Kai kurios lietuvių kalbos tarmių ypatybės (iš 1961 metų dialektologinių ekspedicijų)

PET UVIU: XALBOTYRA QUESTIONS V LL BT Ų VOSS TS RUM O-K'SL'y AK A'DEMTIJA KAI KURIOS LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES TARMIU PROPERTY! (from years 1961 dialektologiniy expeditions) E, GRINAVECKIENĖ Į. BATTLE UPYNO TARMINGS FEATURES Phonetics 1. Kirtis The study of the western part of the dialects of the Mūša river has shown a gradual strengthening of the shortening of the bo 4 ir deflection limbs as the dialect extends southwest-- northeast. iš Let's say, į Kirbaičiai point (Šiaulių raj. Kairių apyl., Nr. 164, puree G. Galnaitytė), located about 10 km from Šiauliai rytus, the į interjection is regularly detracted only from the - long preceding iš syllable of the short ending, į e.g.: kdfus koriis®, peiku peikiū, roiika ranka, šaūku šaukiū, drabužėlus ~ drabužėliai. ~ ~ ~ = Here the interjection is also diverted from the short root of ir iš the short limb į (gana, gražus, šnėku, tėšti), but such a diversion is unfair: in addition to these examples there are many parallel cases where the consonant remains at the end of the word (esū, pačū ~ pačiū, send, taku, irečė ~ trečia; dvarė, galė, miškė), especially if the end of the word is closed (bitės, metūs, miškūs, ratai, rugūs ~ rugiūs, šakas, irejuos). 1 This article deals with dialectological material collected for the “Atlas of the Lithuanian ! language” 1961 m. iš of the ir area of the middle-eastern Highlands (Mūša river) and the north-western Highlands dialects. During the expeditions, a lot of important and valuable ir dialectological material was recorded, but due to the abundance of it, it is not possible to analyze it here. The article deals only with part of the ar collected material, which either clarifies and supplements previously ta established cases of individual phenomena, or is completely new. | 2 Dialectal examples in the article are presented in phonetic transcription, established in the “Lithuanian Language Atlas Material Collection Program”, ed., Vilnius, 2005. II 1956, p. 105—118, the half-length of only pronounced sounds is indicated by the middle prefix. Be to, here the long vowel diphthongs ie, ir pronoun, plg. uo E. Greenwich. The relationship of the sublingual su softening with the shortening of the extremities in the Stegviliai dialect (hereinafter — Prieb. soft. ), „Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai“ (hereinafter — LKK), t. 4, Vilnius, 1961, p. 180. Sound ę here marks a short ir space between é ir e sound. Iš at the end ai of a diphthong word ę appearing in its color is not identical to su ė po the hardened I; it is slightly wider the latter už more ir similar į e, therefore in phonetic transcription as ir ę, it is marked ę. The ¢ sound here is intermediate between o ir a. It is only a short broader inextricable, e.g.: batelis bateliai, ir balzganė, darželis už I'm going. o. 147 darželiūs, išeidama, jurginūs, ~ kepalukiai kepaliukiai, negalū negaliū, pakura, ~ palikta, ridikūs, senaive, sparnelū sparneliū, tekini, viščukiai ~ viščiukai. ~ m ~ Sporadically, the consonant is sometimes diverted by a long open ending (except ir iš in plural genitive), e.g. gére well, labé well ~ ~ “Jabai”, nebėvo ~ nebuvai, say the ~ sayings, but the conjunction of these types of examples is usually at the end of the word: gere, labė, buvs, sakš3. Going from Kirbaičių apie 10 km į north-east, Narušaičiai point (Šiaulių raj. Narušaičių apyl., Nr. 135, puree B. Grakauskaitė), the iš interjection of the short į ending of the short preceding syllable is regularly detracted, e.g.: šaknį) bala, (į dviejus, kėlis, krotu, mėtus, mėškas, namus, ratus; (adjective) aiminėmę, barakus, kubilėkus balinukai, (į kaušėnus kiaušiniūs, meščėkę miesčiukė, ~ Sveikata, sesėtes ~ sesutės, tekėnus ~ tekiniūs. ~ ~ The consonant here is also regularly detracted long short before the preceding į syllable long ir open endings in the following cases: plural noun in the iš singular, e.g.: arklį arkliai, ežėre ežerai, kare karai, krašte kraštai, a) lonike lankai, méske miškai, vaikui vaikai, ŽOge žiogai; b) singular I, II ~ person, e.g.: bėjo ~ bijai, ~ bovo ~ buvail, gano ~ ganiaū, ~ gvald> ~ gvaldaii, isiroiigo ~ ~ issirangiait; ištėne ~ out of, ~ paloke ~ leave, paskaite ~ paskaitei; in adverbs in the ~ ending ~ ~ c) su -a, e.g. : gére well, labe ~ labial, mdžę ~ little, réte ~ ~ rarely. In all other cases, the long open ending retains the consonant, e.g.: eš dukté, mu; arklū ~ arkliū, trobū ~ trobą, vaili ~ varlių. Here the conjunction is also completely inseparable from the endings of iš the closed strong noun, e.g.: arklys arklys, ~ drugis drugys, ~ genis ~ genys, kaplis ~ kaplys, našlys ~ vyresnysis, dends, dermės, valdžės ~ valdžios, naktiés, žuviės; beer, honey; wings with wings, devils with devils. ~ ~ Dar 10 km further į north-east, at Beinoraičiai point (Pakruojo raj. Lygumų apyl., Nr. 107, studied by D. Čekanauskaitė), in addition to all the previously mentioned cases of accent deflection, the accent ir of the final long strong syllable is already in all cases deflected to the preceding syllable, e.g.: (from the open end of the word) dokte ~ duktė, tésmo ~ tešmuo; ako ~ akiū, giésmo ~ giesmių, kapo ~ kapų, švėčo ~ svečią, šėšo ~ šešią, vaiko vaikij, 26lp žoliū; ~ ~ (from the end of the closed word) ~ boFnos burnds, = ėgnęš ugniės, alos || alaūs ~ alaus, dofigaus ~ dangūs; arklis ~ horse, gaidys ~ roosterdrogis ~ rooster; arkles ~ horses, geine§ ~ genes, Ožęš ~ goats, vakares ~ evenings. In all the points mentioned here (Kirbaitiai, Narušaičiai, Beinoraiciai) the conjunction from the end of the first person singular is not diverted, e.g.: gražėm, mergém, šakėm (Kirbaičiai); afklém, jevdm, žmonėm (Narusaitiai), vaikdm, Zentdm, arklém (Beinoraičiai)?. a 3 In the dialect of Mūšos upyna there are cases where the singular of nouns and pronouns wr at the end of the plural of the noun, unlike lk. and other dialects, is pronounced not stingray, but stingray preposition, see. Prieb. soft. 180; see also Lithuanian language atlas material from Nem. Radviliškio, Stegvilių, Gaižūnų, reg. No. Nos. 429, 603, 678 and others. Presented material from Kirbaičiai, Narušaičiai and Beinoraičiai points shows that here in this case is supposedly a firm beginning of the wait, see. Lithuanian language atlas material, reg. No. No. 680, 679, 683. 