Dėl Lietuvos upių vardų „Dunojus“ ir „Dniepras“ kilmės

LET U Vl] -K.-A. L B O.8S 1 BE XK S. L KO S. R. A. 1 D A LIBTU VSO SUT SR MOK SLY. AKADEMII A SECTION 1 LITHUANIA UPIU VARDU DUNOJUS IR Dnieper KILMES A. VANAGAS Currently The Lithuanian river nomenclature consists iš of more than eight thousand river names ir jų options (including ir recurrent). Ši a system of several thousand names formed long Lithuanian (in a sense, the Balts) nation ir existence centuries. For to ji nevienalikmė: next to Lithuanian (Baltic) it contains names of ir rivers of foreign origin. During the examination Lithuanian river names, native river names of Baltic origin must be distinguished from foreign, borrowed names. The non-Baltic origin of some river names is obvious, while o others may be doubtful. Now, when Lithuanian hydronymy, as well as o the entire name book, ir has been relatively carefully collected, the origin of one river ne name can be explained more ar detailedly by some more precise pronouns. ir me (primarily in terms of the abundance of the material ir its fullness), so far. gu This article will consider two groups Lithuanian river names (along with ir other place names), one of which, in our opinion, has come into the į Lithuanian name book through the Slavs, the path of the second is still o completely clear. ne However, the ir latter group of placenames are linked to modern Slavic su hydronymy. The origins of both groups are unclear. a) One of such ne quite clear origin Lithuanian river names are Dunėjus (2) I. Čk., Dubysos int. 2. GL, Jotijos int. 3. Kš., Juodkonių k. 4. Srd., Naudupio int. ir Dundjus (2) 1. Akm., Dabikinės ds. 2. Grnk., Tendžiogalas k. 3. RdN., Apaščios int. 4. Rs., Footmuff k. 5. Skd. 6. Vn., Bikavos int. 7. Vn., Šusties int. 8. Vvr., Algae dS. Plg. Danutė || Lake Gudoniū Srj. Gudoniy k. ir Dunn's. Lkm., Trainiškio k. Currently not clear, Lietuvos ar (and From Latvia: Dunajs pv., Dunaji pv., Dunaj-plava pv., plg. other place names with su the root dun-, dūn-, which J. Endzelynas gretina su lat. dunajs or liet. Danube, see — Danube. J. Endzelins, LV I 1. 238, 239, 243) river names Dundjus, Dundjus are Baltic suffixes of the iš root dun-, which is somewhat more common in Latvian nouns ir -ojus, -ajus*, ar borrowed, in some way related to one of su the largest On behalf of Europe's rivers Dunaway. First of all, it should be remembered that in Lithuanian folklore (mostly folk songs) the general word dundjus “big water” is widely used, e.g. : Wide Danube in the middle of the manor Alvt. It is a ma part of žu the ir Dunedin area. An marie krantelio deepthroat, young te virgin white mouth washed Lp. Už deep sea, dune, už there my virgin for mother LKZ 11 606; Duck ‘ib’: The mother of the dune watermelį on sent me. I rested in the dune LK Ž 11 606. Be words two- * On the suffix -ojus ir -ayus plg. Luk-ėjus up., Or-djus up., Ram-djus up., Žiežm-ėjus up. ir Blind-djus up., Nik-juus up. 173 nėjus ir dundjus, in Lithuanian folk songs there are many other variants of these words, e.g.: dunojis ‘ib’: ...dunojin cold water Ld.2; mudslides ‘,‘ib’: Sent me mother of the dune į water Vl. LKŽ II 606. A mud flows through the yard Ld. Aš I'll go to the dunes Ld. I rode day, I rode night, I ir took a little mud Ld. ; Dunedin: On the middle donut Ld. ; Downy: Ir blown down the į tą crown downy downy Ld. ; dunava: Ir northern wind rose, ir blowing down the į crown of the danube lake Ld. ; gazonaitis: will float rock iš gasonaitis LKZ II 560; on the edge: Throw a rock, a į rock LKŽ II 560; dujiin “such water, deep river, danube” (in the Ir song): fell A deep hole į Jrb. LKŽ II 560. Plg. Prussian Lithuanian donajus, danojus*; Donkey: On the other side of the donut Kdn. Ld. : donojėlis: On the other side of the donut SIE. Ld. ; danujel: On the other side of the river the meadow was green Ps. Ld. ; blue: Ažu duino dunojėlio Ad. Ld. (and, perhaps, the world: Ažu duina duinajėlio Ad. Ld. Až to duin duinajello MI. Ld., although this is a voice @ po n may be dialect); “ song: Mother sent me to sing in the river of water Lieutenant. Ld. ; damage: Sent me by mom.daunion [river] cold water Ld. The words dunėjus, dunūjus, dūnojus, ir etc., as we can see from the iš examples given here, denote a specific river, water in ne general*. o Iš jų in Lithuanian folk songs appeared various other words (usually, in chorus) with the root dun-, dūn-, su almost exclusively used in the context of be water, e.g.: dūnoja refr. : Deep lake mud, mud river mud Ds. ; dūnojo ref. : Dūnojo“, dūnojo dūnojėlis teka, aš girdėjau, aš girdėjau, ką tėtis kalba Sb. : mud: dull boy, Tu mud in mud stream, mud in mud stream. Diné dina river dima river lylio flows into the lake Jž. ; sudunti (-dūna, -duno) intr. : Suduno creek, dune, my tears, dune LKŽ 11 606; dunolaiški ref. : Danube hillside manor, dunojau dunolaiški Kb. LKŽ II 606 (or in Dunalai: Dunojau, kalnelin dvaras, dunojau in Dunalai Kb. LKŽ II 589); duna: A river flows deliberately Faster. Ld. ; dunes „?“: Už to Duno dunojello Ml. Ld. ; The mother sent me to the saltwater, to plg. gives: Send me mother don't cold water, aai aai don't cold water Ld., plg. Dunedin „?“: The crown floated deep into ai ai the dune, deep into the dune LKŽ II 602; dunūs,-i „?“ (song lyrics): Dunios marios LKŽ II 606. This direction of development of the common words ir dundjus, dindjus is shown by the following first ZodZiai® of various variants of one Lithuanian folk song: "In Danube, Danube..." in ,,The day, the mud, the little mud flows...“ "Danube, Danube, the small Danube flows..." "Danube, Danube, the small Danube flows..." "Dūnojo, dūnojo, donujėlis teka..." "Danube, Danube, 2 Danube ir flows..." These po other examples are written as an abbreviation Ld. (folk song lyrics), taken iš The Lithuanian ir Language Literature Institute’s folklore collections iš or the systematic catalogue of Lithuanian folk songs. 3 Zr. Chr. Bartsch, Uber Lithuanian Folk literature,,,Message of the Lithuanian literary Gesellschaft“, booklet 8 (II.2), Heidelberg, Germany 1884, p. 107. 4 Pagal A. Yeah, I'm sorry. „deep (lake, river), lake“ (JluroBckuft caoBape A. IOmKeBHYa c TOJIKOBAHHeM CJIOB HA pyccKoM H IIOJIbCKOM si3LiKAX, I, C. TlerepGypr, 1904, p. 366; according to O. Kollberg dunajus —„a whole mass of water: a huge meadow, lake, marios“ (Piešni ludu litewskiego zebra! Oskar Kollberg, p. 212), 5 According to the systematic catalogue of folk songs of the Folklore sector of the Institute of Lithuanian Language and Literature (hereinair fter). 174 It is interesting to note that in Lithuanian folk songs, the forms dunėjus, dūnėjus, etc., often alternate with other common or proper (river names) words. Here is the beginning of the various variants of the famous folk song: Quietly, quietly the dune flows; Willfully, willfully the Nemunas flows; Oh, willingly, willingly Širvintė flows Šk. Ld. ;...The Holy flows Ds. Ld. ; Willfully, willfully the stream flowed; Deliberately, calmly, the stream flowed; Intentionally, the smoke stream flowed; Oh, I will, oh, I will, the dune flows; Willfully, calmly Nemunas flows; There is a small stream flowing through the dune, etc. Or: A lake flows through the yard; Through the manor house a dune flows; Through the courtyard a small river flows; A spring flows through the courtyard; Through the yard mud flows; Through the box the snail flows; A