Jungtukai, dalelytės bei jų samplaikos sujungiamajame sakinyje

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE GRAMMATICS STUDIES LITHUANIAN SOCIALIST REPUBLIC ACADEMY OF SCIENCES CONJUNCTS, PARTICULES AND THEIR CONJUNCTIONS IN CONJUNCTIVE SENTENCES A. VALECKIENĖ $ 1. In a conjunctive sentence it is often difficult to distinguish the conjunct from the particle. Both conjunctions and particles have no morphological features. In addition, the same words (e.g., and, only, but, that, etc.)* can serve as a conjunction and a particle. Conjunctions with particles, sometimes with certain words of independent lexical meaning, for example, adverbs rodél, which do not have formal indicators, however, with modal words enough, not enough, impersonal verbs potřebovat, zastať, etc., often form a certain conjugated tense. In these cases, it is important to determine the degree of grammarization of the samples. The article aims to address these issues. Connector or particle $ 2. Particles and conjunctions are already discussed separately in Lithuanian?. Here we will only deal with the use of conjunctions and particles in cases where it is difficult to determine their function. It is undeniable that particles have a much greater semantic load than conjunctions. The specific meaning of the conjunctions is already very faded. If the particles emphasize and modify individual words or whole sentences (subjects), then the conjunctions show only the syntactic-semantic relationship of the subjects, without changing the content of the subjects altogether. However, it is also possible to see a certain meaning of some of the switches. Similarly as the meanings of the verb forms are divided into specific and syntactic*, so are the conjunctions alone! Connections are related to particles by origin. In the formation of the conjunctive sentence structure next to the assiduous one, a large part of the conjunctions have evolved from particles. Some switches may later have received the function of a particle. This development is not finished in the various languages. Zr. $I. Baysp, K Bonpocy o npoucxoxaennn coo3os,,,Sbornik praci Filozofické fakulty Brnénske’ university“, IX, A8, Brno, 1960, p. 9 t.t. ; K Bonpocy 0 Bo3HHKHOBEHHH H PaSBHTHH THIOB CJIOXKHOBO NpejJioxeHus,,,Bonpocsl CJIaBSHCKOTO s3blKo3Hauua®TM, Bui. 6, Mocksa, 1962, p. 94 t.t. ; J. Bauer, Spojky a Castice,,,Sbornik praci Filozofické fakulty Brněnské univerzity“, XIII, A 12, 1964, p. 131 t.t. 2 Zr. V. Labutis, Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos dalelytės (kand. disert.), Vilnius, 1965; Dalelytės ir jų vieta tarp kalbos dalių,,,Literatiira ir kalba“, VI, Vilnius, 1962, p. 354—370; J. Zukauskaitė, Prijungiamyjy jungtuko vartojimas lietuvių literatūrinėje kalboje (kand. disert.), Vilnius, SE. Kypuanosuu, Ouepkn 1962. | no JuursicTuke, Mocksa, 1962, p. 184. 69 may be more semantic, while others are only syntactic*. Semantic conjunctions indicate certain meaningful relationships between the connected elements, while syntactic conjunctions have a purely syntactic meaning, indicating only the belonging of one element to another. All conjunctives, except perhaps one and, are semantic®. By connecting the elements of sentences, they show, in fact, a very general syntactic-semantic relationship of the elements. In practice, it is often difficult to distinguish when a particular word has a connective function (syntactic plan) and when it is a semantic modifier of a point (semantic-lexical plan). There are also transitional cases where the two functions are closely related. It is difficult to distinguish the particle from the conjunction because the particles do not form parts of the sentence when they modify the sentence. In distinguishing the switch from the particle, it is useful to refer to the differential characteristics of these categories, namely: particles emphasize and modify the content of the dot in which they are included; conjunctions, connecting two elements in closed sentences*, only intonationally join the second element, and syntactically-semantically do not change the content of the elements and do not belong to any of the elements". They show only the syntactic-semantic relationship of the domains. i The position of a word can also be a distinctive feature of a word function- ?. The conjunction in a conjunctive sentence usually goes at the beginning of the punctuation. Particles can go both at the beginning and in the middle of the spot. When the word is at the beginning of a period, the position has no differential significance. However, when a certain word is not at the beginning of the period, it is already possible to conclude that it does not perform a switch function®. $ 3. In Lithuanian, the words and, tik often have a conjunction and a particle. Let's take examples with the word i, which is not the first, but the second or further place in the second subject. 