148 Going further from Beinoraičiai to the east, in Juknaičiai point (Pakruojo raj., Vilūnaičiai apylinkė, No. 136, investigated by D. Brūzgaitė), in addition to the general cases of deflection (balta, akis, vaikas ~ vaikai, sdkęs ~ sukasi, kaktos ~ kaktos, arklis ~ arklys, abs ~ alaūs, tėšmo ~ tešmuo, kate ~ katė), the deflection is also made from the plural of the noun limb, e.g.: žėsirn davo laši; To such a child, to a lady, to a man, to a duck, to anything. ; Going from Juknaičiai to the north, at Norvaišiai point (Pakruojo r. Vilūnaičių apyl., No. 108, researched by A. Žygytė), the consonant is retracted exactly as in Juknaičiai, only here all the old vowels and diphthongs at the end of the word have disappeared, e.g.: dien ~ diena, šak ~ šaka, tvor ~ tvora; kai ~ katė, kdrv ~ kovė, kiem ~ kiemas, OF ~ Ore, vežėm ~ vežimė; mart ~ marti, pai ~ pati, géf ~ geri, séi ~ seni; vaik ~ vaikil, sén ~ seni, vės ~ visi, perk = perki, perk ~ perkū; b¢is ~ bees, kéls ~ way, poršėks ~ piglets, vaikéls ~ children. The final -y is also lost here: afrkals ~ horse, gaids ~ cock, 6%5 ~ goat; The open word ending u < wi is reduced, for example: aklo ~ arklii, grūdo ~ grūdij, Šaūdo ~ straudū. Similarly to Juknaičiai, the situation with the retraction of the tail and the shortening of the limbs is also in other points of the Mūšos river: Gaižuūnai (Pakruojo district, No. 77, investigated by E. Grinaveckienė), Guostagalis (Pakruojo district, No. 78, investigated by K. Vosylytė- ), Gailioniai (Pakruojo district, Lumbelių apylinkė, No. 110, investigated by K. Vosylytė- ). : | All the material presented here confirms the assertion that from the center of the declination of the eastern Highland dialects and the shortening of the extremities —Mušas river (Linkuva —Pasvalys)? —the deflection of the tail and the shortening of the limbs, going from north-east to south-west, gradually and uniformly weakens, and, by expanding and supplementing it with concrete examples, demonstrates this obviously. In the dialect® of the northern part of Pakruojo district, the former Linkuva district (Gaižūnai, Guostagalis, Vaškai, Bardiškiai, Šulaičiai, Pašvitinis, Megučioniai, Lumbeliai neighborhoods), qualitative changes of the short vowels i, u in the singular and diphthong with /, m, n, r are observed in other sounds. The vowel w here becomes slightly wider and becomes the vowel 9, intermediate between o and a. Before a hard consonant this 9 is wider, before a soft one — narrower. The vowel i, going before a hard consonant, broadens and turns backward and, like wu, turns into 0, and before a soft consonant only broadens and turns into e, the intermediate sound between ė and e. The new e, 0 vowels arise only from the short i, u of the dialect. And short vowels i, w in the dialect occur only in the following cases: a) Pronounce with the ancient accent in the final syllable, e.g.: bės ~ būs, do ~ di, dvė ~ dvi, išros ~ įgris, ikrės ~ įkris, ilps ~ ilįs, iSos ~ išsiūs, jos ~ jis, lėps ~ lips, mos ~ mus, nulėš ~ nulūš, nupės ~ nupūs, nutroks~ nutrūks, padafos ~ padarys, pagadds ~ pagadins, pasos ~ pasiiis, pataisos ~ pataisys, rasos ~ rašys, sakės ~ sakys, sė ~ si, sugFds ~ sugrįš, soks ~ siks, sukifmos ~ sukirmys (supus), suroks surugs, ~ tO ~ You, iFos tris. ~ * Plg. V. Grinaveckis, Limb shortening in Lithuanian dialects, „Vilnius State Pedagogical Institute Scientific Works“, t. 8, Vilnius, 1959, p. 101, 103. * The possible object, the area of the phenomenon in question is larger than indicated here. This will be shown by future expeditions in the surrounding areas. 149 The present vowels could have changed qualitatively because only in this one case they remained short, pronounced with the ancient accent, and in all other cases they have been lengthened to half-long (: kiše ~ kišė, mus ~ musa, ligo ~ ligą, sik ~ suk, viso ~ visą, visto ~ vištą, žūv ~ Zuvi). Furthermore, the qualitative change of jy may have been influenced by the assimilation of the hard consonants at the end of the word in the same syllable, which is characteristic of many other Lithuanians. language tarmiy®. Examples ilės, isos, nulėš, nupės, padarės, rašės... show that their i, u turned into ¢ relatively recently, after the old long vowels of the end of the word were shortened, because here Aa < Id The vowels i, u, pronounced with an ancient accent, change their quality and in the strong-terminal diphthong, e.g.: iloūida ~ inliūdo, imoniro ~ inmiūtri "strange, unheard- ", jofi ~ ji, koūnka ~ kiūko, kor ~ kuri, kiofit ~ krifita, loūikavo ~ Liūikavą, mors ~ mifs, patoiik ~ patiiika, poršto ~ pirštą, Sork ~ sirk, šmolkst ~ dūmksta, Solts ~ šiltas, Somits ~ šimtas, voršom ~ viršum; ižgerši ~ to hear, ker9s ~ axe, reiki ~ to riūikti, šverpal ~ whip; borbols ~ burbulas, drofigans ~ druiignas, polks ~ pulkas, stolps ~ stulpas; dromžles ~ drumzlės „drumzlės“, goli ~ gulti, gorklę ~ gurkliai, korės ~ kuicias, kork ~ juki, šorkščos ~ grubios. In this case, the strong diphthong retains its quality, e.g. pilns ~ pilnas, dūlkst ~ dūlksta. It is also possible that the two-sided i, u of the strong-vowels could have changed qualitatively due to their shortness. b) Pronounced with a digressive accent, e.g.: atdžp ~ ožų, kos ~ kišū, kot ~ kita, lėno ~ liną, log ~ liga, lop ~ lipū, meršdėčk ~ mergička (girl), Stipone ~ stipinai, tokre ~ tikrai, vOs ~ visa, VOšt ~ vista, vėšts ~ vištis; lop ~ lupū, mos ~ mušū, plot ~ korta, pot ~ puta, sok ~ suki, sol ~ sula; kėš ~ kisi, kéi ~ others, mėšk ~ miske, plėk ~ naked, 9¢§ ~ all; gol ~ lies, krėi ~ cruel, sok ~ suki, toF ~ have. The quality change of the vowels i, #, and in this case probably their shortness will have played a decisive role. Hard consonants in the same syllable with them preserve this change better than soft ones; Diphthongs i, u-+1/, m, n, r, pronounced with a diphthong accent, are pronounced in dialect with a strong adjective. Their first syllable is also short and probably has changed its quality for this reason (shortness), e.g.: kelpiit ~ kelinta, negefofig ~ negéringa (not able to drink intoxicants), nukoFst ~ nukirsta, nusiporko ~ nusipirkail, pajolg ~ ilga, peli ~ pilni, mulė ~ pilvė, pęeriš ~ pirtis, Forte ~ rimtai, šorgo ~ sirgaū, šerdš ~ širdis; bornos ~ mouths, Čomp ~ chumpa, poFv ~ dirt, sofik ~ hard. c) Do not drive. Not all short vowels i, # unpronounced turn into e, g. Unpronounced i, u always remain unchanged in distinct and open syllables, e.g.: apsukims ~ apsukimas, bickoréle ~ bičkorėliai, kitiems, kukūodava ~ kukūodavo, nukuštėje ~ nukuštėjo „nuėjo“, nutūka ~ nutūko, prikiba ~ prikibo,. prilipa ~ prilipo, surišim ~ surišim, susiležuvūot ~ susiliežiuvūoti, susisūks ~ susisūkus. Unpronounced i, u in dialect change their quality only when they go before the consonant of the end of the word or its stem and are in the same syllable with it, e.g.: apsuiikon ~ apsuiikina, ūvožs ~ ūvižas, būrtinoks ~ būrtinykas, čičpot ~ Ciépyta ® Plo. E. Grinaveckienė, Phonetics of the Mituva river dialect, LKK, t. 1, Vilnius, 1957, p. 159—161, 150 „skiepyta”, dédon uncle ~ "uncle", ipols ~ infusion “implis”, kdškon ~ kdrkina, - kūtons ~ katinas, kniton ~ knitina „kirbina“, nuskaiidon = nuskaidina, palokts ~ paliktas, rodos ~ rédys, sukifmidps ~ sukirmydins „supūdys“, §véikok ~ svéikink, tekons~ tekinas, viiSiipks viršynyka- ~ s; chiėpęt ciepyti ~ ‘inoculation’, injected ~ 'qurkini, kniteii ~ knitini, iSndikei ~ iSndikinti, iSmokei ~ išmokyti; berstols ~ BérZtulis (river), ķators ~ divnieks, nedégols ~ nedégulis, Sdutovs ~ Sdutuvas. The i recent ¢, 9 transforir mation is shown by the examples i of boortinoks, §véikok..., which were transformed ę, 0 po unpronouni, in ced i. distortion In this case a qualitative vowel i, u the change will be caused by jų shortness ir due to the appearance of jų abbreviation in the final closed syllable. The closure of the syllable in this dialect, a possible factor, may also have contributed to the qualitative change of the spoken vowels. In those cases where the unpronounced shorts i, # are in an unpronunciir able open syllable, they, as we have seen, do not consonate with other sounds. However, in ne all the dialects of this country, the short su i, u is. In the dialects of the plains area (Beinoraičių point) some unpronounced i syllables are ¢; u — 9, diverted, e.g.: ūvęžas ~ avižas, Čuožo ~ čiuožiū, dideles ~ didelis, dokterčia ~ dukterčlė, gimenęs ~ gimines, gerdėje ~ girdėjo, esmékei ~ išmėkyti, ęšndikėi išndikinti, ~ jemi imti, ketoriem ~ keturiem, kapos ~ kapūs, ligomos ~ ~ Plains, marškėnos ~ mdrskinius, mizeko ~ music, negalo ~ negaliū, novarges nuvarges, ~ noéje went, ~ gožėję zaėjo, ~ sogava sugūvo, ~ sogide ~ sugydé, sorisim ~ surišim, sosediire ~ susidūrė, sosedrdske ~ susidrdskė, sosekefta susikirto, ~ sosetika susitiko, ~ šėštę šešti, traukeiika ~ traukinitka, iikeneko ~ ūkininką, vése visi. ~ ~ Such a different change of spoken vowels in the dialect of the iš surroundings of Linkuva on one side ir The other, iš possible object, of the plains, at least in iš part, depends on ir the different ending shortening in these dialects. Unscrambled i, u + I, m, n, r diphthongs, which are found at the end of a word, the quality of the first vowel has changed, as well as that of the vowels, e.g. aižonds ir ūtžindas, avikėrps avikirpes ~ ~ (dgs. gal. — (e.g., aavirpės), ~ kūnongs kit ningas "priest", liėfongs ~ liétingas, pifiofigs ~ songogas “money”, Sdutovs ~ Sdutuvas. Morphology 1. Kaityba a) Double tail Exploring In the dialects of Mūšos river, an interesting ir rare morphological phenomenon was observed. Pašvitinys — Nemunėlio Radviliškis — Biržai — Pasvalys — Joniškėlis — Pakruojis — In the area of Linkuva, the use of adjective forms of the two-numbered infinitive with the numerals trys was observed for the first time, e.g.: su rado ifs dobilel kėtors lapels radaū tris dobilélin kėturis lapeliūs; tres glebėl malko sukurėna, kor po neiškėps tres glėbeliū malkų ~ sukūrėno, kur neiškėps; added three sduj hops; po ainésk tros back atnésk tris backi; bats bearer i7ds dién shoes I wore three days; two hundred and fifty iFds ~ ~ ~ ~ Spie¢ ~ bees Siemet led three spiečiū; got three stems jurging got ~ three stems jurging; mis brigad tūr ips piemei our brigade ~ has three shepherds; Dad? ios déd irds tetdl i turiū tris dédi tris ~ tetuli; ir 151 And the pigs are growing three little ~ piglets this year. ir Similar cases of double-number use of the numerals su frys are found in Latvian®. ir Be in addition, the binary ending is used only in the digits three throughout the specified area; in digits four, five... su du ir su the use of the double-end is not observed here. The final consonant of the plural noun of the o-kamieniy dialect, as the examples show, is pronounced hard: dve, ff0s back, dien, tetėl. How to explain this limb? When the ending ie of these forms i < fell, the consonant at the end of the word was iš soft, as it be is still today in many Lithuanian ir dialects. Later, it became hardened in the investigated dialects. The final consonant may have been affected here by the analogy of other vowels (dién diena, ~ diéns dienas...), ~ leveling the paradigm. The final consonant may also have hardened due to the tendency of ir hardening of iš the soft consonants at the end of the old word in these dialects'®, Participants of masculine nouns whose stem ends in a consonant in the binary ending in ir addition to the usual form more often have the form in the afrikat ¢ ar d, ending, e.g.: dä, ffos ma2oi paršėk, gaid, jaui, mėd, švėt, perkoni etc. be ir In addition, the phrases ir "in the name of the Lord" and "in the name of the Lord" are not always the same. ir b) 2nd-person singular ir noun servile ‘Different from I'm going. ir Many other dialects in this area have a plural and a binary noun. There ir is no difference between the plural noun ir and the double noun here. There are only forms with the ending -m in this case. They are probably, as in Latvian, to be regarded as binary nouns'? For example: akim || akim, beržem || beržerh || beržim "birch", gaidžęm || gaidiem || gaidžėm "cock", jducem || jaučem "we feel", jaūnom || jaunor || jauném "young", kaFcem || karčerh || kar-. tiem „kartiem“, katem || katerh || katėm „katėm“, lūpom „lūpom“, maréom || mar- &orh „marčiom“, mergom || mergorh,,mergom*, naktim || naktim „naktim“, pėrūpet „pempēm“, pardūodoničem || pardūodojitem „parduodantiems“, perkojičem || perkoitern „pirkantiem- “, peinikom || peikorh „penkiom“, pičtum || petim || pičtem || pietemt „pietum“, pirtim || pirtim „,pirtim“, saldžem || saldiem „saldiem“, sėnom || senor „senom“, stalem || stalerh || staldm „Stalam“, sūnum || sunūm || sūnem || sunerh „sūnum“, švėčęm || švečerh || Svecém, šakom || šakom „šakom“, vagim || vagim || vagem || vagerh „vagim“, waflem || varlerh „frolėm“, vežikem || vežikam, virem || viram; viščūkem || viščikam (the presence of the accent in the ending of words with terminal pronunciation is more characteristic of the winter-eastern part of this area — Biržai, Nemunėlis, Radviliškis, and elsewhere — both forms are used parallelly, although more frequently with the digressive accent). The use of these forms is best reflected in the sentence: (Gaižū7 Examples are mainly taken from Pakruojo raj. Gaižūnų, Gailioniy and Guostagalio points, see reg. No. No. 678, 686, 687. | 8 See. J. Endzelins, Grammar of the Latvian Language (in Latvian —J. Endzelins, Gr.), Riga, 1951, 9 Zr. J. § 314. | Endzelynas, Baltų kalbų garsai ir formos, Vilnius, 1957, § 215. 19 Plg, Prieb. minst., p. 172. 1" Zr. Prieb. minks, p. 170, 176. 12 Zr. J. Endzelins, Gr. § 231. 