after the death of two o brothers three sisters, was more than twenty years ir už Antanas the Younger Myk-Put S 247. That one number smaller [shoes], would have been just Ign. In some sentences, the measure of the difference of a characteristic can be expressed by the final vowel prefix su over, e.g. : Son pierced father (overtook in height): over the whole yr sprindj already taller Dr. $ 7. In some cases, the adjectives of the higher degree of the object value have a superior value. This occurs when one object is opposed to all other objects of the same type in terms of the characteristic being compared, often emphasizing that there is no other object with such a high level of characteristic. Usually, the comparison of the characteristics of this kind of objects is expressed in a sentence with the combinations of prepositions za, z and pronouns visas, -a, viskas: už visus, už viską, iš visų, už visą, e.g. : "I know why she's so upset now. Because he loved another.- .. why didn't you tell me? She herself, she herself is more guilty... no, he is more guilty... he lied, he led, then he rejoiced when he got rid of... he, the Prophet, is more guilty than all... If you're the most beautiful, the most beautiful, then I'll send the horse to ride over the field (d.) Health above all loving Nyj..Who of All] your faster? Er. Ė of all the top grows baravykas Baran I 21. On Sundays, a bigger jomark Krtv. The same kind, but more dialectal examples are with the prefix per: Gaubys per visus vertesnis Plt.—Kas kaltas, tas kaltas, bet tenponaspervis kaltesnis Žem R II 108. In Lithuanian, negative statements (or questions that reject them) with the higher degree of adjectives, i.e. direct statements that 5 A, Meiie, Beenenne B CpaBHHTE/- NbHOE H3yueHHe HHIOEBPOMEHCKHX S13bIKOB, 282, Mocksa—Jlenuurpan, 1938. 52 object with a su greater number of characteristics than the pronoun, is not, equals positive statements with the highest degree of adjectives, su e.g. : There was no hard work už jį better: ar stones, ar stumps to cut, Kazio did be not go nė (Kazys was the best) LzP I 221. Though tu you will walk across the earth, but you už will not avoid the most dear side of the homeland (homeland is dearest) Pln. Life! No už ją stronger, — life no one can defeat (life is strongest) Miež ML 99. It would be difficult to find a ty man better than he: he almost did not speak Balč AŽ 6. "Oh, parents, don't talk to Casimir! The mother said. "Tell me, is there a better child in our garden than he?" 13th ed. And it seemed to me that there was no greater happiness than to be a grown, strong boy Balt PV 171, Many girls on the shores of Dubysos, like lilies, white and tall; blossoms on the face, like mousse, all; You will not hear more beautiful voices Mair R I 79. In some dialects, such negative statements occur with the prefix per, e.g. : I have no better mushrooms than baravykus Alv. I didn't have g ragere skepetečiai over linen Rdm. There is no more hardworking and beautiful than my virgin Rod. Where do you find more flexibility than it? LP". In other languages, adjectives of the upper degree are used instead of the upper degree. For example, the Russian superior forms xyOwuū, aywwud, ebiciuuū, Kus3iuuiė can also indicate the superiority of the verb, see above. : Mar eopder crTpanoro Aysmeiū 8 mupe". 2. Comparative value of the entity § 8. Adjectives of the higher degree of comparative meaning of the subject indicate that a certain thing at one time or in one circumstance has more characteristics than at another time or in another circumstance. Since the number of the property is not the number of the properties of two separate objects, but the number of the properties of one and the same object in different cases, this value of the higher degree is called the comparative value of the subject. § 9. In the case of adjectives of the higher degree of subject meaning, a greater quantity of the property of the object is rarely described by emphasizing comparison, i.e., based on the full property expressed by the non-comparative form of the adjective. The fullness of the particularity