Predikatyvinis pažyminys kaip atskira sakinio dalis

IN LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES GRAMATINE SANDARA The Tetu-Vos TSR SCIENCE ACADEMY PREDICATIVE PAZYMINYS HOW DISCLOSURE SAKINIO PART I: A. VALECKIENE § 1. In Lithuanian, constructions of the following structure are used quite often: son returned restless, fox flew backwards, father stood single-haired, Mary came upset, sister ran suffocated, brought a live beast, young man pulled out the first tą (from water) ir etc. Plg. : . The other su neighbors flew over joyful. DonR 22. Although the su master seamstress tries to reach the water a couple of times backwards, he cannot. CvMS 26. As the hedgehog had said, so it went out: the wheat ir was ground by itself, baked into the most delicious cakes, climbed into the wagon, į and went scented and warm to the king. CYR V 48. The next day he made a bigger patties, sprinkled with flowers, jį and sent them to tė į table hot, straight from the iš oven, BalcHP, 166. Once he returned with a pale su chin. CvR VII 39. Greta has long been known as a restored girl. SimonVK In the underlined constructions of these sentences there is always I 195. a verb form of independent lexical meaning (flying, meeting, driving, sending, returning, acquaintance) or verb combination with such a verb su (trying to reach) Su various conjugations related to these verbs in dependent relationships (happy, repulsive, themselves, fragrant, warm, hot), prepositional construction (with blackened chin), comparative construction (how to restore girl). Be Therefore, the indicated conjugable words and constructions are related together by the verbs of the subject or ir su adjective (gandras, meisteris siuvėju, kviečiai, paštetą, jis, Grėtė). Words su with double syntactic relationships in adjective constructions indicate the state of the subject or adjective of the verb (and the verb) during the action. This function can be performir ed by words that tell the state of the object in their lexical ir meaning, words that do not have this meaning in another context. In most cases, the double-syntactic relationships represent the ir state of the object in the noun of the conjugated words, less often other conjugations ir or. prepositional and comparative constructions. l. The noun of the conjugated part, attached to the verb of independent lexical meaning, in the sentence 7. The grammatical structure 97 of the Lithuanian iš language is fully or partly su harmonized with the ir noun of the factor tells what is the state of the object represented by the latter noun during the mo verb action. For example, in the sentence Gandras perlėkė links, it is said that "the giant flew and was happy when he flew". Sometimes the noun of the factor is not stated in the sentence, but it is understood from the context, e.g. : During the day he sends me to bring trees, to call people; I'm still running barefoot through the snow. ZemR IV 376. Here it is understood that “I am running and I am barefoot when I am running.” Most often, this function is used for the adjective and participle noun, but it can also be used for the pronoun, numeral and noun noun. a) The noun of the adjective. This function can be performed by an adjective of various lexical meanings. It is often used in the form of adjectives (e.g., bastard, bastard, bastard, etc.). ir The elders say that Deveika went out into the forest on foot and returned ridden. CvMS 11. And Vaičiulis's cheerful assistant often came to the mill drunk. VenclRIII 15. Chicken orphan "returned healthy and alive. CvR 129. Dad stands single-haired, and I see the cold writing bruises on his face. BaltPV, 31. b) Participant's name. The past participle and the present participle are usually used. Most often they are prepositional and have the meaning of the event factor. In rare cases, this function is performed by inactive present tense participants. When the orphan, choked and warmed, walked, the son with the long name slept in the sun. CvR V 128. She met her husband in tears from afar. CyR V 137. The food brought by her mother stood untouched on the table. LzPR III 114. We are driving home all satisfied. ZemR IV 313. searches for Dzyuga in the bushes, sniffs the grass, sticks his nose into the water, shoots into the clouds, while Dzyuga stands unnoticed, invisible behind the back of the chief German and holds a silver bullet. CvR V 58. c) The numerator of the plural. The first digit is usually used, but other digits can also be used. Levuk laughed and, painting the potatoes in the rasal, firmly announced that he would be the first to pet the calf. BaltPV, 10. The third, barely pulling his legs, his head down, his jacket and tail wagging, came the horse. CvR V 146. d) The noun of the pronoun. Adjective pronouns are usually used, very often pronouns all, one, himself. (For other pronouns see $5c.) ' "The fox was angry and said: "Put your tail on and sit down, empty of you!" The wolf gathered all and sat comfortably. LTt 295. Let the workers do the laundry alone. SimonVK I 199. The words, squeezing the chest, erupted themselves irrepressibly with longing and hatred. 