Sudurtinių atliktinių veiksmažodžio laikų reikšmės ir vartojimas

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE GRAMMATICS STUDIES LTE TU V OS TSR MOKSLŲ AKADEMIJA MEANS AND USE OF CONJUNCTIVE EXECUTIVE VERB TENTS N. SLIŽIENĖ Conjugated executive verb forms have a specific meaning, which differs from the meaning of solid forms. It is true that the uniform forms of the past participle persistently penetrate the spheres of use of some compound forms, such as the present and past participle, but the compound forms are still quite active and widely used. The purpose of this article is to shed light on the use of conjugated verb forms. Since the meaning and use of the final forms of the verbal noun has already been written, and the imperative and desirable forms of the verbal noun are rather rare, here we will limit ourselves only to the final forms of the direct noun. Since past participles are often used with the same meaning as the conjugated participles, examples will be given in certain cases. § 1. The conjugated past participle forms of the verb indicate the resulting state achieved by the previous action, which lasts at a certain moment in the present, past or future. In addition, the relative values of the two variables are different from the relative values of the other variables. The actions described in the performative forms are associated with two time plans: the earlier time plan belongs to the process of the action, and the later time plan belongs to the resulting state achieved by that action. Actions described in full forms usually belong to only one time plan. Uniform forms describe an action that is taking place, has taken place or has taken place, will take place or will take place, and performive forms describe an action that has already taken place or has taken place but is no longer taking place; at the speaking moment or any other moment chosen by the speaker, only the resulting state achieved by that action remains. This difference ir in the meaning of the unified conjugated participle forms can be regarded as a factor, in the sense ! of See. N. Sližienė, The Use of the Meaning of the Compound Finite Forms of ir the Tariamosios nuosakos,,,- Kalbos kultūra“, 11, Vilnius, 1966, p. 40—45. * For the past participles used in the meaning of conjugated participles, see here. N. Structure of the composed verb forms in Lithuanian literary language, kn. : The grammar of the - Lithuanian language, Vilnius, 1967, p. 78—79. 2 Researches on Lithuanian Grammar 17 NEIGHBORHOOD LKI RELATIONSHIPS Sey I i ot in the broad sense*. This difference has nothing to do with the course and event verbs of Lithuanian language, therefore, both the course and event verbs have the executive forms, as well as the continuous ones. When the unified and compound forms are used for acceleration, the latter indicate an earlier action than the first. This is not only because it is not a matter of what is happening, but also because it is not a matter of what is happening (which is what is happening), but it is a matter of what is happening (which is what is happening). Very often they are used to express the temporal relationship between the main and secondary actions of the sentence. In such cases, the relative significance of time becomes apparent. $ 2. In the case of direct deduction, the adjectives indicate the direct experience of a present, past or future resulting state. They do not differ from the uniform forms of the direct sentence in terms of sentence meaning. The verb has four tenses: present, past tense, past participle, and future tense. It is used mainly in the present and past tense. Current Time jų § 3. In the present tense, the participle indicates the resulting state achieved by the previous action, which lasts in the speaking moment. The present tense executive forms of the verbs of the event agent usually denote a specific resulting state lasting in the moment of speech, achieved by the previous action, which is perceived as a specific unified act. Where the barns were, now there are walls; There is a smell from those walls: many living things are burned here. SimonR I 151. That boy has come over a flat field. JD 101. After all, there is even a certain opinion: wherever Muštok comes, there happens disaster. SimonVK II 25—26. "And what word have you given them?" "What?" he asked. 25, pp. 25. They have already spent four hundred thousand pounds on this war, and yet they say they see no profit. SimonVK 1 75. Don't they sometimes get together for something? MairRR II 96. I'm so tired, Martyn, our stepmother brought us tonight. Simon VK I 305. "Are you sure?" —asked the husband Kukienė, after the son left the "pirkia. KrévRg 124. That tale is written for those people who, inventing false reasons for themselves, kill innocent people. DaukRR 293. I'm a servant of our commander, the great master, to the lord of this castle. 216 pp.. You're under arrest! VienR V 328. Look how many rolls of cloth are stuck on the chickens in the hospital... ZemR 1 377. In the case of the forms of the course verb, the significance of the specific resulting state is little characteristic. 2? Speaking about the Bulgarian verbs, J. Maslov has noted that the differences in meaning between the aoristic and imperfect and perfect and imperfect are also verbs, if the verb is understood in a broad sense, see: IO. C. Macjnos, T'iaroJibHbIė BHJL B COBpeMeHHOM GOJIrapCKOM JiuTEpaTYpHOM S3bIKe, kn. : Bonpocbi rpaMMaTHKH GojJirapekoro JHTepaTypHoro sizLiKa, MockBa, 1959, pp. 157-158, 162, 164-165. In languages that do not have the verb forms of course and event, perfect, plusquamperfect, etc., the compound forms of the verb are considered by some linguists to be merely verbs, e.g. H. II. HBanosa, Bua H BpeMsi B coBpeMeHHOM AHTJIHĖCKOM ssbike, Man-so stolen (stolen), lonely that I lived. JY, 1961, p. 106—143. 