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LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE GRAMMATIC CONVENTION LEFETUVOS T TSRMOJŲ AKADEMTIJI A ON THE QUESTION OF THE APPLICATION OF SINGULAIR LOCATIONS K. ULVYDAS Of all the singular pronouns of the parts of speech, the singular pronouns of the full and truncated endings of nouns are the closest to adverbs in terms of their meanings and syntactic function. However, despite this, the actual process of overlapping these locals is not active in the present Lithuanian language. This can be clearly seen by observing the use of the present internal localising noun singular (insyvo), which is the strongest preserved in the conjugation system, both in the folk spoken language — dialects, and in literary language. Like adverbs, which are used in the sentence mostly in the context of place, sometimes time or even manner, and are mostly used with verbs, singular inestives of nouns, in general, do not have a strong tendency to completely detach themselves from the general conjugation system or to isolate themselves semantically from the other conjugations of the same word. In this way, the adverbs of singular noun pronouns (especially the adjective, alliative and iliative ones) used in the present Lithuanian language are mostly a result of the linguistic development of past epochs. In the case of the locality, the most appropriate is to follow the order that is established by dividing the localities themselves into species. In addition to the present inner locus (insyvo), which is the most widely used in both popular dialects and literary language, there are three other locus, namely: the present inner (iliativo), the present external (adesivo) and the present external (aliativo). Next to all these locals are the corresponding adverbs. ir 1. The present internal pronoun (inesyvas) Of all the locals, the inesyvas proved to be the strongest and most vigorous in the history of the Lithuanian language. To this day, it has survived both in the dialectal and literary system of the popular spoken language. Inessive is usually used to answer questions: what, where, in which place what is done, is, happens..? It denotes the various relationships of place-space within, not outside. 6 Like in other ir Indo-European languages (e.g., Old Slavic Old Russian), ir inessive in contemporary Lithuanian language sometimes denotes time relationshiir ps. In some cases, the temporal inessive meaning of some words is intertwined with the local meaning. In some cases, the inessive acquires the meaning of a su verb's companion, and is also used predicatively in the meaning of a state. In modern mo Lithuanian, ar there are two types of morphologically composed singular inesives: — postpositional and non-postpositional. At the beginning of the formation of the postpositional inessive, the ir postposition itself ir *en. Ši postposition eventually completely merged with su the same verb ir crumbled or fell. Postposition *en confirms the forms of eastern Highland dialects may “gale”, forest ‘forest’ where: — i indicates that there was a nasal sound in iš the back, originating from an acute diphthong. In the present-day Lithuanian language, there is only a postpositional inessive. Therefore, we will first look at ir the relation by jo adverbs, adverb cases by su individual stems. jo a stem The process of adverbation of noun pronouns, as already mentioned, is not active at all in the present iš Lithuanian language, especially the unlikely adverbs are only a little closer to o adverbs in the form of laukė Iš jų „ore, ne internoj“ (Outside the small rain fell, but so abundant, even from all the shelters the water splashed ZR I 150.), gold ‘t.p.’ (The air is cold only a little bit Okay. ), column ‘column’ (The old lady caresses the child, caresses o him, he is bluish, foam burnelés iš goes, eyebrows in the column, legs, hands lifted, as if someone caught it twists it's scary to watch — ZR II 268.), evening "in the evening" (In the evening all The power of Pagramant į passed into the hands of the people CvR IX 214.), plg. more such adverbial compounds as yesterday evening, today evening, tomorrow (tomorrow) evening, late ir evening, etc. Although the inestives mentioned here tend to be classified as adverbs in linguistic literature, it must be said that one has not definitively broken the connection with the noun: other noun verbs are still nė used alongside jų all of them. su ir In addition, some of the inestives are somewhat tų isolated from nouns, e.g. field ‘soil, land area, plot’ (There waited we will sow barley iš Šlap.), one side, ir waited (The field is raining Slap.) — iš antros. In the second case there is only no ne possible notation, but the meaning of the inesive itself is ir more general, more abstract, than in the sentence There we waited to sow barley. Semantic isolation and the inability to ir have any notes will have determined that all ir linguists who touched on inessive adverbs in their work, lorma waited “in the air” is ne considered an adverb. The same is true of the inessive orē of ir the same meaning. A completely different form is the column, which in itself has no autonomy in the sentence and only appears together with the noun akelės, me which expresses a single image. ir su su Again vakarė is also used without 7 any markings, if we do not read the adverbs yesterday, today, tomorrow (tomorrow) in the late mentioned adverbial compounds, which emphasize and specify the concept of time it represents here. By expanding the group of inessive adjectives of a root noun origin, here we could also include morna "in the morning, from the morning, in the morning". J. Otrembskis in his description of Tverečiaus dialect (p. 419) uses the adverb laikas and kraštas "side, edge". However, even these words (especially kraštė, which is used with conjugation marks) have not definitively separated from nouns, they still retain their objectiveness. Here is also the Dzūkų form izgrytė "in the morning, in the morning, from the morning" (Ryt išgrytė išvažiuoju Lp.), cf. the noun of the same action from gr ytas, which is used next to the aforementioned adverb in the Dzūkų dialect (Mrk, Rod). Weak in their degree of adverbiality and ia stem derivatives, e.g.: rytėly „in the morning, at dawn“ (Tomorrow morning I will leave earlier than the sun to travel BsO II 191.), Sviésy(je) „with light“ (You don’t do anything Sviésy, so then you perform here in the dark! Krsn.), párrély „in the evening“ (Yesterday at the party I picked up a little d.) and so on. E. Frenkelis in his work „Syntax der litauischen Kasus“! adverb of time viduryjė, but this form does not indicate any semantic isolation from the noun vidurys, which is used with the same lexical meaning and all other syllables. In addition, it can have both conjugable and non-conjugable pa-markers (see pačiame viduryjė, apskritimo viduryjė- ), which further reinforce the meaning of the inesive (as a verb) and emphasize its noun character. It is true that viduryjė (viduryj, vidury, viduf) is sometimes used in prepositional form (One longer {plank} saw, put in the middle of the ass on two chairs, covered with cloth CvR VIII 180. Only in the midst of the darkness of the night, in the oceans, one star shone like a diamond... V idur tamsios naktužėlės d.), but this use of the inesive does not indicate that it was in the category of adverbs before it became a preposition, because, as already mentioned, some nouns can simply become prepositions, bypassing the category of adverbs. Finally, the shortening of the ending of this inessive or its complete dropping (miduryje>viduryj>vidury >viduf), which is already characteristic of many adverbs of noun origin, does not stop it in the category of adverbs, but simply leads to the preposition. And the prepositional viduf does not break the semantic connection with the noun vidus. The fact that the decreased and prepositioned inessive is difficult to separate from the noun in the middle shows interesting Žemaitės. saying in the very middle of the middle-age (The sun stood in the very middle of the middle-age... SEE I 202.), where the note in the very middle-age is syntactically related not so much to the whole compound word of the very individual work middle-age, 1 Tauta ir žodis“, t. 5, Kaunas, 1928, p. 128, 147. as with its first focal point in the middle —(cf.: in the very middle of the sky or in the very middle of the sky). Usually, adverbs are subordinated or are in an intermediate stage between nouns and adverbs in the case of nouns whose lexical meaning is already related to the concepts of time or place, e.g. dmžy "never" (Aš amžy nebuvau girtas Alk.), daikty "in the thing, in the place, together" (Poiet visi daikty dirbome Slap.). Both adjectives and objects can have adjectives (e.g.: savo dūmžąyų, šitam daikty), and then, of course, the adverbiality of jy is weakened even more. However, when they are used without any indication of the above-mentioned meanings, their effect is unquestionable. In particular, daikty is not only semantically separated from the noun object, but also by its altered root (the noun *daiktys was not detected in the dialects where daikty is used, nor in the whole language). Of all the inessive adjectives of the ia root, the greatest degree of inessiveness is shown by rytoj (morto), probably derived from the noun rytoj in the old inessive morna. The fact that iš the ending -e is declined in all cases of use in the present language also shows its absolute declination. Examples of inessive adverbs of the prepositional ia root may be such predicatively used words