1) The father and the owners Papieviai were delighted, and the little man himself was puffed up. Come IMA 19. 2) Quota all gentlemen, laugh, at the same time and lady will rejoice. ZemR IV 391. 3) The birds were flying behind each other on all sides, and also the birds in the woods were already- * Pgl. I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry. TypHOTO ; 35IKa, Mocrsa, 1966, p. 183. * Plg, ibid. $ Closed-structure sentences are connective sentences that have one conjunction before the last element. They cannot be tested. The conjunction before the last element is a signal to finish the sentence. * The syntactic-semantic isolation of the conjunction from the elements of the closed structure in sentences is also demonstrated by the fact that in certain cases, depending on the content of the elements, it is possible to swap places of two elements of the connecting sentence without changing the position of the conjunction. The conjunction does not move with the second element to the first position (as in the connective sentence with the secondary element), but remains in the old position, i.e. before the second element again. Plg. : The gentleman just walks around, watches, laughs, o and the car even hums, turns heavily. LTRn 365 and The machine even growls, heavily rotated, the gentleman just walks around, watches, laughs. A slightly more focus-related repetitive conjunction in open-structure sentences (which can potentially be continued). Here, the hyphen, repeated before each element, emphasizes the uniformity of the elements. This means that the repetitive joins are always close to the particles. ¢ The significance of word position for determining the function of conjunction and particle is also highlighted in other language studies, cf. : B. I. Axvonu, Basejenne B cHHTaKCHC COBpeMeHHOTO HEMEIKOro AH13bIKA, Mocksa, 1955, p. 217. * In certain cases there may be an inversion, cf. : Goodhearted Butkienė alone never forgot her neighbor Šnervienė, with whom she had at least one another- 's children. brought to baptism; were therefore at least trilinka kūmas. 192 and Vol. Therefore, besides the switch, it has no other functions. The conjunctive sometimes appears in the second case after the insert, e.g. : It's been a long time, you'll find out, and she's no longer happy to remember it. SimonAŠL 18. 70 rising in various voices sang. ZemR 11 238. 4) A neighbor- 's boy's wedding happened, I went there with my parents. LzPR 111 20. 5) O Bintakių small hut, little space. SimonAŠL 273. 6) Simons do not write to anyone, and no one sends letters to Simons. 197. 7) You can’t help others — no one will help you either. PP 120. 8) The hedgehog called the boy, and he carried him to the other side of the ditch. CvR V 72. 9) Come next year and tell me about the greatest fool,... then I'll pay you back. CvR In these sentences, the word that enters the second element is syntactically and semantically related to that element. V 157. su It emphasizes and modifies immediately po jo preceding words. They can be factors, adjectives, circumstances, participles, e.g.: and himself, and the lady, and the birds in the forest, and I, and the place, and Simons, and you, and carried, I will give. ir By emphasizing and modifying the given words, the word adds to the emotional and communicative ir content of the whole. In this case, the function is called a function of the ir function. Su connected jį only by a kind of similarity of meaning. The word and, by modifying and emphasizing the noun noun, acquires a meaningful ar shade the notion of "as well" ir emphasis implicitly connects the previous context of su the first accent to a ar similar kind of "Zodiac Signs". plg. : ... ir father, ir masters Papieviai, ... ir same Kirstukas (1), "..Everyone...,...and lady... (2), squirrels on all sides..., the ir po forest birds (3), (others driving) ...and I... (4), ...nobody...,.