18 Someone has stayed in the clover trees tonight—- the shelter has been left. 1473) (c. There is much courage in your words, which I do not get from someone like you, so I am not angry and will answer you. Page 202. The present tense is used to indicate an action that precedes the present time plan, i.e., other actions that are currently taking place. However, the circumstances of the time in the sentence can also indicate the exact or at least approximate time. Gugis wants to remember what he has done all year, but he can't remember anything except that he was drunk. Page 234-235. The fish have marks on their rocks that show that the Žemaitijos Sea has been submerged over the last 1000 years. DaukRR 156. The grooved threads are thrown into the grooves while spinning. 752) 3. Maybe [Gugis] once knew them (the prayers), but he has long forgotten them all. KrévRg 231. § 4. The present tense forms of the verbs of the course most often denote a generalized resulting state, achieved by an indefinite past action..This past action is usually generalized, it may have occurred more than once or it may have failed once. Both Simon’s father and his father’s father—generation after generation—have this in their children. SimonR I 32. In the past, the Kistyn valley has seen happy times, and nė even very happy ones. VienR I 12. “Oh, your grandfather, I’ve heard him say something quite different: if it weren’t for the Germans, we wouldn’t have had roads, railways, churches, or schools today,” Anskis reminds Wilko Martynas. SimonVK I 90. "Have you seen a lynx, little girl?" Geisé was already seriously surprised. VaizgDD 34. Motuté has said to me: “Dabokis, children!” I've been jumped a few times. Krš (DAK). This is often used in the negative form of the present tense. Whether we perish or win, our honor will be greatest, and the most beautiful songs will be composed about us, such as our fathers have not yet heard, such as our forefathers have not yet heard. Page 210. But a cowardly Lithuanian, it seems, no one has seen yet, — well, then let us be bold. SimonVK 1 338. [Joniukas] would like to ask Antanas, but he does not dare: after all, he has never ridden yet. Bill I 161. The present tense of the verbs of the event element is also used in the meaning of the generalized resulting state, but much less frequently. ; "I'm not sure," said the man. —I have helped many of them out of trouble, and I will help you. BalchHP, 265. Oh! she has said words to her mother that probably no mother could forgive. SimonVK has it happened to you to miss some adventure (disaster)? 143) and LKZ I (pln. It has been observed that when two bodies rub against each other, one becomes electrified with one kind of electricity, the other with the other. nė II 229. Ar — BaršF 5. Esu ir aš Šts (LKŽ V 368). In all these cases, the present tense forms very clearly indicate the resulting state that the action of the undefined past has very weakly achieved. In ir many cases, the meaning — of the state is so vague that it can be said that the past tense forms denote an action of the undefined past, relevant to the speaking moment. Therefore, apparently, ir J. Jablonski 1901 m. discusses this meaning in his grammar. results stated nothing at all. He wrote: ,,The transitive past tense, sudétas of the transitive verb 2* 19 connective iš word esu, esmi, also indicates ir that the action kada-nors, rasi has happened several times; When a person tells about such events, he speaks about a single incident known to him, but he shows that such events could have occurred in his life, or that they could never have occurred”“*. The context sometimes indicates that ne the action described in the present tense has occurred in the recent past. jo He's already forgotten. who today has been, he has ką worked, what, where ir iš where he carried, who has helped, who has given ar orders, several times he has been hurt by the tijun:,,Mykoliuk, tekinas!“ VaižgDD 9. The present tense of the active type is mainly used for the generalized meaning of the resulting state. Inactive forms (mostly impersonal) are rare. § 5. The past participle used in the present tense in the form of adjectives usually indicates a specific resulting state. Severya looked for an opportunity to excuse herself, but she did not know what she had sinned for. ji Do you 53. Ar tu hear how good people care about us? LzPR 1 399. Otherwise, turn the book ne over: so taken. Grž (LKZ 1 135). Mother of the questionnaire: — Where's the scary horseback riding? JD 481. Here alone every yard has been planted, every fence article has been fenced, every new material has been iš found with our own hands... VaižgDD 83. The generalized resulting state, achieved by an action of the indefinite past, such participants mean rarely. You will see, ir our lord has been such a leak to the king's court abroad. LzPR II 90. Years passed, ages passed; many healed wounds! Even the people of the greatest culprit don't remember the wrongs. MairRR I 171. In general, the past tense passive participles of the nominative genus, especially those that do not have the passive type meaning, are used more frequently in the meaning of the generalized resulting state. But it's not interestio ng, it's interesting that here walked the man who now belongs to another, that another o came I'm sorry to help. SimonVK 11 122. There are still beautiful plains, where we were