stream, a pond flows; A pond, a stream flows; To the lake, to the lake flows a stream; A lake flows through the stream; The stream į runs along the edge of ne the mare; A Oi small stream flows; wine, wine upis teka; Through the manor The river Nemunėlis flows; Through the manor house a dune flows; Through the courtyard a dune flows; The Danube flows through the it grandmother's manor, and so on. Some Lithuanian folklore researchers believed that in folk songs the Danube, Nemunas, stream, lake, etc. ir fluctuates depending on the geography of the song (in places where more lakes used the word lake, closer — to Nemunas — Nemunas, Nemunėlis, near the sea, sea, — etc.). ir Such an opinion is not at all unfounded, but it can be slightly clarified. ją First of all, there are relatively few songs sung throughout Lithuania where dilnojus alternates with other words. su Area songs are less suitable for determining the geography of diinoea consumption. Iš of the most popular and well-known songs in almost all of Lithuania, in which diinojus su alternates with other words, mention the following: On the other side The meadow of Nemunėlis grew green", "Who's going to party", "With intent, with intent "Nemunėlis teka",,,Siunté man motinėlė dūnovandenį ėlio". The Ju first two songs are the most iš popular, the third and fourth are less popular. o ir — True, the popularity of a song can be ir determined only approximately, because all the songs ‘travelling’. Therefore, some, among the jų four ir mentioned, one į another ar The place of Lithuania may have come very recently ir in various ways. So our remarks on these songs ir jų the geography of variants says nothing about the origin of the direction of jų migration, only shows the ir spread of songs over o the past three to five tų decades. Speaking of these four songs together, it — can be said that a more pronounced jinno alternance in other su There is no evidence of the existence of a physiological territory. For example, in the song ,, On purpose, on purpose Nemunėlis teka" word Nemunėlis is usually replaced by the word lake in a relatively non-lake region in the central part of Northern — Lithuania (Mažeikiai, Joniškis, Pušaloto, Linkuva etc. ir in the surrounding area). Perhaps in the most lakeside, northeastern corner of Lithuania, the word Nemunėlis very often (in some areas — Smalvų, Dūkšto, Daugėliškio, Tverečiaus, Mielagėnų ir etc. — always) replaces stream, stream. Į south of Nemuno ir Neris rivers In other words, it is almost unchangeable. In the song “Siuntė mane motinėlė dūnojų vandenėlio”, į which is almost unknown in Žemaitija, the word dinojus is rarely changed by another word, with a few exceptions, be only in Northern Lithuania. Eastern In Lithuania (usually replaced by the word upelė, upytėlė, ir etc.). Word diinojus in the song ,,Who’s going to party” rarely alternates su with other words, but there is no more pronounced change depending on the physiography of the place. Perhaps most often iš the dfinojus of the four mentioned songs su exchanges various other words in the song "On the other side Nemunėlio"? It is interesting that in the in Lithuania, 175 t.y. north-eastern corner of Lithuania, especially lake-filled, Nemunas is very often replaced by a lake or pond in dilnojų songs. However, there is no clear regularity ir here. For example, the word Nemunėlis instead of diinojus often ne occurs only Jurbarkas, Raudonė, Kaunas, but ir Mažeikiai, Viekšniai, Akmene, Laižuva neighborhoods. Be However, the cartographical picture of the alternation of the dźnioj su of these four songs with other words does not show, as some folklore researchers thought, that the word dūnojus