Apie priešdėlėtųjų veiksmažodžių reikšmių aiškinimą „Lietuvių kalbos žodyne“

LžF-EB“T UV 1.4 KA LBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI Vv IMM ET UVOS TSR MOKSLŲ AKADEMII A _ APIE PRIESDELETUJU VEIKSMAZODZIU REIKSMIU AISKINIMA „LIETUVIŲ KALBOS ZODYNE* J. PAULAUSKAS „Lietuvių kalbos žodyne“ priešdėlėtieji veiksmažodžiai dedami į atitinkamų nepriešdėlėtųjų veiksmažodžių lizdus, bet alfabeto tvarka iškeliami atskirai kaip savarankiški žodžiai su reikšmių aiškinimais ir iliustraciniais sakiniais?*. Since the meaning of the prepositional verb usually depends on the meaning of the corresponding non-prepositional verb and the preposition, the meaning of the prepositional verb in the Dictionary must take into account the meanings of these two components of the prepositional verb. When a prepositional verb retains the meaning of the corresponding non-prepositional verb, it can be interpreted in most cases either by the interpretation of the meaning of the corresponding non-prepositional verb (sometimes only part of it), or simply by the corresponding non-prepositional verb, whose meaning is explained in its place. This is useful and convenient to do in the Lithuanian Language Dictionary also because, as already mentioned, prepositional verbs are next to non-prepositional verbs of the same root. When the preposition completely changes the meaning of the root of the prepositional verb (e.g., give and sell; receive and catch; like and agree, etc.), then the interpretation of the unprepositional verb or the definition of its meaning cannot be used. The meaning of each such prepositional verb must be independently defined. |: Thus, when interpreting the meaning of the prepositional verb, one must take into account its relation to the meaning of the non-prepositional verb. In explaining the meanings of prepositional verbs, it is important to determine how different prepositions modify the meanings of non-prepositional verbs. Prepositions can give general meanings to separate semantic groups of verbs, for example, verbs denoting movement, used with the prefix in-, acquire the meaning of direction inward (in, include, bring in). These prepositional meanings can also be formulated in the same way when interpreting the meanings of different prepositional verbs. After reviewing many interpretations of the meanings of prepositional verbs, "Lietuvių kalbos! This is done from the third volume. In the first two volumes of the Dictionary, prepositional verbs were not separately listed in the nests, but were added to the meanings of non-prepositional verbs. 215 in the dictionary”, it can be stated that the meanings of prepositions are defined in three ways: prepositional 1) construction, adverb, some 2) verb. In 3) practice, there are deviations, but in general, we try to orient ir ourselves to these three ways of interpretation that have į emerged in the process of editing the Dictionary. When the prefix gives the verb only the meaning of the end of the action, it becomes the verb of the ir event, the Dictionary explains only the root meaning of the prefix verb. Only the prefix of the explanatory verb (sometimes another prefix) is added to the verb used in such an explanation, which also ir gives the explanatory verb the meaning of the end of the verb. This way of interpretation is sometimes used in other ir cases, for example, in the case of a lexicographer explaining the meanings of prepositional verbs, i.e. formulating the interpretation in such a way as to highlight the root meaning of the ir verb, the prefix attributed to it, the prefixed ir event factor, has to solve a rather complicated task. First of all, he ir must determine the meaning of the preposition by linking the interpretation of that meaning to the interpretation of the non-prepositional verb or simply to the non-prepositional form of the corresponding verb, and also to ir see that the explanatory verb used in the interpretation is su the verb of the verb itself. su o ir to Be Therefore, when interpreting the meaning of the prepositional verb, it is į necessary to take into account the ir close interrelationship of the meanings of the non-prepositional verb preposition, to form indivisible prepositional ta meanings, because only the condition can be ir accurately understood to discuss the meaning of the prepositional verb. I. The interpretation of the meaning of the prepositional verb is the simplest when the verb used in the interpretation of the meaning of the corresponding non-prepositional verb is accompanied by any other preposition of the explanatory ar verb. This is usually done in cases where the prefix of the explanatory verb has only the meaning of the end of the verb. E.g.: save lead, pull — trouble save — iš deliver, ir pull out of trouble; improve —to do better, to correct, to improve and to improve —to do better, to correct, to improve; irti —to fall apart, to fall apart into pieces and to break up It is often — practicį ed to take only part of the interpretation of the unprepositional verb — the synonyms (or synonym) of the verbs used in that interpretation, or only the descriptive interpretation (rejecting synonyms) or part of it. E.g.: kedinti — to shear before heat (wool), peshioti and izkedenti — to shear; galabyti —to end, kill and decapitate —to kill; to harden —to become hard, to stiffen, to stiffen, to harden and to harden —to become hard; pig — to call a pig, to influence and to influence; to make a mess; to turn; squeeze, squeeze something into one pile without order; think (a piece of bread) and