grazed, where we were cultivated. GirR II 287. In some cases, more common are Past tense participants with the meaning of past tense forms are used rather than present tense compound forms. For example, when creating an artistic picture of the present, most often only past participles are used. John stood on a bench and nodded at the furnace; short of space, so his feet up to the knees up against the wall; head on the other end of the longer bench. ŽemR I 86. Here the woods are lined with po paliepiu torilkos, here the pigeonholes are puffing like meadows, here the spruce po families have sprouted the brown moss, here in the pine iš trees the green moss grows, here the pink, blue, grey moths are standing, cheerful, growing beautifully, they do not care about anything. BaranAŠ 5. Trobos be windows, be doors; other demolished roofs, cannon shots pierced walls, torn walls, fence marks are nė no longer. VienR I 293. 4 See. J. Jablonskis, Selected Writings, t. I, In these 1957, p. 102. cases, the participants of the past tense very clearly define the resulting state. $ 6. Present tense executive forms, formed with the present tense forms of the auxiliary verb esti, būna, būva, usually denote a resulting state that can be achieved more than once by the same action or that is regularly repeated. The pairs are separated by a long distance, and the pairs are soon separated again. IvanLP 11 75. The mothers, to tell the truth, are very hard here: in the church they are dressed with short skirts, with kvalovaty around, with skirts colourfully painted, woven by themselves. ValPJ 26. The roots are usually grown in a dense vegetation. Grk (LKŽ In cases 575). of acute trachoma III, the entire surface of the cornea is sometimes covered with small clouds. AvižATD 19. Old authors say that if the nest is piled up in a tall tree, the female carries the young to the ground, catching them in the beak. IvanLP II 71. : In the context of the general present tense, this meaning is also possible when the auxiliary verb forms esu, esti, is... are used. But when you need it, when you are in trouble, you forget it all, and you wander safely until the time comes... and when the cock crows and crows, you are mostly already near your home; You seem to have been wandering around the gates all night. už Sometimes you're taken to ir the cemetery. SimonR T 93. As long as the current flows through the rod connecting the conductors of the electric machine, one conductor is charged with positive electricity and the other with negative. BaršF 29. $ 7. Having a relative-resultant meaning, the present tense complement forms usually relate to the present tense integrals. su (as well as passive su compound forms denoting the present action): the executive forms describe the action that precedes all už the actions lasting in the speaking moment, and the resulting state achieved by that action is simultaneous with them. The whole area of Aužbikiai is still asleep or has not yet gone out into the fields. Page 59. Aš I can't help, I don't get anything iš from home, I'm kicked out of school now I can hardly iš do ir business, and here is debt, no acquaintances. BilR I 90. The present tense, as well as the other tense forms, is quite often used to express the temporal relationships of the actions of the main sub-sentence. ir — Uncle. 2012 - 2013 said... — Bet Anskis no longer ar knows, no longer ar wants to explain what Uncle Tautrimas has said. SimonVK I 89. The hen whines that she has laid the egg. 42 (Rg. So catch the roars, which yr do, chew quickly cheerfully smelling treasure. o ir DonR 49. He's got to be well prepared to go for a ride. Nvr (LKŽ V 448). In some cases, present tense participles are used in secondary sentences and when the main sentence is in the past or future tense. But when I started embroidering in the new place, I saw that the buttons had already been there. BaltPV, I 36. Soon Mykola received the message jo that his mother was not left to her own fate, that there was ja someone ir to take jį care of her, and that calmed him down. VienR In 197. She always told him much about his deceased mother and how much good she had done to her. BalčHP, 230. How many wounded you have collected, the homeland will ask you. 309, pp. 309. 21 | a Se In such cases, verbs denoting speech, thinking, mental states, physical sensations, are used as ar the adverbs of the main sentence. (said, thought, knew, felt, felt, saw, etc.), or groups of words that ir separate them (talk went, received a message, came į head ir etc.). The semantics of these words allows the narrator to define the time of action not according to his own, but according to the actor's speech moment. The present tense is used in the past tense, and the present tense is used in the future tense. Similarly, the present tense solid forms of verbs are used (e.g.: I thought he was asleep)*. Sometimes present tense participles are used both in the main sentence and in the subordinate sentence attached to it. In such cases, the temporal relationship of the actions is not indicated by the performative form itself, but only by the meaning of the whole sentence. Greta is silent, does not explain that if she had been here, she would have given both money and horses to take to the hospital; No, she does not boast, for she has never boast in her life, not even of the good things she has done. SimonVK II 395. Am I fucking saying-; You think I've found a big mushroom? Lnkv (DAK). § 8. Present tense participles are usually used objectively, i.e., they usually describe a resulting state that actually lasts at the moment of speech (see all the examples