98 CvR VIII 226. I think to myself: if I already like this educated aš lady, then I will be even more liked by her with my squeaky shoes. su CvR III 100. e) Examples of noun noun. He, as his father had said, flew in the ear, turned į and appeared ir a great soldier. LTt322. Sinus grew up so beautifully, he grew up a good boy. LTt 338. One trouble was with him in such hours: he su would sit like a broken man in the gravel, in the soil, look into the į distance with his hands lowered, mute like a stone. CyR VIII 54. A large, grey-clad, black-clad scepter ir climbed into the yard where a ji little girl į had grown up. ir VenclR III 154. 2. The final part of the conjugated part of the speech, attached to the verb of independent lexical meaning, in the sentence of the whole part is harmonized with the final part of the adverb in the ar iš same way as the noun tells the state of the su object represented by ir the final part of the adverb during the action of the verb. For example, in the sentence The mail sent (į table) hot it is said that "post sent the ir post was hot when sent". jį . This function is most often used by the adjective participle, but it ir is also used by the finals of other conjugated parts of the language. ir a) Examples of adjectives. The mother crying... He asks to let the child stay at home, at least until he is a year old, then he will give the 11—12 manor to the older one. į ZemR IV 369. He caught the fox alive. JablRR I 614. Remember, grandmother, when I aš used to visit you when you were young? VaičiūnD 15. — Wait, he's gonna take my naked skin. ir VienR I 165. b) The back of the participant. Sia function is used only in the past tense of ne the active kind of the passive kind of the past and present tense, but, unlike the ir denominator, in the present tense of the active kind ir (often su with prefix be-) final. Speak Joseph ir was already running į around the room when he saw between the doors Maryte walking around, smiling. LzPR III 36. Be to her strange, never crying į ją Vilius did not pay attention. SimonVK I 358. To keep you hungry for three days. LTt 375. In Giré, the trees were low and large, ir untouched by storms. ir DaukB; 52. Tarutukā iš The Klangs were arrested. CvR VIII Žmogel, 206. where shall I shelter aš thee so depressed? SruogAD 120. c) Examples of a fractional noun. The young man pulls out the first water. iš SimonVK I 250. Upon arrival the ji first noticed Martin. SimonVK I 317. d) Examples of pronoun endings. My family has already eaten me up. DonR 52. Such a pancake can be ir eaten alone (fat-free, sour be cream). Vick. He remembers his grandfather as he was when he was still alive. SimonVK I 15. He said you were a little bit like that. He said you were like that. RD 70. e) Examples of noun suffixes. 7* 99 Here in the corner stood "Sarke", the martha's ją bride-to-- be; She's got a doll. KrévSP, 190. As today he saw himself a student. CvR i128. II The doctor was tą brought to her by herself It's harder. JablRR I 614. 3. In the case of a negative verb, the adjective of the verb is usually the same as the adjective of the substantive. ir su Like the nominative and adjective above, it tells the state of the object expressed by the adjective during the verb action. But there nė was no one who sent her a nė message, no one who loved her. ją SimonVK I 235. Nowhere to see nė any p athere's no scratch on the house. nė ZemR I 167. Other Martyn doesn't know her. SimonVK I 291. There are sentences in which the noun and pronoun originator relates to the suffix originator, ne su but the suffix terminator. su Then the relational words are incoherent. Looking back into į our near and distant į past, we see here and there people like ir ourselves, ir or, in other words, we see ourselves there, only ir in a slightly different form. JablUZ 7—8. 4. the noun of the verb in the sentence is conjugated with the noun of the adjective and tells the state of the su object expressed by the noun during ir the verb action. ku It's goats live peeling their fur. Faster. Te he turned the clock to go. Nj. The girls blindfolded me first. ValPJ, They 17. lived so for a few years, they were tired of being do three in one house. CvR V 38. He returned home po after many years, very old, and told his wife ir to go her own way. CvR V 50. 