- ..and Simons... (6), others...,- ...and you (7). However, this approach does not go beyond the semantic-lexical iš level. Jį determines the ir acquired meaning of the word “as well”. The word does not ir become a conjunction here, because it syntactically-semantically modifies the subject. The words in the sentences only relate to each other; other ir accent words remain neutral. In the case of a synchronous motion, the entire body ir is in motion, without any changes to the motion su of the other parts. : ir tų For a long time the daughter still talked su to the ir father, both feeling like exiles, banished į to a distant, unknown land. VenclR 111 152. Similar function, as and, has a little word only, going in the second place of the second dot. It can emphasize and modify only immediatene ly preceding po jo (1—3), words, e.g. : ir jį (4—7), 1) The gentleman will study at the institute all week, ir eat there, I only need to bring the po gentleman home for lunch on Saturday. ŽemR IV 392. 2) I've melted them all, my heart just beats. ZemR IV 384. 3) That I'll aš take the axe to the dog, the dog only aw, aw, — au ir He ran away. CvR V 77. 4) All the students are last aš year's, just new, stupid. ŽemR IV 324. 5) — Your children are old enough, you'll hire a boy to plough the land... ir ŽemR IV 419. 6) No one knew about it until the next morning, when the neighbors discovered that he was dead. ZemR TV 420. 7) Rye and summer wheat were freed, only uncooked potatoes remained. BaltPV, Here the 113. word only, having turned on the second element, is more related only į to the emphasis Words. It gives emphasis words a distinctive tone. su Particularly strong emphasis and emphasis in cases where the emphasis word po (4—7). In this case, the word is used in the same sense as in the previous sentence, but in a different way. ir Like particles and words that are ir only emphasized by particles in the second subject, their content can be related to the words in the first su subject, e.g.: visą savaitę..., ... » 71 ...only on Saturday... (1), all the students..., only I (4), etc. However, such a relation of words also does not go beyond the semantic-lexical plane. $ 4. In the sentences discussed and, only are the semantic modifiers of the second element essentially due to their position. When changing the words and only the position, i.e., by raising them to the first place in the subject, the function of those words usually changes, although the meaning of the sentence remains essentiaiš lly the same. ta It is easier to distinguish the noun only from its accent, especially in sentences where it is after the accent, cf. : The gentleman will study at the institute all week, only I need to bring him home on Saturday afternoon. I've melted them all, only the heart beats. That I'm going to stab the dog with an axe, but the dog, au, au, au... all the girls are last year's, only I'm new... your children are already out of school, you'll just hire a boy... no one knew, only the neighbors knew the morning... the rye, the summer meal, only the unripe potatoes were left. Often it is also possible to change both the word and the position, although this sometimes disturbs the natural rhythm of the sentence. Plg. : All the gentlemen will laugh, and the lady will rejoice. A neighbor- ’s boy’s wedding happened, and I went with my parents. The hedgehog called the goat, and the goat carried him... tell me about the greatest fool, and then I'll pay you back. Simons writes to no one, and no one sends letters to Simons. You can't look back now, and there's no day. In such transformed sentences, the words and, only (replaced in the first place) no longer emphasize those words which they first emphasized or modified. New words, before which they found themselves, they, it seems, without special intonation, also do not emphasize and modify. In this way, these words are no longer syntactically-semantically related to the second accent. They only show the relationship between the nodes, i.e., perform the function of a switch. The words i, tk can be raised to the first place in the accent together with the words that ie (while standing in the prepositional position) emphasized and modified. In such cases, the word and its function are less affected than when the word is raised to the first position without the emphasis. Plg. : All the gentlemen will laugh, and the lady will rejoice at the same time. Simons writes to no one, and no one sends letters to Simons. Here the word and, being raised to the first place, but left immediately before the same words, is syntactically and semantically related to them as before, when it stood in the middle of the dot