that tell the state, not the place or time, as atgiminy, atgimgiminy (This is already atgiminy (says the listener, surprised that the relatives got angry)? Kp. First very kindred, and now re-kindred! ib. ). There are many priesdéliniy nouns, the inessive of which (especially in the written language) is used somewhat more intensively than other inessive nouns. Their inessive forms, due to the significance of place or time, as well as the circumstantial function in the sentence, even if they show a certain tendency to adverb, they do not adverb at all, e.g.: padirvyj ZR II 225, pakely VnlP 425, nepakely ib 423, paprūdy ZR II 311, pasienyje ib 252, pašalyje ib 131, pašermeny CvR VIII 214, patamsyje Llkž, patvoryje ZR II 424, pavakaryj ib 67, pavasarélyj ib 1 188, pavasary LKZ s.v. gairinti, prieky SNėrP II 291, priešakyje ZR II 380, prysakyje Rtr, uzpakalyj ZR 1 176, u2upakalyj SD (s.v. poSlad), užstalyį ZR II 305, uzugnyj ib 314, uzvéjyj ib 218 and so on. Some foreign linguists classify such inestives (especially those with local meanings) as adverbs. Like Frenkel? E. adverbs time inesyvus pryšakyj, zakólyj, because of o such (from the writings, not just from the dialect he took) forms, such as pakalnie, pamiirie, pasienie, paupie because of the inesyves pakelyj, downstream, etc., he observes that they are also completely overshadowed ir by other humorous words next to them, which are usually ir hardly possible. ir jų ; But it must be said that this is only possible to reason, relying on more scriptures, o ne the facts of the living, popular spoken language itself or attributing the tendencies of their native language to the phenomena of another language. The living language here suggests ką another, ji directs us to the į opposite conclusion, be- ?* Zr. jo Syntax of Lithuanian In the case of ir the t. 5, p. 147. "infinite" and the "infinite" in the case of the "infinite- ", the indefinite is the most commonly used, and the indefinite is the least commonly used. Thus, their unconditional attribution to the category of adverbs would be nothing more than dry schematism. On the other hand, the process of adverbialization of at least some of these inessives, which has clearly begun, cannot be ignored. The beginning of stammering is shown by the intensive use of inessives compared to other vocatives, as well as by the reluctance to have conjugation marks, which is easy to see by observing the language of the writings. However, as long as there is no clearer semantic isolation from the main meaning of the word, and as long as other syllables of the relevant word are used or potentially possible in the same meaning beside the inessive, it is not possible to speak of complete stabbing. A very similar relationship with the adverb is also found in the inesives of such two-syllabic nouns as galigalvy "in the head of the head" Dglš, galikojy "at the end of the leg" ib, galūdaržy "at the end of the garden" Sml, galūdieny "in the last days of pregnancy" Bsg, galūdirvy "at the end of the soil" Pc, galūežery "at the end of the lake" Ds, galūkaimy "at the end of the village" Pc, paklétsalyj ZR 11 484, paskuigaly "at the back of someone" Bien, pirmagaly "in front of someone" OG 419, puskely "in the middle of the field" ZR I 115, rytmetyj ib II 298, savitarpyj "among themselves" ib 53, tarpduryj ib 65, tarpusavy "among themselves, among themselves" CvR VIII 41, viduūdieny Bien, midūnakty ib, vidūnedėly "in the middle of the week" ib, vidūvasary ib, midūžiemy ib ir t.t. J. Otrembskis- ?, having an extremely broad understanding of the category of adverbs, classifies such inesives as paskuigaly, pirmagaly, midūdieny as adverbs. However, considering that there are not only potentially possible, but also actually used other inesives of the same word next to these inesives, and that there is no semantic isolation of the inesives from the other inesives, they should rather be regarded as at least somewhat enriched forms of nouns. o root Also difficult to separate from the noun and from the objective meanings and the inestives of other roots. Some linguists classify such root 0 forms as dienojė*, krūvoj, kupeto“, mėnesienoj“ as adverbsmiy. In fact, they are only on the way to the adverb, because here, besides the inessive, other adverbs are also widely used. The meaning of time (dienojė, ménesiendj) or friend (krūvoj, kupeto) alone cannot determine their adverbiality here, because other adverbs, such as the noun, have also retained these meanings. Of course, the very limited possibilities of having combinational signs make these inestives adjectives, as do some other forms of inestives related to time or space-space meanings, e.g.: senyboj „in the old days” Bien, 3 See his Wschodniolitewskie narzecze twereckie, Krakow, 1934, p. 419. +J. Plakis, Handbook of Latvian Language, Riga, 1926, p. 84. SE. Fraenkel, Syntax of Lithuanian Cases, „Tauta ir Žodis“, vol. 5, p. 147. 6 J. Otrebski, East Lithuanian Tver dialects, p. 419. 10 in the dark ‘in the shadow’ CvR VIII in 177, Distance ib 103, Order On VnIP 183, site TZ V 147, ne on site ZR II 457 ir t. t. There is a greater degree of adverbialization in some inestives of prepositional nouns, e.g.: okolom o ‘around’ Pls, grab me in the dark, grab me around N, "in the twilight" Krtv, t6j voltage ‘continuously’ Gl, intimpoj (in tension) ‘t. p.’ Kpr. But here the ir maximum intensity ne of the use of the inessive can always lead to over-influence. For example, the noun conjugation is usually inessive in jo literary language, but we cannot yet consider it fully conjugated, because the noun is still possible. jo ir other funny. In the same way, the inessive of the double noun akivaizda (akijvaizda), which is used more intensively in other syllables in už both popular and literary language, does not become an adverb, because it is usually associated with the control link with other words su (plg. in front of me, in front of everyone, etc. ). ir Completely isolated from the conjugation system of the main words, only such stem forms as kringšį, ir intimpoj 0 (in ir tension) 6] compound under tension. io stem There are also very few stem inesives that have io finally detached from the noun. Forms like you knew “at a known location” (Everything to put in the know Llkž. ), apačiojė (apačiėj), nedėliojė (nedėlio(j) Slap) "On Sunday" ZR II 184, laissez-faire ‘polaidyje’ Ds, pradžiojė, užvėjoje t. that are ir t. sometimes considered ir adverbs (e.g., apačiojė), but the presence of other verbs, which have retained jų the lexical meaning of the time of place, contradicts tą this. ar In the case of the ar spatial-time values alone, one cannot artificially distinguish tų the inesives from the nouns, because these values are the most characteristic of the absolute majority of the inesives. In order to determine the inessive conjugation, one must look at how much a form is affected by semantic isolation, that is, how much it is semantically separated from the lexical meaning of the other ji conjugations of the word itself and how much it is separated from the to conjugation system. ir ji This is especially true when į looking at such inesyves as basinyčioj „basinirčia, basaminčia“ Jnšk, basnycioj ‘t. p.’ Kp, it turns out a ir complete overlap. jų ė stem The Ir ė inestives of stem nouns often find themselves in the intermediate stage between noun adverbs, e.g.: dešinėjej ir "on the right side", friend "friend, together", on the left "on the left side" "in half, divided in half" (What is life on the do side, what is deception? ! do ZR I 382.), in itself "among their own, relatives" CvR VIII 124, 149, apynamėj "about the house" Pg, in the dark ‘pritemiu’ Grz, in litter "near the countryside" CvR On the 179, road "on the way, on ib 181, the way" foot "under my feet" Dgl, in the afternoon ‘in the evening’ SEE II 266 et seq. In terms of place-space, time and companion, these inestives are also close to adverbs, especially non-prepositional ones. However, in terms of the degree of subordination, they cannot even be compared with such two-vowel forms as basiautéj (basidutéj Bien) "basnitching, basamincing" Tvr, jednomarškinėj "wearing one shirt" Bien, vienéplaukéj "without a hat" ib, because besides the latter inestives, the other vowels are not used at all. In this way, the Inesyves have fallen out of the amusement system here and have become completely obsolete. On the other hand, it is quite possible that the nouns *basiautė, *uniomarškinė, *vienoplaukė have not been used at all. From the nouns of the i stem, the noun country "šonas" has completely changed into the adverb inesive šalyjė iš "beside", which in ir colloquial ir language is more often found in the fragmented forms Salyj, šaly, which are also used as prepositions. Also, all linguists consider as adverbs « the inessive of root nouns vidujė, viršujė (of which the abbreviated forms —vidūj, viršūj are most commonly used). These inessives, especially when they are truncated, are already used in the 16th-17th century scripture language as prepositions (cf.: within me Mt 478, within days my ib 475, within enemies your ib 457, birds fly over the earth Gen 1:20). Although in addition to the inessive adverbs mentioned here, there are also other variations of their basic words (the nouns from which the adverbs are derived), the most characteristic of inessive adverbs is the more generalized and abstracted meaning of space-place or time, which probably determines their adverbiality. On the other hand, it should be noted that these inesives are not so easily separated from nouns: in such statements as šalies vidujė, stiebo viršujė or pačiame viršuj, the noun