Lietuvių literatūrinės kalbos balsinės ir dvibalsinės fonemos

į I ETUVIY KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMA L IV LITHUANIA TSR SCIENCE ACADEMY LITHUANIAN LITERARY LANGUAGES BALLISTICS IR Since the definition of the phoneme system of any language and the description of phonemes are based on phoneme theory, when examining the composition of vowel and diphthong phonemes of the Lithuanian literary language, it is necessary first of all, albeit briefly, to indicate the general basis of the understanding of phoneme and its shades, which is used here. The basis of every language is its grammatical structure and vocabulary, which we use to express our thoughts in sentences. Most often, a sentence consists of groups of words or individual words, but sometimes it can also consist of a single sound, e.g. : And? You're going to wait. It's not enough for you that you touched our tears yesterday! 102 pp.. Oh! "And you can't compare it!" said the exasperated teacher. Cvir R II 132. Words consist of morphemes — root, prefix, suffix, ending. A morpheme is the smallest part of a word that has a meaning. Morphemes are made up of individual sounds of language - phonemes. Phonemes are historically called: formed sound types that distinguish words, their forms or morphemes and whose pronunciation does not depend on their phonetic position in the word. For example, the vowels 7: O, i: air, etc. are independent phonemes, because they distinguish the words /yzas: Iūtas (see ldti), ritū: rat, etc., 0 their pronunciation differences in these words do not depend on the influence of the surrounding sounds, because both vowels of each word pair are between the same consonants. However, although a phoneme distinguishes words, their forms and morphemes, it usually has no meaning in itself, except in those cases where it alone forms a whole sentence, word or morpheme (see Lithuanian emoticons O!, A!, etc.). However, such cases are relatively rare in the language. The same phoneme in different words due to the influence of nearby sounds, the place occupied in the word, the accent of the word, the preposition, etc. is pronounced differently and has several sound expressions. Different sound expressions, depending on the sound's adaptation to positional circumstances, but constituting one sound type, a phoneme, are called phoneme shades. For example, the back-order vowel 6 in sailso et al. and the back-order strongly contracted vowel o in safisio et al. are two shades of phoneme 6, but not two independent phonemes, because there are no words whose difference depends 19 solely on these vowels. Thus, phoneme shades are specific sounds of speech, which differ somewhat from each other, but do not distinguish_ that language "Words, their forms or_'morphemy, The sound of language is the shade of any phoneme, and the phoneme is all the shades together and each shade separately, because in each of them we recognize some phoneme. Thus, the shade is not a separate element of the phoneme that exists outside the phoneme — it is only one of the forms of existence of the phoneme, and the phoneme is not a separate isolated sound of speech, but a complex concept, a group of sounds, the totality of all the shades of the phoneme, not coinciding with any single shade. The phoneme and its shades form a dialectal unity. The differences between phonemes do not depend on the greater or lesser phonetic difference: the phonetic range of shades of one phoneme can be extremely large and, conversely, the difference between the shades of two independent phonemes — extremely small. Under certain conditions, identical sounds can be the shades of different phonemes, and different sounds can be the shades of one phoneme. The phonemic composition of any language is not constant, it changes all the time, albeit very slowly. For this reason, a shade can become an independent phoneme and, conversely, an independent phoneme can lose its functions and disappear. The phonemics of any sound is best demonstrated when there are pairs of words with different meanings that differ only by one sound (e.g. dog: shiud, etc.). When such word pairs are not present in the speech, sounds are considered independent phonemes only in the case; if their pronunciation does not depend on phonetic position. There are three shades of phonemes: a) Shades depending on the accent of the word and the prefix of the accented and unaccented syllables of the word are called positional, for example: d in the word vištd and a in the word vista (see squeak) are two shades of the phoneme a; 7 In the word dyge (probably the 1st participant) and {in the word dyge “peat moss species* (cf. gal.) there are two shades of the phoneme 7 (for more details see the section “Balsiniy phonemes and their classification”). b) Shades that depend on the influence of adjacent phonemes are called combinatorial. For example, there are two shades of phoneme 6: the rear-order O after the hard consonants p, s in words kunpo, saūso, etc. and the rear-order contraction 0 after the soft consonants p, $ in words kufnfipio, saiisio, etc. c) Nuances depending on the way of speaking, which is determined by the purpose of the conversation, the context of the conversation and the emotional content of the speech. There are two main types of speech: clear and conversational. The clear way is a slowed, accurate pronunciation of all sounds in the flow of speech, in accordance with the established pronunciation norms. Conversational mode is called the pronunciation of sounds in the flow of speech at an accelerated pace without a special emotional undertone. In this way, the undialectal vowels and diphthongs of Lithuanian language are shortened more than in the plain speaking way. The composition of the phonemes of Lithuanian literary language is based on the plain speaking way. 1 See A. A, Pedopuarekniti, K npoGreme ouemsl H doHojiorux. —"H3Becrhs AH CCCP, Orjesiekne antepatypsl H si3biKa>, 9, Bein. 5, 472, 1952.. 