above). However, sometimes the resulting state expressed by the past tense forms does not actually last in the speaking moment. This is the subjective use of past tense forms of the present tense. In certain cases, most often to warn of possible future problems, the present tense executive forms describe a resulting state that is not yet present at the time of speaking, but which is foreseen in the future. In order to emphasize his belief in the certainty of the expected resulting state, the speaker says it as a present fact and therefore uses the present tense forms. In these cases, past participles with the meaning of present tense participles without an auxiliary verb are used most often. Look around, I say, look around! After all, if just one spark flies on the roof, and we are already gone! SimonR I 157. You fall into their clutches and you're gone. 386) (p. God forbid to get a stingy girl—good luck! 263) and LXXIII (Vol. With a man every day can be bound, and the lord's grace with the gate... not felt —and escaped... will drive the lord out of great kindness... Whatever her tongue catches is gone, is dead. 470 pp.. With bloody tongues, wasted like swords: —whoever is on the road —dead! The Rings. 439, pp. 439. "Make a fire," she advised her, "throw a stick at it," and the trouble is over! 452 pp.. Present perfect forms here have their usual morphological meaning, only the speaker imagines for a moment as if the future situation is already in the present. Usually, the action described in the present tense is finished before the moment of speech and has left only its effect—a resulting state. But sometimes the context shows that it still lasts in the speaking moment: —But secondly, when folded, what does not do what! —Lēne wants to apologize. —The townsman curses the company, the company curses the townsman. That's how it has been, I think, for centuries. SimonVK * Plg. 3. M. ĮJlymamiore, 3iuauenne u ynorpebJenue MPOCTOTO HACTOAUErO BpeMeHH rJaroJa B COBpeMeHHOM JIHTOBCKOM JIHTEpaTypHOM S513bIKe, aBTopedepar KaH JIH JIaTCKO- #H JHceepTaunu, Buasuioc, knows 1961, p. 5-6. 22 1167. You, the people of Shaltai, have always been intelligent people, even the government itself knows about your ir intelligence and wisdom. O ji ir that you won't get a headache so quickly. Simon VK I 70. Though every year people go po to each other's į tą the earth itself, the world is still as full as it has been since ancient times. ŽemR I 149. The fact that the action lasts in the speaking moment, the speaker considers as something already known to the interlocutor, he only wants to emphasize that the action has ir always taken place before, so that the interlocutor can conclude that, if it has been so until now, then it must be so now. ir This is the ir first step in the process of determining what is relevant in the present moment. Negative present tense forms are often used to emphasize the particularity of the whole situation of the present action. ir What a happy face! Tokyo Greta's face The queen hasn't seen it yet. SimonVK II 175. Oh, boy, what your words! I haven't heard of aš them before. KrēvP 120. Bet Ioniukas merry ir happy; rider throughout the day, throughout the dayną iš all power sings his song, though the wheels perstoge shake the be body, shakes jo the lungs in the chest, though his throat whistles the voice of the ir snare. But he sings to get more rides, because he jį has never ridden before. BilR 1 162. [Jasius] Here's your letter. [Peter] Letter? Man? [Jasius] You see... [Stones] (taking the envelope, watching ir the clock) Aš I've never received a letter... BinkRn 342. In the negative executive forms the speaker says that the action has never happened before, that is, that it is happening now is unusually special. ir Ir in this case, the absence of action (non-event) in the past, relevant to the speaking moment is emphasized. As a present ir tense, the present tense is used to describe events in the past. The resulting state that lasted in the past is depicted as if it lasted in the moment of speech. Mostly in these cases, the past tense participants of the auxiliary verb are used. Peter waved his dagger like a feather and went far ahead of all... be ir O the master was measuring with his back. iš Peter has already driven out the nightmares, standing at the back of the bar, the o hostess ". half-involved... I 103—104. Silently the organs were sounding; iš from many lips came a song. Greta was already a stunned man again, as if a great guilt was pressing on her. ją SimonVK I 258. Queen Twister: Someone touched her shoulder. But no, nobody. One of the nė children has not yet moved to their iš seats. Tik Vilius turns around and looks at her į with big eyes, į then at the patient. Marike is already quietly sitting at the end of the bed. Martynas knelt again... The door ir opened. SimonVK I 154. The child was no longer crying, o only wailing, like an adult who suffers great inner pains. Everything has been tried, all possible ir drugs have been given, ir nothing helps anything. SimonVK II 101. $ 9. The present tense of the verbs in the present tense is similar to the past tense of the verbs in the past tense, but the past tense of the verbs in the past tense is different. The main difference between is that the action described in the past participle forms usually belongs only to the past jų and is not connected with the present, the present participle forms represent such a past action that is connected with the present, by which the ir resulting state is a su part of the o present time plan. su Uniform forms are used to tell past events that occurred in