usage of inesives is still evident, which is strengthened here by the incompatible signs of country, stem and combining mark in itself. In addition to the postpositional inessive mentioned here, there has also been a so-called non-postpositional inessive in the Lithuanian conjugation system. This old non-postpositional inessive is also found in other Baltic languages, and its equivalents are also found in other Indo-European languages. J. Endzelynas" suggests that there is an inessive (in his term —locator) s. pr. form for bits "vakare", where -ai<ide. -o-i, plg. gr. oixot "house", médor "on the ground, in the earth", '/oduoi, Lonrroi, s. sl. vlocė "wolf", rocé "hand". As in ancient Prussian or Greek ė, languages, this inessive ty in Lithuanian is only seen in the prepositioned forms: ankstie, artie, namié, orié,lauke“, toliė, where ie<-e-i, cf. gr. oixet „home“. The number of these inesyvy in the individual dialects was apparently not equal. Jy remnants are more common in the Žemaičių dialect, where in certain cases -ie (=z. -ei) can even be regarded as "J. Endzelins, Baltu valodu skanas un formas, Riga, 1948, p. 116. adjectives with a formative ending, or formantg, covering not only nouns but also adjectives, j-nouns and even participles, e.g.: $dltie "when it's cold weather- ", Sickie „in this weather, At this time“, dalkantie "when it's very dusty, when there's a lot of dust". The common formant of all these derivativ- — es is the former ending of the old inessive -ie binds — them together into one — į type. Adjective, participle ir noun derivatives of this type approach nouns only adjectively, but semantically. ne ir Therefore, one could assume that all non-noun forms of the -ie adverbs are used in two-word compounds, iš where the second accent was some noun, which eventually fell and noun-colored the rest (later turned into an adverb) compound word. Due to the constructive and, most importantly, semantic closeness, both noun and non-noun adverbs of non-postpositional inessive origin are reviewed together without being removed in separate parts — of the article. Salia formant -ie brings up another ir formant of the same origin — -i (early, near, far). Both the adverbs early, near, far, as well as early, near, far are a (historically 0) stem nouns (as stated by K. Biiga®) or substantivated adjectives afikstas, artas, tolas old non-postpositional inestives. The noun meaning of these words is used, while ir the closest connection ir with adjectives is still shown by su such inseparable compounds that go through the sentence circumstances, as afiksto, nuo afiksto, iš afiksto už „in advance“, pro aūkstą, from early, afto, from afto, far, iš from télo. iš Which way in parallel forms of adverbs next to the formant -ie has arisen -i, most likely explained K. Bow: ,,Both Lithuanian lyti toliė — toli is ir outriedéj- — usi one basic fdle:i ilgas has a iš prelude named (d ir ‘acutus’; the accent of the word in the final syllable, t. y. -ei). Iš In the conjugation system of gender tdle:i, the gender folie had to be replaced by the present-day gender folie, which after long serving as a noun became an adverb. But that tdle:i, which in the early antiquity had already become an adverb of iš noun, had long ago to change the preposition, to become a gender t. y. *tale:i. Iš of the latter gender nothing else could be found than the modern word foli9“. Thus, the formant -i (side -ie) in this case is only a creature of metatonia. The parallel forms early early, near near, far far are mainly used in the || present language. In || literary language, they || are established as normative. The former forms are more common only in individual dialects, especially in Žemaičių, sometimes in eastern Vysokiai; In fact, they are not used at all in the current literary language. iš In the language of the Žemaičių alphabet, they are found in parallel with su the second. The fact that these adverbs are truly a creature of ancient times is shown by the diversity of jų semantic use ir in the present language. Su They are also abundantly used to form various phraseological compounds. The most common meanings of adverbs are tų determined by the main words jų (from which they are derived) lexical meaning. Forms early earlyé are usually used || in the sense of time in the sentence goes time ir circumstances8 Zr. "The ir word of the nation", t. 1, Kaunas, 1928, p. 433. 9 See. Ibid. bėmis, while near || artiė, far || toliė usually have a spatial-local meaning and are used in the sentence according to the local circumstances. In addition, all these adverbs are also used predicatively. Let us illustrate their use with examples. The adverb early (ankstiė) is used to describe various relationships of time, related to the state of the day, year, age, etc. (Eksti visi akė, vėlai gulėjo ZR II People, taking advantage of the early heating, ploughed the fields early 23. ib 5. Kaziukas began to mature for serious questions early CvR VIII 140.). However, they are usually used in a time meaning that relates to one period of the day, su namely the morning. — su Therefore, ne by chance, in his dictionary Širvydas puts the following Latin equivalents between the ir Polish adverb rano and the Lithuanian early (in the original unksti): „mane, diluculo, prima luce“. It is also not by chance that early (ankstiė) with the forms of the words rytas, rytėlis, rytužėlis.- .. forms persistent phraseological compounds, in the sentence passing in the temporal circumstances, e.g.: anksti rytą (ankstié rytą), ankstyvą rytėlį (early morning),early morning morning,early morning morning (plg. still loose compounds morning early, early morning). The closest relationship of the words early morning is shown by ir the fact that ir iš jų sometimes even form enriched derivatives (plg. early morning ‘morning’ Zt ir Precocious ‘autumn’ LL 311). Of other phraseologiniy compounds with the word early mentioned still early late "all the time; much“, which is a quantitative circumstance in the sentence (Early late working Ms. ). | Predictively early (ankstié) is used relatively rarely (Early yet, but in the alleys of the city there are already troops of voters... ReimSp 101. It seems that they are still early, and the town is already pičpilnaitis ZR 1 146.). Somewhat more often the predicative meaning of early (ankstié) is acquired only with the particle nebe (Jau nebeanksti, vyrai, laikas ZR 1 488. Dar nieką neišginė, nors, atrodo, nebe anksti ib II 303!?.). Finally, the rarest case of early usage — precisely when this adverb joins the verb noun and performs the function of an inconsonant sign (Who is early raising (what is the benefit of early raising)? Alk. ), It should be noted that this use of this adverb is a very rare phenomenon. In Lithuanian, adverbs tend to be the least likely to join nouns — to become the incoordinate accents of noun-expressed indicative words. The most frequently occurring meaning of near (artié) is that of place-space, the function in the sentence is that of local circumstances (Nearby standing hear the humming of a quiet crowd CvR IX 138. There are not many more lasting phraseological compounds with this meaning and function; Among them, only such as visai arti (visai artié), taip arti (taip artiė), iš arti (iš artiė) and daugiau indivi10 are to be mentioned. These examples from the 1948 edition of Žemaitės writings show how unsettled the spelling of particles (drauge or skyrium) still is, where in exactly the same contextual conditions in one case nebeanksti, in another — nebe anksti is written, instead of writing in both cases skyrium. 14 the back form at the beginning. Thus, if we admit that there was a postposition nd here (which is confirmed by the long-refused forms šalina, namuosna), then at the same time we could quite reasonably say that already in the very beginning of the final form of the join of this postposition was pronounced miSka-na, ranka-na, glava-na, su from which eventually the present forms miskan, rafikon, glavn had to have emerged. K. Būga initially, like K. Jaunius, used ai'® as the postpositional accent of the iliative, later —nat. In this way, at least three postpositions arise: a, ai. and others. This fact alone shows that there is still no unanimous opinion on the form of the iliative postpositional point. Therefore, it is understandable that some scholars of the Lithuanian language (including Ch. S. Stangas', partly also J. Endzelynas'®) do not even dare to raise the question of the form of the postposition itself, noting that it is not yet clear.. As J. Endzelynas points out, "the illative (singular) is used as a living vowel also in the oldest written monuments of the Latvian language, and here it answers the questions: where?, to where? or when? (e.g.: kounan tapt, krustan sists, cietuman tur, tan trešan dienan, tan... vietan, zemen, etc.). In later writings, as well as in the dialects of modern Latvian, the forms of the iliativ have completely disappeared. J. Endzelynas'®, based on E. Mikalauskaitė'®'s presentation of a fragment of a Prussian text from pre-Reformation times in the form andangonsun "in the heavens", claims that there was an iliative in the ancient Prussian language. Both in the eastern Altay dialects and in literary language, iliatives are made from nouns of all stems. The consistency and prevalence of the iliative forms depends not only on the lexical meaning of the nouns, on their usage tendencies, but also on the frequency of the noun roots or the productivity of the suffixes: the more often a root or suffix occurs in spoken or written language, the more iliative forms are used with it. a root noun ilative has a generalized word end -an (after a hard consonant) (laūkan, orafi). The nouns of the ia stem are not morphologically the same: some of them end in singular noun -as (after the soft consonant) (kėlias, mėdžias "tree; forest", wind), others —-is, -ys (pelkas, užpakalis). Therefore, the initials of the first ending in -an (after the soft consonant) (keliai, medZiafi, vėjan), the second ending in -in (kailin, užpakalin). It should be noted that the illatives of these first nouns (such as Rėlias, mėdžias, and especially such as vėjas, kraūjas) are, at least in the writings of our days 13 K. Būga, Aistiski studijai, I d., Peterburgas, 1908, p. 41. 