20 II VOCAL PHONEMS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION The present Lithuanian literary language has vowel phonemes: 12 which are divided into 7, 7, ė, e, ¢, č, i, u, 0, 9, a, d, independent long é, é, ff, į £, 6, d ir short 1, 6, €, u, 2, a. Phonemes f: isč:e; iė:u50 :054 : form pairs of ir long short phonemes. Longness is the main phonemic characteristic of Lithuanian vowels, because the long corresponding short ir phonemes distinguish words, forms morphemes, e.g.: phonemes jų ir 7 : 7 distinguishes the js : words lis, tyko tiko; : é : e — the words : més més; @ i a — words kgs : what, my my; : ū : u— the words : bit been, you you; : 6 : o — words jdts (plg. ioti) iota : (letter name); for phonemes of the prepositional role, see below. The ė phoneme of the long ir short pair is not. The phoneme e, occurring only in international words can be qualitatively compared to the phoneme of the Lithuanian su language both its closed, pronounced with č: very tense language devices, only é už e much longer a little more ir advanced forward. į In addition, the number e of words in the English language that have the same meaning as the word "university" atvirosios fonemos €*, už varies from ji university to university, ir depending on the context. iš e : ir e : ir pronounced ir unpronounced is short, Lithuanian o words unpronounced short often alternates e with pronounced long e.g.: su metū mėta, lesū lėsa. é, : : Be openness of Lithuanian words fo- 'Tnema depends € heavily on the constituent sounds of the other to syllables of the word. sy (see section 4.4). Phoneme of €), o international words phonemes e — from does jų not depend, ir its shades are generally very blurred (see section 4.4). Phonem e). For these reasons, international words are considered an e independent phoneme in Lithuanian.) a.) 2) When deciding on the composition of phonemes in Lithuanian, it is very important ir to determine su the ar relation ir of the accent | \ preposition phoneme: | the accent prepositioné is a sign of a single phoneme or syllable, or a feature of the whole word. In literary Lithuanian, as in other languages, one syllable of a word is usually pronounced, and all other syllables are unpronunciated. The accentuated syllable of the word is the most intense (strongest), and all the other syllables are not so intense. In Lithuanian, as we know, the accent usually does not have a fixed place in the word, and the meaning of the word or its form can depend on the change of the accent place alone (here we only have in mind those cases when the preposition is the same) (cf. the words svėrė (per. 1. 3 person.): svėrė “takia dirvų weed”, višra (vs. shouksm.): "višta (vs. noun.) and others). Thus, consonants play a clear phonological role. However, two words that differ only in the place of the accent, e.g., višta: višta, etc., differ from each other in two ways: not only in that the i of the first word is pronounced and the second word is not, but also in that the a of the first word is unpronounced and the second word is pronounced. Thus, the accentuated 2 is opposed to the unaccentuated ¢ not in the same phonetic position, and in the same positions it cannot be, because the word's accentuated i is necessarily related to the unaccentuated a of the syllable following the same word, and the word's accentuated ¢ is necessarily related to the unaccentuated 7 of the opposite syllable of the same word. Therefore, the sounds of pronounced and unpronounced words depend on the phonetic position. By considering phonemes as sound types that distinguish words, their forms or morphemes, and whose pronunciation does not depend on their phonetic position in the word,? E.g., V. Vaitkevičiūtė, The length or quantity of vowels and diphthongs in Lithuanian language. —„Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai- ", 3, 210, Vilnius, 1960. 21 ~~ accented and unaccented sounds cannot be considered independent phonemes; and accent — phoneme mark. The fact that the accent is not a sign of a separate phoneme is also shown by the fact that any sound of speech can be pronounced in isolation from other sounds, retaining all its qualitative and quantitative characteristics, but the accentuated and unaccentuated sound cannot be pronounced separately, because the accent depends on the relative intensity of the whole word. The intensity of a single isolated vowel or diphthong cannot be compared with anything. Thus, the accent is a phonological means that breaks the boundaries of sound and relates to the whole word, connecting its individual elements into one whole. The relationship of the preposition to the phoneme is much more complex than the phoneme- 's relationship to the accent." In the Lithuanian literary language, each syllable of a word has a prefix. The most obvious prefix is the accentuated syllable of the word, pronounced most intensely. The prefixes of unpronounced syllables, although they are somewhat leveled, are close to the prefix of pronounced syllables in the case of pre-pronounced syllables, and to the prefix of pronounced syllables in post-pronounced syllables. Since the prefix, which is characteristic of every syllable of a Lithuanian word, covers the entire syllable-- forming sound from the beginning to the end, it could be considered as a sign of the syllable-forming sound. For example, by placing the words apklotas (cf. kloti) before each other: apklotas ‘antklodé’; Idpo (e.g. 1.3 persons): lėpo (vns. kilm. ); tail: tall; kietis “such a weed *: kiéris ‘hardness’, etc., we could consider the firm beginning and firm end prefixes as marks of the vowel 6 and the diphthongs au, ie, etc., and the vowels O: ¢ and the diphthongs du: ai, etc. —as independent phonemes. However, bearing in mind the fact that in Lithuanian one can oppose only the strong beginning and strong end prepositions of accentuated syllables, and the fact that the accentuated syllable of a word can be determined only in the whole word, the preposition must be seen as a phonological means, related to the syllable and to the sound that makes up the syllable, but rising above the phonemic composition of the word and belonging to the whole word. Therefore, vowels and diphthongs with different prefixes in Lithuanian, e.g.: d: G, 7:I, du: aii, etc., are not considered independent phonemes, but only two shades of the same phoneme. Due to the influence of accent and preposition, the intensity of the syllable-constituent sound, the pitch, the syllable-constituent sounds of accentuated and unaccentuated syllables change somewhat. 