sequence or simultaneously; all of po them make up the past situation no one goes beyond it. The functionality of the ir functions is 23 not explicitly KU ių ESI TL rh See stated. They describe the action of the past, as if torn out of the past time plan, isolated from other events of the past and connected with the present. Plg. : Anskis did not rush to run out after lunch, like Vilius and Marčiukas. He went to the big stubq to finish school worky. He sat down, closed his eyes, and read something in German several times, sometimes looking at the book. "I can," he exclaimed at last satisfied. He put the books back in the bag, hung the bag on the leg of the bed and stood up. SimonVK I 83. Here the weeds are still green in autumn. Or out of laziness? Oh! Left to themselves, “not being cared for” by an ill-advised or clumsy person, one must understand: they are not disturbed, they have taken two children out long ago and now they have begun the third. That's something else! They are not afraid to rush: they have done their job twice as hard, and they have taken care of the future of their breed too well to be left behind. DD 60. The past tense is usually used in the context of the past, and the present tense is used in the context of the present. $ 10. Used in a specific language situation or context, the solid forms of the past participle can also denote a past action related to the present. The connection with the present is most pronounced when some consequences of the action have survived, so this meaning is usually given to the uniform forms of the resulting verbs. Where did you learn, brother, to speak like this, and where did you get so much courage? When you were alive, you seemed not worthy of three scissors, and now you speak like a rope. KrévRg 273. But imagine, that your Anne! Tell me what she has become? She is no longer the daughter of Šalteikiai. SimonVK I 30. Will that be the end of it? ! For what? We didn't do him any harm... we don't even know anything... BaltPV, I 67. The relationship between the past action described in the solid forms of other verbs and the present is more difficult to understand. Don't drink, boy, your father won't drink from the glass the witches drank from. KrävRg 78. "Tomorrow it will be clear, and it will be clear for a long time. “How do you know?” Did you talk to God? —Pitchling laughed. 110 pp. 110. Don't forget about Lachtingalla if anything happens. Since yesterday, the poor little girl hasn't let... CvR III 218. Although the meaning of the solid forms of the past participle in such cases is very close to the meaning of the compound forms of the present tense, nevertheless they always differ in a certain nuance: compared to the compound forms, the solid forms only denote much less the connection of the past action with the present. By alternating the uniform forms of the past past tense with those of the present present tense, some past actions may be less and others more associated with the present. "An egg does not train a hen, and you do not train me," the man said harshly. — That I thought, it's all with God's help and I've thought. KrévRg 120. "We have already made an agreement with Kuogi Kazys," the son insisted. "That I said, you must listen to your father without arguing," cried Cooke. "And who you made the deal with without asking me, I don't care. Nevertheless, the connection of the past actions described in the solid forms of the past present tense with the present is often so pronounced that, if desired, they could be replaced by the compound forms of the present tense. In this case, the present tense is the same as the past tense, and the present tense is the same as the past tense. 24 — I see you've borrowed a tu bitch's jaws ar ne today, maybe you've eaten your own! ar — ir į KrévRg 67. Friends, ką you, iš really? ! Did I aš deserve this honor, poor... aš CvR IV 295. I have sufficient ir courage to beat your su rulers, to punish you, who have insulted me ir with evil words, as you deserve. 222, It waited, a female voice was heard in the crowd. to — — — A real freak!.. KrėvRg 217. It's so yr drunk that I'm gonna go. Krtn (LKŽ VI 271). Only when it is necessary to emphasize the remaining consequences of the past action, the present tense participle forms are used. Usually in such cases they mean a permanent resulting state, usually used to describe the laws of science, eternal truths. The electrons ir can be easily separated from the atom: iš to of course, it is assumed that they are compacted in the outer part of the atom. BaršF 171. An example of an emulsion is milk, which contains suspended fat balls. MatKCh 9. Adsorption phenomena are be extremely common in nature and ir in technology. MatK Ch 172. I'll give you some figures, I'm sure they won't ir seem dry and boring to you ir (tsp). Only the present tense forms describe the recurrence of the usual resulting ir state achieved by the previous action. At the beginning of winter, the pairs are already formed. IvanLP Il 70. Atausta ir Rapolienė ends the ir argument almost with a prayer, if Rapolas was gone at the time. VaižgRR I 133. When I'm scared, I see fire in my ir sleep. Bsg (LKŽ I 462). Anna's cakes are always risen, ripe, yr nice to try. ir Vvr (LKŽ VI 361). $ 11. Like the present tense complements, the past tense ir solid forms can only represent a specific but generalized resulting state in a certain context. ne The above difference in the ir meaning of solid compound forms is in these cases. ir ir Plg. both forms in the same context: Wait, baby, don't complain yet! When a good man kills, he hasn't done anyone any harm yet. At least I