152 nai) diok gére tréSp tiem pačeęm laūkem, zaaiūks “give good fertilizer to the same field, it will grow”; tokiem maZiem bērnam téve I'm not sure. „for such a small child parents let everything work“, kat diod, diok abierū vaikam “If you give, give to both children- ”; (August) ka evening ki vdlge, need te to take laūmem i “if you eat for ko dinner, you have to take it to ir fairies”; (No. Radviliškis) darZerm dr gėre šits ličts,darZam taip pat gerai šitas lietus“, kiek rugem prūša „kiek prašo rugius“, kiek miltem diod už "how much už flour", what pūšričem "what for breakfast", milk twice "milk for two times" ir etc. The following examples show that the plural forms of the binary nouns ir completely coincide. (In the case of — root nouns, as the examples show, two dgs are used in parallel. (dv.) caud. form: su limb -em (after a hard consonant): darzem || darze; -em (after a soft consonant): §vécem || švečerh ir such as lk. (Sweet, sweet, sweet) The ~ forms that coincide in lk. are rarer in su dialect. Limb -em next to accented -The priest ir has a boss. gin. adjectives, numerals, pronouns, participles, e.g.: didelem "big", maZésnern "smaller", kafcemn "times", pacem „patiem”, pardūodojničem „pārdevējiem”, stacerm „statiem”, frécem „trešiem” (greta: givier, mažiem, kaftiem, pardiiodoiitern). But how to explain the origin of the forms || daržem daržerh, || oglęr afklerh, didelem, širokem? In particular, the forms || daržem daržerh, || gaidžęm gaidžęrh... in their origin cannot be identical forms su darZdm, gaidžēm... for the simple ir reason that they are both used side by side in the dialect. Be therefore, the different endings of these two forms are not ir phonetically identical: -em, -ęm in these dialects phonetically cannot be pronounced iš reduced -am, -iam, because of the end of the word -am, -iam, as most examples show (the samples were iš mainly taken from the northern part of Pakruojo district) — Linkuvos, Gaižuūnų, Stegvilų, Guostagalio, Gailionių points), when reducing can only turn into į -am, -em, e.g.: baltam, dideliem, juodam, naminem, sétam, surūgusem (Gaižūnai); aaukštam, ~ braiigam, driitam aukštam, brangiam, drūtam (Stegviliai). - Iš the other side, the e sound here can be heard only 1k. ai, 0 ę — ie, ei, iai, e.g.: sake sakai, vaikas vaikais, néses nešiės, nešeis, sake ~ sakei. ~ ~ ~ With this in mind, we could assume that the forms gaidZem, placer, etc. rear -er phonetically could be derived from ir iš limbs -iem, characteristic of the neighbouring Latvian |. dgs. (your) beneficiary? ?, because such a -ier > em in these dialects is phonetically possible, as we have seen (also cf. Latvian plašiem, pašiem, tūkstošiem). In this way it would appear that the mentioned ending (-erūn) of these forms could also be interpreted as a phonetically altered morphological loan from Latvian. In this case, we should consider it to be an established morphological novelty of these dialects, used alongside the usual dgs. (dv.) the limbs of the beneficiary. The ending -em, for which there are no equivalents in Latvian, could have originated from -iem, and only later hardened due to the alignment of the whole paradigm of a-stem nouns (cf. daržs ~ dafZas, daržūs; darže ~ dārzi, etc.). Whether this assumption is correct will be revealed by further and more detailed research in this field. Exactly the same forms as dgs. (dv.) benefactor, in this area usually has dgs. (dv.) innagnik. This is the case, for example, especially with (i)o-, ė-, i-, (i)u and consonant root nouns, feminine adjectives, numerals, pronouns, participles, e.g.: so glavom || galvorh „head“, gerklem || gerklerh „throat“, marčom || marčom „marchiom- “, žiėvęr || ževerh „snout“, akirū || akim „eye“, aūsim || ausim „ears“, naktim || naktirū „work“; vagim || vagim; sūnum || sunūm ‘son’; givom || givom "to live", frim, tiem, ten. (i)a-stem nouns and masculine adjectives, numerals, pronouns, da- „lyvių only plural noun form completely coincides with the plural (and plural) noun form used in these dialects, e.g.: žošūke lūk so sparnem „The little birds fly with wings“; sp tiem akiem kep tik aff nemato „with those glasses I don’t see as close as possible“; tdF vaiga so tiem dviern (trim) telikem (bet: ketores telikes),,I have trouble with those two (trim) calves (but: four calves); Jie 153 Sed? po tiem dviem (iri) berzem, klévem, mėdžęm, ūosęm (but: po tiem || tes dideles mėdžęs, uoses, kléves, befžes) "they sit under those two (three) birches, maples, trees, oaks (but: under those big trees, oaks, maples, birches)"; ain motion so dviem (frim) bērniem (bet: sp ketėręs, vdses vaikas) „a mother goes with two (trim) children (but: with four, all children)“. The plural noun usually has its own trunk endings, although the plural forms of the noun are occasionally used next to them, e.g.: sedéje po tiem mėdžęm "sit under those trees"; labe pavaigo so tes I'm tired of those guests." su From the material presented, it is clear that the forms: glavom || galvorh, žiėvem || Zeverh, akim || akim, sūnum || sunurh, deširūtirm, sparnem || sparnerh || sparndm, vaik gm || vaiker || vaikdm and so on are the old users of the double count. They could have appeared in the inaginieks dialect in exactly the same way as in Latvian®, or even in the example of neighbouring Latvian dialects. c) The noun forms of Joniškėlis —Linkuva —Pašvitinys —Lauksodis —Vaškai —Pasvalys area dialects have noun adjectives, numerals, pronouns and participles different from Ik. the endings of individual verbs. This shows that the development of the old sounds at the end of the word here will have been different than in the rest of the Lithuanian dialects. The differences between the individual vowels of nominative adjectives, numerals, and pronouns are best illustrated in the paradigm. It is presented here: Singular V. storase brdngase didise stordj || storo K. stéraje: didžoję ir stordses N. stérajern didžajem storaję G. storaj didzej storajo In. thick || thick thick thick See Storajo Plural V. storiej || storie didie storašos storūjo K. N. sstoriesem G. storaSom storuoss In. Adjectives, numerals, pronouns and participles with a-, u-roots in the singular have the generalized formant -asai at the end of the nominative, e.g.: gerase ~ gerasai, muštase ~ mustasai, saldase ~ saldasai "sweet", o ia-kamieniai 18 Zr. J. Endzelins, Gr. §§ 233, 367. 