3 In general phonetics, there is no uniform view of the role of prepositions in phonemes: some linguists consider sounds with different prepositions as shades of one phoneme, and others — as independent phonemes. The Latvians are famous for using different prepositional shades of one phoneme (cf. A. I. JI a y, Eoxernuecku-Odonxojiornuecka1 CHCTEMa COBpeMeHHOTO JaTHILICKOrO JHTEpPaTypHOro si3bika, aBTOpeddeparT, 9, Pura, 1954 is a translation of A. I. JI a y, Eoxernuecku-Odonxojiornuecka1 CHCTEMa COBpeMeHHOTO JaTHILICKOrO JHTEpPaTypHOro si3bika, aBTOpeddeparT, 9, Pura, 1954. The Soviet linguists also looked at the relation of the preposition to the phoneme in Serbo-Croatian (see II. C. Kysueuos, O gonomoTHUeCKOJi cHCTeMe cepGo-xopBartckoro si3bika. —«HaBecrus ArajneMun Hayk CCCP, OtneneHHe JiKTEpaTYyDpki H S3bIKAa», VII, sun. 2, 130, 1948 ir II. C. Ky3nenoBs, K Bonpocy 0 OdoxonornH yaapeHns. —«JlokKJiaJibi H COOGOInEHHA OHJIOJIOTrHUecKOTO ¢axyasrera Mockosceroro opjieHa JlenHuna rocyjtapcTBeHHOro YyHHBepcHTeTa HMeKHH M. B. JloMoHocoBa», Buin. 6, 17, 1948). The opposite view is held by A. Isachenko (see A, Isachenko, Zur phonologischen Deutung der Akzentverschiebungen in den slavischen Sprachen. —„Travaux du Cercle linguistigue de Prague", 8, 178—179) and others. In the field of Lithuanian language, J. Dambrauskaitė (see. J. Dambrauskaitė, Determination of the phonemic vowel system of Lithuanian language. —“Vilnius State Pedagogy University in-to Mokslo darbai (istorija ir filologija)- ", 3, 221— 240, Vilnius, 1957) sounds with different prefixes are considered independent phonemes, * In general, the prefixes of unpronounced preand post-pronounced syllables should be investigated in an experimental work dedicated to this purpose. * 22 2 pitch ratio of sounds, length of sound*, energy of pronunciation, tension of speech apparatus, etc. However, these changes are relatively minor (see 7:14, 0:6, etc.). ir A little more į self-attention attracts a, d, e, &. Since the unaccented vowels a, e are usually short, pronounco ed long, — k. a. in the words : kasū kdsa, nešū: nėša, etc., it may seem that the quantity and quality of the vowels a, e are essentially changed only by the accent and the prefix, which influence the long phonemes a, ė, forming pairs with the short a, e. However, bearing in mind that there are a number of examples where the pronounced short vowel phonemes a, e can be opposed to the pronounced long ones in the same phonetic position, e.g.: kdsti: kūstas, kasiu: kūsa, mano: mano, tavo: tūvo (cf. tūvas); nėšti: nėša, nėšti: nėštas, mest:: mėstas, més: més, rasti: rastas, trėšti: trėšti, etc., and the fact that the unpronounced long phonemes a, ė < an, en differ qualitatively from the pronounced long 4, é only to the extent that any other unpronounced phoneme differs from the same pronounced one (cf. a, é in the words goose, kęstė (character) with a, č in the words £dstas “part of the hand from the elbow to the shoulder’, kėstės “cart for hay, for straw to carry’),—and the effects of the preposition of trėšti cannot be regarded as an exception for the phonemes a, a, e, čkirti. ir \ Due to the above-mentioned changes caused by accent and preposition, each long vowel phoneme of Lithuanian language has 4 positional nuances: a) pronounced, with a strong beginning prefix, pronounced very intensely and energetically, with strong tension of the muscles of the mouth walls; b) pronounced, with a firm prefix, pronounced not as intensely and energetically as the first one, and with a slightly less tension of the muscles of the mouth walls; c) unpronounced consonant, pronounced with no intensity at all and without tension of the muscles of the mouth walls; its prefix is close to the fixed prefix of accentuated syllable constituent sounds; Each short vowel phoneme has 3 positional nuances: a) pronounced, pronounced d) nekirčiuotas pokirtinis, kuris nuo nekirčiuoto prieškirtinio skiriasi tik priegaide, artima kirčiuotųjų skiemenų sudaromųjų garsų tvirtapradei priegaidei. very intensely, energetically, with a strong tension of the muscles of the mouth walls, with a short allusion; (b) an unaccented consonant, pronounced with less intensity and energy than the first tone, with less strain on the muscles of the mouth, with a consonant close to the consonant of the accented syllables; ¢) unpronounced pronoun, similar in intensity and muscle tension of the mouth walls to unpronounced pronoun, only its prefix is close to the strong-pronounced prefix of pronounced syllables. The energy and intensity of the pronunciation of each vowel phoneme, which is the first component of the mixed diphthong, is similar to the above-mentioned shades of the long and short vowel phonemes, but the different prefix makes it possible to distinguish 4 positional shades of each mixed diphthong vowel phoneme®: 5 See V. Vaitkevičiūtė, The length or quantity of vowels and diphthongs in Lithuanian. a) su ir — "Lithuanian Linguistics Issues", 3, 209—216, Vilnius, 1960. 