5. Subjunctive of the amused part of speech. Sj The verb was found attached to a verb of independent lexical meaning as a substantive or adjective. The ir mentioned su adverb is not harmonized with the last syllables, but tells the state of the object they represent during the verb su action. This function uses the noun conjunction in dependent words. su There was already one bonka standing with a ir cork pulled over its head. LzPR III 48. The men farmers walk with serious faces. SimonVK I 58. The young woman awoke with a restless heart. CvRV 49. Common (Monika) Kaziuką found weeping, with puffy eyes. CvRVIII 52. 6. The Substitute of the Funny Part of the Language. In rare cases, this function can be used to find a noun pronoun attached to a verb of independent lexical meaning as the noun of the relational factor. ir su Monica woke up in the heat, with great effort escaped from the iš dream, ran ir to look for her husband. CvR VIII 94. After driving the colt 100 around the lake, the devil returned to the man, warmed — and covered in a blanket. LTt 344. 7. Prepositional constructions, which are attached to a verb of self-contained meaning in the lexicon, are related to the noun of the substantive or the suffix of the adverb and other adverbial verbs and tell the state of the object represented by those verbs during the verb action. The child lay alive, be out of face, iš white as a spider's thread. CvR VIII 171. Many of them left after the fights with their jacket su sleeves torn and their legs bruised. CvR VIII 39. George did not lose her child—five. su ir su CvR VIII 22. Plg. Vaikaizas, noticing the assistant with a pierced eyebrow, realized that nothing good was to be expected. VencIR III 16. The comparative constructions used in this function relate to a verb of independent lexical meaning and the noun of the substantive or the suffix of the adjective. The conjugated word of comparative constructions (noun, adjective, participle, etc.) is harmonized with the mentioned noun of the factor or the suffix of the adjective, i.e. it is also either the noun or the suffix of the verb. How refreshed you always leave the meeting, having heard the word of the preacher Šepaitis... SimonVK I 26. Two hundred people are lying like muselés. SruogDM 42. I met S. Nėry in Kaunas State Theatre, at the meetings of the Seimas, cheerful and moved, as if newly born. VenclEV 148. $ 2. In addition, the phrases and sentences are often used in the same way as the verbs, with the difference that the verbs in the phrase are not in the first person singular: The cat went first a) through the pit, it did not fall. LTt 282. You have to go get some mushrooms, they'll be hungry. LTt 322. No roasted pigeon will fly into your mouth. PP 221. On the sun, replacing us again, the rhythm, also, leaving us, quickly sets in the evening. DonR b) to 63; verbs denoting state: Sėdi Džiugas dienų dienas apsiniaukes. CvR V 54. Again, the grains are unshaved. BaltPV, 17; e) to verbs denoting an action related to a state, an occupation: The next time, I remember again, when my father came from somewhere, he didn’t even want to eat, he just gasped sadly. 307 pp. 307. Cows just jump all day without eating. Faster. What are you doing, are you all right, or are you still hunting? Don R 115. He caught wild animals and birds all day long, and sold them. CvR V 62; d) to verbs denoting the transition from one state to another, the change of state: All the children hurriedly hurriedly to their places, stopped standing not a splash. ZemR IV 32. And Martynas sat on the carrier's seat, just bound up. 101 Ta. SimonVK I 275. The master notices that a single lame, often sad, lands near the window with an old man's ir voice moaning. CvMS 41. The first uncle had two sons, but du both died young. ZemR IV 310; e) to speaking verbs: “Calm down, you’ll see, it won’t happen again!” —said Simonaitiene with a smile. LzPR III 89.— The father asked, the mother asked worriedly,..a sarmatian to speak. aš LzPR III 21. After looking at all the house, Paspūtas rubbed his iš hands with joy and spoke to ir himself with a glowing face. BalchAZ 15.