stir —to overturn, to throw away without order. This way of interpreting the meanings of prepositional verbs is sometimes applied in cases where, in addition to the meaning of the end of the verb, the preposition of the explanatory verb also brings out some other meaning. The meaning of the verb prefix may also be left unexplained when the meaning of a rare verb is interpreted by a more well-known verb or when such a well-known verb is used in the interpretation. E.g.: zakemėroti —užgriozdinti; to touch; to touch; kerbti — loosely bound and prikerbti — loosely. tie. 216 Here we must also mention the verbs to which the prepositions give directional meanings. As we know, these prepositional meanings are the most vividly can be understood even by a verb. ir be Therefore, the less frequently used verbs of movement with prepositions denoting direction can also be interpreted as a more commonly used verb with the same preposition. E.g.: step slowly walk slowly park slowly walk; to whine slowly, to go uncertainly; to ride, to ride slowly, to come, to ride slowly. The use of the prefix of an — explanatory verb as an ir explanatory — verb is not common. In addition to — these cases, it would be difficult to mention more. Because ir prepositions — have different meanings that they can give to the same verb. Therefore, a prepositional verb can only su be interpreted as a prepositional verb if the prepositions of both verbs have one, at most two, overlapping and very distinct meanings. Most often, the meaning of the prefix must be revealed in different formulations. Of course, it is not possible to draw a strict line between the meaning of the prepositions of verbs that need to be interpreted and those that do not. In general, it is better to explain the meaning of prepositions that are understood without explanation than to leave the unclear ones unexplained. It must be said that In the Lithuanian language dictionary, there are cases where the meaning of the prefix is left unexplained. For example: pagainoti —pavaikyti; to delay; to delay; pameruoti —to pamper, to wave with the hands or something else; feel — to get used to. The dictionary does not give these verbs the meaning of minority given to them by the prefix pa-, which is a lack of interpretation. ir It is also only an illustration, not an explanation, of the meaning that the prefix gives to the verb pragirščiti, explained by the word pradrautauti, which actually means to let go while drunk, to get drunk. o iš The explanation with one word „pragirtauti“ is all the more unsuitable, because in its place the meaning of the word „pragirtauti“ was not given at all, because it was not in the available material. In similar cases, the meaning of the ir prefixmust be defined descriptively. mę II. 1998-1999 The meaning of the prefix is often interpreted in a descriptive way. At the beginning we mentioned three distinct variants of descriptive interpretation of the meanings of verb prepositions, which it is useful to review separately here. 1. The prepositional construction is taken for the interpretation of the prepositional ir verb (or part jo synonym) — whose verb (or synonym) usually receives the prefix of the explanatory verb. For example: — ride a horse to travel, go ir to pass — by a horse to travel; digging to dig; rasti; make a — pit... ir digging, — digging, digging, į digging; raise — take, push up; ką 100 mg ką į a higher place... ir loaded — už — ko or put on something; drop fall, attack — throw out drop ir out of — what. iš | This way of interpretation is relatively rare; it applies to verbs denoting movement, to which the prefix gives the meaning of a certain direction. 2. More often, the meaning of the verb prefix is explained by the adverb. The adverb synonym of the ir explanatory verb with the same prefix can su be used to explain directional verbs. For example: — odletět fly closer; to — drive out, to drive out; drop down; — load —to cover with what is around. The same directional verb can be interpreted by a prepositional construction, an adverb. ir ir For example: : forced to — get close to something. 217 Adverbs are used especially often when interpreting prepositional verbs with various secondary meanings of prepositions. For verbs, to which the prefix gives the meaning of minor, intensive, etc., the interpretation of the non-prepositional verb is taken to define, only the prefix of the explanatory verb is added, in addition to the corresponding adverb dealing with the meaning of the secondary prefix: kiek, truputį, daug, etc. E.g.: krėsti — put, drėbti something thick and atkrėsti — put away, uncover some thick thing; shake —to pour what in bulk, to turn and shake —to pour how much; shake —to move strongly to the sides, shaking and shaking —to shake dead; stauti — put in a pile on something, somewhere and prikrauti — add a lot; hot —to comb wool before spinning and to hang —to cover wool with hot cloth. Verbs whose prefix denotes minor, intensive, overtaking, etc., are often interpreted by an adverb and a verb of the same root, but you choose another prefix, usually raising the meaning of the end of the verb. E.g.: perspėti — very frightened; to suffer —to suffer much; raise —to raise too much, too high; prakepti —to bake a little bit in haste; roughened — slightly roughened; apginti — to defend before what; raise, raise up —to rise up before something; apdrūdīties, nudrūdīties —to drink more than what; survive —to survive longer than what; to get married —to get married too much. In the Lithuanian language dictionary there are also interpretations of the adverb Sdélétyju, where the verb of the explanatory verb is not taken into account. For example: pakauknoti —kiek kiauknoti (= how much to beat, pakauknoti); parglūdinti —nama glūdinti (=to slide, to press into a house); ķēzlinėti —to ķēzlinėti for a while (= to pass time crouching- ). It is also not possible to give an explanation where one explanatory verb is without the prefix — the course verb, and the second is with the prefix — the event verb, like the explanatory verb. For example: paglamžuoti — how much to glamžuoti, pamyluoti (= how much to love, caress). 