haven't heard of it. KrévRg 67. — You, I aš know, say: witch slaughterers, — o Which aš witches? I have heard many stories from old times, I use them ir often I guess the truth here — are the witches! ir — It's about ir a man who can't guess his luck so he struggles, you've heard it ir from old people too iš ? — No, I'm not lying, I may have heard this or not. ir I didn't think about it. KrēvRg gana 110. Ar ne pons amtsrots, us as father teachings, prohibited yr su Shooting the owl's on the underdogs? O how many times priests, holding masses, bared. DonR 100—101. The present tense has a more generalized meaning than the past tense. When mentioning several actions of the indefinite past, some of which are more generalized, others less or are one-time, the first are usually told in aggregate forms, the second in solid forms. o — Plg. : Now neither can go anywhere, neither the yard, nor the į kindergarten: į "Don't wash po your feet!" she shouts. — Ir run scared... Ar aš I did that to my exempts? Ar aš I've done wrong to somebody ? SimonR I 379. — Tell me, brother, what, living on earth, you are for the lord Is it good for Jesus that you want to go to heaven now? — Ką aš What good have I done, you ask, holy apostle? I fed the animals well, I loved all the people, birds, birds, the sun, green meadows, and while I loved the little god, I worshiped him, because it was so ir nice to live in the world. KrēvRg is clear, as in the case of the conjugated ir forms. The jo generalization of the action is 274. 25 significantly less pronounced. Plg. : The old vaidila travelled to many countries, he visited hundreds of rulers, he saw famous expeditions, brave deeds, he had heard even more... KrėvP 150. My father was also a traveler when he was young and he agreed to let me go. BalčHP,43. $ 22. There are also cases where the past perfect participle of the past participle is used in the meaning of a continuous form. When I came, they didn't recognize me—I had had such a belly. Cold (DAK). “Did you be a fisherman?” "I was. Pnt. Thus the language (its vocabulary) shows that Estonian has been plowed, sown and sown since time immemorial. Neither Lithuanians, nor Latvians, nor Prussians had yet existed as separate nations with separate languages, and they were already taught all this. 2nd ed. 8. Such cases are very rare, sporadic. The current frequency time is $23. In the present tense, the aggregate performative forms indicate the resulting state achieved by the previous action, which has lasted an indefinite number of times in the past. "Sabaliūnas loved small children no less than bees; he was not only infested with bees, but also with children. Bill I 184. It must have been because of the long journey of the flower or the stalk of the beetle that the wings had turned in a disorderly way. SimonVK I 202. Dicks (dogs) were tied by day and one was released at night. VIkv(DT). For nine months, the monks were isolated from the world. VienR I 26. The past tense is often used in the past tense of the present tense, and the past tense of the present tense is often used in the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense of the past tense. They can be used to indicate the time relationships of the actions of the main and secondary sentences. After all, my mother also always took Barbie naked when she was wet and put her in bed. SimonVK II 87. As if she were a little girl, the volunteer immediately put Monica on her knees, put a candy or something else in her hands, and if she was lying down — pulled her out of bed. CvR VIII 214. After the shepherd had fled, it was not easy to hire another as master, because all the hired men had already hired themselves. 176. $ 24. In the present tense, the performative forms also tell about the resulting state achieved by the previous action, which lasted in the past continuously, but is relevant to the speaker only in individual moments of the past. Something had happened to him—he was always a fool, and now a real gossip. 218 pp. (in German). He also disliked Palmutė because she was always beautifully dressed, always white and clean, and you could not play well with her, run away from her, or run to the young horses. VienR V 190. There was a room in Mrs. Akauze's house, and it was always locked, and Muki never saw what was there. Balč HP, 86-87. Most of the time the pastures were far away, if the village was large — even three kilometers away. They were covered with bushes. 203. Antique aprons 32 they were always worn with a worse yarn. Rdm (LKŽ 1 412). The shed, like a ir residential house, faced the street at one end. į GIKS 88. $ 25. In modern times, the term is used quite rarely. Jų in place of often said past perfect forms of the past tense (plg. $ 18), o Sometimes, especially in secondary sentences, they are replaced by the solid forms of the past tense. The latter differ from the final forms in the weaker significance of the final state. However, in mid-summer, when the snow of the lower mountains melted and the glacier streams ir subsided, many people visited the monastery and brought a lot of money for ir food. VienR I 26. Future tense ir $ 26. The future tense is used to indicate the resulting state of a previous action, anticipated or imagined in the future. Like other ir executive forms, future tense forms usually denote a specific resulting state, less often generalized. — — Of course, we will not return anything, — supposedly agrees Martynas Willie. — After all, we'll have consumed everything nicely... SimonVK II 310. In such a dry condition, the hay will be dried up in a couple of days. Vvr (LKZ II 734). Musk, you'll be killing your mother, not a stranger. SimonVK II 345-346. You will have no neck at all; Your head will grow to shoulders from one! su BalčHP, But, 142. for God's sake, don't laugh, otherwise we'll be fish forever! vę BalčHP, 17. Aš already buzio (such a jug) į meadows not to carry, will be ir broken. 