before the same words. Of course, their connection is somewhat weaker, because the word and, having found itself in the position characteristic of the conjunction, already begins to degrade into a conjunction, although the emphasizing and modifying function of the particle remains more or less in the given sentences. It must be said that in certain sentences, depending on the structure of the accents, to raise the word and to the first place without the word before which it stood and which was emphasized or otherwise modified, would be completely unnatural and practically impossible. In these cases, the word can be moved to the first position only together with the word below it. Plg. : The father and the owners Papieviai were delighted, and the little man himself was puffed up. „and the same Kirstukas puffed up. But you can't:...and the little man was puffed up. 72 - The coward is scared of the leaf, the brave is not afraid of the wolf... and the brave is not afraid of the wolf. But you can not: and brave wolf is not afraid. Being at the beginning of the second line, but emphasizing and modifying the words of the second line that follow it, the word often retains the function of a particle, cf. also the following sentences: —What do you do, and happiness is not always there! "I said it. BalčAP 25. There you have it, and you can't say a word to a mercenary. BaltPV, 40. Don't put it in your pocket, and your purse will not fail. PP 390. Known chicken mind: and let the fox in. DaukŽP 25. It's the mind, and come up with such birds! LzPR II 8. And these were two, big two, and the lake froze in the summer. LTRn 91. Don't ask for a hedgehog in the garden: it will come uninvited. PP 218°, Partly retains the particle- 's emphasis function the word and in such sentences structure, where after the and, standing in the first second place of the point, goes the demonstrative pronoun fas or the same, indicating the object said in the first point by noun, e.g. : Look, everything is broken, all the wires are rotten, and they are already rotten. RR 148. "I saw that there are also girnos on the stone, and they are floating. CvR V 154. "There was a good man in the manor, and he was driven out. CvR V 31. Their livestock is small, and they are not good enough. JabIRR 1 533. They bring grains, and the same ones are barely grey. Page 239. In the same way, the same sentences with the same structure, but with a clear connection function: In the city, I accidentally met an acquaintance from Būdviečiai, and he agreed to take me. VenclPU 293. There was a younger brother of the king, who was still very young, and the king loved him very much. BsRP 106. The word and its function is still similar to a particle, although it is closer to a conjunction in such sentences where identical or the same kind of actions and characteristics are compared. In these cases, the words and combinations of the same or similar meaning are used as accents. The verb in the second subject usually comes immediately after the i, which is at the beginning of the second subject, and is opposed to the verb in the first subject. This is why it is emphasized, highlighted. Plg. : Don't be angry! that mother —and I am the mother... LzPR III 83. Everyone was satisfied with her, and she was satisfied herself. Vienna 8. Then he spread his palms — and we spread them, he raised his hands — and we lifted them. 15th ed. Give to the earth, and the earth will give to you. PP 34. Respect yourself and others will respect you. PP 111. Because those people sing, and he can't stand it, he wants to sing. DaukŽP 19. I'm over 35 now, and you're not your first youth anymore. One 90. They will never see me again—neither dad, nor mom, nor brothers, and I will never chase them away... VenclPU 234....the children of the garden are riding on horses, and he would love to ride. Bill 121. The boy got sick, and the old one is already marinated. Vencl PU 332. The old man was Michael, and the gentleman was his father. 381 pp. 1st ed. I was sick, they say, for a long time, and Benny and the other children got sick. ZemR 1V 377. 10 V. Labutis treats the word used in such cases as a conjunction having the meaning of a particle in a certain context, cf. his example: Viena minuta, i atėj mašina, see D. Nla6yruc, UacrHunsi coBpeMeHHoro JHTOBCKOrO f3blKa (aBTOp. amce. K. Oj). H.), Buasnioc, 1965, p. 14. In our understanding, if a word has the meaning of a particle, then it is a particle. After all, the switch and the particle only differ in their function; parts of the sentence neither one nor the other goes. See: V. Sirtautas, Jungtukai ir jungiamieji žodžiai,,, Tarybiné mokykla- “, 1958, 7, p. 38; J. Žukauskaitė, Jungtukas ir jo atskyrimo nuo kitų tarnybinių kalbos dalių kriterijai, p. 13. 