14 K. Būga, Dictionary of Lithuanian Language, I—II ed., Kaunas, 1924, p. XXX. '5 Chr. S. Stang, The Language of the Lithuanian Catechism of Mažvydas, Oslo, 1929, p. 106. 6 J. Endzelins, Grammar of the Latvian language, Riga, 1951, p. 460—461. 17 Ten pat is Baltu valodu skanas un formas, Riga, 1948, p. 143. 18 J. Endzelins, Baltu valodu skanas un formas, p. 143. 19 „Archivum Philologicum“, vol. 7, Kaunas, 1928, p. 105—106. 21 in the language, very rarely occurs. 0 root nouns with adjectives ending in -on (after a hard consonant) (galvén, pievon); io stem — -on (after a soft consonant) (pifkion, sdujon), ė stem —-ėn (draugén, kelionėn), i stem — -in (akif, shalin), u trunk — -un (after a hard consonant) (in the middle, upwards), iu trunk — -un (after a soft consonant) (sit, sit down) consonant ir stem — -in (stone, water). What is the relationship of the iliative form of nouns with adverbs? Sometimes it is said that the iliative forms of nouns in the present Lithuanian language are something else than adverbs? ?. ne However, it should be noted that such a statement is a priori premature. ir The relationship between the illiative forms su of nouns and adverbs is quite different in literary language than — in spoken ir language. Finally, the ratio is not the same in individual ir dialects. For example, in the eastern Highlands, as already mentioned, the illative remains a true vowel, established in the vowel system itself, in other dialects only separate conjugated o forms are known (ladkan, jo namién, ora, paskun, šalin...). In literary language, nouns of all stems participate in the formation of iliative forms It is particularly common in the language of fictional literature. Here they are used in both the author's language and the language of the actors only by those ne writers who iš Lithuanian, but ir representatives of other dialects. The following examples, taken mainly from fictional works distributed by trunks, will help to get an idea of the spread of iliatives in literary language. iš ir In order not to take up too much space, the examples themselves are left next to the iliatives, mainly only the words that control them, as well as the indicators of the iliatives. There are many different types of ionization within the ionization structure. a trunk not placed in the homestead LGR 292, will balance MPutA II 72, took.. balcony VnlU 151, My voice singer JbL 100, one voice shouted ib, butan Rcried MntvR 137, kibo darban CvR VIII 104, darban sukrusk SNėrP II 214, stojo darban CvR II 75, paleistų (tariamojo nuosakos 3-ias asmuo) darban GGuzKIt II 186, stosi... darban LGR 150, Darban nekviek VnlP 190, daržai skrenda JbL 100, drove to the manor CvR VIII ėjo 94, dvaran ežeran ib 99, sužiuro ib 77, gala (į bottom) drowns (GROANS) JbL I went 100, to life MntvR 91, Cabinetan entered VnIP 35, 36, jumped out of the boat CvR II 71, put his nose out at the caiman ib VIII climbs 82, the road to the mountain ib 108, ib IX 168, Jkope Kalnan ib II 228, When.. laid down (nearly. of the 1. existing part. ). JJanR 146, went to war i 2 In the “Orthographic Dictionary of Lithuanian Language” (Kaunas, 1948, p. 70) 2000), besides the adverbial or completely adverbialized forms of the iliative, such as laukai, $alifi, vidun, žemėn, adverbs are considered to be akifi, alksnynan, darZaii, eilėn, gala, galvon, gerklėn, kaiman, kišėnėn, krūman, lakton, miškai, pūsėn, although the most ir prominent remains the noun form. jų 22 JbL veda 100, karan CvR VIII pola 143, karan Gud-GuzKIt déje II 186, karstan VnlU go 159, Kaunan CyR VIII 236, Kaunan nuveSime VnlP 31, kieman more and more sviete tvino CvR I 59, had gone out kieman ib II 218, He's back... kieman ib VIII was 37, beeings kieman ib 173, [2enges kieman ib 219, Kieman sugidéjoib 228, Kieman jumped ib 1X 127, out of the window kieman VnlP 53, threw through the windows, kieman ib, threw kieman ib 56, out kieman ib 58, 63, 80, entered Papievio kieman ib 171, Eina comes from the kieman LGR 135, neidamas klojiman VnlP 79, krantan.. runs JJanR 94, krantan S$nioksčia AMickKrS (MPut) I 23, walked from the edge of the savannah GuzKIt II 184, Kraštan uzkerétan calls, calls SNėrP II 13, sat down mi n k §- tan krėslan VnlU go 122, to the bush JbL 99, Don't skip K ur scan LGR will 113, be able to... return to the ship ib 100, Drops of papteléjo Langan CyvR VIII 106, knocked on the door ib 117, langan falls AMickKonr (MPut) 80, caught langan ib 81, Looking at the wall JJanR 148, Going out into the (į field) JbL 99, dared to go outside BlnR 112, kisteléjo head out Gud-GuzB out drive I 28, JJanR hammer turns out 153, TDādēs ran out 118, VnlU 169, escaped ib 66, went out VnIP 349, 400, can... out... run out ib 162, moved ib 171, burst out CvR VIII didn't 118, get ready to go out ib 133, saw the cattle jumping out of the ib 203, cage ib 210, iSdumia field ib IX 130, shot (bursts) out ib II 176, called out ib 113, sent out ZR IV 240, discard ib 1 22, Going out ib II 28, Who doesn't like... ka - Laugh! ib 1 76, lipo laukan ib II 133, teases out ib II 133, teases out ib IV 106, squeezed out ib I 74, III get out 98, ib II 130, smoke took hold in the middle of the great hall, iš La uZan of folded paper ir books CvR II 153, liūikanm RZ, Fallen asleep DDaddy took... 42, miestan CvR VIII 142, atklydo miestan MntvR 165, grisiu... miestan JJanR 91, drožk mestan VnlP was 57, taken to the city, taken to the city, ib 43, ib 32, subégo miškan Don't be 100, afraid... go wild TDédés 33, miskan jsisuko LGR time 205, would be put in sciencen jį CvR VIII nagan 137, imti I'll take 100, the JbL name VnlP get 39, out.. orafi JbL now 100, out Well, don't worry. BInR 165, raised jį oran CvR II 200, oran raised VnclOb go 90, to folder VnlU 62, squeeze the goat ragon VnlP 23, entered the restaurant CvR VIII was 206, added to the list of... candidatib 130, es CvR VIII 1561, sklastyman.. split her hairs and ib 143, squeezed her cheek ib 118, It was... jstamet VnlU 157, taken to sodan CvR VIII tables 203, table) (i carries JbL 99, stieban.. copy AMickKrS (MPut) 15, started crossing the track CvR VIII began 107, to hang on the roof, ib II 167, raised the pole God... GuzKIt 56, reset sideways VnlP 82, Zvilgteléjes Sonan CvR II 175, I'm tired. onan ib 188, Just, I'm looking, $ onan jisai, nan šo Gud-GuzKIt II 13, returned to Sonan CvR VIII leaned 88, to the side. ib 67, Zvilgtelki... troby tar pan JJanR 132, When did you try to go to court? 23 VnIP 187, ėjo tvartan CyR VIII 115, išėjo tvartan ib 118, įsileisdama tvartan ib 212, universitetan (to a son studying) money davė VnlP 13, urvan uždarys MntvR 154, vardan (in addition with a suffix) CvR IX 251, vargan... įstūmėt VnlU 157, akys... jdubo veidan ib VIII 100. Zvelgs veidan ReimTž 27, švysčioja veidan SNėrP I 268, Baltą žąsį kelia Aukso vežiman SNėrP I 260. ia kamienas kvietė... uzeiti... darželin LGR 268, Ateik... darželin ib 174, krinta jūros glėbin VnclOb 188, suėmė glėbin CvR VIII 61, kvies-. damas... glėbin ib 207, paėmęs glėbin ib II 184, gonkelin... einu LGR 205, įvertė guolin CvR II 117, kailin gavo Bd, Įvedę ir veidrodžių kambarin CvR VIII 98, Laimink... Tolimajan kelelin LGR 186, krepšin įsidėjęs CvR VIII 138, liudesin gynė ib 132, nevaryk.- .. medZiaf (forest) JbL 100,ėjo miestelin CvR VIII 38, traukė miestelin ib 84, Miestelin (departed) VnlP 57, važiuos mie stelin CvR VIII 119, miSkelin.. nevaiksciodavo VnlP 82, Més pur v ynélin LGR 188, pasileido slénin CvR VIII 7, télin (: tolis) RZ, tolin vykti MPutSv 75, pasikinkes palvį veZ2imélin MntvR 127, stojo Z2y gin ib 261, Tan žodin (saking to whom tq word) opened JbL 100, Tan žodin (to those his words, to it) said ib, Ar čia įrėdin (in time, place, as it should, inrėdinai) kalbai? Sts, goes to TDėdės 64, Terkšterėju (throw) to JJanR 90, showing... to the back CvR VIII 144, going... to Panevėžys VnIP 44, to the world erupts MntvR 60, summoned... extra meeting VnlP 128, pulled out the front ib 53, push forward Gud-GuzB I 319, Forward, brothers! MntvR 231, went ahead CvR VIII 231, forward surrendered ib 48, putting her chin forward CvR IX 67, looking ahead Gud-GuzKIt II 47, march... forward LGR 34, we... forward ib 234, would go ahead ib 281, We now attack, we now attack ib 114, I went... a step ahead MPutA I 167, close the warehouse Gud-GuzKIt II 38, broke into... the front ib 194, carried... over the crossroads CvR VIII 179, pulling back their stakes BlnR 184, went to the backyard ib 189, jsédes steamship CvR VIII 66, ran out of the door JJanR 172, went to Puodžiūnkiemin VnlP 32. and the trunk is driving to Argentina rš, we attacked LGR 116, fell aslon CyR VIII 107, 117, carried... over the crossroads ib 176, it was necessary to break the balloon ib 70, broke into the mouth ib VIII 53, twisted the mouth ib 230, Bert dirvon LGR 256, dirvon unberted grain MntvR 50, one diadon... blows VnlP 96, moss on the bread keg JbL 100, even gabandén riečia (when very sopa stomach) Vs, Take my head 24 (I answer) JbL 100, stuck in my head VnlP 79, loading a boy's headCvR VIII 140, muša... g al v o n Gud-GuzKIt II 43, Crawling bangles Into the depths of the sea SNėrP I 264, Let's go crossing, let's go jo to the guzhton LGR 116, sun sets to the sea ib 99, to the forehead ib 71, got involved in the talk VnlP 88, climbed the hill CvR VIII 136, Risk... to the pile Gud-GuzKIt II 10, Fight, friends! SNérP I 201, Kovon mus kelia VnclOb 187, isisuko kupeton CvyR VIII lakton 103, landa JbL ligion 100, lankon Ad, Liejycyklon.. suvirto MntvR 259, Lithuania atves LGR 111, Jur's hut gathered CvR VIII 30, iSvedé.. mokyklon ib 143, brought to school ib 158, not prepared for school ib 157, squeezed her mother's ib 32, mouth as she opened the meadow JbL 99, Dalgelé pine, Ziburelis sienon ib 100, I let the horses go... ton mevon ib, neleisdavo pasiganyti mevon CvR II 75, salkon.. pareidavo MntvR lašai papteléjo... 