— "It's time for tea," said the aunt with a frown. LzPR III 41: f) to verbs denoting senses: I saw him jį dancing Lithuanian folk dances on the su stage of the culture hall, I heard him singing. T 1965 196. Ir I saw my daughter sitting there. JabIRR I 614. Bet John himself noticed my disappointment. Words and 53. constructions with double syntactic relationships can be joined to various other verbs: The people kept in the church the ir one who conceived a baby without marriage. CvR VIII 10. She won't surrender to the executioners alive. VencIR III 500. "Well, I'd know it," Eva boasts. SimonVK I 292. All these verbs of independent lexical meaning can go in conjunction. Conjugated words and constructions can also be joined to compound verb forms and verb combinations, the dependent object of which is a noun or the form of the above-mentioned verbs of independent lexical meaning (participant, associate). Iš Part 1 It was ir Pempiené's own fault that the villagers began to fear and avoid her. ir Myk-PutS I 25. — I, say, — was — them (money) caught alive. LTt 354. Bet iš jo neišbėrė nė ropusio dvylekio: zemaitis intentionally šį (pot) had hung empty. CvR V 67. Stagar left him standing as if numb. SimonVK I 144. In his family had not one nė muzik, now the first son-in-law wants to penetrate muzik. ŽemR IV 412. Mothers She has to go to the meeting alone. į SimonVK I 299. O į The cold said walking or not walking at all. SimonVK I 275. Yesterday one of them said o he had brought eight wagons of hay from noon to night! LzPR III 46. It is known that the northern (winter) ir medium European part yr a for some time all covered in ice cream. ta JablUZ 13. Kuris išvažiavęs tų daiktų ieškoti, tariąsis tėvo vienas tiktai tesąs išsiųstas. DaukZP 67. „In the sentences mentioned the words pati, gyvas, tuščią are connected to verb compounds and compound forms of the verb was guilty, was caught, was hanging; words and constructions like numb, mužikas, alone joined to verb combinations left stovéti, wants to penetrate, has to go; words walking, one is connected to verb compounds said walking, said taking 102 (for cf. jų $ 5 (a) words whole, one joined to the compound verb form and verb compounds has been covered, the tarigsis tesąs sent. All mų the verbs mentioned in the sentences and the compound forms of the verb can also be adverbs alone. The conjugated word, having double syntactic relations, sometimes joins the verb, but to some other word that can perform the ne function of the verb, which can go conjunctive. t. y. — Oh, oh, oh! hard for him alone, long ir — ir It's not nice!.. LzPR III 37. § 3. There are few examples of this type of construction in our syntax textbooks. Be because they are scattered across different po sections of the syntax are treated ir differently. Verb combinations with a noun, such as: palėkė linksas, stovėjo su susiruogęs, važiuoja aromatiniai, šilti, are considered adverbs. In this case, the sentences are usually added to the greater explanations of the compound phrase. It is only indicated su that the conjugated participle is used only for the verb to be, but for the forms of be other verbs!. ne ir Verb combinations of independent lexical meaning in the noun, next to examples given in the subjunctive, su prepositional and o comparative jų constructions, have been su discussed in more detail by J. Balkevičius "In the Syntax of Modern Lithuanian Language" (They are 1963). the same kind of people who came from a different kind of culture.) He called them the old term "composed adverbs", giving the compounds of the type was funny a new name of the compound noun adverb?. The difference between the first secondary as indicated ir jo J. Balkevičius, is that ‘composed noun (was merry) conjunction goes verbs, which in their lexical meaning about the factor does not say the completed thought therefore in the sentence has only auxiliary modal ir function, conjunction of the conjugated participle (atvažiavo linksas) goes verbs verb o compounds, which only form, but content can express the verb participle definitively“3. ar Correct ne ir J. Balkevičius indicates ir jo the meaningful relationship of the component elements of the so-called to compound taring: the first taring element (verb of independent lexical meanings) says, the factor acts, the ką second brings out the o attribute of — the object characteristic of it during the action. to However, J. Balkevičius verbSee | also J. Žiugžda ir P. Gailiūnas, Lithuanian Grammar, II, Syntax, Kaunas, 1964, p. 17. ? Some Russian scholars also distinguish dialects as consonant parts of speech in Russian: «cocraBHoe du ckasyemoe» su (GbrA 6o2ar), «cnoxknuoe cKa3yeMoe" (Close your eyes) (ir. A. H. I'm going to go, CoBpeMeHHBI pycckHū JinrepaTypubiū a3bik, II, Mocksa, 1958, p. 59, 62; H. M. Punkeasn, H. M. Bax eno s, I'm not sure. I'm not sure. I'm not sure. I'm not sure. 2nd, Kues, 1965, p. 505, 507). The first (‘cocraBHoe ckasyemoe’) corresponds to J. Balkevicius distinguished in Lithuanian language a compound o consonant, the second («cjoxnoe — cka3yeMoe») a compound consonant. 