23 (b) with a strongly articulated consonant, pronounced with less intensity and energy than the first one, with less strain on the muscles of the mouth walls; an unaccented consonant with a c) consonant close to the consonant of the accented syllables, pronounced without intense strain on the muscles of the mouth; ir (d) an unpronounced pronoun, the prefix of which is close to the prefix of pronounced syllables, pronounced with little intensity and without tensioning the muscles of the mouth walls. The vowel phonemes of Lithuanian are classified according to the activity of the two main active devices of speech — the tongue and lips — when pronouncing vowels. According to the movement of the tongue horizontally, there are anterior and posterior vowels: a) When pronouncing the phonemes of the anterior row, the tongue moves forward, a small resonator is formed in the anterior part of the oral cavity, and a rather large one behind the root of the tongue. The tip of the tongue rests on the lower teeth, the middle back of the tongue rises to the hard palate, the sides of the tongue touch the edges of the palate. In Lithuanian there are the following phonemes of the anterior order: £, 7, ė, e, e, č. b) When pronouncing phonemes of the posterior row, the tongue withdraws from the anterior lower teeth. A small resonator is formed at the root of the tongue, and a rather large resonator in the front of the oral cavity. The back of the tongue rises slightly towards the soft palate. In Lithuanian there are the following backward-order phonemes: #, u, O, 9, a, @. When pronouncing the phoneme a, 4d, the tongue «pushes forward the most of all the phonemes of the back row. They were previously known as the middle-order phonemes. However, a, 4 should be assigned to the phonemes of the rear row, because when they are pronounced, the tip of the tongue withdraws slightly from the anterior lower teeth (for the degree of retreat, see Phoneme a and Phoneme 4), as in the pronunciation of phonemes of the posterior row, and the posterior back of the tongue rises slightly to the rear edge of the hard palate (see Figures 20 and 22 with Figures 13 and 15). In addition, before a, a, as before other phonemes of the back row, hard consonants do not soften. The tongue, occupying one of these two horizontal positions, simultaneously rises vertically to the hard palate. ; According to the vertical movement of the tongue, vowel phonemes are: a) Phonemes of upper elevation, or closed (narrow) phonemes. The mouth opens slightly and the tongue rises very high to the hard palate. Lietuvių kalboje yra šios aukštutinio pakilimo fonemos: 7, 7, f£, «. Of these, the long 7, # are slightly more closed than the short z, wu. b) Phonemes of moderate elevation. When uttered, the mouth is moderately opened and the edges of the tongue touch the edges of the hard palate slightly. In Lithuanian, the phonemes of medium elevation are ė, €, ¢, é, 0, 0. 6 For the positional shades of smooth consonants I, m, n, r, in mixed diphthongs and in the second component, see V. Vaitkevičiūtė, Lietuvos literatūrinės kalbos konsonantinių fonemų sudėtis. —„Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai“, 1, 44, 45, 46, 62, 64, Vilnius, 1957, 24 The most closed of the rising phonemes is ė, the most o opené, the e, e phonemes occupy an intermediate position between them. Rear row long is closer c) 6 Phonemes of lower už o. rising. The mouth is wide open and the tongue does not touch the hard palate. They include the phonemes a, a. According to the articulation of the lips, on which the size of the preoral resonator depends, vowel phonemes are divided into two groups: a) Labial phonemes. When they are pronounceį d, the rounded lips protruding forward increase the preoral resonator. The following labial phonemes are present in Lithuanian: #, u, 0, O. b) Non-partial phonemes. The lips are not rounded, pushed forward, and the oral resonator is not increased. Lithuanian has the following non-labial phonemes: 7, 7, é, e, e, é, a, d. Note. Non-labial vowel phonemes are also pronounced with the contribution of the lips, but their contribution is passive: high-rise non-labial vowel phonemes are pronounced without stretching the lips, and mediumand low-rise vowel phonemes are pronounced with a very slight stretching of the lips into length (cf. se ir i ir é in the words ir girą gorą). The classification of vowel phonemes is shown in Table 1 (see page 25). III VOCAL PHONEMES OF THE PREFIX SERIES 1. Phonemes of upper rising Phoneme i. In modern spelling it is indicated in two ways: naturally long — by the sign y, and elongated f, when the following n is lost — by the sign w, except for verbs that had an intrinsic nasal consonant x in the root, e.g.: byra < bifira, dyla < diūila, gdja < gifja, gra < inra, ja < linija, kyla < kifila, rija < rifja, svyla < sviila, šyla < šiūla, etc., which etymologically should also be written with w. Phoneme 7 is the most closed of all the phonemes of the anterior order of upper rise. When uttered, the tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth, and the anterior and middle back of the tongue rise to the hard palate. The sides of the tongue touch the edges of the hard palate more than when pronouncing any other vowel phoneme (see Figure 1 and compare it with Figures 3, 5). A narrow elongated resonator is formed in the front part of the oral cavity between the tongue and the hard palate, and a slightly larger one in the rear part at the root of the tongue. (see section 4.4). 