154 -ysai, eg: virasnise vyresnysai, ~ gereSnise geresnjsai. ~ Forming -ysai next to -asai sometimes has adjectives jaunas, mažas, senas, e.g.: jaunise ~ jaunjsai "the young", maZise mažysai "the small", senise ~ senysai "the old". In all other ~ cases, the edge of the trunk overlaps. The old unpronounced word endings -*ja, -*jie, -*juo of noun forms in the dialect are usually, as in Latvian'*, declined, e.g.: (see noun) did?6, geré, virasié ~ great, improving, older; (vns. innag.) didžūo, piktūo, savio ~ I am proud, I am evil, I am my own; (dgs vard.) good, new, own ~ good, new, own. The female noun form of dgs. gal. coincides with the masculine dgs. gal. form, e.g.: isval> storiioss ždrns "I cleaned the large intestines- ", izfofiko geruoss sépls "I picked the good seeds". As storūoss, gerūoss, the ending -uos has the pronouns ta, ji, ana, dgs. gal., e.g.: tios doFs „that door“, tios girns „that mill“, tūos kais „that cat“, tūos mergėčks „that girl“; jūos $0ss "it all" and so on. The presence of the short a at the end of the first syllable of noun forms (vns. gal.: storaj „the thick one”; storajo „the thick one”; vns. viet.: stérajo,,storojoje*; dgs. noun.: stdrašos „the thick one”; dgs. uud., ing.: stéraspm „with the thick thick ones”) is undoubtedly also the result of the different phonetic development and shortening of the final syllables in these dialects. In some of the syllables presented here, the short a is also pronounced in neighboring Latvian dialects!®, 2. Daryba "Small-Scale A.L.I.C.E.". It is made up of the surnames of the parents of all the tribes and is used to denote the surnames of adult unmarried daughters (girls), e.g.: bdikaič ~ Bdaikaičia (Baikaité < Baika), beinordič ~ Beinordičia (Beinoraitė < Beinoras), krivickdié ~ Krivickdicia (Krivickaité < Krivickas), lapidié ~ Lapšdičia (Lapšaitė < Lapšas), lingaič ~ Lingaičia (Lingytė < Lingis), monkūnaič ~ Mankūnaičia (Mankūnaitė < Mankūnas- ), murauckdié ~ Murauskaičia (Murauskaitė < Murauskas), poželdič ~ Poželdičia (Poželaitė < "Šimeliūnaičiai" (in ~ Lithuanian). Surnames of root stems with a fixed origin, having received this ir suffix, retain the consonant in the old place; in all other cases, the suffix is pronounced. Ši suffix is not very common in dialect. It is widely ji used only by the older generation. Instead, the more commonly used suffix takes effect here -iukė, see psl. 158. Another derivative of this suffix is a noun with a general derogatory meaning, e.g.: plėrpaič plėrpaičia ~ “Who by his laughter makes himself famous.” 2. -aitis, -aitė. Derivatives are rare, e.g. : kumeldite ~ kumelditė, mergdite ~ mergdité, obeldite obelditė, ~ pondiis ponditis ~ (has the ir devil's meaning). The mouth is slightly protruding, — strongly protruding. Word In this ~ case, the smallest fraction has no significanir ce. 3. - Yeah. Some of the characteir rs have a minor role, such as "the little ~ boy". 4. -el, -el. The derivatives are very common, e.g. ašėla ~ ašėlė, begėls ~ begėlis „mebyliukas“, brutšnais ~ brūkšnelis „būriukas“, brolals ~ brolėlis, denéla ~ dienėlė, Plg, " Endzelins, J. Gr. § 321. 165 Plg, J. Endzelins, Gr. §§ 321, 322. 155 i] disagree 1k. Vowels ė, o. Instead of them here are regularly pronounced diphthongs ei, ou, e.g.: (pronounced) béiga ~ runs, deive ~ wears, géirims ~ drink, iščida ~ eats, kéilau ~ kéliau, meisa || mėsa ~ mésq, pusčitinai ~ half-eaten, séiklas ~ séklas, apsireidés ~ apsirédes, $éinis ~ $énis,,pavaza“, Zeibe ~ 2ébé „boiled potatoes with peel“, Zéibiti ~ Zéibinti „boiled with peel, unpeeled- ®, apZéilie ~ green; béiris ~ Bēris (name of a horse), galbrastéine ~ galbrasténé (from Galbrastes), lubéinai ~ Lubénai (name of a village), Siléinai ~ Silénai (name of a village), trapéifigiris ~ Trapéngiris (name of a forest); broiikstas ~ brokstas, dvejoupii ~ dvejopy, kousuli ~ kosuli, koūše ~ košė, nouksta ~ noksta, 26ubris ~ Zidbris “such a fish”, doiividiene ~ Dévydiené (David’s wife), dviléuje ~ Dvyldja (name of a cow), Doiivas = Dévas (name), Oūbras ~ Obras (name), Sventéuje ~ Sventdja (name of a river); not to pronounce: leikiks ~ lėkikas "plane", meinutis ~ ménutis "moon", meisa ~ meat, seidéisu ~ sédésiu, sakeiva ~ sakéva,,- mudu, mudvi sakėme", §ieréijis ~ svéréjas, teivine ~ tėvynė "native", teivii ~ tévij, veisums ~ vésumas; beigiine ~ Bégiiné (cow name), milkeifiks ~ Milker's son; atéudougei ~ atédogiai ‘summer rye’, boubaiisei ~ bobaiisiai, koupiistai ~ cabbage, Soukinéik ~ Sokinék, troubū ~ triobį, Zmouna ~ Zmona, soukdcei ~ Sokdiliai. As can be seen from the examples, the diphthongs ei, ou instead of the vowels é, and in the root of the word here are pronounced not only in the strong part of the syllable accentuated with adjective, as has been claimed until now, but also in the strong or unaccentuated syllable, going before the accent ir po No. The two-vowel ei, ou in the root of the word instead of Ik. Uh, it's relatively rare. This phenomenon, as is known, is not unique to the dialect under study. Some examples of such transformation, though few, have been recorded in the now extinct dialect of Žukės, adjacent to the dialect of Smalininkai, and also about Viešvilė'*, Elsewhere such transformation has not been observed, although in rare cases about Jurbarkas (northwestern Highlanders) and Sudargas, Kiduliai (Veliūniškiai) there are individual examples where instead of the usual 0 is pronounced ou (au), e.g.: bauboūžis || baubaūžis ~ baubėžis, broukštėlis || braukštėlis „sviesto muštuvė- “, koupūstai || kaupiistai ~ kopūstai, touli ~ toli, saukačei ~ Sokdičiai. In very rare cases, the diphthong ou instead of 0 is also pronounced in the Lithuanian dialect of Zietela*- ." The appearance of the diphthongs ei, ou instead of ė, o can probably be explained by the ė, o development of these dialects. Both the pronounced and unpronounced diphthongs ei, ow are clearly audible. The first syllable of the diphthong ou appears to be less tense than Ik. o, more open and wider than it. In its colour, it seems to be closer to the vowel a. Therefore, the impression sometimes arises that the diphthong ou is more similar to au than to ow. This is most clearly heard in such words as barzdduts ~ bearded, kduts ~ kėtas, oula ~ ola, dura ~ oro, skoula ~ skola, vižduc ~ vyžotas, etc., where a diphthong follows. a hard consonant. | The diphthong ei (<¢) is usually pronounced the same as Ik. ei, but, going before the semivowel j, is somewhat narrower and not so clearly heard, e.g.: nourėijei ~ you wanted, pašišnekčijom ~ we talked, sčijims ~ sowing, sčijau ~ I sowed, 18 Plg, Lithuanian fishermen's dialect in Prussia, compiled by J. Gerulis and Chr. Stangas (hereinafter — LŽTP), Kaunas, 1933, 17 See. A. Vidugiris, Some features of the Zietela dialect (hereinafter —Ziet. t. yp.), LKK, vol. 2, Vilnius, 1959, p. 198. 