in this case is perceived from the context. For example: : The hunting was done so that the son would get up and fly through the forests, but in the hunting Ilgis would ride alone, not taking the stud in his hand, no longer pulling the hoop, and would return narrower than he would from home. Not one crusader who 8 From constructions of this kind have grown and such sayings: No meat over pork (better už pork) Apple R I 658. No eating over fresh potatoes in butter. su Ds. There is no tree stronger than an oak (stronger, more beautiful) Ēr. ; 7 That the highest degree is related to the higher and, possibly, even su evolved from it, is also shown by the formation of these forms in some iš languages. For example, the old idea. the superior suffix *-isthois only a new formative extension of the superior suffix *-ies-/-ios-, cf. gr. "F8-t3-wv'sweeter', HB-153t0-6'sweetest'". In Latvian there are new forms of degrees, but the highest degree is also formed by the accentuating particle visof the higher noun origin, e.g.: labaks iš su 'better', vislabūkais 'best'. 53 wilder than himself about himself, laid there his head DSP 23. More often, such comparison of the characteristic of an object occurs only with the emphasized particle, e.g. : Washes white wool to make it even whiter Tvr. You as you speak—wise, as you do not speak—da wiser Er. When I saw it, I was happy, when I raved, even more happy StnD 14, The machine was polluted with even more crazy charis Balt PV 128. Wind blowing, white red, Zmoneliy spoken, da reddish JD 234. In addition to the pabréziamoji word in Lithuanian literary language much more abundant and broader adjectives of the higher degree of the meaning of the subject show a greater amount of characteristics by relative comparison. The moment of comparison of an object's characteristics can be described in various ways. Very often they are expressed by temporal circumstances, by temporal circumstances in subordinate sentences, e.g. : Yesterday fuller horses were: in the bushes we grazed Trgn. Those who knew him said that when he was younger, he was more cheerful than Krev DSP 110. He recovered from the illness, and he was more red, more beautiful. Heavier carriage against the mountain Rz. As he drank, he was fuller, as he ate, he was faster ma béras žirgelis (d.) The comparative moments of the quantity of the property also often emerge from sentences that show, in addition to time, also the relationship of the condition. The quantity of the property of the marked object will increase after or if a certain condition is met, e.g. : Pour ashes into the alkali, it will be more merciful Lsh. Press a little bit lower, it will be a nicer bun Vlk. Cut off the end of the blade, it'll be shorter. Adjectives of the higher degree of subject meaning are almost not used with comparative words, although, in general, such statements are possible, cf. : Today the road is worse than yesterday. To Martha, such a life seemed normal and understandable, much more interesting than those months when her husband spent full days and nights on the lake, while she watched, waiting for the boats to appear at the turn of the lake, near the forest Vencl R III 207. § 10. The subject and object meanings of higher-level adjectives are closely related. The only difference between them is that in one case the greater quantity of the property of the object is described by opposing its property to another object (object value), and in the other case — by opposing its property to another state of the same object (subject value). There are transitional cases, cf. the sentence: Zakauotas medus gardesnis Uzp. Here it can be understood that two different kinds of honey are being compared, and it can also be thought that the same thing is being compared in different circumstances. 