199, sienone CvR VIII 106, atmusé sienon ib 192, preparing to move into a newly planned farmhouse ib 49, Soup soup soup JbL veda 100, In the Light of Communism LGR 279, amzZinon taikon teranda the way of the people ib 60, came to the rescue VnlP 33, Tamson is in the mood (LGR 220, shouted straight out) JbL I 100, watch until mon uMntvR 90, path flashes to lu mon SNérP I 264, [bring the S, trobon Entered the trobon Gud-GuzKIt II 185, When... not spread... public MPutA II 63, His place... appointed VnlP 165, looking at one place ib 159, jo instead of a spoon TDédés 10, put it in place Gud-GuzKIt II 11, afsavén (=respond!) ‘separately’ Alif Lam Ra. io trunk began to descend.- .. apacion VnlP 140, rushed to apacéion BlnR flies 66, high school CvR II 134, Zalion girion.. jlokes LGR 183, jsimeté kojon CvR II 113, invades the shop JJanR 159, slave varési SNerP II 259, returned back Aru 17, won't come back Nč, backfired by AMickKonr (MPut) 61, Backward... Don't let me go back SNėrP II 228, We're coming back. backward KlvD 264. ė trunk pulls into the field BlnR 261, I let the horses go to the shelter JbL to the 100, top! lure SNėrP II 14, Go, throw right JbL 100, turned...right VnIP 11, MPutA II 40, you go to the workshop MntvR 130, Go together (where the whole girlfriend is) JbL joined 100, together... arms MPutA 111 203, practical activity ir theoretical thought ri tususilieti draugėn trš. Let's join together ib, gathered together CvR VIII joined 201, together ib 192, in line Ri 70, penetrates space JJanR on 64, the street... spills CvR VI 138, I shoot into the depths of mystery JJanR 49, sank to the depths ib 172, 15, deeply 25 immersed MPutSv 15, deeply plummeted VnclOb 164, fell into the depths of the lake ib 174, into the throat Rž 70, straightened the way to the welfare of the nation LGR 227, the way to life (rises, rises) ib 142, go, throw... left JbL 100, turned left ZR II 409, prepared... for a journey CyR VIII 78, 66, prepared for a journey ib 179, prepared for a long journey ib 234--235, listed... kertén VnlU 51, kertén threw CvR VIII 207, pocketed JbL 99, collapsed into the pocket CvR IX 197, jsigrudo pocket ib II 184, bégsiu krautuvén VnlP 119, caught the toy kr a utuven CvyvR II 214, Tarucio krutineén tvino some dZiugus anxiety ib VIII 46, penetrated krutinén ib 201, was beeings into the barn ib 173, frokste longing to always be an example alive, a great slogan to freedom and sun JJanR 113, to freedom rolled MntvR 21, Come out... on the edge of the cliff LGR was 172, brought to the hospital, she still talked CvR II 218, veš mlinén ib VIII 118, drove to the side of the valley JbL 100, leaned to the side of Singon VnlP 54, began to run to the side of the valley CvR II 162, drawing the side of the house én ib VIII 53, sviedé pusnynén Gud-GuzKIt II 42, carry salén VnlU 155, salén began to rush CVR VIII 91, saulén copies LGR 206, saulén straight ib 151, VerZias, rises saulén SNeérP II 226, returns to the capital CvR II 212, ton stiprybén jsitryné LGR 226, advances Salinén VnlP 67, returns to the homeland JJanR 139, return to the homeland come ib 261, returns to the homeland ZR 1 155, takes back the trobelén VnlU 72, calls the river of blood JbL 100, fell into the river JJanR 172, medicines nešk VnlP 75, drove to the father-in-law viesSnagén JbL 100, viralinén entered VnlP 81, slipped to the top of it CvR VIII 202, led the public ib II 210, Zagrelén was kicked LGR 180, fell to the ground ZR III 92, dropped to the ground VnlP 40, fell to the ground TDr IV 193, falls to the ground LGR 40, dunksteléjo žemėn CvR II 162, brinkt žemėn Vaizg, Sėsk... žemėn ZR II 405, nuklė žemėn CvR VIII 136, kniubo žemėn ib 119, nulėkė žemėn BlnR 178, lyg per žemėn prasmegęs CvR II 25, Words turn into deeds as axes ir strike into Lithuanian land MntvR 100, Joja into foreign land LGR 170. Lipa žydren JJanR 63, jsibrides žolėn CvR VIII 198, Nepataikysi žvaigždėn JJanR 49, antklodėn susuptą VnlP 55, pabėgęs... ežero kranton nukritusio bangos CvR II 68, atsakomyn traukti Likž, Begalybén dangaus nusidriekus kometa VnclOb 148, pakliuvęs... lenkų nelaisvėn CyR VIII 13, perėjo amžinon... nuosavybėn VnlP 16, perimsime nuosavybėn ib 71, turėjo pereiti... dvaro nuosavybėn CyR VIII 133, dangén pasikéle MntvR 55, pamatė dangun kylančia ugnį CvR VIII 200, Eikit paež erėn JbL 100, descends the hill CyR II 227, cut off the acoast VnlP 164, thrown overboard CvR VII 32, atšovė (replying) to themselvib 229, es they were lured to the 22, paraíste by their grandfather, the villager p a26 on the roof LGR 270, shelter to stack VnlP 76, He looked out of the palace and ib 63, entered the triumph ib 65, my desktop CvR IX 122, sit back TDaddy 24. i stem Akin Rž 70, jo in ear, prižėlusion dense wool, cracked sound CvR VIII carried 45, eternally MntvR pushes 229, mortal JJanR face mortally 61, turned SNėrP I 199, sentenced to death ib II 262, entered the castle LGR 185, entered our castle AMickKonr (MPut) 75, one bath JJan 162, Men, let's not let them talk? ! Get out! CvR VIII Away 129, from the pit Away ZR 1315, from us iš MntvR 171, away from war CyR VI 180, Away with the Tsarist rule! ts, Away with capitalism! ib, get away, go! CvR VIII barely 155, rushed to run š alin VnlP 55, gena... shalin CvR IX 78, She pushed away the whistle ZR I 288, Summoned hand old man my country JbL 100 Tone away (Sighs) „ LGR 128 (plg. XVI form a. of writings removes "side" Mz 279), heartin ėmė TPrg, squeezing the heart of JJjanR 66, Fighting fire leads VnclOb 186, slideion lures into the future 61, JJanR gaze aimed far into the future VnIP 8, There's no way back SNėrP II 321, Tu krisis pražūtin VnclOb 187. (ju trunk Looking into the sky CvR VIII Oak 146, trees... stretched to the sky VnIK with 14, a hammer entered CvR VIII went 117, in ib 210, let in ib 232, not to let in... inside JbL look 100, inside SNėrP II 48, Please come in. VnIP 171, Fire broke through the roof Llkz, push up BlnR 162, looking up AMickKonr (MPut) stretches 19, up Prg, up iSmes ib (plg. above, used as a preposition: Bubbles rise above the water Llkž. ), around „around“ had gone N, Karaliaučiun VnlP 8, I'm going to the garden JJanR 173, Ga ga ga gagena geese vas arojun looked at S, the į sundry vasarojun cattle VnlP 40, surface lipase AMickKonr (MPut) 14. | The fat trunk entered the water VnlU 99, ASarélés sirios Krito vandenin SNeérP paposkédavo I 267, vandenin VnlP 98. : The examples given show that (at least in the language of fictional works of literature) the illative is mostly used in such concrete. nouns with a high frequency of use of another verb related to the local meaning, namely the inessive. Examples of ir such noun su iliatives may include — Sie: batan, daržafi, ežerai, kdiman, kieman, kraštan, krūman, miėstan, miskan, sodan, barntan, urvafi, daržėlin, steamlaivin, kambariū, krėpšin, purvynėlin, vežimėlin, pasdulin, prieangin, sanddėlin, užanitin, ūžkrosnin, tarpdurin, aslon, balon, 27 difvon, galvėon, gūžton, jūron, lankon, mokyklon, mevon, trobén, girion, pifkion, gatvėn, gerklėn, kūtėn, salėn, ūpėn, viršūnėn, pakalnén, pakrumėn, palubén, sheltogėn, ūžstalėn, akiū, ausin, pilin, pirtin, ugnin, sodžiun, vandenin and so on. Most often, i.e. nouns already and the noun itself has a certain local meaning. However, it is not possible to conclude from all this that there is no tendency in the language to use the iliatives of abstract nouns. The language of fiction works alone shows that parallel to the illustrative nouns of concrete meaning, illustrative nouns of abstract meaning are also used (though much less often), e.g.: miegan, mokslan, gyvéniman, liūdesin, kalbon, švieson, taikén, tamsén, tieson, viešumon, gerovén, gyvyben, laimėn, laisvėn, rūstybėn, stiprybeén, atsakomybėn, begalybén, neldisvén, nuosavybėn, mirtin, dmZinastin, ateitifi, praeitin, pražūtin, etc. In other words, the very nature of the meaning of the noun lexicon (its concreteness or abstractness) does not determine the possibility or impossibility of its use in the iliative: only the frequency of its use depends on the nature of the meaning. In the language of fictional works of literature, potentially illiative is possible for almost every noun. Tatai, in turn, shows the abundance of this vowel, which is supported, apparently, by the fact that the iliativ is still a living vowel in the very folk spoken language — in the large area of eastern highland dialects. Thus, as long as the illative still shows such abundance at least in the language of fictional literature, we cannot consider it dead or defunct in literary language in general, although it is very rarely used, for example, in works of scientific literature, as well as in the language of newspapers. How greatly mistaken it is to say that the illiative forms of nouns in literary language are conjugated, is shown by the simple fact