3, For the interpretation of the meaning of the preposition of the verb, another verb is used, which in some cases together with the form of the corresponding non-prepositional verb, in others — with its conjugation, explains the meaning of the prepositional verb. a) The meaning of the prepositional verb is interpreted by the form of the subjunctive of the corresponding non-prepositional verb and the other verb that gives rise to the prepositional meaning. Prepositions can give, in addition to the meaning of direction, the meaning of movement to those verbs whose root meaning does not mean movement. The prefix of the explanatory verb is given to the verb of movement used in the definition. E.g.: įdainuoti — to enter, to enter while singing; parbilėti — to arrive by billing; reveal —to come with a scream; kemėrėti —to wave with the hands or something else, waving and kemėrėti —to enter by waving with an object. This way of interpreting the meanings of prepositional verbs is widely used when defining verbs with various secondary meanings of prepositions. Prepositions can give a verb the meanings of spoiling, weariness, killing, or dying, even though the meaning of the corresponding non-prepositional verb is not even close to such an additional meaning. These prepositional meanings are interpreted by the verbs, but their preposition is not necessarily the same as that of the explanatory verb. E.g.: break out —damaged by breaking; overdrying — drying up; start singing 218 (voice) —damaged by singing; to overflow (to overflow) —to be damaged by rain; swallowing (hands) — tiring while swallowing; punish —to punish without fighting; kill by snatching; buried—killed while buried; decarcified —decarcified (to) die. This is how prepositional ir verbs are interpreted, meaning surpassing in some respect, compensation, etc. E.g.: nuakėti — to pass by; to speak, to speak, to speak; overshoot —shooting to defeat; zagrybauti — « to get, earn by mushrooming; —to earn while growing up; win, win, win, win, win, win, win get drunk —drinking to get in debt; atgrėbti —grėbiant repay, etc. b) The meaning of the prepositional verb is explained by the communicative form of the corresponding non-prepositional verb and the other verb that gives rise to the prepositional meaning. It should be noted that there are few cases where the verbs denoting the meaning of the preposition are used next to the communicative form of the unprepositioned explanatory verb, but they are all clear. When the prefix gives the verb the meaning of the end of the action, it can be interpreted as the verb to (end) the action. E.g.: discourage —stop speaking; pavalgyti — to finish eating; to stop sipping; atgedėti — to stop mourning; completed means completed. The explanatory formulas stop talking, stop eating, etc. may have a broader meaning than the explanatory prepositional verbs discourage, feed, etc. To stop speaking means not only the end of the action, but also its coming to an end. In the first case, the event object arises, thus coinciding with the explanatory verb of the event object. In the second case, to stop speaking indicates a course factor. Despite a certain discrepancy between the explanatory verb and the explanatory words in relation to the verb, the formulation can be used, because the explanatory verb, having a distinct meaning of the end of the action given by the prefix, cannot be understood from the explanation to end speaking as a verb of the course verb. When the prefix of verbs indicates the beginning of an action, prepositional verbs are usually interpreted by the verb to begin or to take and the unprepositioned communicative form of the explanatory verb or its synonym. E.g.: pražrieť — to begin to see; susūbuoti —to take to swing; start (a song) —to start; get sick —take *sick; get moving get moving; squeeze to start moving. ši — — Prepositional verbs, denoting the ability, the ability to perform the action expressed by the ordinary verb, are also interpreted in the communicative form of the non-prepositional verb together with the course verbs to be able, to be able, to know or to be able. The prepositional verbs of that meaning remain in the action as the corresponding non-prepositional verbs, therefore ir ir jų the meaning must be interpreted by the verbs of the course. E.g.: tell to pay — (good) to tell; save to be able to feed; — stand — to be able to stand; palti —to bark; imprison —to be able to imprison; to walk, to be able to walk. — It must be said that far from all prepositional verbs can be ne interpreted according to any pre-established rules. A lot of prepositional verbs have specific meanings, the interpretations of which are not possible to fit into any rules and which need to be defined individually. E.g., to heal —to pass through some disease of the body's surface; to deceive —to deceivingly give; cut —to use scissors to cut parts of the fabric from which a garment will be made. 219