162 véije ~ wind, breeze. In this case, only its narrowed first syllable is pronounced clearer, and the second is as if merged with j. e (mainly in foreign words), e.g.: adeile ~ Adėlė (Adele), ameirika ~ Amėčėrika (America- ), replaced by ~ pakétq "package", sibeirije ~ Sibéria (Siberia), štakeitai ~ štakėtai "such a fence"; eisam ~ ėsame "we are". The diphthongs ei, ou in the root of the word are pronounced and unpronounced lk. ie, uo in place, e.g.: deigėlei ~ diegėliai, geiddujims ~ giedojimas, keimėlis ~ kiemėlis „kaimelis“, keimūs ~ kiemūs „kaimus- “, pasileiktū ~ pasiliektū, Seindvie ~ šienūvę, veinaip ~ vienaip, veindukei ~ viendkie, žeiminei ~ žieminiai, leibgirei ~ Leipgiriai (village name), leipaléta ~ Leipaléta (meadow- ), viikeimei ~ Vitkiemiai (village name); douniite ~ duonuté, noudai ~ nuodai, noudii ~ nuodi. This response of the aforementioned two-voices could be very old. The diphthongs ei, au (in this case not ou, but clearly audible au) are pronounced in this dialect and in place of the old *an, *en, lk of the root of the word of firm origin. ą and en (the latter before d, t), e.g. dužouls ~ oak, aužoulū ~ oak, auZoulijé ~ Oak (village), ikdus ~ bite*, spdustai ~ trap, saunarus ~ joints; gabéiti ~ gabénti, gabčis ~ gabėns, givéidava ~ gyvėndavo, givéiti ~ gyvėnti, givéikie ~ gyvénkie, givéikite ~ gyvénkite, kirės ~ kiréns, kūrėiti ~ kirénti, mekéiti ~ mekénti. ; This is the first time that the diphthong an of the old tvirtapradise origin has been converted into au in this dialect. Such a transformation in Lithuanian dialects has not yet been established. Until now, in addition to g, only its conjugation @i'® was known. Data from current research shows another new and important for the history of language and dialectology variant of the old an to au. The transformation of the old strong-started diphthong en into ei is also a relatively rare phenomenon of dialect phonetics*??. Such echoes of the old word root doubles an, en have probably arisen during the decline of the doubles an, en in the second sando and have survived to our days. In the case of adjectives, the a, e, i, o, u, and ue are all pronounced as a, e, i, o, ue, and ue, respectively. The old diphthong an of Tvirtagalė origin has been deflected a (ą) in the root of the word, as in lk., and is unpronunciated at the end of the word —shortened to the short a, e.g.: anddien ~ anddien, tūsik ~tgsyk, Zasi ~ gąsū; balta ~ white, vaika ~ child, vira ~ man. The old Tvirtagalė diphthong en at the unpronounced end of the word in this dialect has a triple equivalent. Usually, the unpronounced old en at the end of the word is here deformed into a short e, e.g.: kate ~ kate, karve ~ kovę, medine ~ medinę, but at the open end of the word of the participants it is deformed into a bivowel ie: būvie ~ būvę, apdugie ~ apduge, rūdie ~ rade, turčijie ~ turėję, apžėilie ~ apžėlę, and in the closed —vowel ė: ūrės m ūręs, dugės ~ dugęs, dirbės ~ dirbęs, givėnės ~ gyvėnęs, isiukinės ~ išsimokings, pėrsitikridavės ~ pėrsitikrindavęs. The narrow ė is also pronounced in the singular noun ending of sangraZinio and personal pronouns: mdnės || manés || monės "of me", tdvės "of you", sdvės "of yourself- ". 18 In the third person of the future tense of verbs, casual metatonia was not observed. 19 Zr. LZTP, p. 11; See. T.R. yp. p. 198, footnote 7. 20 See. L2TP, p. 9. 163 The old diphthong en in the unabbreviated open end of the word has not yet been converted into a diphthong ie, nor has it been in the closed —ė. described. In 1959, during dialectological expeditions in Šilutė district, a new pronunciation of the diphthong ei*! was found, and this year’s dialect research has revealed two new variants of this diphthong. This is also the result of the decay of the diphthong en in the second sando. Morphology 1. Initial frequency time In the area of dialects between Bridai, Valdomi, Lūpaičiai, Narušaičiai, Kirbaičiai, the unchangeable form of the past tense of verbs with the suffix -davai (recursive -davaisis) was found, e.g.: (Bridai) kas megéjes, gdudavai ižgėrt; i" brika sudédavai irizdesimi iris gūbas; I'm a child, but you've been such a nobody; not i uncomfortable biidavai those skirts, but what is fashion, it is beautiful; you were wondering about 26ga and you used to say: 26gai 26gai, dūok degūta, kat neduosi sūksim raga; (Valdomai) mūdu with vir singed: I one point, he another; girls my vdiSidavai; our grandmother used to make apē lazs; they milédavai me; you would come to the laying, pastév pastov švesikes; (Lūpaičiai) pumps first did not raise: plunksne išdusdavai i dėvėdavai, vilkdavaisis skirtai: kat išeidavai rugii rišt, nepėflibdavai par pėda; (Narušaičiai) they were not in pldudave; fish sugdudave plural; ke jaūni būvam, Sokdave, gėrdave, balavédave; (Kirbaičiai) when I went, then I cried; ke pradédave či, nikėks neprižurėdave tie vaikū; with scarves and shoes tied. The suffix -davai (conjugative -davaisis) probably consists of the past frequent tense suffix -day -and the postposition -ai(-aisis). Such a compound invariant suffix, as can be seen from the examples, is added to all singular and plural persons of the past tense. In the specified area, the postposition -ai can also be added to the past participle stem, e.g. jam nerūpėjoi riedlė kelti, žirgė šėrti 1. d. (Bride) In the adjacent Žemaičių (Kelmės rajon.) and other north-western Altaičių dialects (southern part of Šiauliai district) the postposition -ai is often added to all present tense stems, e.g.: (Pakapė, Šiaulių rajon., No. 196, researched by D. Skurkaitė) giestai "sings", išbirnai "is bursting out", nemiiorai "menori- ", pakelai "lifts", sūrišai "suspends", stiovai "stands- ", tūrai "has"??. In the North-West Highland dialect about Šakyna and Žagarė, the postposition -ai can be added to all variable and unvariable parts of the language daliy®. i Syntax** 1. Place of the adverb in the sentence Smalininkai apyl. dialect, unlike lk. and other dialects, the conjunction of direct sentences has its permanent place at the end of the sentence. This is especially true of the conjunction of adjectives and derivatives, e.g.: mana darbai ailikti ira; everything disassembled; jail 21 See, E. Grinaveckienė, Collecting dialect material for the Lithuanian language atlas, LKK, vol. 3, Vilnius, 1960, pp. 195—196, 22 See also LKK, vol. 3, Vilnius, 1960, p. 198. # See A. Jonaitytė, Šakynos dialektas, kand. disert., Vilnius, 1962 (manuscript), p. 266—268. 2 Syntax" only some typical syntax constructions of Smalininkai dialects (Jurbarkas district) are mentioned, if everything else is discovered ira; the hedgehog has already come out of the mud; 164 she told me she was going to be there; the barley is very oupūs ira. This is probably due to the influence of German, which was the official language of the people of these places for a long time. The German language is characterized by such a non-free conjunction. Be of this, in this dialect almost always used present tense conjunction is, which I'm going. and in other dialects is usually omitted, e.g.: strdzas „strazdas“ keloūnes paūkštis ira: rūdeni prapiola, pavūsari acirafida. 2. In this dialect, the origin of the negative is not used at all. Jį here in all cases replaces the final part of the negation, nė e.g.: viena daiiti netūre; aš the machine does not see anything; mata, that parasite, only nišmūna these jaws; ta iSpildii néura. + This is probably be due to the influence of the German language. 