that in the language of fictional works of literature they are perfectly possible and signs are used with them: (a) conjugatives (also expressed in the iliative form), and (b) incompatible, e.g. : a) vienan balsafn, savai kraštai, kraštan užkerėtan, minkštanm kréslan, vienan šonan, tolimajan kelėlin, vienon dūdon, lygion lankon, ton pievon, naujai suplantoton sod ybon, amžinon taikon, vienon viėton, žalion girion, tolimon kelionėn, lygion lankėlėn, ton pūsėn, priešingon pūsėn, ton stiprybėn, komunistiSkon tolybėn, lietūviškon žėmėn, žemėn svecimon (=svetimén), amžinon nuosavybėn, ton šalif „ton pusėn“, skaidrion ateiti ū; b) in the color of my hometown, my voice, Papievio yard, our yard, candidate lists, in the gold carriage, in the sea’s arms, in the mirror room, in the sauna a@aslén my head, in the depths of the sea, in his guz2tén, in the hut of Jura, in the shade of communism in his place, in the depths of mystery, in the heart of the people, in the breast of Tarutis, in the happiness of the ideal, in the valley’s mouth, in the blood stream, in its peak, in the lake’s mouth, in the infinity of the sky, in the shelter of the peasant, 28 to the side of the palace, into his ear, my $alifi “on my side”, fighting fire now. Remove the arrow Certificate (conjugatory ar inconjugatory) is potentially possible for every iliative form until it has left the noun category. And, on the contrary, as soon as an illative begins to adverb, the number of marks used by it decreases. su The inability to have conjugation marks already indicates a certain degree of adverbialization. No signs of use are possible when the illative has completely passed the adverb. For example, the very limited use of adjectives with such adjectives as front į (Expired John forward ir says Okay. ), frontotemporal (During the holidays I aš fulfilled my determination I took ir a good step forward MPutA 1 167. ), behind (All three stretched out, pulling their backs BlnR 184.), inside (Now, now! — replied iš darkness Antanas ir with a bucket full of water ran inside, to his rooms VnlP 53. ), virSun (Looking up, they see something pale —Someone from the crowd reaches out his hand to the ground AMickKonr(MPut) 19.). Although these ilatives are mostly used with no markings, be they still allow for incompatible su (especially noble) certificates. Be therefore, other tų verbs of the same ir word with to the same lexical meaning ta are used next to the iliatives. In this way, the illatives are not yet completely separated from the nouns, but are only in an intermediate stage between the adverbs of the nouns. When o studying the relation of the iliative with the adverbs, the tendency of this verb to adverb is ir observed, which is characteristic of other verbs. su ir (these are represented by pe — inesyve) affirmation. The closest to the adverbs are usually the iliatives that denote the most generalized abstract space-place relations, e.g.: laūkani ir ir (Nothing to do, people squeezed out ZR III orafi 98.), ‘Jaukan’ (And they went out all oran apsieiryty TPrg. ), “upwards” (Jis (child) cries, lost his strength, but he ir offers Už the ghost a kite or an raised VnclOb to 90.), the square (The fiction writer gathers iš the most distinguished manifestations of the society's life, brings out all the hidden ir ones, hitherto thrown away. ir BlnR 261.), right, left (And the two women, having come home, climbed the common porch and, not į understanding each other, separated: Jonienė turned her side to the left, Antanienė to the right. į — į — VnlP 11.), draugėn (It happened as a revenge that all the flames gathered together and started dancing somewhere ir on the roof CvR Line VIII 201.), "right" (Turn the horse straight Okay. ), žemėjen down (He didn't feel how he fell down the stairs ž emonth... ŽR III 92.), “on the ground” (Jonas The potterrier looked no around, approached the cook, and, looking again, who ar can't see, jo blink, threw the ir top of the pot on the ground. VnlP 40.), Salifi (Like a little kid, ask for letters, tell o my name, that I sent you, you will pay, perform, flee away, so that no one will look aš at the country iš ZR I 50.). The fact that the commonality of ir the meaning and the dissociation lead to the adverbialization of the illativum is clearly shown by the use of the form. In the case where žėmėn means “Down”, we have an adverb used to denote a certain place-space relationship, and with the iliative no notation is 29 possible here (not only the conjugated one, but also the non-conjugated one). Some earth means "surface on which we walk; on the ground", no signs are used, so in this case the iliativ is considered an adverb. The reason for this is that it is the same as the ability to see, but it does not have the ability to sense. The iliative adverb žemėn is used here in general, when we have in mind the surface of a particular land, the surface on which we walk in general, the floor, the pavement, the ship's wing, etc. o to ir ne o — ir In both cases, the adjective is used as a noun. ir jo The Iliatic, as an inessive, is ir already by nature related iš to the expression of the su spatial-spatial relationships characteristic of adverbs. Thus, in signifying these relations, it becomes adverbial faster ir than those verbs which are not related by nature to the meanings characteristic of adverbs. iš su In addition to all the here suminéty adverbsméjanéiy suprieveiksméjusiy iliatyvy is used, as ir has already been seen, respectively the same ir to ZodZio inesyvy, whose relation to adverbs is almost the same as that su of iliatives, e.g.: priekyje, priešakyjė, užpakalyjė, as priekin, prieSakifi, upakalif, only ir slightly closer to adverbs; laukė, orė, like laūkafi, orafi, almost completely transformed ir into adverbs; In the square ir ‘in a conspicuous place; in public“, right, left, friend, straight "right" Bien, on the ground ‘on the ground; on the surface to be walked on, like square, right, left, along, ir straight "right", "ground", mostly in the intermediate stage between noun adverbs, so linguists often ir consider them adverbs. Form $alyj “side”, as side, completely ir deprecated. Ir finally inside, above (vidūj, viršūj), as vidufi, augšun, are ir used without any signs to indicate the be most general spatial-spatial relations, they have also become adverbs. It is also important to mention the individually constructed illative adverbs, completely separated from the variable parts of the language, e.g.: lifikafi (used postpositionally) linkui RZ, numien (numie-+postpositional n) ‘namo’ Pgr, around ‘aplinkui’ (Aplinkun klajoti N.), atgalian back (Return, brothers, return KIvD 264.), backend ‘t. p.’ (As the swarm left the iš hive, it will not come back Nč.)? !, answered ‘separately’ (When you go digging a ditch, put on a dearna atsavon LS), reverse "backwards, backwards, reverse" XVI in the a. writings, inrėdin "in time, place, as needed" J (Is this a Are you talking? Sts)? ?, paskum (< 10% of patients) (I say) + postpositional m) ‘paskui’ Pgr. Some of these individual action iliatyviniy adverbs (e.g.: lifikan, okoliun, atgalična, atgalion, atsavon) are so far from the interchangeable words that it is sometimes difficult to tell which part of the dialect they are from iš (from noun, adjective even ar pronoun?). I Plg. here also backwards back J. ?? įrėdin could be abbreviated in the very (?) ir iš ta meaning of the Zemgaling used formant -ai adverbial inregidinai or some other form. iš 30 In addition to the mentioned competition of prepositional constructions, phonetic factors that could have accelerated the decline of -pi verbs (alliative and adesive) should also be highlighted. Such phonetically "translated" into literary language Lazūnų dialect sayings, as I brought tavės calf, I added ear of grass, bear dabėgo ūpės, one girl utarija another, returned their own sons, show that the forms tavés, žolės, ūpės, kitos, sūnūs after the sound -s is a fallen postposition' -p(i). In fact, only the first elements of the aliative remain here, namely the noble form. The postpositional -p is usually retained in Lazūnų dialect by aliative sounds that do not have the sound -s at the end of the first démens (the vowel of the noble person). Thus, in Lazūnų dialect itself, an extremely important phonetic factor arises, which shows why in many other dialects the aliative (and also another vowel —adjective) formed with the postposition -p(i) could have disappeared relatively long ago, although these vowels were still quite abundant in the writings of the 16th—17th centuries. For phonetic reasons (probably for pronunciation convenience) -p (< -pi < -pie) falls after the sound -s in aliative, and later after the sound -m (vaikump, manimp, didžiamp) in aliative and adesive. When the postpositional -p falls off, these verbs become syntactically ambiguous, multisensory or even completely incomprehensible. And in language this is not possible, there cannot be such forms that obscure the thought or are incomprehensible. Thus, because of phonetic factors, the shortened and thus lost syntactic clarity forms of aliative and adesive could withdraw from the language and give way to more expressive forms and constructions. It goes without saying that such forms could not and did not succeed. Therefore, it is not by chance that in the written language and in those dialects where the postposition -p(i) verbs have long died, the prepositioned alif forms that occur before the postposition -p usually have a vowel: amžinop, atgaliép, atpakaliép, gerėp, namop, vakardp, etc. Interestingly, the alliative (present present) meaning of the adverbs in the present