in folk songs occurred most often in those areas that border the Polish-Belarusian border, going north-northwest, gradually thinning out, giving way to su a stream, ir lake, o mareléms etc. į ir ir True, in the song ,,Siunté me mother“ diinojus especially frequent į lunches from Nemuno ir Neries, but the song ir itself here, apparently, is more popular. In the song ,, On purpose, on purpose Nemunėlis teka“, as already mentioned, Nemunėlis is replaced by be diinojus with a few į exceptions only north of Nemuno ir Don't lie. Dainose "Who's going to party" ir On the other side Nemunėlio" į north of Nemuno ir It is more common in the south than in the east. į This would indicate that dinojus in Lithuanian folk songs has probably been established quite a long time ago. Ką means so often in Lithuanian folk songs occurring words dunėjus, dunūjus, dūnėjus etc. ir ir what is jų the su relationship of river names Danube, Danube? Ar it's own, Baltic Vedic, somehow ar related to su In the name of a European river Dunne? It is interesting to note that due to In the hydronymy of ir the Danube due to the Danube ar folklore in dialects, the same uncertainties as for Lithuanians arise especially for Bulgarians, Slovenes, Poles, Russians, Ukrainians, Czechs and other Slavic peoples. In Slavic languages there are only many rivers, named lynai, Jynaey ne pan®, but very widely used adjective dunajo (Oynaii, ir dun'aj, dunaj, etc.), meaning ir "river, stream, depth, riverbed, streamy flow; an unknown and distant river, very flowing or very deep and wild; stump, canal, standing water; deep pit full of water, spring, spring, water abyss" and so on. "It is striking that the word Danube, which is both a hydronym and an adjective, is not a unique case. First of all, in some Slavic languages it is quite similar with the word Visla, which not only denotes the river (in Polish Wisla), but is also used as an adjective: in Polish Wisła, in Polish Wisła, in Polish Wisła, in Polish Wisła. wisla “river, large water, every large river, stream, flood”*. A certain analogy can also be seen in the Lithuanian word Nemunas, which denotes not only rivers (Nemunas — two rivers, Nemunėlis — four rivers, Nemuniūkas up., Nemunykštis up.), but also a river or water in general (cf. nemunai, nėmunai: Buvo nemunai neišeitamys tą pavasarį Grg. We'll ride on green bows, we'll swim in floats. Through the lakes, through the lakes, a sharp horse Drsk. ; nemundičiai: On the mountain beržynaičiai, pakalnéj nemunaičiai; nemunélis: On the mountain nemunélis, under the mountain dunojėlis LKŽ K). ¢ See T. Lehr-Splawinski, The geographical distribution of pre-Slavic water names, „Rocz. sl.’ XXI, ch. I, p. 11; II. Mawraxos, JIB, p. 248; B. Tonopos, O. Tpy6aués, JIATBII, p. 224. ; 7 See. B. Slaski, Danube and Vistula, "Sl. occ.“, t. 16, p. 183; T. Lehr-Splawifiski, Rozmieszczenie..., p. 11; M. Jurkowski, River, stream and its synonyms in the Ukrainian language,,,SI. or.“, ročz. XII, No. 3, p. 462; V. Jagič, Dunav-Dunaj in the Slavic Folk Poetry, AslPh, I, p. 299—1333. 8 See M. Rudnicki. Etymologies of the name of the Vistula and the Veneti,,,First International Congress of Toponymy and Anthroponymy. Actes et mėmoires“, Paris, 1938, p. 205 (ibid.,,Sl. occ.“, vol. 17, p. 132); B. § lagki, Dunaj i Wista, "Sl. occ.’, 1. 16, p. 186; T. Lehr-Splawinski, Disposition..., p. 7. 