1005) and Msgr. What you, Jonah: I will give up, in your place another will be called — ką people will say: brothers, po we live under one roof, you ir še neither one — nor the other! VienR V 83. Those who have been in such trouble will understand. "K.S.K. (K.S.K.)". Unlike the present and past tense forms, which denote real present or past actions, the future tense forms denote actions that are only anticipated or imagined in the future. Therefore, the meaning of both solid and compound past participle forms of the future tense is usually accompanied by various additional modal and emotional nuances. As can be seen from the given examples, the future tense executive forms state the resulting state achieved by the previous action as possible, as necessary, as inevitable, sometimes as a threat or warning, etc. The future tense is used only in rare cases in the context of future tense. They are usually used to describe a single predicted future resulting state. Let's not go to them, no matter what, they'll be gone anyway. Vikv (DAK). John got a bob this year (the last branch) cut off, he will be married next year. Brt (LKZ I 783 — 784). And woe to the man whose face is not washed with a tear, for heaven will be shut on him. MairRR I 107. When used in the context of the future tense, the future tense complement forms relate in their meaning to the integral forms of the future tense: they represent a state that is ma simultaneous with the actions su expressed by the integral forms, but achieved by the previous action. t They will be born after the star of truth, in the sign of a day that never lasts, they will not hear the deaf explosion, the frightening song of bombers. SNérP, Eisma in 284. the sauna after men — 3. The study of Lithuanian grammar 33 will have lost all its worth. Ktk (LKŽ III 30). The son-in-law will return, the farm will be blown up... SimonVK II 67. Like other ir executive forms, future tense forms are often used to express the time relationship of the ir actions of the main sub-sentence. Okay, I'll sing to you first, when you're restful, aš you'll go cook lunch, o yeah tu tu ? SimonVK II 88. In our meadows ir the ghosts will glow from the morning daffodils, all who have risen to work will be happy to work, to work after eating. GirR 11 257. If you try to find out how long the illness will last, you will usually get a very vague answer. Oats ATD 5. I'll never see it again if I'm aš buried, as you say. tu BaltPV, 1 188. When the summer comes, we'll have brought the rye. Knv (LKZ II 793). When you go, the pot will be full of her tears. JablRR I 310. § 27. The future tense forms of the verbs are used to express present-relasu ted possibilities. Most often, they indicate a presumed specific resulting state that lasts at the speaking moment. The shepherd took the whip to sneeze now somewhere will sneeze. ir Grš (LKŽ II 65). Among the people, however, there is a widespread rumour that he has written his soul to the devil since that terrible night when, deceived by suspicion, he drowned his sweetheart. MairRR I 167. Let me doubt, father, for the first ar time, that your black-earthly wisdom will not cover with shadows the sun that ir shines and ir refreshes man? SruogR III 499. Aš I can see who's to blame; We'll be slain by the evil aunt! BalčHP, 5. Ir 100 mg David's moaning, who here will be kidnapped jų ‘bumašką’. DD 123. Even at the altar Gailiūnaitė nė I didn't say yes. But it will be invented. SimonVK I 324. The future tense is used to indicate the anticipated generalized resulting state. You must have worked there. Grž (LKŽ I 994). You'll have heard that Gaidys ją (wife) bought? SimonVK 1 315. In ancient times, the Latvians used a du crooked tree trunk, i.e. Two runs. BūgKS 19. Tu I'm sure you've ją seen it. Prn (DAK). The meaning of the preposition is determined by the future time. Since future tense ne forms mean what is actually happening or has happened, but what only may happen is much less likely, ir they are suitable ir ne to describe things that are really known, assumed? ?. $ 28. When-no-when future tense forms describe the usual resulting state, occasionally nė recurring in the present (a) or in the past (b). a) Look, it's raining like a bucket iš freezes ar to splash — Jacob is always alive. Even iš though the evening will be heavily absorbed, it will still come (sighs). The birds are neither frightening nor insidious, only ferocious predators. Whisper, whisper, whisper with your tiny leaves; seemingly, nowhere o nothing, look — ir you'll be somewhere else. DD 79. Our men haven't had enough of this one, the other one — will have something else. Vi (LKŽ II 8). b) There was no food for the children, and Martynienė had to sell the big pillow. Už that money was buying food. In the morning, going out to aunt, ką although wet leaves at Barbora- 's fire, will ask, when the children wake up, to be served...- Barbora will sometimes be o somewhir ere out, sometimes, being at home, forget the children. ŽemR IT 406—407. 10 Corresponding future participle forms are used in some other languages, such as ir Latvian, German, English, French, Bulgarian. 