language is less pronounced than the adjective (present present) meaning, so even such adverbs of adjective origin as galiep, galyp, naktiep, namitep(i), šaliep, šalip more often perform the function of alliative adverbs. Thus, the already scarce remains of the adverbial adverb are not functionally distinguished from the alliative adverbs, so that in the language and dialects of today’s writings (except for the very eastern Dzūkijos and Zietela islands) even the adverbial adverbs are dying, not to mention the adverb itself as a verb, which has long died. On the contrary, alliative adverbs (although the aliative itself as a verb is the weakest preserved even in the mentioned Lithuanian-speaking islands) show somewhat greater abundance and are used a little more widely and frequently both in the written language and in dialects where the postposition -p(i) verbs are already dead, e.g.: dangospi „į dangų, dangauspi“ (Ir lietuvis neSaukias dangospi... LGR 270.), diendp dienone (Day by day from the demolitions turn into walls ir towers... AMickKonr(MPut) 50. ), dievop (Elsewhere through the villages passed, calling dievop Catholics of good will, half priestly dressed man, collecting donations for the cathedral bells CvR VIII galdpi 191.), galą, „į pabaigą, į pagaliau“ (at first the voice goes from rare, then fast, and at last very fast) be Blv. For even in the wilderness the wind, [Walter] must be 37 sun, Violence, murder and ultimately die by the death of a traitor AMickKonr (MPut) 55.), gallop ‘t.p.’ (It's all over now Jb. Yeah, hostess, finally drive me away, t. y. Stramužija, muštravoja J. War as war, plague as you like, o worse than war, finally said the oldest Zymagor — — Gud-GuzB I 19. After all, if all plants were equal, who would protect gi them from the heat, from the storm, from the northern wind?.. VnlU 90.), mirčiėp ‘fatal’ Llkž, miriop ‘t. p.“ who (O already starts drinking, he mostly drinks to death ir SimnA 146.), myriop (dismissed, condemned) Llkž, namopi ‘nam6’ (Grizk namopi sutemoj) LGR 168. Come back, li hunter-gamer. AMickKonr(MPut) 47.), namop ‘t. y.” LIkZ, pavakariop „į pavakarį“ Llki (In the evening the noise in the corridor slightly subsided, only the caretakers are running, laughing, clapping with keys in the evening) ZR 111 307.), ‘t.p.’ ZR I 117, Spring on „į Spring’ RZ, Llkz, ZR IV 48, MontvR 13, CvR VII 34 (Watching over the winter Monika healed in the spring, but a new, fourth po row, alpulio fell back no iš longer crossed ji the house ir threshold CvR VIII rytop 234.), rytą“ „į RZ, rudeniop „į rudenj“ ib, LIikž, ZR II 251, IV 74, CvR VII 38, VIII 56, 138, 201, IX 154, BlnR 42, MPutA II 15, VnlU 164 (In autumn, when December į began, the kitchen was filled with ir things people, fighting for the first place at the fire on colder days CvR II 113), rudenop ‘t.p.’ Llkž, ZR I 262, III 247, IV 375, 410 (Summer was hot dry; but in ir autumn, as the day shortened, then the rain began to come more frequently in the evening” ir ZR II 228.), „į Llkz, RZ, ZR I 239, II 480, CvR III 125, VI 272, IX 73, VnIU 17, 121, MPutA III 35, Gud-GuzB II 162, Kpn(Tlpr 99) (Now, in the evening, call me... I'll take ką you to the match ZR I 226.), Vasardp "more in į summer" (Already summer, it's no longer as cold as in winter Llkž. I'm... greatest vasarop linkuo, onek pavakarélis as beautiful tykus ir ZR I 194.), velniop "for the hell" Llkž, TDaddy 84, ZR I 249, Gud-GuzB I 120 (O now, sir, travel! — Get out of here! You hear me? ! CyR VIII 191.), Ziemép in „į winter’ Llkž. As the examples show, alliative adverbs are more commonly found in the language of fictional literary works. Jų The use here is usually motivated stylistically rhythmmelodically. Sometimes, ar the creator of fiction, in order to give the language a shade of archaicism, is not satisfied with the aliative adverbs present in the literary language of his era and uses the aliative as a vowel form. ir ną For example, V. Mykolaitis-Putin, translating A. Mickevičius- ’s “Konradas Valenrodas”, in the narrative language of be the vaidila, the aliative adverbs galopi, namopi?®, are varied ir with such archaisms as kalnop kalną” „į (Only the sun was flowing, echoes of hooves, In the morning fog two hurry mountain rider p AMickKonr (MPut) 54.), courtya- „į rd to courtyard’ (Smoke hit the į palace, we ran out of the courtyard pi ib 45.) ir kt In this way, dead forms creatively revived in a ir special place of context by the special intention of the creator, of course, do not become adverbs. Jos 29 The ir translator seems to want to make these adverbs even more archaic by leaving -i at the end. > 38 together su with such Aliatives of a. the 16th—17th century written language, such as galybėsp, intaisymop, išganymop, keliop, prisakymopi, pulkop, skaitytojop, stalop, sūnauspi, távapi (=tévopi), žodžiop ir etc., are something ne else than nouns. Therefore, only a relatively small proportion of alliative verbs have also become adverbs. Although alliative adverbs have ir proved to be somewhat more abundant than už adjectives, they do not form any more ir stable and productive type from which new words can be ir derived. The examples themselves showed that almost every alliative adverb is easily replaced by other means of language, especially the construction of the prepositional ending. į ir This ir explains the low prevalence jų in the present language. The adjectives are very close to the noun singular alliterative adverbs in their ir semantics, so they are mentioned here next to the first ones. ir Adjectives of this type are even less common than nouns, and they also tend to withdraw from the active vocabulary reserve, giving way to more ir widely used adverbs. iš Already the very jų examples: amZindp "forever" (That man... lying asleep ir forever LC 1884, 1.), atgaliép back (Turn back face up, back up by AMickKonr(MPut) back up 39.), ‘t. p.’ (Go back home į Skdv. ), gerép „į gera, geryn’ Dv, ilgainop "in the long run" srš, shows that it is also somethine ng else than the remnants of past epochs. They consist of the iš postpositional form of the adjective (possible object, substantiated) genitive ir -p: forever- (: op forever, -a), backwarddp (:atgalias, -ia), atgaliép (: atgalias, -ia), gerop geras, -a). (: Iš ju is as long as it lasts. There is no jo corresponding adjective *ilgainas, -a in the present language, ir but it is possible to guess that such an adjective once dį existed in the language. To summarize the analysis of singular pronoun adverbation, in which the meaning, construction, use, relationship jų with adverbs, adverbation process, as well as the meaning, su construction and use of the adverbation results of the pronoun adverbs themselves were touched, — we will be helped by the following proofs. 1. Although some parts of the speech (for example, nouns) pronouns are very close to adverbs in terms of their ir syntactic function, but ir the process of adverbization of pronouns itself is not active in the current Lithuanian language. Thus, the natives now occurring (especially adhesive, alliative, iliative) ir adverbs are usually a creature of linguistic development of past epochs. 2. There are two types of inesives in modern Lithuanian: postpositional ir and non-postpositional. At the beginning of the ir formation of postpositional inesives, the postpositional function *en. Si postposition eventually completely merged with the same su verb crumbled or ir fell. Iš of both inesives tų in the present language conjugation system is only the established postpositional inesives. It is easier to subordinate postpositional ir inestives of such nouns, which denote more generalized, abstracted concepts of place-space or time, cf. adverbs: vakarė, laukė, ore, rytoj (<rytdje), 39 aplinkoj „aplink“, apičiupoj, „patamsy, apsigraibinėjant“; (intimpéj) (įtimpoj) "without interruption", dole, laidžioj "in the half-way", pradžioj, dešinėjej, draugėj, karėj, savėjė "among their own, near ones", basidutéj, vienomarškinėj, vienoplaukėj, šalyjė "next to", vidujė, viršujė. The postpositional inessive endings are not prone to becoming adverbial tormants. 3.The ending -ie of the non-postpositional initial, which fell out of the conjugation system already in the early antiquity, shows a certain tendency to become an adverb formant in the Žemaičių dialect, encompassing not only noun but also adjective, noun and participle derivatives (ankstiė, artiė, namie, tolie, šaltie, šiokie, dūlkantie...). In addition to the Salia formant -ie, another formant (from the non-postpositional inessive ending) —-i (e.g., early, near, far) is also mentioned. It is completely insensitive and unproductive, and has survived in only a few, but extremely widely and intensively used forms. 