176 Similar origins are probably the Lithuanian common words alaušai || dlaušos "where much water is poured; klanas“: That filled, it is alum on the soil stands Up. Look, you've done a lot of work on the table. How much of their wealth—ashes of goodness! Ds. On the grounds there is a waterfall. LKŽ I 76; cf. alausa "liquid man, plepys": Listen you to that alaušės —graudis jam virsta kalnu Ds. As can be seen from the examples, all these common words are known in a very small area (Užpaliai, Dusetos). In this area there are two lakes, named Alaus (Alaiisas), one lake, named Alaušai, ir river, by name Alausa®. Therefore, there is reason to think that we are not dealing with an exceptional, completely isolated phenomenon, a very o su specific type of the ir formation of appellative hydronyms. When it comes to Lithuanians Nemunas ir nemunai it seems unquestionable that the general word is only a metaphorically used name of the largest river in the region, some other river names (Nemunas, Nemunykstis, o Nemunėlis) are probably secondary verbs, related to the name of the great Nemunas (in another case, perhaps, interstitially, through the adjective némunas, nemunélis). Similar is ir su Whistle, whistle, whistle. Only for Danutė (The name of the river ir in Europe) sl. there are different opinions. Some believe that the Slavic appellation Dunaja has nothing to do with the name of su the river Duncan, o is of Irish descent. *two- || *thou- "run, marry"! ; others think that in Slavic languages widespread hydronym On the Danube has arisen iš European river name Danube; later iš Danube originated such river names as Aynaii, Jynaey ir pan. *2, The final solution to this problem was prevented by the European river name The origin of Dundjus has been very unclear so far. River name Dundjus (Russian). pillow, room, Dundre ir kt.) appearance has been interpreted very differently. Alone the Explorers European Dune was considered a Celtic name? ?, other Iranian Scythians? *, third traky-daky's, fourth — slavy'®, still others — thought to be the name of a — non-Indo-European kil més — jį (Georgiair n) t.t. Iš many worky about The name of a European river Dundjus * For the origin of these hydronyms, see here. K. Būga, RR, I, p. 311, 500; III, p. 407, 414, 424 ir kt 10 Ibid. ; " K. Zierhoffer, Local names of the north Mazovia region, Wroclaw, 1957, p. 162—163; T. Lehr-Sptawiūski, Positioning of..., p. 11; T. Lehr-Splawifiski, O Origin of the i Slavic Homeland, Poznan, 1946, p. 73. iš Zr. M. Vasmer, REW, p. 380 (there is ir literature); B. Tonopos, O. TpyGaués, JIATBII, p. 224. 18 M. Forster, Der Name of the Danube, ZsIPh, I, p. 23-24; M. Vasmer, REW, I, p. 380 (Celtic-Latin); B. H. Teoprues, Hecrerosanus no CPABHHTELHO-HCTOPHIECKOMY sbikossanmio, M., 1958, p. 254; WI, Georgiev, Humenee cocrosime OHOMACTHYECKHX uceaeosannit B Boarapun, international „I Slavic onomastics conference®, Wroclaw-Warsaw-Krakow, 1961, p. 13; A. JI. [Toroamus, Man mcropun caassuckux nepeApmxenifi, C.-Ilerepoyprs, 1901, p. 85; B. Tonopos, O. Tpy6aués, JIADBIN, p. 224. “P Kretschmer, Zum Balkan Scythians (I. Der Name of the Danube), “Glotta”, XXIV, 1936, p. 1 ir kt ; A. A. 3aaususk, IlpoOjnešibi: CJaBSHO-HPAHCKHX SIŠbIKOBbIX OTHOwernt ApeBuelimero innocuous, BCS, sum. 6, p. 45; R. Meister, Der Name of the Danube, concentration camp, 78, 1/2. Heft, p. 55. 1 Literatūrą Zr. G. Ivanescy, Origine pré-indo-européenne des noms du Danube, ,,Contributions onomastiques®, Bucarest, 1958, p. 127. 16 T, Lehr-Splawidski, O pochodzeniu..., p. 73; T. Lehr-Splawifiski, Rozmieszczegie...,p. 11; K. Zierhoffer, Nazwy micjscowe pdlnocnego Mazowsza, p. 162; J. Rozwadowski, Studia nad nazwami wod slowadskich, Krakow, 1948, p. 247-251. Toliau literatiirg žr. G. Ivinescu, min. veik., p. 125. | r H. 51. Mapp, Jluiraucrisecku HameudeMile STIOXH PASBHTHS YeJOBEUECTBA H HX YBSI3KA € Hcropueli matepuanbuoll Kyasrtypw, ,CooGwenms DAMMK“. 