73 The verb only, unlike the verb and, moved to the first place, although together with the word before which it stood and which it emphasized and modified, usually completely approaches the conjunction, especially in cases where it retains the distinctive meaning. This can be verified by replacing (transforma vus) the above sentences with fik as follows: The gentleman will study at the institute all week, only on Saturday after lunch I need to take the gentleman. I've melted them all, only the heart beats. That I'm gonna put an axe on that dog, just aw, aw, dog. au See also such sentences, where the word only goes in conjunction and means the opposition of elements and the comparison with the separation?, And freedom is near so —just flapping with wings... SNėrP 1 236. It's okay, just the heart is still beating restlessly. Smith, pp. 241. All were as they used to be: only one variant. VaižgRR 1 54. As if no one else had plowed, only one Uncle of Trash had ploughed the land for the whole village. 101 and Vol. The word only performs the function of a particle when it stands in the first place of the second point, often having not a distinctive but a different meaning, cf. : The inhalation of a totally skinny squirt of his face; only just (= barely) no longer see the horns of Moses in his forehead. 92 and op. (Here the repetition shows only the presence of a particle.) I will hand over the fur to the furworker, only (=all) a few pennies will go into my pocket. ZemR IV 449. After wiping, he squeezed the splashed place with a dry shirt strap, so that grandmother would not be angry, smoke out the house, only the yard burned. $5.00. In addition to irir tik, the function of a conjunct and a particle in Lithuanian can have but, tai. When performing the ir function iš of a switch, it indicates opposite relations, 97. which are usually the explanatory relations of cause and condition, cf. : It was still winter time, but a slight thaw heralded early spring. CvR VIII 222. And you are bigger, so you need to build a bigger cottage. LTt 111 71. Tell me an unheard unseen tale, and I'll give you fire. JabIRR I 538. The word but in the particle occurs relatively rarely and does not mean the opposite, but has different meanings, therefore it is easily distinguished from the conjunction, cf. : I made a beer —but (= still) it will be more fun. 1,642) 1. Better without benefit, but only (= that only) no one will cry. PP 111....to make herself warm, to get into the oven, but only so that) the pots would boil faster. In the latter case, but has a meaning close to that, but in the sentence they are not equal. But here gives the second accent a (= great emotional load (by the way, but here has a 93. logical accent), which the accent loses, changing but to that. With that such a sentence begins to indicate a causal relationship and becomes a conjunctive. In this sentence, the relation of cause to effect is very vague. The verb is considered to be a particle when it is used at the beginning of the second verb, when it does not indicate the explanatory relationships of cause and condition (as when it is used as a conjunction), but only gives the second verb a new emotional tone, cf.: —Don't worry, bee, don't worry, I'll offer you my honey. LT Rn 35. "1 The conjunction zik is also used for distinct separation, only be when opposing and bringing together elements of the sentence, e.g. A: I know him well, but Tyzenhauz doesn't need to know. StuogAD 25. —I’m scrolling through the kitchen, but suddenly ur-ur-ur-ur! aš į on me dogs... LzPR II 79, 74 In individual cases, fai, in addition to the explanatory relationships of cause and condition, can indicate (mostly in folklore) proximal relationships, similar to the conjunction and. In these cases, it performs the function of a switch, but is closer to a particle than when it is a switch and indicates the explanatory relationships of cause and condition. Plg. : I will give you this lamb, and you will live from the lamb. BSRP 61. — [It was the same for my husband, and it gradually, gradually passed.] Only 20. Come here, little girl, come here, young woman, and we shall speak many words of love. LTRn 60. A boy sat down by my side, put his hand on my tail, which