3. Instead of the indirect noun, the su indirect noun with preposition is used here very often, as in the German example. su With, e.g.: everything is covered su with honeycombs; su those mountains are the sky of great, beautiful gibbons; ir su qurmis vabalus gdudas vabalais miritas. 4. Switch o Instead of a conjunction, the conjunction is widely used here to ir connect the same kind of sentence parts, e.g. they géire liūkšminousi; o, lakStiigals small gray; yesterday ou she had shouted veisi; this ou year he's at the given; the one who works in the ou field eats lunch; bear ou (vodka with honey) susided head jū ou su i ou i kéujes. 5. Prefix prim The prefix prim is used in the sense of time instead of the prefix pred. It requires a nobleman, common in dialect, e.g.: tas prim tūkstanče mėtū būva; they'll get drunk on giving out prime money; First, he was driving a rich man. 6. Ką instead of how many Instead of the pronoun wie, the final part of the questioning pronoun was what is used here, e.g.: kaštūo svdrs ka cūkraus; prek@va rugei kū markets; Sweikūtas mana ka ištrduke those works. 7. Instead of į su the internal present tense here often, probably as in German, a preposition is used į su end-word, e.g.: senduvė gėrdava paščūkū (second type of beer) i heat; kdujes šiltas būdava i vižas. HEKOTOPbIE OCOBEHHOCTH TMo0BOPOB JIMTOBCKOI'O SI3bIKA (Ha ocnoBe March 0B, COGPAHHBIX INNOVATORTH4UeCKHMH SKCIMNejIKHUKSIMH B 1961 rony) 3. TPHHABELIKEHE Pe3wonme JImasieK ToJIOrHyecKHe MaTepHasisl Js ,,JIATOBCKOro JIAHTBHCTHUecKOTro ATJIaca‘ B 1962 crude oil cobupaiuch H3 rOBOPOB BOCTOYHBIX, CPEJAHHX H I'm going to get out of here. CoOpanHbie MaTepHasbl MOSBOJISIOT JIyullle OCBETHTb OT/eJbHbIE paHee COHCTATHDOBAHHbIe fBJEHHS H YTOUHHTb TpaHHIlbI HX pacnpocTpaHeHHA, Hekxoropkie 0COGEHHOCTH Bblilieytomshythix TOBOPOB OGHAPYIKeHbI White. | 1. a) IlpH H3yueHHH TOBOpOB BOCTOWUHbIX H CpejįHHX aYKIUTAHTOB, HAXOASmuxca B IlakpyolicckoM H B IllayjisiiekoM paiionax, yCTaHOBJIEHO, UTO B YKa3aHHON TeppHTOpHH C I0ro3anaja Ha CEeBePOBOCTOK MOCTENEHHO YCHJIKBaeTCS OTTSIKKA YJapeHHsi W Ccokpauienue okonuanuii. HauGonee spkoe Bbipa>keHHe THX SiBJIeHHH oTmeueHo B [lakpyoiicckom paiioHe B OKPECTHOCTSIX MecTeuKa JlankyBa. B crarbe npuBejjeHBilé MATepHa/I TOBOPHT B IOJIb3y MHEHHS, UTO YOU ARE THE ONE YOU ARE. KHX ocoOeHHOCTEH H HX JaJbHeHIIero pacnpocTpaHeHHs! Ha TEPPHTOPHH JIMTOBCKOro S13bIKa. B cesepuoii uacru [lakpyoiicckoro paiona yCTaHOBJIEHBI HEKOTOpbiE KaYeCTBEHHble H3MEHeHHS TIJIACHBIX 3BYKOB į, wu. OTMeYeHO, YTO KaueCTBEHHBIM H3MEHEHHSAM MOJAAlOTCSl TJIACHbIE 3BYKH i, u TOJIbKO OyAyuyH KPaTKHMH H B JAH(TOHTHYECKHX COueTaHHAX B Oe3ylapHOM TMOJIOXXEHHH HJH TOJ YAapeHHeMm ¢ Bocxoasimed HHTOHALHeKH. VIX KayecTBeHHble H3MEHeHHS 3aBHCAT Take H OT MECTa B CJIOBE: €CJIH TaKo¥ i (OHH WJM B AH(TOHIHYECKOM COueTaHHH) H3/IaBHO HAXOJIHTCS B TMOCJEJAHEM CJIOTE HJIH B CJIOre, 3a KOTOPLIM CJeAyeT (HJIH CJIeJĮOBaJl) CJIOr C IrJIaCHb|- ĮM 3BYKOM 3ajiHero psija (a, o, u), OH BCerja npespaiiaercs B IVIaCHBI 3BYK 0, NEPEXOAHBIH MeX1y TIVIaCHBIMH a@ H O, Hanp. : ids, JIUTEp. 93. tris,, TPH, Tpex‘‘, rašės, JIMTeEp. 3. will write,,0yAeT, -yT nucaTb", iloiida, autep. 3. jliido,.Bne3, -na, -ma‘‘, Splts, nurep. u3. Warm Tennbiū, no, Jutep. #3. lini,„,nen“, ¥osts, JinTeEp. s13. chicken,,- KypHuUbI- ‘, poop, JIUTEP. 53. nusipirkail,,; 91 KYMNAJI, -Jia““; ecu TaKOK í HAXOAHTCS B CJIOre, 32 KOTOPLIM caeayer (Wau cJejoBaj) 3BYK nepeaHero psza (i, y, e), OH Bcerja npeBpaMmaeTCS1 B TJaCHbIĖ 3BYK e, NepeXOjJįHbil Meany TJIACHbIMH e H ė, nanp. : mgsk, nuTep. 3. forest, "B necy", ploek, nurep. s3. ,,ToJibie", again, autep. A3. all,,Bce", Sefds, nurep. s3. heart,,cepnue“, pęriš, nuTep. a3. sauna,,Oansa“, smokėi, nuTep. 53. teach,,BblyunTb‘‘. Kparkuū raacebif uw npu o YcJIOBHAĖ KauecTBEHHBIX H3MeHeHHH Bcerja npeBpallaeTcst B IVIaCHblH 3BYK ¢, Harmp. : tear, tear off. 513. nulūš,,06nomutcsi, -aTca“, polks, aurep. 53. regiment,- ,nonk"*, goli, nutep. s3. beds,,noxuTbca“, pot, JiMTep. 53. times "mens", spk, nuTep. 43. suki,,Tbl KpYTHLUL'', boPngs, nurtep. a3. burnds,,pTa‘‘, perv, JIMTEp. #3. purvé,,B Tpsa3n“, kėtors, nutep. s3. two,,ueTnipe’’. B crate Aenaercsd nMpeAnoJioXKeHHe, UTO YMOMAHYTOE KauyecTBeHHOe H3MeHeHHe KpaTKHX TIJIaCHbIX i, 4U—51BJIeHHe JĮOBOJIbHO TIO3/ĮHOE, NMPOHCXOAMBLIEE B HCCJIelyeMbIX TOBOpax Mocje cokpauleHusi Ge3yjlapHbIX JĮpeBHHX ĮOJITHX f, fl. 166 6) B IMakpyoficckom, B IlacBa/mmcckoM H B BupxalickoM paitoHax Ha TeppHTOpHH HaxojnsiIeKHcsi mexay ITawsutunuc—Hemynené Paasunniikuc—bupixai— * Macanuc—MWonnukenuc—ITakpyouc—JIuHKyBa BnepBbie oTMeueHo ynorpebienne (opm JABOHCTBEHHOrO UHCJIA BHHHTEJIbHOTO Mnajexa C UHCJIHTEJIbHbIM,,TpH““, Hanp. : Miss Brigdd tif irės piemed, nuTep. a3. misy brigada shoots three shepherds ‘B HameH Opurage Tpu mnacryxa’. [logoOubie cayuau ynorpebsienusi opm JBOFICTBEHHOTO YHMCJA BHHHTeJIbHOTO NajeXa KOHCTATHDOBAHbI H B JIATHILCKOM fA3BIKE. Ha stoft xe camofi TeppuTOpHH coBnajaloT (DOpMbI JaTeJILHOrO Najexa ¢ GopmMamu JaTesIbHOro najexka JABOHCTBEHHOTO UKCJIA. Ha ocHoBe cpaBHeHHS C COCeJĮHHM JIATbILICKHM $3bIKOM B CTaThe JesaeTcs ripejįrroJIOXkKEHHe, UTO B YKa3aHHOH TeppHTOpHH ynotpebiasieMsie (DOpMbI ĮĮaTEJIbHOTO Tajįexka MHOMKECTBEHHOr0 UHCJIA TMPOHM3OLLIH OT COOTBETCTBVIOLIHX (DOpM JIBOHCTBEHHOrO UKHCJIAa, OGOOINEHHOTrO B 3HaUeHHH OGOHX UKCEejJI. CYNecTBHTEJIbHbIE C OCHOBaMH Ha a, ia, BCE TMpHJArarte/ibHble, UHCJIHTEJIbHbICE, MECTOHMEHHS H NPHYACTHA MYIKCKOro poja B JaTeJbHOM TNajlelke MHOMKECTBeHHOr0 H JIBOHCTBEHHOrO 4HCeJ, HapsaAy ¢ OObYHBIM OKOHYaHHeM, uallle HMEIOT H (DOpMbI C OKOHYaHHSIMH -gm (mocjie TBEpPAOro COMVIAaCHOTO) H C OKOHYaHHeM -em. (strong MSATKOrO COrJIacHoro), Hamnp. : dafZem, autep. a3. darZdm,,- oropoaam‘‘, §vécen, nuTep. 513. svecidm,- ,roctaM- ‘‘, karčem, nutep. A3. for,,TOPKMM‘‘ cards, patches, JUTEp. 53. patiem,,- caMbIM‘- ‘, frēčem, nuTtep. 13. tertiem,,TPeTUM‘‘, pardiodoiiCer, nutep. 3. pardiodantiem,,npojaiomuM’’. 10. The Secretary-General of the United Nations, BaThCsl (POHETHYECKH H3 OKOHYAHHS -iem, KaK H B COCEJHHX JATHILCKHX TOBODpax. @opmel, ynoTpel/- sieMble B HCCJAEAYEMBIX TOBOpax B JAaTeJbHOM TNajexe MHOJKECTBEHHOTO 4HCJa, VNOTpeOJISIOTCA H B TBOPHTEJBHOM MNajexe MHOMKeCTBEHHOTO H JBOHCTBEHHOrO UHCEJI; TOJbKO CYIIECTBHUTE/IbHbIE C OCHOBAMH Ha a, ia 3TH (HopMbl 3JIeCb COXPAHSIIOT JIHINb B JIBOMCTBEHHOM YHCJE, a BO MHOJKECTBEHHOM —Yallleé HMEIOT TaKHe (DOpMbI, KaK B JIHTEPAaTYPHOM S13bIKEe. Mecronmsennbie: npuJaraTesbHbie CBOMMH (opMaMH, a Take H HX MNpOHCXOXKJIeHHeM OTJIHYAIOTCS OT JIHTePaTYPHOro $3blKa H YaCTHYHO IpHOJIHXKAIOTCSH K (opMaM MeCTOMMEHHBIX MpPHJAraTeJbHbIX JIATbILICKOTO S13bIKA. B ncsenyempix ropopax 3adukcuposanto 18 cydipukcos, HMeEIONIHX yMeHbIIHTe- /IbHO-JIacKaTe/IbHoe 3HaueHHe. 