2 Figure 1. ). | © The most common combinations of the phoneme 7 are: i win slightly assholed closed a) 7 po g, 4 of the posterior consonants of the tongue, e.g. gvré, kyla, tokį, etc. ; slightly contracted closed b) 7 po the o anterior consonants of the tongue /, n, J, ¢, s, Šš, 2, £, etc., after the irlūpiniai m, b, p, v, e.g.: tyli, lydéti, ji, myli, etc. ; Figure 1 if c) a slightly broken 7 between the labial consonants m, 5, p, v, e.g.: pypkė, 26 pypė ir kt In Žemaičių dialects there is a broken 7 before the labial vowel # e.g.: apyūšris ‘apyausris’, apyūšriais ‘austant’ Grg, Slnt and others. "aa Figure 2 i i Phoneme 1. It is a phoneme of the upper, but slightly lower, elevation of the anterior order than 7. It is pronounced similarly to 7: the tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth, the sides of the anterior and median part of the back of the tongue rise to the hard palate and touch its edges much less than in the pronunciation of £ (see Figure 3), and the back itself is significantly bent along the length. As a result, in the anterior and posterior parts of the oral cavity between the tongue and the hard palate, there are much wider than phoneme 7 anterior and posterior resonators, co-5), which cubically distinguish phoneme i from phoneme 7 (see. Figure 4. tr plg. Figure 8. with | fig.). sai | e EEA The most characteristic combinational at-E=— colours of phoneme i are: a) somewhat backward 7 after the posterior consonants of the tongue g, k, e.g.: giria, kitas, kitas o, etc. ; “b) slightly contraction: after the anterior consonants of the tongue /, r, d, t, s, §, 2, £, etc., the labial m, 5, p, over after j, e.g.: lipa, tikras, tyli, ji ir kt ; c) not very closed ¢ in words, in which the sounds forming the other syllables are the vowels of the back row a, 4, 2, O, u, # and the diphthongs ai, au, ui, uo, e.g.: kita, suriko, kitą, lip, laid}, lauki, milui, piliosi, etc. ; Figure 1. ir 3 i has 27 + Phoneme o. Short posterior row of medium-rise labial phoneme, slightly more open in už d. Ją pronunciation, the tip of the tongue withdraws from the anterior lower teeth slightly less than in pronunciation 4. The sides of the tongue also touch the edges of the hard palate less (see section 4.4). 18 Figure 1. ir plg. jį su 16 Figure 1. ). Figure of the anterior oral cavity. 18 3 The resonator formed in the part of the lips increases very little, so it is smaller than the phoneme anterior resonator. už The 6 resonator formed in the posterior part of the oral cavity is larger than the posterior resonator of the phoneme už d (see section 4.4). 19 Figure 1. ir plg. jį su 17 Figure 1. ). 19 Figure 1. 3 The most characteristic combination shades of phoneme 2 are: a) very contraction 2 after all soft consonants, e.g.: lidsas “light clay”, regiondlinis (see regionondlis), jodas, impresūrio (see impresarijo) etc. ; b) a slightly consonantized o after the hard anterior consonants of the 35 tongue /, m, d, ts, § 2, £, etc. and the labial m, &, p, v, e.g.: slow “weight measure”, moto, tona, toponymics, iStiktukuose opa, 0p; c) slightly suuzpakaléjes o after the tongue of the posterior hard consonants g, Kk, e.g.: golas, gondola, kodas, kodeksas etc. ir ir 3. Phoneme a. The short non-labial phoneme of the lower back row; When pronouncing it, the slightly strained tongue moves forward more than when pronouncing any other vowel of the posterior row, and the tip of the tongue withdraws slightly from the anterior lower teeth. The back of the tongue lies flat and does not touch the hard palate at all, only the rear part of it rises slightly to the rear edge of the hard palate. The front and rear resonator form one whole (see. 20 Figure 1. ). Figure 20. d dkn The most characteristic combinational shades of the phoneme a are: a) strongly contracted a after all soft consonants, pronounced without the tip of the tongue moving away from the lower teeth, e.g.: /ėmiamas, néria, kaiikia, aukščiausias, vėjas, vėja, etc. ; Instead of this a, the Southwestern Highlanders pronounce an open e, e.g. : Sale, lauke ~ šalia, ldukia Brt, Kbr, Vlkv, Všt and others, but the norm of literary Lithuanian language has long been considered not e, but very contracted a, which differs from e qualitatively (see Figure 21 and compare it with Figure 9), is pronounced in many dialects and written in literary language; | b) shortly after the hard tongue consonants /, x, d, ts, Šš, z, £, etc., the labial m, b, p, vir at the beginning of the word; when pronouncing it, the tongue retracts very little from the anterior lower teeth, e.g.: mama, sala, tas, Zala, ana, akis etc. ; c) slightly backward a after the hard posterior consonants g, k, pronounced with the tip of the tongue very far away from the lower teeth, e.g.: garai, gana, kaklai, kas etc. ; d) very open a, when the constituent sounds of the other syllables of the word are the vowels a, a, 9, 0, u, # or the diphthongs ai, au, ui, uo, e.g.: matai, paskui, šakdrų, Sokas, pasūko, 36 rasiūį (dgs. kilm.) and so on. ; e) slightly more closed than the above, when the sounds forming the other syllables of the word are the ir frontal vowels 4, 7, e, e, &, ė and the diphthongs ei, ie, e.g.: kali, palyti, bėta, neateis, nėša, niekas, etc. ; ė) strongly consonant g before the labial vowels 6, u, #, etc., with which it does not form a diphthong, and somewhat less —between the labial consonants ir m, b, p, v, e.g.: = paupys, pasts, paildré, padsti, mama, pabūti, etc. I am. In the present spelling, it is marked by two signs: long, pronounced, by the sign a, and long, elongated, by the sign 4 (the contract does not differ between them). It is the long, low-rising posterior vowel of the tongue, and the most open of all Lithuanian vowels. Ją In other words, only the posterior part of the back of the unstressed tongue rises slightly to the posterior edge of the hard palate. The tip of the tongue moves slightly away from the lower teeth. Front and rear resonators form one whole, as in pronouncing a phoneme ir a (see section 4.4). 