is lighter than a peacock- 's feather. LTRn 73. Now I'll go to the barn, sit at the table, and we'll exchange gold rings and drink green wine. Page 52. Spring will come, my feathers will grow; —I'll fly, I'll fly, I'll fly, I'll fly. LTRn 126. $ 6. Quite often, at the beginning of the second part of a connective sentence, the particles bent, dar, juk, net, vis, etc. are used. According to our observation data, these particles, although they are in the position characteristic of a switch, do not perform the function of a switch. They always emphasize and modify the words of the second element, supplement its communicative and emotional content, i.e. syntactically-semantically they are connected with the second element, i.e. they remain particles, even though they are at the beginning of the second element. Plg. : No one has ever been lost here, at least not in the memory of the beak. SimonAŠL 50. and they all had their bellies filled, and there was one grain of barley left. 433 pp.. The bigger ones can't be bright anymore, after all, everything has burned. 135. Snowed ditches and paths, even the main road barely known*?. SimonASL 196. Whether you wash the crow ar or not, it's still black. JablRR I 536. Conjunctions and particles or certain adverbs samples $ 7. Very often, at the beginning of the second clause, the conjunctions go with particles or certain adverbs (therefore, because). The question arises whether such words, standing at the beginning of the second punctuation mark, form conjunctions. 12 J, Žukauskaitė even considers the word, among others, as a conjunction (apparently, connective), when the dot that begins with it explains the word that goes with the conjunction of the first dot, e.g. : He was delighted, even his eyes flashed. It indicates that ner has in this case acquired the function of a switch, falling out before ner, which is often used together with the switch that (see section 4.4). J. 2000, min. ill., p. 5). It must be said that such an order of development (that even and only after even) is not necessary. When the answering word is not in the first subject, that next is not always appropriate, cf. : I screamed in an angry voice, I rushed to the mat, even the lady was scared. 374 pp.. Outside it was bright from the noon sun, even the eyes darkened. VenclR III In 109. these sentences, without the answering word, the connection is not quite clear. Let's say, {ia} is not possible to raise the second démen with everything even to the place of the first démen, as is characteristic of the connective sentence. According to our understanding, nef is neither a conjunction nor a joiner in such sentences. The sentence itself is unconjunctive, ner is a clear semantic modifier of the second element and is considered a particle. Even the degradation of a noun into a conjunction can be discussed at least in cases where the first noun contains a response word, e.g. : So I was surrounded, even Praniukas was jealous. ZemR ITV 378....you cry so kindly, even stones are gnawing. BalčGP, 5. As an accompaniment to that punishment and rebuke you heard such a clap, not a sharp echo rippled through the whole grove. 96 and Vol. In these sentences the second element can be moved with even to the place of the first element, and the conjunction that can be inserted before even. Cf. also the sentence with the answering word in the first element and that even at the beginning of the second element: Atléké sűvűs ló, úgy (olyan) fehér, hogy még az egész földet felvilágosította (ps.) Apple (LKŽ V 36). 75 a) Conjunct ir particle All conjunctives can be accompanied by various particles. Immediately after the switch may follow such particles, which do not perform one of the functions of the switch (unless, here, still, maybe, gi*®, already, that, well, not, not, even, although, here, here, again, still, etc.), as well as such words, which, in addition to the particles, also have the function of the switch (and, that, only, for that, anyway, nevertheless). Particles go immediately after the conjunctive or connective words and are intonationally attached to them. In other words, the particles together with the conjunction are intonationally attached to the second element, because in the conjunctive sentence one conjunction is also intonationally attached to the second element. However, in most cases these words do not form a syntactically-semantically indivisible unit, although their intonation is unified. The meaning and function of the words