3 See. J. Balkevičius, Syntax of the Contemporary Lithuanian 1963, p. 120—121. | 103 Language, Vilnius, džio, which can, in his words, “finally express” a dialect, does not consider an independent verb dialect, but only a dialect conjunction, and the conjugated word — a noun part of the dialect. Constructions with a suffix, e.g.: poslal paštétu horúcu, našiel hydinu pipiautas, nechal dieťa spať, etc., are treated in our syntax in two ways. In some cases, these constructions separate the verb with the second ending and treat it as a predicate (e.g., nusiuntė karštą), while in other cases they combine both endings (e.g., paštetą karštą) and treat them as a summary complement. In Jablonski's grammar, the aggregate complement consists only of compounds whose second ending is a participle of the active kind (alongside the same compounds with a participle), e.g. : I look, I look, and I saw — my daughter sitting, my son sucking, Silky wearing a scarf, wearing a gold ring. JablRR I 472–473. In addition to the conjugated adjective, there are examples where the second ending is used for other parts of the conjugated language, usually an adjective, e.g. : You made them equal to us. Raise him (child) like this. And they brought the beast alive. (JablRR I 455). In J. Balkevičius' syntax, examples of the latter type (the second ending of which is an adjective) can be found both in the taric and the summary complement, cf.: his compound complement: Mergaitės vežimą prikrovė pilną. The courageous upbringing of Jistave- [éjo. (You) raise him like this. (He) caught the fox alive. (119: p.); Consolidated supplement: Everyone was used to seeing him healthy. Brazys found the shop empty. (194 p.). J. Balkevičius, considering the ending of an adjective in the given sentences in one case as the substantive part of the adverb, and in the other — as an adverb, relies on the relation of the lexical meanings of the verb and the adjective: he considers the ending as the substantive part of the adverb in the case when the state of the object expressed by the ending is the result of the verb action (e.g.: carriage was loaded full) and as an adverb when the state of the object expressed by the ending does not depend on the verb action (e.g., they were used to seeing it whole)*. | However, this relation of the lexical meanings of the conjugated word and the verb does not change the syntactic relationships of these words. In the first case, the adjective is not more associated with the verb than in the second case. Both the first and second sentences can be said without an adjective, e.g. : The girl's carriage was loaded. Everyone was used to seeing him. On the other hand, the same double relationship of lexical meanings exists between the verb and the noun of the conjugated part of the language attached to it, e.g.: 4 Cf. J. Balkevičius, min. veik., p. 119. a) the state of the object expressed by the noun does not depend on the action of the verb: Simonaitienė taip pat nelaimingai aušino puodelį prie akmens. LzPR III 93. Mary stands in the peasant's house—proud, young and beautiful. VenclR III 501. And Greta got up sour like bad weather. SimonVK I 310. And he built a calf one hut! LTt:289; b) the state of the object represented by the noun is the result of the action of the verb: Izskočila na koleno (foška) ležala vcelku. ZemR IV 448. The yard is full of cars. SimonVK I 240. And as soon as the fairy dog, running on the fire, began to smell the feet, he was ordered to rush and stood upright in the sky. CyR V 12. They left me for another year: let me grow older, I'll understand science better... ZemR IV 314. However, such a relation of the lexical meanings of the verb and the noun attached to it is not taken into account on the basis of syntactic (function. It should be said that both J. Jablonskis and J. Balkevičius, having separated the summary suffix, do not strictly separate it from the taring. ; J. Jablonskis, after his examples of a summary suffix (Pamačiau dukrelę besėdinčią, etc.), makes the remark that the true suffix is still the first suffix (daughter), and the second (sitting) is like a part of the participle (išvydau)®. J. Balkevičius, according to his system, distinguishing the constituent components of the sentence parts, also considers the second ending as the predicative component of the summary complement.” The following conclusions can be drawn from all that has been said about the syntactic expressions in our syntax textbooks. If the compounds of verbs with independent lexical significance and a