3. Non-comparative- —eliative significance $ 11. The adjectives of this higher degree of meaning describe a greater amount of the particularity of the thing in relation to the kind of things that they usually are. Since the second object or comparative moment is undefined, this 54 cannot be a defined comparison of ir objects. In this way, the adjectives of the higher degree of this meaning stop to be the comparative element of the objects of the characteristic of the category of the main — degree. For to jų the value is called eliative. § 12. Adjectives of the higher degree with an elative meaning may have an indefinite distinguishing function, e.g. : A more attentive observer would have noticed certain Lykaic features in the appearance of Stephen Myk-Put S 106. And long evenings she dreamed and thought about the little boy, about the heavy part of him. He felt deeply his poor help... And [...] in the afternoon, without his father's knowledge, he sent him in silence both food tastier and drink sweeter than his father's hasty... Venta began to swell, and the water already occupied all the slippery placesWhen it is desired to emphasize the object to be distinguished, to indicate it as known, often a noun ending is added to such a higher-grade adjective or it is replaced by a non-comparative noun form altogether. Such emphasis on the object distinguished by the higher degree and, in general, the substitution of the form of the higher degree by the noun form is possible in literary language when the distinguishing feature has an antonym meaning, i.e. when the object of this feature can be opposed to another object with the opposite feature. For example, the noun forms easily replace the adjectives of the third and fourth sentences, namely: We must learn from the good examples, not from the bad ones, The water has already soaked all the slippery places. The noun form of this type of higher degree is possible in such a sentence, e.g. : Not only the closer neighbors, but also from the neighboring villages of MykPut S 207. A higher degree adjectives with a noun particle where, for example, have an even stronger distinctive eleative meaning. : Leave somewhere for longer straws to weave Alv. John ploughed the soil, choosing the drier field hills Balt PV 56. $ 13. Adjectives of the higher degree with an elative meaning can also indicate ir be no distinction, su compared to other ar objects in to other states of the object itself, a greater quantity of property. In these cases, it is iš actually the total number of ne properties that is said, e.g. : When the threads are risen, leave them on purpose so that the fabric gives the pattern a clearer appearance. When ir bigger. years, a healthy person looks beautiful Ms. When the barn is more spacious, the better, there is more sheltered Nmn. Densely through the haystack the water po swirls the grass, if o sometimes richer: the rain scratches, then Wind beating rises to the sky R I 91. Only a peasant can win an uprising. [...] O the ne baronship will not achieve any political goal, but will be so destroyed that it will hardly be able to play a ar more important role in the political life of Lithuania Myk-Put S 486. Plough the tuggies as below to make the rye lower Prng. 55 Formally, the adjectives of the higher degree of the eliative meaning of this case approach the adjectives of the type gerdkas, -a, apygeris, funkcijos, which also denote a generally -ė quite full set of characteristics. ne In some contexts, the meanings of these forms coincide, e.g. : O Staklys started visiting Mort, whenever he was freer in the mill Vencl R III 212. Now it's free time, grass-bound I'm sorry. In these sentences, the prepositions of the ir higher degree can be replaced with a greater be difference in meaning. Nevertheless, the prefix of su adjectives apypriesaar ga -okas,-a denotes the quantity of a characteristic that is more distracted; when using adjectives of higher degree of eliative meaning to describe an indefinite, ne quite full quantity of a property, a greater relationship with other things in su other states of the thing ar itself is felt. to $ 14. As the examples show, the eliative value has evolved into the comparative iš values of the higher degree. We have more cases of the defensive value of the object. iš All § 12 Examples of the higher degree of the eliative value show a direct relation to the comparative su value