3THX CYOOHKCOB B JIHTOBCKOM JiHTEpaTypHOM S513biKe He BCTpeuaeTCA HJM VYrioTpeG/- ISeTCH B APYTrHX 3HAUCHHSX. B uncje npumepoB ans Kaxjaoro cyddukca NPHBOAATCH HE TOJIbKO HapHuaTeJIbHblE CYUIECTBHTE/IbHbLIE TOBOPOB, HO H COOCTBEHHBIE HMEHa: HMeHa Jiojeil H JKHBOTHBIX, (DAaMHJIHH H NPO3BHIIA, reorpaHyecKHe H THAPOHHMHUYECKHE Ha3BaHHS H JP. - B) Muumoe JeficTBHE B CJIOXKHO-- TIOAUHHEHHBIX TNPEIJIOKEHHSIX 3Jech valle BCEro BbipaxaeTCA He COCJIaraTeJbEbIM HaKJIOKEEHEM, Kak B JHTEPAaTYpPECM SI3bIKE, a HACTOSIIIHM BpeMeHeM H3bABHTEJIbHOTO HAKJIOHEHHS, KaK H B COCeJHEeM JIATHILUCKOM S513bIKEe, Hanp. : mdi scary, when the cow does not see the bucket, nowTep. 53.: I'm afraid the cow won't squeeze the bucket,,- vwHe cTpaliHo, UTOObi KOpoBa He YAapH.ja Benpo". Ormeuaercst 3/7eCb H HeKOTOpoe pa3JinuKe B YnoTpeOjieHHH TIAJIe>Kel H nNpeJįJIOroB: TJIaroJi likti,,BepuTh‘‘ 3/lech valle Bcero TpeGyeT POAHTENLHOro napexa (jofi tu būrto tik, nutep. s3. : she believes in magic,,0Ha EEPHT B KOJINOECTEO“, 167 npengor ligi ,, 00‘ B €IMHCTBEHHOM UKHCJIe TpeOyeT TBOpHTe/IbHOro Majexa, a BO MHOXECTBEHHOM —poOjįnTeJibHOro) ateje vaiido lig fence, naTep. 53. came the waters to the fence ,, omnia Bopa no 3a6opa; I've been in the water like a seaweed, matep. 13. jbridail į water ligi keéliy ,,B3amen B BOAY JO KOJeHeii‘‘ u Jp. II. 1998-1999 a) B ROSOPAX CEBEPO3ANAUOII uacTH B Llsyasiickoro pafiona, T. e. B 30He NOJIHON OTTSKKH y/apeHus, YCTAHOBJIEHO, UTO MPH OTTSKKH YJapeHHs! C OKOHYAHHS Ha NMPeJblAYIIHE CJIOTH, KpOMe OCHOBHOIO-PETPAKUHOHHOIO YJapeHHsi, B KOHLE CJIOBa IPOH3HOCHTCS TaK>Xe H 1no0oYHOe-KOHEYHOe Y/apeHHe, Kak H B COCEJHHX JKeMaHTCKHX TOBOpax. OcoleHHO SIPKO OHO MNPOH3HOCHTCS B JIOJIFOM KOHEYHOM CJIOTE H B OKOHYaHHH BTOporo KOMIMOHEHTA CJOMXKHBIX CJIOB, Hanp. : Zdltis, down. #3. Yellow WYK, voftinklis, nurep. Six. spider web ,,mayTHmna’’. a DkKenejįuuKsAMK cobpannbiii MaTepHuaJi B IllsyjisiickoM, B Monukucckom u B )KarapckoM pafioHax yrouHseT H H30IVIOCY OTBEpJeHHs COueTaHHA le, le. Orsepaenne coueraxut Je, lė, Kak H3BecTHO, SIBJSIETCS XapakTepHOil uepToil rOBOPOB I'm sorry. B HacTosimee Bpemsi coOpaHHbiE MHOTOUKCIJIEHHBIE MaTepHaJibl NOKA3bIBAIOT, UTO COYETaHHe /¢ Crop MNPOU3HOCHTCS TBEPIO H Ha TEPPHTOPHH CeBepO3anajHbIX ayKIUTaHTOB, K 3anajy ao JinHHH CkalcTripuc (JKarapckuii p-u)—KuOypsii—Tonéusii (Honxnnigucernit p-H) —Banzomaii— Bpunaii—Illannarsit (Ilsyjiahecknū p-nH); a H3orJioca OTBepJĮEHHS COUeTaHHSA le MPOABHHYTA ellie JaJbllie K 3others H A0XOAHT Jo JiakuH JKarape—/lunbunaii— Hamsnsii—IOmkaitusii—Tonéusit. [TpoiBHIKeHHE BOMHBI OTBepEHHs COueTaHHIl le, lė x 3anajly Ha TEPPHTOPHH ceBepo 3aNajHBLIX AYKIUTANTOB — SIBJEHHE, YCTaHOBJICHHOE HaMH BINEpBbIE. B ROSOPAX CESEPOSANAJIHhIX ayKINTAATOB, COXPAHSIOWMX MECTO YAapeHHs JuTepaTtypHoro sisbika (B IOpGapkckom pafione B okpecTHocTsiX ropojia CMaJiuHHHKAH) B OCHOBE CJIOBA (3a HCKJIOUeHHeM cy((HKCOB), He BCTpevaloTcs rJacHbIe 3BYKH JIHTep. 3. é, 0. BMecTO HHX 3aKOHOMEPHO Hey, ou, Hanp. : béiga, JmTep. 3. runs ,,6exuT, GeryT“, méita, mutep. 513. mčtą "MSTY", cough, smear. 513. 10 ,,Kama“, Ždubris, nutep. 513. Zidbris ,,priGen", teivine, nuTep. #63. homeland ,,pojituma’’, ZFmound, JiMTEp. s3. wife 'xena', Trapezoidal, nutcp. a3. Trapėngiris ,,nec okpecTHocTH Tpanenaf", Oiibras, nmTrep. A3. Works ,,My"xcK0e HMS", Beigiine, nutep. 53. Bégiiné , ums KOpOBBI*’. U3 mpuBeieHHBIX NPUMEPOB BHIHO, UTO IVIACHBIE ė, O 3Jlech NpPeBPaIAIOTCS B AH(TOHTH no, ou HE TOJIbKO MOA YAAPEHHEM C HHCXOAsumlefi HHTOKHALHeN, Kak GbuiO 3aPHKCHPOBAHO B HEKOTOPHIX HCUe3HYBINHX COCEJHHX JHTOBCKHX rOBOpaX, a TaKiKe MoJ yAapeHHeM C BOCXOAAMIeH HHTOHALIHeEH H B Oe3yapHOM MOJIOKEHHH. [Ilpon3Homenne AU(TOHrOB ei, BMECTO ou JIKTEp. 3. ė, 0 — ABJCHHE BeChbMa peaxoe. Ckopee Bcero item MOXHO OOBSCHHTH Yes/No Pa3BHTHEM IVIACHBIX 3BYKOB é, 0 B 3THX roBOpax. i Iludronru ei, ou B oHoBe cJioBa TaKxXe BCTPEUAIOTCS H BMecTO Ge3yjiapHbIX JIKOTOHTOB ie, uo, Hanp. : keima, nutep. $3. courtyards ,,pepeBHH, ABOPHI‘‘, dounūte, natep. #3. bread ,,xneGok", noudai, nūTep. $3. poison ,,0TpaBa‘‘s Viikeimei, snutep. #3. Vitkiemiai ,‘nasBanue jepeBuu’*. Takoe coorBercTBHe YKa3aHHbIX INSERTEDHTOB MOxKeT ObiThb H BecbMa JpeBHee. Iludrouru au, ei B ncenegyeMoM roBOpe NpoH3HOCATCA BMECTO JPEBHHX CH/IbHOHA4UAJIbHbIX AM(DTOHIHYECKHX COUeTaHHA dn, (nuTep. én #3. 4; en do not 168 t, d), nanp. : dull; nuvep. 53. oak ",ny6", oak oil, nuTep. 53. Ąžuolija "Ha3BaHHe JepeBHu'' after ingestion, nurep. #3. inkės,,yKycuTb“, givéikie, nuTep. s3. Animals 'wuBn', knuckles, nurep. s3. the developer of TonuTb. IlpeBpaienve JipeB- „Hero CHJIbHOHAUAJIbHOTO JĮK(DTOHTHUeCKOTrO COUeTAaHHA an B au KOHCTATHPOBAHO HaMH BNepBbie. B crarbe JesaeTcsl npej/iioJIiOxeHHe, UTO TaKoe IpeBpalleHue yka3aHHbIX ĮĮMOTOHTHUeCKHX COueTaHHAH MOIVIO TNpPOHM30HMTH BO BpeMsi HCUe3HOBEHHS BTOpOIro HX KOMIONOHeHTa H TaKHM COXPaHHTCH JO HalUMX Hef. IlpeBnee Audronurnueckoe coueranne en (JiuTep. 3. ¢) B KOHUE CJIOBA HCc/ielyeMbIX TrOBOPOB OOBIYHO TIpeBpallaeTcs B KPaTKHH e, HO B NpHUaCTHAX, B OTJIHYHH OT JIHTEPAaTYypPHOro S513biKa, OTMEuaercs Jpyroe SABJEHHE: B OTKPHLITOM KOHIIE CJIOBa OHO npeBpaiiaercs B AU(TOHIHYECKOEe COYETAHHE ie, A B 3aKPLITOM — B Y3KHH MOHO(DTOHr é, Hanp. : buvie, JinTep. 53. buve,,ObiBlINE, buvés, JinTep. 43. Habitat ‘ObiBurnė’’. 10 sBJIeKHe TOKE 3a(DMKCHPOBAaHO Bnepseie. B cTaTbe OHO OGBACHAETCA Kak Dpe3yJibTaT OTJIMYHOrO OT JHMTePaTYpPHOro f3blKa HCUE3HOBEHHSI BTOPORo difference from KOMITOHEH. 6) B rosopax Illsyasiickoro paiiona, 3aHHMAIOLIHX TEPPUTOPHIO MEXKAY Bpunaii—Baanomaii—Jlynatusii—Hapywaitusii—Kup6aiiusit raaoss npowen2er0 MHOTrOKpaTHOrO BPEMEHH B OTJIHYHH OT JIMTEPATYPHOrO f3biKa H APYIHX JHTOBCKHX TOBOPOB BCTPEUalOTCS B HEH3MEHseMoil dopme ¢ cypduxkcom -davai * (BosBparHast dopva -davaisis- ), wanp. pakulne iSdusdavai i dévédavai, vilkdavaisis žemė sijonai: kat iSeidavai rugiū risi, nepéflibdavai per pėda, cp. nuTep. $13. iSuffocated and worn, wearing earth skirts: that went out to tie rye, not climbing over the foot,nakJisiHOE NOJIOTHO COTKAJIH ObiJIO H HOCHJIH, BOJIOUHJIHCb 100KH TO 3emJIe: KOrja BbIXO/ĮHJIH pOXKb KOCHTb, HEBO3MOXHO GblJIO meperarHYT b uepe3 cHON’’. B) B rosope IOpGapkckoro paiiona, pacnpocrpaHeHHOM B OKDpEeCTHOCTSAX CmMaJiuknnkal, B OTJHŪKH OT JIHTEPATYPHOrO S3biKa H JAPYTHX TOBODpOB CKa3yeMOe oObiuKHO CTaBHTCA B KOHLE NPEAJIOKEHusi, Hanp. :fd talk to me about it when you go cp. JiuTep. 53. that pdsaka is sendvė laikij "ra CKasKa JpeBHHX BpeMen", Dro, ckopee Bcero, 3aBHCHT OT BJIHSIHHS HeMEnKOIro S3bIKa. OrmeuaioTcA 3jĮ6€Cb H HeEKOTODpbIE JipyrHe CHHTaKCHUeCcKHe OcOGeHHocTH. [las BbiJĮEJIEHKS OJHOPOAHBIX UJIEHOB TMDpeJĮJIOXEeHHA BMECTO COI032 and ‘HK’ UIHpOKO ynorpebasiercsi cOIo3 o ‘a’, Hanp. : they gėire liūksminousi cp. ou JmTEp. 3. they drank and ir rejoiced ,, OHM NMHJH H BECEJHJHCH’ H Ap.