in the sampling are usually perceived separately and are not homogeneous. The first word is syntactically and semantically unrelated to the second word, it only performs a connective function; The word that follows the conjunction, on the contrary, is syntactically-semantically related to the second element, modifies its communicative and emotional content, i.e. performs the function of a particle. In the aforementioned samples, the particles at least, here, yet, already, that, not, not even, even though, here, here, even, etc. clearly retain their independent function (becoming the semantic modifier of the punctuation mark beginning with a conjunction). “Load the carriage with bitterness for the mother of the children- ,” laughed the father: —that at least will be guests... ZemR III 21. Jurgis stumbled down at Tamošius, and here the others are looking at how the ditch is bent. ZemR II 253. Someone had persuaded him, so he was given a fourth job. LT Rn 327. The whole Tekonis farm was covered in snow, the bare poplars were still, and the plum and cherry trees were only the tops that stood out from under the snowy fences. BaltPV,I 25. There are a lot of streams here, but there are only a few of them. PP 323. It is better for a healthy tree to be fed with charcoal, than for the son of a fool to betray his father to you. SNėrP 1281....they were all hungry, so they didn't even need to be urged. 211 and 212. Let them chase each other around the hard pine tree; not on the ground, just a snail up; It's even making my eyes twinkle. VaižgRR 1 67-68. We don't have any more gin, so take a micella. 183 and Vol. You start listening, but here — something rough has fallen on your face. JablRR 1 533. Grey, dark, wet, damp, dull poverty, —and here shines the dawn. 1,192. He walked all day, and there was no end or edge to the forest. CvR V 83. The conjunction can be omitted almost everywhere in these sentences. The particle in the first position remains the same semantic modifier of the point (see the corresponding examples without the conjunction $ 6), and the sentence becomes unconjunctive. Very often, after various conjunctions, a word follows, and while retaining the independent function of a particle (giving the second accent new communicational and emotional nuances). ... good child, quiet, calm, working, whatever it takes, and our Benny is not, it seems, reprehensible. 24th and 25th. It's good in a foreign country, but you won't find a mountain of flour there either. PP 142. There was one brother left, and he drowned in the lake. BaltPV 39. Jurgis promised to help us carry the oats, but we haven’t received it yet. JablRR 1 536. Neither to the young Geisha nor to his brother Trash he seemed fit for serious hard work; So they sent him where he... doubles, triples. RR 39. But this is no longer the High, so the wheels —————iči— '8 That the word gi should not be used in the meaning of an opposite conjunction (instead of 0) Zr. V. Labutis, „Language Culture“, 6, Vilnius, 1964, p. 28—33. 76 ir We'll be back. Simon AŠL 9. Returning to Povilaitis, I've run out of ir work, I've gone far, so let's go ir to bed. ValPJ, 56. Nobody Aukštujuose Not having seen Oginskiene, therefore, there are all kinds of speculations. SimonAŠL 11. Omitting the hyphen, the word and, being in the first place in the subject, also in most cases remains syntactically-semantically related to the subject, remains a particle, although in individual cases su t. y. (where the jo interface su with the ne focus is so sharp) already it degrades to a switch (e.g. : Returned... I went on, and we go to bed; plg. sentences of this structure of various conjunctions, while retaining the function of a particle, can also go a $ 4). — Po little word only, e.g. : ; Another century and a half passed, only ir then people clearly understood the full significance of the tų finds. JablUZ 15. In the summer... the brook would dry up completely, and only somewhere in the shade in the woods there would be grass-covered water ir holes with frogs and hammerheads. VienUT 81. He is a good man, very good, but only for him the handles are like this — wherever he touches, he leaves something. 