of the object: an indefinite higher quantity of the property of the thing is described in relation to other things of that kind, as they usually are. $ 13 In the examples, the relationship can be seen in the su comparative value of both su the subject and the object, in this t. y. case the higher eliative value. degree adjectives denote generally the entire full quantity of the property ne of that kind of other indefinite objects, ir ir to even in relation to other undefined states of the thing. Transitional cases can be found between the elliptical of both ir comparative values, e.g. : Cress horse stronger for work (compared su to non-cress ar horses in general?) Svn. Whoever had a whole farm on iš one side of the street, destis, wider (compared to other farms in the village or in general?- ), that built a shop and barns on both sides of the yard Vaižg DD 36. "Eat some butcher- 's meat, Petrel," said [Gorys], "you'll be stronger (than now or at all?) R I 185. Adjectives of the higher degree of the easive value differ from adjectives of the comparative values in their syntactic functions. Adjectives of the higher degree of object and subject significance are characterized by the function of the nominal participle. Adjectives of the higher degree with an eliative (non-comparative) meaning are usually accompanied by a note. The change in syntactic function, a possible object, will have led to the weakening of the comparative element of the adjectives of the higher degree and at the same time to the development of the eliative meaning from the comparative values of the higher degree. $ 15. It should be said that an adjective of the higher degree of the eliative meaning with the non-comparative form of the same adjective acquires a meaning close to the highest degree, shows a very large amount of an undefined characteristic. Such constructions are typical of the Žemaičių dialektas, especially they were gau: siai used in 19th century Žemaičių scripts, e.g. : Then he left or dug a deep, deeper quarry in that mountain, and put there a bunch of trees and stones Dauk B 195. Here she opened her chests, chests, loaded with cakes of various varieties and tasty tastier, liver or pechenka smelling more fragrant, beer old older, strong stronger 56 [..] Dauk B 54. Thick thicker foliage boil, the o family does not eat Sts. Comparing two characteristics expressed by adjectives of higher degree $ 16. Adjectives of the higher degree are also used when comparing two characteristo tics of the same thing ar with things that are close in some respect. The two properties are expressed in the forms of the higher ir degree, they depend on each other. Usually these adjectives of higher degree are used with adjacent conjunctions or su accent particles, e.g. : The more developed the large factories are, the more ir frequent and stronger the strikes of the workers become, and ir the greater the oppression of capitalism, the more necessary the general resistance of the workers becomes. R II 87. The smaller the seed, the better Ds. The sharper the animal, the fatter PnmP. The harder the work, the sweeter the sleep Jrb. The higher the density of wood, the better for construction, because such pine always present runways Pd. That our child is bigger, ką stupider tą Jrb. This use of higher-order adjectives is a combination of two comparisons with higher-order adjectives of eliative meaning. For example, in the sentence: The harder the work, the sweeter the sleep, the difficulty of the work is actually compared not with sweet sleep, but with other work, as it is in general. Adjectives of the higher degree, extended in certain words $ 17. Adjectives of the higher degree are used with adverbs, pronouns and adverbs and noun particles. Some pronouns, adverbs and noun accents that go with adjectives of the higher degree are characteristic only for certain degrees and help to distinguish and identify them. As mentioned earlier, the particle also helps to determine the emphasis of the subject. This particle also reinforces and thus shows the emphasis of the object, e.g. : Šarūnas was