noun still fit to the conjugated participle according to their structure, then the so-called binary ending of the adverb is completely unclear. The aggregate suffix, reserved only for this type of endings (moreover, not in all cases) and for the corresponding constructions with a participle, is neither sufficiently described nor sufficiently motivated in our syntaxes." Also, the relationship of the aggregate complement with the conjunctive remains unclear. Finally, the summary complement and conjunction do not include the constructions we have raised. § 4. The function of each word or combination in a sentence depends on its relationship with other words. Relative words are related to other words, so that each word or compound in a sentence is like a separate link in the whole sentence structure®. The role of the individual word and the compound, 5 See J. Jablonskis, Selected Writings, I, Vilnius, 1957, p. 474. 6 See. J. Balkevičius, min. ill., p. 193. 7 Since the concept of a summary supplement is not quite clear, its scope is not established either. For example, J. Žiugždos —P. In addition to the glossary, there is a supplementary glossary. 8 B. M, Hukurun, K Bonpocy 0 NpHHIHNAX H3Yy4eHHSsS UJIeHOB NpeAJIOKeHHs, kn. : Cobemanne s35iKk0BejioB tora Poccnn H cesepHoro Kaskasa no Bonpocy o ujenax mpejzJioxenns, Pocrosckuii ynusepeurer, 1959, p. 11. 105 That you're going on to harrow, open harrows highlander. Vb. In summer ir we walked a lot. ŽemR IV 299. O whenever he fell asleep (goose), and then fell down to splash į the water. SimonVK 1 296. The Jolly Joker. DaukZP 14. Every once in a while Montville- 's vodka tried, that ir cross will not look at Rupkus. LzPR III 102. Also, verb suffixes have a shade of circumstantial meaning -inas adjectives, whose lexical meaning has preserved the shade of the secondary verb meaning characteristic of the participants. Tool (Mr.) home cheerful, horse-drawn, carried with pot, ir knife, belt. LTt 381. O Here we are... We're still doing our work. DonR 42. However, the shade of meaning of the circumstances of these adjectives arises jų purely because of o ne the lexical jų meaning, su because of the relationship with other parts of the sentence. Therefore, these, like other ir adjectives, having in the sentence double syntactic relations denoting the state of the ir object during the occurrence of the taric action (nors ir su shade of circumstances), must be treated as circumstancesne ®, but predicative adjectives. In some contexts, the circumstances are approached by predicative indicatives, which consist of a comparative prepositional construction of the noun. ar The relationship between the factor and the denominator can help to distinguish jų this verb and su the injunction of the constructions. In some cases, the prepositional and comparative constructions of the noun ar verb, attached to the verb that goes as a pronoun, does not indicate the state of the object, but only su indicates how the action of the pronoun ir takes place. Then they are considered circumstances. In other cases, the above mentioned constructions and the indefinite verb can be connected in the sentence only by a ne servile verb, su but ir su the denominator of the factor. This is the reason why the ir design of this model is based on a predictive model. ir Plg. : a) closer to the predicative sign: After such quarrels, when John's melodies were played, the father would come out with a sour mouth. CvMS 76. Oh, how much toil it will take, ik į I'm gonna get the tastes, Diego, what's still lying upstairs. ar be DonR 32. As soon as dawn came, a man went out to the į river, caught a basket full of fish, went into the forest, caught a basket full of berries...- and returned in the evening like a rolled bitelé. CvR V 53. b) closer to the circumstances: Dzyugas came home empty-handed, having given his whole day's work to the German. CvR V 54. I'm gonna turn my own neck, he'll only come back without a horse. KrévSP, 38. He walked into the kitchen and opened the door. LzPR III 36. 23 This type of adjective is not regarded as circumstances by J. Balkevičius, who has also emphasised their circumstantial meaning, see his work, p. 123. 