4. In the written language of the 16th—17th centuries, as well as in the modern-day dialects of the Altay people, the following is firmly established in the conjugation system: the singular iliative, derived from the singular finalis and postposition. This is also the case in the present-day Lithuanian literary language. There is no reason to consider them all to have been overlooked. Both in all Lithuanian dialects and in literary language, only a few forms of the iliativ have been used, usually those that tell the most generalized and abstracted place-space relationships or the way of the state of action, e.g.: laūkafn, oran, dešinėn, kairėn, draugėn, tiesėn „to the right“, žėmėn „down, on the ground“, šalifi, vidun, viršun, linkan, aplinkun, atgalon, atsavon „separately;, įrėdin, laiku, vietoje, kaip reikiant“; Shit. 5. Iliative in the history of Lithuanian language not so much becomes adverb as it disappears. Both these trends (the decline of the iliatives and their decline) can be clearly seen in the present language. When studying the development of iliatives, these tendencies cannot be shaken in any way. The use of iliatives in the language of fiction works is motivated stylistically: iliatives (in addition to the prepositional and final constructions) expand the possibilities of grammatical synonymy in the language of fiction works, enrich the rhythmic-- melodic means in the lineal language of poetry, and also give local color to the language of the characters of the work. In the Lithuanian-speaking islands of Eastern Dzūkijos and Zietela, two postpositional -p(i) verbs are still preserved in the conjugation system in a weaker or stronger form: the adhesive and the aliative. The development of these phrases is also much more characterized by complete decay than by acquiescence. Their demise is explained by the adoption of prepositional structures. In some dialects (and in literary language as well) the decay of the adesive is so far advanced that there is no trace of this vowel (at least with the postposition -p(i)). If in dialects without adjectives and in modern fictional language one or more adjective adverbs (naktiep, šaliep, šalip, galiep) are sometimes used, their function is usually confused with that of alliative adverbs. 40 9. The aliative is the weakest preserved vowel of all the locals. However, the alliative adverbs themselves show a greater diversity and are used more widely and frequently in both written language and dialects. They are noun (galop, miriop, namop, pavasariop, vakarūp,,.) and adjective (amžinop, atgaliop, atgalioop...). 10. the pronunciation of its singular forms, such as miškop, namdp, stalėp, where the consonant is preserved in the ending, shows the particularly great antiquity of the aliative. The ancestors of such ancient final nouns as miškas, namas, stalas now.pronunciated at the root (miškas, namas, stalas). This means that the alligators were made from the ancestors of these nouns even before the accent was shifted from the ending to the root in them, i.e. in prehistoric times. K BONPOCY AJĮBEPBHAJIH3AULHH MECTHbBIX IAJLEXKER EAMHCTBEHHOFO YHCJA K. VJIBBUIIAC Pe31ome 1. B crarbe paccmMaTpuBaeTcs cooTHOLIeHHe HHecCHBA, WJIaTHBA, ajieccHBa H aJJiaTHBa C HaApeuHsMH, aNBepOHAaJIH3AIIHA STHX TajlexxėXM, a TaKXe 3HaueHHe, ofpas3oBaHHe H ynoTrpeOjieHHe HapeuHH, BO3HHKINHX H3 3THX najexen. 2. Xorsg MecTHbIe NMafeXH el. 4. HeKOTODpbIX yacreii peuH (Harnp., HMeHH CYLIECTBHTeJILHOTO) OueHb OJIH3KH NO CBOE ceMaHTHKe H CHHTaKCHUecKONH (QYHKIHH K Hapeuus, BCE JKe npouecc ajaBepGHaNH3alHH 3THX najfielXeil B COBPEMEHHOM JIHTOBCKOM S13bIKE HeJb3si CUHTaTh AKTHBHbIM. HajiuuecrBytomine B COBPEMEHHOM $I3bIKE HapeuyHs, COOTHOCHTeJbHBIE C MECTHHIMH najex)amu ef. 4. (ocoGeHHO aneccHBHbIe, aJJJaTHBHbBIE H MJLIATHBHbIe), KaK NPaBHJo, VHaCJIe/ĮOBAHbI H3 MPOINLIOTO. 3. B coBpemMeHHOM JIHTOBCKOM si3bIKEé HMEIOTCS Ba POZA HHECCHBA, pasjuualiouinecs M0 CBOEMY [POHCXOXKJIEHHIO H MOP(OJOTHUECKOMY COCTaBY, a HMEHHO: HHECCHB C TOCJeJgorom u Ges Hero. B HauanbHBIX ¢pazax 06pa3oBaHHs HHECCHBA C MOCJENOTOM B (DYHKUHH nocJesora BbiceTyriaJio *en, KOTOpoe C TedeHHeM BpeMeHH CJIHJIOCb C HMeHeM, AedopvHpoBaJOChb HJM xe oTnajo. B cHcTeMe CKJIOHEHHSA COBDEMEHHOTO JIMTOBCKOTO f13biKa coxpaHUWJCS TOJIbKO HHECCHB C rnocaejoroM. Yale HW Jjerue anBepGHAJNH3VIOTCS HHECCHBBI C nocsiesloroM, o6pa3oBaHHble OT HMEH CYIIECTBHTENbHBIX H BHpaXawiuue OGOOmMmeHHbIe MPOCTPAHCTBEHHbIE H BPEMEHHble OTHOIIeHHS WJM Ke OČOo3HaualomHe o6pa3 AelCTBHs, Cp. Hapeauusi: vakarė «Beuepom», laukė «na JBOpe, Ha YJIHIe, Ha BO3JyXe» Orė «TO Xe», rytéj(<rytéje) «3asrpa», aplinkoj «xpyroM, Bokpyr», apičiupoj «oinynsio>, intimpėj (įtimpėj) «GecnpectanHo», apačioj «BHus3y», palaidžioj «Bo BpeMs orTenejnn>- », pradžioj «BHauajJie», dešinėjej «napaBo», draugėj "BMecTe", on the left «namneBo>, saveje «B cBOeM "Kpyry", "bushaute" "ua Gocy nory", "one-shirt" "B omnnok pyGaxe>, "single-haired" "c nenoKpbiTON ToJoBOoK- >, "psitom", "inside" "BHYTpH", "Vsuperujė eBBepxy>. Boobie xe oKoHuaKHHS HHECCHBA C TOCJIeJIOTOM He rpeBpalilaIOTCHA B CJIOBO06pa30BaTeJIbHbIe GOPMAHTH HADpeuUHĖ. 3. Okonuanue -ie, cpoiicTBeHHOe WHeCCHBY Gez nocgAejiora, BHIMABLIEMY H3 CHCTeEMEI CKJIOHEHHSi elle B TJIyYOOKOK JpeBHOCTH, COXpDaHS5SETCA B XSHAMAHTCKOM JHaJeKTe, Tle OHO POSITIONS HeKOTOpYIO TeHJIeHIHIO K MpeBpallleHHI0 B o CJ/IOBOOGpa30BaTS. I'm sorry, I'm sorry. OopMaHT Hapeuuii, COOTHOCHTEJbHHIX He TOJIbKO C HMeHAMH CYUIeCTBHTEJbHBIMH, HO H C TIpHJIaraTeJIbHBIMH, MECTOMMEHHAMH H [PHYACTHSAMH, Hanp. : early, late, late, late “only”. tolié «naneko>, cold "Kora xonoxHo", $i6kié ‘mpu Takoii (meows) mnorone- ". dulkantie «korga melaiby, lynantie «Bo BpeMsi MOXKAsS- », pasdlusie «korpa noamMopo3HJIO®, CP. TAKXKC CJIOBOCOuETAHHS (Okie ddrganotie «B CISIKOTb, B Hemorony» takie bladzdlauZotie «xorma cabo MOXMOPO3HJIO H HOTH YXOLSIT B TPA3b (T. e. MOXHO CJIOMATb HOTY)S. Hapsny c ¢opmantom -ie, caeayer ynoMsinyTs H GOpPMaHT -i, MpOHCIENINES TAKKEe H3 OKOHYaHHs HHeccHBa Ge3 mocjesora, Hamp. : early «paHo», near «6ausras, far «naJieKo>. 41 dGdopMaHT -i SBJISETCHS OYeHb HeNpOJlyKTHBHLIM, OH COXDpAaHHJICH JHUIb B HeCKOJIbKHX HapeYHSX, HO 3TH HApeuHSI BBIAEJSIIOTCS HCKJIOUHTEJIbHOK YyNnOTpeOHTEJIbHOCTbIO H pacnpocTpaHEHHOCTbIO B JIHTOBCKOM Si3bIKE. 4. B ncbMenHbix naMsTHHKax XVI—XVII BB, a TakXke H B COBpeMeHHbIX BOCTOUHOAYKIITAHTCKHX JHAJeKTaX B CHCTEME CKJIOHEHHSA COXpaHsSeTCHA HJIJIATHB R/l. 4., BO3HHKWHA H3 BHuHHTeJ/IbHOTO MNajgexa eA. YU. H NnocJIeJiora, ¢opma KOTOPOro 10 CHX MNOp He SIBJISIETCS TBEPAO YCTAHOBJEHHOH (OAHH HCCJAENOBATeIH YKa3biBalOT Ha CyllecTBOBAaHHE mocseJiora a, Apyrue —ai, TpeTbH —na). PopMbl HJIJIaTHBA YacTO BCTPEYalOTCss H B COBpeMeHHOM JHTOBCKOM JiHTepaTypHOM s3blKe, a OCOOEHHO B S13bIKe XYJOXKeCTBEHHOH JHTepatypbl. Her HHKakoro ocHoBaHHsl CUHTATb Bce 3TH (opMmbl HapeuusMH. Kak B jiuaJiekTAX, Tak H B JIHTEDPATYPHOM $I3biKe TOJIbKO HeMHOTrOYHCJeHHbie (OPMbI MJIATHBA NpPEBPaTHIHCH B Hapeuns. AnpepGHajM3yIOTCS, Kak MNpaBHJO, JIHINb Te OTbIMEHHble (DOpMbI HJIATHBA, KOTOpble BhHIpaxalT HaubGojee 06oGllieHHble NPOCTPAHCTBEHHbIe OTHOLIEHHs Hau 0603HayalotT obpa3 AeHCTBHS WJM COCTOsIHHMS, Hanp. : ladkaf «Ha ABOp, BOH», Orafi «Ha BO3AYX», dešinėn «nanpaBo (MATH), kairėjen «HaneBo», tiesėn «HuanpaBo- >, Žeėmėn «Ha 3eMJIO, O 3emao», Ššaliū «B cTOpoHy; npoub, JoJioh», vidufi «BHYTpb», virSufi «BBepx», linkai «no HanpapJieHHio>, aplinkun «BoKpyr, Kpyrom», atgalion «obpaTtHO- », atsavdn «oTHeJIbHO», įrėdin <yMecTHO, BOo-BpeMS, KaK CJIienyeT>, paskufl «cnejioM, Bee; NOCJIe". 5. Ec/iHh uMeTh B BH/Y JHTOBCKHIi SI3bIK B IĮeJIOM, TO HJIJIATHB TOCTENEHHO OTMHDpaeT H TOJIbKO B HeMHOIMHX CJiyuasiX nepexojauT B Hapeuusi. OGe 3TH TeHjieHiihH (Aa/lBepOHaJIH3a1lHi HJUJIaTHBA H ero OTMHpaHHe) KHAŠJIPOJLAIOTCA H B COBpeMeHHOM JIHTOBCKOM SI3bIKE. DTH TeHnneHuHLHH CJIeJtyeT YeTKO pas3juuyaTh MPH HCCJACJOBAHHH Dpa3BHTHSA MJIIATHBA. 6. Ynorpečjnenne ¢opM HANATHBA B A3bIKE XY/I0XKECTBEHHOH JHTEPATypPhl CTHJIHCTHueckH OOOCHOBAHHO: 3aMeHsisi KOHCTPYKIHIO NMpejJiora į H BHHHTeJIbHOTO Majaerka, HJIJIATHB pacliupsieT BO3MOXKHOCTH TpaMMATHUeCKOH CHHOHHMHH B fi3blKe XVJILOXECTBEHHbIX MPOU3BeJeHHH, oborailaer pPHTMOMEJIOAHYECKHe CpeACTBAa CTHXOTBOPHOTO SI3blKa MH INPHAAET MECTHbIH KOJIODHT peuH NepcoHaXe. 7. B BOCTOYHOJA3YKCKOM JHaJeKTe H B JHTOBCKOM rosope p-Ha [saraoso (3ersaa) Benopycckoit CCF coxpansiioTcss B CHCTeMe CKJIOHEeHHS [Ba najexa c nocaenorom -p(i): aneccHB H aanaTuB. DTH (DOopMbi Kak H (DOpMbI W/JIATHBA, CKOpee OTMHpAIOT, UeM ajBepGuanu3yiorcs. Ohh, you're so beautiful. You're so beautiful. 8. B imTepaTypHOM si3bilke H B psiie JHAJEKTOB a/eCCHB C nocjejoroMm -p(i) mnoJHOCTbIO yTpaueH. 3/ecb MHOT[a BCTpPeYaloTCsl Hapeudss C OKAMeEHeJIbIM OKOHYaHHeM aJecCHBa, 0/IHaKo 3TH o6Gpa3soBaHHs UaCTO HMEIOT 3HaueHWe ajanatuBa (cp. ynoTpeOjieHHe opm aneccuBa galiep, galyp B allaTHBHOM 3HaueHHH, BMECTO Zalép «HaKOHelI». 9. M30 Bcex MecTHBIX majexel xyxXe Bcero coxpaHsiercss aJJiaTHB. OaHako camu HapeuHS, BO3HHKINHe H3 (OPM aJaTHBA, YCTOHYHBHL H YNOTPeOHTEJNbHBI Kak B NHCbMEHHOM #3blKe, Tak H B AHajeKkrax. OAHH HapeuHsi 3TOrO THNA COOTHOCHTEJbHbI C HMEHAMH CYymecTBHTeJIbHLIMH (galép «K KOHIlY, HaKoHel», miri6p <«HacMepTb», NOMOP «IAOMOMH», autumn «x BecHe», autumn «moj Beuep»), APYrHe —Cc NpHaaratesbHbIMH (eternal «Ha BeuHO», autumn «na3an», autumn «TO Xe»). 10. MecTHble nanexH C MOCJAENOraMH, KaK H Hapeuusi, NMpPOHUCLIeAUIHe OT 3THX najeKeil, sABASIOTCA apxauyHbiMH (daKTaMH s3bika. 2012-01-12 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 - 12:00:00 © TeM H TaKHX a/JJIaTHBHHIX HapeuHh, Kak galép «K KOHILy, HaKoHel», namoép «K HOMY». How did you know, Anna? 4. ofpasoBajcs mnyTeM CJHSHHA mnocaenora -p(i) c dopmoil poauTesbHoro mnajexa ed. 4. PopMmbl poaHtenbHorO najexa eA. 4. APEBHHX OKCHTOHOB B COBPEMEHHOM JIHTOBCKOM f3blKe YAapsioTCs He Ha OKOHUAHHH, a Ha MEPBOM CJOre, Hamp. : miško «neca», stalo «crona», galo «koHua», ndmo «noMa>. H3 3Toro BHAHO, 4TO AJUJIATHB ofpasoBaJjicsi eme JO TOro, Kak YjgapeHHe B YHNOMAHYTHIX (opMax ObJIO OTOABHHYTO € ©OKOHYaHHs Ha KopeHb (i. e. Ha TIepBblė cor). 10 NepeABHIKeHHs: (IPH ONpefe]- eHHbIX YCJOBHAX) yAapeHHus C KOpHS Ha OKOHuYaHHe. 10 NepeABHIKeHHs: (IPH ONpefe]- eHHbIX YCJOBHAX) yAapeHHus C KOpHS Ha OKOHuYaHHe. 10 NepeABHIKeHHs: (IPH ONpefe]- eHHbIX YCJOBHAX) yAapeHHus C KOpHS Ha OKOHuYaHHe. 10 NepeABHIKeHHs: (IPH ONpefe]eHHbIX YCJOBHAX) yAapeHHus C KOpHS Ha OKOHuYaHHe. 10 NepeABHIKeHHs: (IPH ONpefe]eHHbIX YCJOBHAX) yAapeHHus C KOpHS Ha OKOHuYaHHe. 10 NepeABHIKeHHs: (IPH ONpefe]eHHbIX YCJOBHAX) yAapeHHus C KOpHS Ha OKOHuYaHHe. 42