22 Figure 1. ). Phoneme 4 qualitatively is very similar to phoneme į only a, slightly more open this už (plg. Figure 22. with Figure 20. ). The most characteris- @ tic combination shades of phoneme are: a) very contraction 4 after all soft consonants; when pronouncing it, the šlapid tip of the tongue in fig. 21 d does not withdraw from the anterior lower teeth 37 at all (see fig. 23), e.g.: kilniąsias, niūriąją, ją, saują, etc. (southwestern highlanders instead of this Lithuanian fig. 22 d = Fig. 23 i rupidja literary language 4 taria é without a shade, e.g.: važiėvo ~ važiavo Brt, Kbr, Vlkv, Vit kt.); slightly opposed to ir hard tongue 38 b) anterior consonants 4 po /,. wd 1,852 # ir kt and po lipsticks m, b, p, v, pronounced when the tip of the tongue is very slightly retreated from the priSakiniy lower ddro, sūko, mato dantų, pvz.: etc. ; a little suuZpakaléjes posterior hard ir consonants c) 4 po .g, k, pronounced when the tip of the tongue is far removed from the anterior lower teeth, e.g.: gdras, ga, kaklas, kate, kūsa, etc. ; very open when the ir constituent d) sounds of the other d, syllables of the word to are back vowels a, @, 9, 0, w, # or diphthongs ai, au, ui, uo, e.g.: galas, mūto, gėlą, rūdąją, lapai, plduką, lapuose etc.; slightly more closed than the above, when the sounds forming the ir other e) syllables of the word č už are anterior vowels to 7, 7, And, and, č, € ir diphthongs ei, ie, e.g.: gali, kita, tla, pėrą (v.s. gal. ), sūkę, male, léistg, miélg etc. ; very ir broken ė) against the labial 4 voice w ir kt ir slightly less between labial consonam, b, p, V, nts e.g.: pdupiu, mama (v.s. tablespoons ), free (es. 1. 3 asm. ) ir kt V DVIBALSINES FONEMOS IR JU CLASSIFICATION ai The Lithuanian literary language 9 has diphthongs: ai, au, ei, eu, oi, oi, ui, ie, uo, always preceding the open-end consonants. ir Play Diphthongs are a special category of sounds characterized by complex articulation: they begin with one vowel element and end with another, forming an indistinguishable compound, necessarily ir pronounced in one syllable. The question of phonemics of diphthongs is one jų of the most difficult problems of general phonetics, because in some languages they can be independent phonemes, in iš others — a ir combination of two phonemes. Diphthongs are considered independent phonemes only if: (a) where both components belong to the same morpheme and one component of any diphthong is o not a separate morphological unit; when it is indivisible in terms of syllable, when the syllable boundary cannot be derived between the two components of the diphthong; c) when the diphthong is approximately as long as the long vowel (if the length of the diphthong is equal to the sum of the lengths of two vowels, it is a combination of two phonemes); (d) where the length of the constituent elements of the diphthong does b) not coincide with either the long or the short vowels; (e) when, in a change of vowels, a vowel t. y. changes the whole diphthong, i.e. both of its components, as a single unit rather than one which.’ Since the diphthong oi occurs only in one word, the diphthong di, it cannot be considered as an independent phoneme. The diphthongs ai, ei, eu, oi, ie, uo, always only before a consonant or at the open end of a word, both components belong to the same morpheme or syllable, and one component of any diphthong can never be an independent morphological unit. It usually consists of the whole diphthong, i.e. both its components, e.g. in the words vaikas, vaikį, vaikdms, etc. ai is the diphthong of the root, in the words šukdoti, šukūosiu, šukiosi uo is the diphthong of the suffix, and in the words eilé, eiti, eiga the root consists only of the diphthong ei, etc.5 7 See. JI. P. 3uunep, O6mas pouernka, 217—222, Jlenurpas, 1960. * Cf. Russian diphthongs I, eff, of in words Mai, jaf, rem, mo, etc., where they are not considered as independent phonemes, but as phonemes of only two phonemes (a and d, e and 4, 39 "The mixed diphthongs al, am, an, ar, el, em, en, er, il, im, in, ir, ul, um, un, ur, like the above diphthongs, are only before consonants.and at the open end of the word. In cases where a, e, 7, u are next to /, m, n, r before vowels or diphthongs, there is always a syllable boundary between them, assigning the vowel a, e, 7, 4 to one syllable and the consonant /, m, n, r — to another, e.g.: kal-ti: kū-la; bdr-ti: bū-ra; kél-ti: ké-lia; lém-ti: lé-mia; gyvėn-ti: to live; pefF-ti: pé-ria; by; pil-ti: pi-la; kim-ti: ki-mo; pin-ti: pi-na; ir-ti: i-ro; kūl-ti: ku-lia; stū-mi: stū-mia; buii-ka (un is here due to the insertion of the root n): būk-ti; creation: creation, etc. Between the double-vowel am, an components the syllable boundary never passes, because there is always a consonant after them, e.g.: kami-So: kam-$yti; dn-tis: dn-ties, except for verbs with the insertion n or before the labial consonants b, p —the insertion m, e.g. afi-ka: a-kail; $lafi-pa: $la-pail, tami-pa: ta-pail; and others. The second component of a diphthong au before vowels and diphthongs has become a consonant v due to a hiatus and has moved to another syllable, e.g.: šdu-ti: š0-vé <*$au-é, gau-ti: ga-vo; the diphthong au here alternates with the vowels a and 0. Instead of the diphthong uz, which originated from ū, we find the vowel u before vowels and diphthongs, e.g. gii-ti < *giį-ti?, gu-ja. Since the interchange of the diphthongs au and ui with vowels in these cases is due to the laws of historical development, and not to simple splitting, as in the examples of mixed diphthongs above, and since aw, wi in all other respects are no different from the remaining diphthongs (see below), they should be compared with the latter. Note. Morphological and syllable indivisibility of diphthongs is not allowed. to be confused with the vowels air 7, air u, etc., which are always in different morphemes and in different syllables, but never form diphthongs, e.g. in the words oiteik, pa-imk, pa-upys, sū-ošė, etc. The diphthongs ai, au, ei, feu, of, ui ie, uo are about the same length as the long vowels, and the length of the components of a diphthong differs