1, JI, 1925, p. 40. (Arba 12. Užsak, Nr. 174 177 munai, nemunčlis: Visla ir visla: Alaušai ir alaušai') yra susiję vienas su kitu ir genetiškai neatskiriami nuo Europos upės vardo Dunėjus ir slavų apeliatyvo dunajb. Šis apeliatyvas, labai plačiai vartojamas slavų kalbose, ypač tautosakoje, galėjo patekti ir į baltų kalbas* kaip savitas upės ar vandens simbolis, poetinis įvaizdis. Tiesa, senieji slaviški skoliniai lietuvių kalboje vietoje sl. u paprastai turi @, plg. griisia < 2pywa, kilmas < Kym, dilia < Oya, būbnas < 6y6en, tijūnas < muon. Griežtai žiūrint fonetikos, gali pasirodyti, kad lietuvių dunnelygu sl. dun-. Šitą neatitikimą galima būtų taip aiškinti: liet. dundjus, dundjus (ir lat. dunavas bei vietovardžiai Dunava up., Dunajs pv. ir kt. — Zr. J. Endzelins, LV I 1. 238) yra vėlesni skoliniai, iš slavų į baltų kalbas atėję po to, kai slavų ilgas « sutrumpėjo. Skolintų bendrinių žodžių, kuriuose vietoj sl. u yra trumpas w, lietuvių kalboje yra nemaža, pvz., bujéti <lenk. bujač, burékas <brus. Gyparxeo, juka <brus. 10xa <lenk. jucha, jupa <lenk. jupa <brus. wna, kupa <brus. xyna <lenk. kupa, kūtas <lenk. kut, ruja <lenk. ruja, Sutas <brus. wtyme**. Kaip minėta, tautosakoje greta žodžių dundjus, dundjus dažnai pasitaiko ir dūnėjus, dunojélis, plg. dūnavėlis. Lietuvių vardyne taip pat gana dažni vietovardžiai, šaknyje turįilgą ū, pvz.: Dandjus ež. Lkm. Trainiškio k., Diindjus gn. Brž., Meilūnų k., Dūnėjus pv. And., Laičių k., Dūnojus pv. Vb., Mėdžiūnų k., Dūnėjai pv. Užp., Viešeikių k., Dūnėjai pv. Všt., Pavištyčio k. Galima manyti, kad bendriniai žodžiai dunėjus ir dūnėjus iš slavų kalbų į lietuvių kalbą pateko ne vienu laiku: dūnėjus būtų senesnis skolinys, negu dunėjus. Tokių žodžių, kurie į lietuvių kalbą iš slavų kalbų yra atėję ne vienu laiku, yra ir daugiau, pavyzdžiui, pundūs (K. Būga, RR I 339) ir pūdas (ten pat, II 364), kuila (ten pat, I 347) ir kyla (ten pat 348), viésné (ten pat, II 660) ir vyšnia (ten pat) ir kt. Kad žodžiai su šaknimi dunį lietuvių tautosaką pateko vėliau, rodytų ir ta aplinkybė, jog refrenų žodžiai dūnoja, dūnojo, diind, kurie greičiausiai yra žymiai senesni už apeliatyvus dundjus, dundjus ir pan. šaknyje turi ilgą ū. Vėliau iš bendrinių žodžių dūnėjus, dunūjus, dundjus galėjo atsirasti keli mažų upeliukų ar balų vardai. Sunku patikėti, kad per slavus atėjęs Europos upės vardas Dunėjus baltų vardyne jau būtų radęs kitus, visai savarankiškai susidariusius, baltiškus Dunėjus. Tiesa, iš pirmo žvilgsnio gali pasirodyti, kad lietuvių hidronimus Dūnėjus, Dundjus ir kt. galima laikyti baltų-dakų-mizų (ar baltų-trakų, baltų-ilyrų) izoglosa. Tokia izoglosa, turint galvoje gausias baltų-ilyrų kitų vietovardžių paraleles*", nėra neįmanoma. Tačiau šitokiai prielaidai prieštarauja fonetika. Kadangi Europos Dunojaus šaknies archetipas yra *dūn- >*don- (arba *dan-), tai baltiškos šio vardo paralelės šaknies balsis negalėtų būti # arba u. Kad lietuvių vietovardžiai Dūnėjus, Dūnūjus, Dundjus, Dundjus yra antrinės, vėlesnės kilmės, atsiradę iš skolinto bendrinio žodžio dūnėjus ir kt., rodo ir visiškas šaknies dūn-, dunizoliuotumas lietuvių vardyne. * Lietuvių dunojų atėjusiu iš slavų tautosakos laikė A. Becenbergeris (A. Bezzenberger, Litauische Forschungen. Beitrūge der Kenntniss der Sprache und des Volkstumes der Litauer, Gėttingen, 1882, p. 18, išnaša 1); labai atsargiai — Chr. Barčas (Chr. Bartsch, Uber litauische Volksliteratur, p. 108). Skoliniu iš slavų dunojų laiko „Lietuvių kalbos žodynas“, II, p. 606. 28 Žr. K. Būga, RR, I, p. 271; II, p. 621. * Žr. P. Skardžius, Die slawischen Lehnworter im Altlitauischen, Kaunas, 1931. ** B, H. Tonopos, HeckojibKo manupriicko-6aaTHilCKRX napaJiJlejieli u3 OGAaCTH TonoHoMacTHKH, ,,ITpo6aemu HHjioeBponelickoro A3kIKO3HaHHa“, M., 1964, p. 52. 12* 179