112 However, there will always be such transitional cases, when it will be difficult to be determine the function of the prepositional and comparative constructions, cf. : The earth freezes in snow. ar be CyR VIII 208. Go to the barn, throw some hay to the sheep, ka ip they're crazy all morning. WhitePV, 52. Dreyfus always comes to į church in black. SimonVK I 59. e) The relation of the predicative su grade to the attributive ir grade. The adjective pronouns each, one, one... have an unclear function. nė Other ir etc. ir noun pronouns somebody, nobody, when they, when attached to a verb with an independent lexical meaning, are harmonized with the noun of the factor only in the genitive vowel, are not harmonized with the number: pronouns go in su the singular forms of the noun ir o (although some vary in numbers), jų nouns in the plural o denominator. — Workers each knows their job. ZemR II 160. O geese saleswomen each only glad if he į jg turned su away with his long nose. BalčHP, So 162. let's catch our own bulls. DonR 34. We were nė the only ones who didn't believe the patient would die. Grz. It was clear ką that they had no guilt, for when they came į inside, nė they did not dare to approach the sick man alone. LzPR I 278. Men One took Adam by the back, už the other by už the legs. VencIR III 117. Now we ir are somewhat beginning to doubt. JablRR I 224. We know to nothing. JablRR I 293. That in such sentences pronouns are not real factors, has already been indicated J. Jablonski. He, having raised examples of this type, noted that here pronouns "they alone do not make the whole factor, ir the acting here ne su to be harmonised with them’. „Paraphrases in sentences Here you all have to work, here you all dir bam... to harmonize su with its implied factors you, we, the word all here only explains the factor you, we, helps him to accurately mark"? *. nį Having quite accurately understood the relationships of the adjectives in the sentence, J. Jablonski calls these pronouns secondary parts of the factor, assistants of the factors. The fact that pronouns are not attributive signs in sentences of this type is shown by the relationships with other jų words. The su attributive notation enters the sentence composition į together with its indicative su word and does not have a direct ir connection with the conjunctive su of the sentence, e.g. Every worker knows his job. In the above sų sentences, the pronouns each, one and others, nė while ir referring to the nouns of the factor, su are together simply related ir su servants. In this way, the syntactic relationships of these pronouns correspond to the relationships of the predicative sign. Because of their specific lexical meaning, these pronouns do not indicate a distinct object state. However, in the sentences mentioned, they are very close to the predicative notation. Transitional cases between the predicative attributive notation occur purely because of contextual ir circumstances. ir 2 See. J. Jablonskis, Selected Writings, I, p. 462. 8. The Lithuanian language grammati113 The predicative approaches the attributive when it stands in front of the noun with which it relates, when su it finds itself in a position t. y. that is usual for the attributive notation. — Call me some guy! — cal iš structure was broken by the carriage's anger, sir. BilR, I 174. Now, after the sister's gone, a cheerful aunt Kunigunda began to think about a gift “little one” Mary. LzPR III 58. The more the new pot absorbs, the more ir the old one surrenders. PP 204. The attributive notation also approaches the predicative notation when it stands in an unusual order in the sentence, the indicative word. Often, the straw is t. y. po cut off and reattached by tying the hammers back. ir į ZemR IV 460. Ir maples stood old, clinging to the branches withered from old age, centuries-old rotten linden trees, in whose ir trees bees were storing honey, smelled, the ground was covered around. ir VencIR III 41. Sometimes only the iš intonation of a broader ir context can be perceived, certain words ar go with an attributive, predicative notation. In every yard ar there is a scream, there is the rustling of pushing carts, in every wealthier house there are roasted pigs, hams are cooked, smoke is blowing. VenclR an III Looks at 26. the — neighborhood standing behind a small pig. LTt 355. On the winter, the birds are returning again, the north is getting cold and we ir are flying away again. DonR 90. d) Separate predicative usage "case. The active participants of the present past tense forming ir predicative jo adjectives, coordinated with the vowels of the su complement (usually the finalis), are close to the participants of the respective tense used in similar cases, e.g.: vidím svoju dcérku bežiacu. JabIRR Ir I 614. N uwe're all in the chamber. į ZemR IV 33. Once Onela, sitting by Zgseliy, saw on the road coming tired grandfather. ZemR IV 439. And he had heard Tautrim telling his father about such a thing. SimonVK I 80. Martynas is waiting at the entrance Anne. SimonVK I 295. The more we move away from our