294 pp.. If the hyphen is omitted, the word only degrades to a hyphen when it is in the first position, unlike the other words mentioned above (see § 4). In our po understanding, the following words also have an independent particle function in the context of conjunctions: za to, napriek tomu (and still with the same meaning), napriek tomu**, e.g. : Nastutė walked after her shoes, as if she was covered in white long trousers, but her calves were protected... VienAŠ 9. Buys as he buys: chimney, still you see o what an extraordinary order. VaižgRR I 210. He tried, tried, but the delta did not die. Ds (LKŽ II 270). Ir no matter how dark the night is around, as if there were storms and thunderstorms, but still it is nice and good from this mother's closeness and her voice. BaltPV, Skipping the switch, 14. uZtat, nevertheless, anyway, after being in the first place of the second dot, similarly as just, gets the function of a switch, cf. : Her eyes don't move, but her double-edged tongue just flies, just flies iš mouths. JabIRR I 536. The sun, although it had fallen over the heads, was still very hot. VaižgP III 263. You spin—you don’t spin, you don’t spin anyway. LTRn 329. Po in various spojtuky can go even two particles. They also retain their independent function. Plg. : Says: so big Geisiy knight, he's probably four years old, still off-road! VaizgRR 1 ir 124. While Kaziuk was not walking, you ran to him with milk, carried it everywhere with you, and now your legs are breaking out of tiredness from work. CvR VIII 81. True, there is still a father and a brother at home, but they will soon be victims of the black shadow. SimonAŠL 37. Separated for herself Ilžė Šimonių Crisis, then let it go ir beyond it. 163. The above particles are used immediately ir ne after the po conjunction, but before po another word, e.g. : My friends crossed happily, I o lost the ir land iš po legs. SimonAŠL 299. The goat was afraid to run into the woods, but the wolf ir iš garden caught. PP 315. Teta Bintakiene had come, so ji ir inflamed (lamp). SimonAŠL 328. Lives a strange head, so Words 14 (still) in spite of, anyway, going junctions, po called particles also A. Pirochkin, see. A. Piročkinas, Connective sentences with su conjunctions and, but o, logical-semantic relations, „Kalbotyra“, Vilnius, X, 1964, p. 96; otherwise J. Žukauskaitė, min.veik., p. 19. 7r. H3OJIHpOBAHHbIM OT COMIOHEBTOB MpEJJIOKEHUs, T.e. OH He MeHsIeT COAepHKaHHA KOMINOHeHTOB, TOJIbKO NOKA43bIBaeT OTHOLIeHHe MexKJĮy HHMH. BO3MOXHBI H mepeXOJIHBIE CJ1yYaH. 9. Cui0B0 tik ‘TOjibKO’, BBICTYNAOLIEE B O3UIMK COI03a, BbirOJIHSeT QYHKIHIO C0103a, B OCOOEHHOCTH B TeX CJjiyuyasiX, KOTr/la OHO HMeeT BbiJIe/IHTe/IbHOE SHAYCHHE. C080 ir ‘K’, crosinee B Hauajie BTOporo KOMIOOHEHTd, lie JIOBOJIbHO YacTo BbINOJiHeeT OVKKIMIO CeMaHTHUeCKOTO MOojiudHKATOpa, T.e. YaCTHIbI. CmnoBa bet Ho, LBCE®, is ‘TO’, ynoTpeOjs1eMbIe B pa3HbIX (DVYHKLHSAX, OObiuHO HMeIOT H PasHbie 3HaueHKHs. CnoBa bent ‘xoTs’, also "Emma", after all ‘Bel’, net ,,naxe”, fish ‘BCĒ’ H T.I. BCerja SBJISIOTCH CeMaHTHUYECKHMH MOJM(pHKAaTOpPaMH. 3. UacTHubi H Oxygen, He HMeIOIHe (opMAJIbHbIX [OKasaTe ied, HHTOHA- [IHOHHO CoueTasib C COI03aMH, OOBIUHO He 00pa3yloT C HUMH €TITLE LieJioro (o ir „a H’, but only ‘Ho TONBKO®, but ir "emē un", ir nevertheless “X” BCé-Taku®, ir therefore, ir neverthel- „A ess nosrToMy“ Hu 1p. ). B TakMx coueTaHusiX OTJIeJIbHbIe CJIOBA BRITANNIC AIR B FORCES OpynHKuKH. HejjejmmųMoe CHHTAKCHYECKOE The legion's belts... JOT TOJIBKO COIO3BI C MAXIMUM gi “xe” means ‘It’ (and ‘a’, but 'no' ir means „u TO", or o „a TO’ H Jip. ), a TaK»xe JĮBa CHHOHHMHUeCKHX COIO38 (o however, o but "Ho", o meanwhile „a B TO BpeMsi’ H Jp. ). 4. B unpenejieHHbIX CJiyuasiX (GROANS) COI030B COMNOCTaBJIEHHE HJM TIpOTHBOTIOCTABJICHHE) YCHJIMBAIOT UACTHILbI, a. TAKXe HeKOTODpbIe MOJIaJIbHbIe H ApY- [He CJOBA, HMEBINKHe CaMOCTOSITEJIbHOE JIeKCHUeCKOe 3HaueHHe, YNOTpeOJIS1eMbIe B TIepBOM COMMISSARY (OGbIruHO B Hauajie) (no) — ir again ‘TOJibKO — H OnstTb’, also — o already ‘emma — a ye", you — ir ‘uyTb — H", enough — and, enough ir ,,JOCTaATOYHO — nu“, need — ir ,HyX)Ho — n° u Jp. ). Ilouru Bcerja TakHe CHHTAKCHKO-JIEKCHUeCKHe COUeTAHHS SABJISIOTCS HerpaMMaTHKa/n3oBaHHbiMH. K coiosam TSTOTEIOT TOJIbKO COueTaHHS C ne ‘He’ B NepBOM COMMUNICATIONS (not only but — ir ‘He TOJIbKO — HO K", ne — ir ‘He — K", ne — but ‘He — Ho" H Jip. ). OjiHaKo H B TaKHX COUeTaHHSX : Gojiee TECHAS CBS3b OTMEUJeTCSA TOJIbKO B TeX CJydasiX, Kora yrnoMsiHyThie CJIOBA CTOSIT MPH OHOPOJIHBIX UJIEHAX TpeIoKeHHs. B CJIO>xXHOCO4UKHHEHHOM TpellJIOxeHHH, HOME UACTHINbI MOJIKOKHINKDpYIOT TOJIbKO OnpejiejieHHbIe CJIOBA, a COIO3 CB5S13bIBA6T IIEJIbIE COMMUNICATION HEATER, EINĖ JOBOJIbHO UETKO pa3TrPaHHUKHBAIOTCSHS OTIEJIbHbIE ODYKKIKH CJIOB, XAapaKTEpH3Y IOLIHXCS CHHTAKCHKO-JIEKCHYUCECKHMH OTHOLICHUSMH.