from both long and short vowels (see below), whereas the average length of any mixed diphthong is equal to the sum of the length of the vowel and consonant that make it up, 0 the average length of these is equal to the length of the corresponding vowel and consonant phonemes, e.g.: the average length of the mixed diphthong u# in ufikščia is 32" (of which 15.5" is for the vowel g, and 16.5'"—fi), the average length of the mixed diphthong An is 31.57) (from jų 19” corresponds to a vowel d, o 12, 5" — m)ir t.12 t. —> In the roots of related words any diphthong can be exchanged with any. with one vowel ar diphthong, ir vice versa, e.g.: bench to sit; : šviėsti, Sveisti, švaistyti švisti, : švystelėti kt. ir Diphthowo ng change su av in words give : daviaū ir etc. bei o ir #4) compounds, since in other forms of these words the two components of the diphthongs mentioned are completely independent, not related su to each other; each has its own iš jų morphological functions includes the composition of different ir morphemes: į is a word a Maf root vowel, d — a limb; a, €, o are vowels of the words pail, neš, no#t root, o # — imperative clauses: adjective. In other forms of these words, the second component of diphthongs passes to į another syllable, e.g. : Ma-1A, fa-o, noo ir t. t. (for details see Bojiburas CoBerckas DuuukJiorejnus, 14, 496; JI. P. 3unnep, O6mas goneruxa, 219, Jlenuurpan, 1960; M. H. Marycenuuų, Beesenne B obmyio donernky, 79—80, Mocksa, 1959). ® Zr. J. Endzelynas, Baltic language sounds ir forms, 19, Vilnius, 1957. 10 See, V, Vaitkevičiūtė, Lithuanian vowel diphthongs ir length, or quantity. — "Lithuanian Linguistics Issues", 3, 213, Vilnius, 1960. 11 Plg, V. Vaitkevičiūtė, min. ill., 211. 40 = the change of the diphthong au with dv in the words šduti: š0vė is no exception, because av<au, and dv<aūv <au, o v in both cases appeared, as mentioned, before the vowel or diphthong of the hiatus i; iz--\ mf bivariate —on the contrary —changes only one component —balis, and the second does not change, e.g.: rimti: ramus, rūmų, remiū, rémia, rėmė, romus; darkness: tdmsinti, temai, témti, timsras “dark sartas’ etc. Thus, the diphthongs ai, au, ei, eu, oi, ui, ie, uo of literary Lithuanian are independent phonemes that distinguish words, jy forms, or morphemes, and their pronunciation does not depend on the phonetic “position” in the word. All of them can be opposed to other vowels and diphthongs, e.g.: kas, kis: kais: kais: keis: kuis; lįs, lės: lids; músto = meat: mosto: food: mdusto: city: muisto; siėks: will shout; Boyle: Coward!? 7, etc. Mixed diphthongs, on the other hand, do not form a single phonemic unit and are a combination of two phonemes. The same diphthong as a vowel with different prefixes is not considered as an independent phoneme, but only as a positional shade of one phoneme (for more information see the section,,- Balsinés phonemes and their classification"). Each diphthong phoneme has the following positional nuances3: a) Strong, very intense, pronounced with tense muscles of the mouth walls. The first component of the phoneme «i di is a very open vowel element a (approximately 22''—23'' long), and the second is a closed short i (approximately 6''—7'' long). The first component of the phoneme av of tone two is a very open vowel element a (about 14''-16"' long), and the second is a not very closed vowel element x (about 10''-11" long). Phonemes * the first component of the etatsound chi is a very open vowel element e (about 16'' —18'' long), the second — a closed 7 (about 13'' —16'' long). The first component of the wi-hued zi is the open vowel element vu (about 18'-20" long), and the second component is the closed i (about 10'-12" long). The first component of the phoneme eu is a short closed vowel e (about 12-13" long), and the second is an open ů« (about 10'' long). 11" length). The first component is an open vowel element 2 (approximately 20''—22'' long), and the second is a closed vowel element 7 (approximately 20''—22'' long). 18–20" in length). The first component of the phoneme ze in the tone fe is the open vowel element 7 (approximately 13''—15'' long), and the second is the open e (approximately 13''—15'' long). 15" —16" length). The first component of the phoneme wo of the tone #o is an open vowel element # (approximately 20''—21" long), and the second —somewhat delabial- -zoated open 2 (approximately 14"-15" length). b) Tvirtagalis, pronounced less intensely than tvirtapradis, with less strain on the muscles of the mouth walls. The first component of the phoneme ai in the shade ai is the open short vowel element a (about 15"—17" long), and the second is the closed 7 (about 19"—21" long). The first component of the phoneme au in the shade ail is the open vowel element a (about 12" —14" long), and the second component is the vowel element ui (about 12" —14" long). The secondary diphthong ui, derived from the abbreviation of some-no-- some noun forms, e.g. dangūj (see dangūi) dangu-jė, etc., is not an independent phoneme. 13 The main components of the diphthongs and the transitional vowel elements (see below) were determined by means of an apparatus called a separator, which divides the diphthong into its constituent parts and determines the length of each of them. Diphthongs and their constituent elements were measured in the first open syllable of the diphthong words. 41 sis — fairly closed u (about 19-20" long). The first component of the phoneme ei of the ei tone is a short closed vowel element e (approx. 