brave, but Šviedrys was even braver; Sharon's sword was sharp, but Sweedi's was sharper; Ristas was Šarūnas's horse, but Šviedrio even rister Krėv DŠP 51. In this way, the particle is still an indicator of the comparison of objects of an emphasis nature. A higher-grade adjective with accentuating particles, which reduce the quantity of the property of the object, usually has a comparative meaning of an object of a relative nature, e.g. : He is not much older than me Jrb. Women's clothing was barely more diverse Dauk B 39. With pronouns that do not define the indicative object and the attribute, adjectives of the higher degree have an eliative meaning, e.g. : 57 JV Jž Klp Kp Krėv DŠP Krėv LD Krkl Krš Krt Krtv Lenin R Lp Lš LzP I Mair R I Miež ML Myk-Put S No P I Nj Nmn NS Ob Pc Pd Pln Plt ps. Rdm Rgv Rod Skp Shh, shh, shh. Sint Sml Srv StnD Svn Šts Švnč — Lithuanian swatbinės mudnos recorded through Ąntanas Juškėvičė ir pressed par John Juškėvičę, Petropylė, 1883. (Skaimens shows song number), Jūžintai, — Dusetų r. —Klaipeda —Kupiskis —V. The Old People of the Country of Dainava, Vilnius, 1957. (Number shows pages). —V. "Krėvė-- Mickevičius, Dainavos krašto liaudies dainos", 1924. (Number shows pages). —Karklėnai, Varniai r. —Kuršėnai —Kaitena, Kretinga r. —Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (1870—1924- ), translat- —Kūrtuvėnai, Šiaulių r. ions of his writings, (Skaimens shows the volumes and pages of the 1950—1955 edition). —Leipalingis, Veisiejų r. —Liškiava, Veisiejų r. —Lazdynų Pelėda, Writings, I, Vilnius, 1954. (Number shows pages). —Maironis, Selected Writings, I, Vilnius, 1956. (Number shows pages). —E, Mieželaitis, My lapstingala, Vilnius, 1956. (Number shows pages). —V. Mykolaitis-Putinas, Sukilėliai, Vilnius, 1957. (Number shows pages). —Salomėja Nėris, Poezija, I, edited by A. Venclova, introduction and explanations, Kaunas, 1946. (Number shows pages). —Lithuanian songs and hymns in north-eastern Lithuania, compiled by A. R. Niemi and A. Sabaliauskas, Annales Akademiae scientiarum Fennicae, Ser. B. Tom VI (1911). (Number shows song number). —Obéliai — Pociūnėliai, Šeduvos r. —Padubysys, Kelmės r. —Plough — Plateliai, Salantų district r. — Panemunė, Pandėlio district r. — Paringys, Ignalinos district r. — fairy tale — Rudamina, Lazdijų r. — Raguva, Troškūnų r. —Rūkiškis — Rėdunė, Belarus TSR, Grodno Oblast —Rozalimas, Pakruojo r. —Skapiskis, Pandėlio r. —Skifsnemunė, Jurbarko r. —Sanskrit — Salantai —Smilgiai, Šeduvos r. —Surviliškis, Dotnuvos r. — Daynas Žemaycziu collected yr yszdutos par Symona Stanewicze Mokslynynka lyteraturas gražiuju yr prytirymu, Vylniuje Spaustuwiej' B. Neumana Years 1829. (Number shows song number). — Suvainiškis, Pandėlio r. — Šūtės, Skuodo district r. ; — The Holy ir Communion Kaunas, Trgn — Tauragnai, Utenos r. tsp. — Soviet press Tvr — Tverėčius, Ignalinos r. TZ — People ir Zodis. Humanitariniy moksly fakulteto leidinys, I—VII kn., Kaunas, (Skaitmens rodo knygas puslapius). 1923—1931. ir Up — Upyna, Skaudvilės r. Upt — Upytė, Panevėžio apskritis r. Out: —Utena Uzp — Užpaliai, Dusetų municipality r. Vaizg DD — Vaižgantas, Uncle's ir uncles, Kaunas, 1945. (Skaitmens shows pages). Vdk — Middle school, Raseinių r. Vencl R III - A. Venclova, Raštai, III, Vilnius, (Skaitmens 1955. shows pages). Vkš — Viekšniai, Akmenės district r. Vik — Valkinifikai, Eišiškių district r. Earth R — Zemaitė, Raštai, šeši tomai, Vilnius, (Skaitmens 1956—1957. shows full pages). ir CTEIIEHH CPABHEHHS HMEH NPUJIATATEJIbHBIX B | COBPEMEHHOM JIMTOBCKOM JIHTEPATYPHOM S13bIKE U UX 3HA4UEHHS A. A. BAJISILIKEHE Peswome B coBpeMeHHOM JIHTOBCKOM JIHTEDaTypHOM SI3biKe MOKHO BbUIeJIHTb ABE CAaMOCTOSTeJIbHbIe CTENEHH CpaBHeHHS: CPAaBHHTEJbHYIO H IPEBOCXOIHYIO. OGe creneHH cpaBHeHHs SBJSIOTCS CHHTETHUECKHMH ¢dopMmamu, obpasyiorcs pH IOMONIH CIOenHAJIbHbIX CypduKcoB. Ananutnueckue OOpMbi CTemeHel CPaBHEHHsS B COBpeMeHHOM JIHTOBCKOM JIHTEpaTypHOM SI3bIKe BCTDeuaIOTCA CpaBHHTeJibHO penko. 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BBICIIYIO CTeNeHb KauecTBa MO CpaBHeHHIO C APYIHMH NpeIMETaMH 3TOTAL 5. Language questions, IV 65