time, the more difficult — it is to see a ir person from the past living in poverty. JablUZ 20. There is such a difference ir between a participant and a participant in these cases. The participant without the ending is weaker associated with the su suffix than the participant who is associated with the su suffix. Therefore, in the sentence I saw my daughter sitting more clearly expressed charactet. y. jo ristic of an object, state (what was the little daughter when I saw ją her), in the o sentence I saw the little daughter sitting the secondary action is emphasized more, that t. y. the little daughter was sitting and I saw ją her. In these cases, however, a strict distinction between participants and participants cannot be made. The present tense participles of a certain lexical meaning, which are predicatives, sometimes also retain the 114 shade of a secondary action in addition to the state meaning, cf. : Finally, he found a lę walking goose. CvR V 137. On the other hand, the predicative notation is ne always combined with su the complement ar verb in other cases. ir Therefore, when considering the acting participants as predicative adjectives, it is also impossible to leave the participants that more or less correspond to them in the aggregate complement. ir ar This is particularly true in the case of the prepositions. $ 6. Iš of all that has been said, the following more general conclusions can be drawn. 1) A predicative mark is connected by double syntactic connections with a predicative su verb of independent lexical meaning, with a verb compound containing su such a verb, with another word having the corresponding ar function ir su the denominator of the factor or the adverbs of the suffix. It shows the state of the object represented by the last syllables during the course of the taric action. 3 2) The predicate is the part of a sentence that is used to indicate the relationship between two words or iš phrases, and the predicate is the part of a sentence that is used to indicate ji the relationship iš between two words or phrases. 3) A predicate is a subordinate part of a sentence if it is attached to a verb of independent lexical meaning. į ir In this it differs from the noun part of the adverb, which, when joined with the auxiliary verb be su ar su verbs denoting the presence of an object (to become, to do, to ir become, etc.), į forms the predicative compound of the sentence. 4) There is a relationship ir between the predicative attributive notation and the predicative notation: the predicative notation has a direct connection su with the predicate of o the sentence, the attributive notation enters the į sentence with its indicative su word and does not directly relate to the ir predicate of the sentence. su 5) The predicative notation differs from the ne circumstances only in its syntactic relationship, but in meaning. ir Words (participant's noun in some cases, half-participant in all cases), which have ir double syntactic relationships in the predicate, but do not have the state meaning characteristic su of the ir predicative sign, only indicate a secondary action, are considered predicative signs, but circumstances. ne NPEAUKATHBHOE ONPEJIEJIEHHE KAK CAMOCTOSITEJIbHbIH YJIEH TPEJŪUJIOXXEHHMS A. BASE ENTRY Pesiome IlpeninukaTHBHbiM OnpejeJieHHeM Ha3BIBAIOTCH C/IOBa MJIH KOHCTPYKIIHH, KOTODpEIE' XaPAKTEepPH3YIOTCSl ABOMHOM CBS3bIO B MPEAJIOKEHHHM, a HMEHHO, CBS3bIO CO I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry. FipennkaTHBHOE OmNpeJie/ienHe yKasbiBaeT Ha COCTOsSIHHE MPeAMeTa B TO BpeMs, Korita NpoTeKaer neficTBre g 115 ckaayemoro, Hanp. : Gandra cursed him ks mas «auct npuaerea Becéanim». Lapg sugavo gYy.v g «nHucy nofiMaJiu XHBOH». B JHTOBCKOM S13bIKe IIpejiHKATHBHOe Onpe/teJIieHHe, BbIPaXKaeMoe HMeHHTeJIbHbiM, DpOĮHTEJIbHbIM, ĮATEJILHLIM HJIH BHHHTe/JIbHbIM MajexamH, COIIaCyeTCsi C COOTBETCTBYIOLLeli NajlexxHOH (GopMmoil noanexallero HJIH JOMOJHEHHS; NpejiHKaTHBHOE oOnpejesienHe, Bhipaxkaemoe (OpPMaMH TBOPHTEJILHOrO HJH MECTHOro najgexei (a Tak Ke NpeJJIONKHBIMH HJIH CPaBHHTEJbHLIMH KOHCTPYKUHSIMH) -—He corjacyercd. 3HaueHHe COCTOSIHHSI, CBOMCTBeHHOE NpejįHKATHBHOMY OnpejleJieHHIO, IIpejicTaBJISeT Cobo CHHTAKCHYECKO® SIBJIEHHE: OHO JIKINb OTYACTH 3aBHCHT OT JIEKCHYECKOro 3HaueHHs caosa. IlpuMBIKasi K MOJHO3HAMEHATeJbHOMY [IJaroJy, NpeJHKaTHBHOE ONpejesieHHe He BKJIoYaeTcs B COCTaB MPEAHKATHBHONO COUETAHHS H SABJSETCH BTOPOCTENEHHBIM CAMOCTOSTEJIbHbIM uJeHOM TpeJIOKEeHHS. B crarbe paccMaTpuBaiOTCA TAK Ke KOHKPETHble CJiy4aH, KOrja MpejHKaTHBHOE OflpenejienHe COMMKAETCs C HMEHHOH YacThlo CKasyeMmoro, aTpHOYTHBHLIM ONpejejieHHeM HJIH OOCTOSITEJIbCTBOM.