10” — 13" in length), and the second into (approximately 20'*—23" in length). The first component of the phoneme behind the ui is an open vowel element » (about 15''-18"' long), and the second is a closed i (about 16''-19" long). The first component of the phoneme ie shade #¢ is the closed vowel element i (about 24''—26"' long), and the second is the open e (about 10"—12" long). Phonemes eu ir 27 does not have this shade. ¢) Non-amplified vowel, pronounced with even less intensity than the strong-pronounced tones, with unstretched muscles of the mouth wall. His prefix is close to the prefix of the sounds that make up the syllables. The diphthong phonemes of d) Nekirčiuotas pokirtinis, kuris nuo nekirčiuoto prieškirtinio skiriasi tik priegaide, artima kirčiuotųjų skiemenų sudaromųjų garsų tvirtapradei priegaidei. Lithuanian literary language are classified according to the conjunction of the constituent components, the quality of the components and the activity of the lips. According to the junction of components, they are divided into: (a) pure constituents, where both components are pronounced clearly, immediately one after the other, without pause, unbroken, in the same syllable; pure composed diphthongs of the literary Lithuanian language are ai, au, ei, eu, ui, ot; (b) pure consonants, in which both components are pronounced in the same syllable together, inseparably, fused; the purely coincident phonemes are ze and wo. According to the quality of the components, the diphthong phonemes of literary Lithuanian are divided into phonemes: a) the first component is a more or less open vowel element, and the second is closed; This group includes ai, au; : (b) the first component is moderately open and the second is closed; This group includes ei, eu, 21; (c) both components are more or less closed; this group belongs to wis (d) the first component is closed and the second is moderately open; This group includes ze, uo. According to the activity of the lips they are divided into phonemes, of which: (a) both components are lipogenic; uo belongs to this group; (b) the first component is non-liponic and the second is liponic; this group includes au, eu; (c) the first component is a lip and the second is a non-lip; wi belongs to this group; (d) both components are non-adhesive; This group includes az, ei, ie. 21, 1. Pure composite diphthong phonemes Phoneme ai. It begins with a low-rising vowel element a of the posterior order and ends with a high-rising vowel element 7 of the anterior order. Between the air i there are two short transitional vowels: the open e (approximately 4''—6'' long) and the very open 7 (approximately 5''—7'' long). The phoneme ai is at the beginning of the word, e.g.: dikčioti, aigara “shape, straw*, square; in the middle of a word after hard consonants, e.g. kdilis, kaista, gaidys, mergditė, aukštait42 is, orlaičiduti; open and closed ends of words after hard consonants and after soft Afrikaans č', dž''4, e.g.: visdi, vaikai, jdučiai, gaidžiai, vaikais, pirštais, barzdais, kaičiais, gaidžiais; in monosyllabic words, e.g.: gaiš, kais, žais etc. ir The most characteristic combinational shades of the phoneme a: are: a) very contradictory ai after soft Afrikaans &', dž', e.g.: jdučiai, mafčiai, mėdžiai, valdžiai ir etc. ; b) slightly contracted ai after the hard anterior consonants of the tongue d, ¢, n, I, 8, §, 2, see others, the labial m, b, p, v, e.g.: namais, tais, vaikas, etc. ; c) slightly backward ai after the posterior consonants of the tongue g, 4, e.g.: gaila, vargai, kaišo, kai etc. ir Phoneme au. Its articulation begins with the open vowel element a of the posterior low-rising and ends with the closed vowel element x of the posterior high-rising. Between these two components there are three very short transitional vowel elements: the open delabialised 2 (about 4''—6" long), the closed labial 0 (about 3''—5" long), and the open # (about 6"—7" long). They are pronounced when the tongue moves backward from the position of the a and rises to the posterior part of the hard palate until it reaches the position of the closed w vowel element, and the lips are rounded and pushed forward at the same time. The most characteristic combinational shades of the phoneme au are: — a) strongly contracted au after all soft consonants, e.g.: kniaūkė, lidutis, strauštis, jaiūsmas, etc. ; the articulation of this tone begins with a very forwarded vowel element a and ends with a slightly forwarded u; b) slightly contracted au after the hard anterior consonants d, £, x, Ls, š, z, žir etc. and the labial m, b, p, v, e.g.: bailsti, nauda, tdu etc. ; c) a little suuzpakaléjes au after the hard posterior consonants of the tongue g, &, e.g.: gaurai, kaūkė, kdulas, etc. Phoneme no. In the present spelling it is marked by two signs: after the hard consonant phonemes by the sign of softened shades e:, e.g.: lakei (essentially L 2 person), and after the consonant phonemes derived from the consonant combination with j and after j — by the sign or, except for the conjunctions jėr, jéigu, e.g.: lakiai (see lakei), broliai (see brolei), viržiai (see viržei), jai (see jėi) and others. Both in Lithuanian literary language and in dialects, etymologically written ai in this case is pronounced ez, because ai first component vowel element a, under the influence of the soft consonant or j preceding it (progressive similarity) and the vowel element of the anterior order following it — its second component: (regressive similarity), becomes completely anterior and becomes the vowel element e of the intermediate rise of the anterior order. The exception is ai after the soft Afrikaans č“, dž' (see Fopema ai), Among the main components of the phoneme ei are two short transitional vowel elements: a very closed e (5"—7" long) and an open short i (6"—8" long), pronounced at the time when the tongue rises from the position of the open vowel element e to the position of the closed vowel element 7. The most characteristic combinational shades of the phoneme e: are the following: 14 After soft consonants sy and after j, except for the soft Afrikaans č', dz’, in Lithuanian literary language ai is pronounced ei, in written language it is marked by the sign ai. 43