34 In these cases, the future tense is used for stylistic reasons instead of the present or past tense and past tense." § 29. Sometimes, the future tense is used to express a resulting state that has been achieved by the previous action, but which actually lasts in the present moment, only assigned to the future by the speaker. "I'll see the wolf now," said John, as he walked out of the zoo. JablRR I 317. Now he (Mykoliukas) will have found a new space, where he will smile again, where he will live and where he will not see the daily troubles and difficulties. DD 29. I'll be in Kaunas when I'm old. Kvr(DAK). Now I'm gonna be a bart, too. JabIRR I 318. The relationship of the meaning of the conjugated past tense to the verb action § 30. There are many different types of motion control systems, but the most commonly used are the following. This can be explained by the fact that the past tense participants forming the conjugated performative forms are also made mainly of the event verbs. The final form of the verbs of the course action has a significantly weaker meaning of the resulting state than the form of the verbs of the event action, because the marked action has not occurred and has not reached qualitative changes in the activity or state of the actor. The meaning of the resulting state, which is characteristic of the conjugated participle forms, sometimes affects the meaning of the verb's participle. For example, the accomplished forms of those verbs, whose solid forms of the past participle can have the meaning of the here course, here event agent (finished, determined, separated, returned, turned, bought, invited, etc.), are most often used in the meaning of the event agent. After a couple of years we are finished — we don't need much more land... TilvU 58. iš And all loved the Lover for her cheerful manner, for her good heart, and especially the old hat Kirk Lys, to whom the gods had not decided true daughters... And since she had recently returned from the hospital, it took into account her condition. jų iš ir į SimonVK II 392. Gulėjo Shemė po freezing snow. Ir bread was baked on stones. TilvU 135. And I will be with you, ik and I will be with you, and I will be with you, and I will be ir with you, and I will be with you, ir and I will be with you, and I will be with you. DonR 104. I had bought this yarn so cheaply, and what a beautiful skirt it turned out to be! 319 (Greek). All the brave warriors had fallen, and the lust had entered the graves of their fathers. DaukRR o su ir į 129. If it turned out like this, it — must have been meant to be... BinkRn 130. Ylakiai wooden church yr du together burnt — iš the ir iš beaker's ass. Sts (LKZ II 648). The lessons at the high school were still in their turn, but the trimester was already over. VienR V 149. Be of the verbs of the executive form, which are usually used in the meaning of the event tų agent, which are otherwise the course agent, only the past perfect continuous jų forms can have the meaning of the event agent (e.g.: how Ar much flax did you sow this year?). I had sown little, but because the soil was good, it was enough for the bread. Šmk (LKZ 1 685). O kap only day had mowed tą sheep, it well fed. Vlkv (DT). The usual past tense "* forms are also used to ir describe future tense actions, see. ir J. Pikčilingis, Veiksmažodžio laikų vartojimas, „Tarybinė mokykla“, Nr. 1958, 8, p. 29. 3* 35 thought it was a robber, a madman, finally, that it was a count Dracula, about whom he had read ne a book too long ago. CvR 111 84. Right next to iš po the nose broke the ir skirts two du scoops... ir But what kind? Silk, where po three rubles were paid! ŽemR II 292. The rope was woven with iš flexible threads. Slnt (LKŽ VI 559). The Queen, quite confident in the ne clarity and cordiality of the to letter, since it was written in ir German, herself added a few words in Lithuanian: SimonVK sometimes all the other personified forms of the verb have the meaning of the course verb, only the accomplishment of the event. I 110. O — Salusi is going to — be glued to ride. Ggr (LK Ž 111 409). The press was banned. Alv (DAK). All non-active participle forms usually have the event-adjective meaning. Iš partly it depends on the past tense participants that make them up. The passive participles of the present tense, although they are made of verbs of the iš present tense, quite often have the meaning of the event verb, e.g.: dried bread, baked apples, boiled potatoes, twisted yarn, knitted hat, woven fur, etc. ir Use of cumulative perfect tense In the a. XVI—XVII writings § 31. Use of cumulative perfect tense XVIIn the 17th a. century iš writings, the substance jų is not different from today's use. In most cases, the present tense describes a specific resulting state achieved by the previous action, which lasts at a certain moment in the present, past or future. Then we now want to be true to that oath, which we have sworn. BrB Joz 2,20. Kelese Christ now suffers | White when it is shooting. MZ 278. The great man who wore wilkie's purple ir with very thin white stripes, hell is hanging. SP 55. Through the dirt of a lazy man I passed ir through the winery of a dumb a man, sztay wisa ap The green was dilginémis, apdingi or ir apkieti buwo wirszu ios erszkieciey, twora stone pagadinta ir buwo. i? SP 321. O as When the sun was setting, she ordered her husband to take down the trees, and she threw them into the Dune where she had hidden. BrB Joz 10, 27. O how you doin' The city is surrounded by a firewall. BrB Joz 8.8. Ir people who will be created will worship Wieschpati. MZ 474. Less frequently used forms indicate a generalized resulting state achieved by an action in the undefined past. There you'll see how they're going. BrP 11 4. Who is first wiénu wardū wadinta krikszezionys, it wadina nų Lutheran, etc. Zwinglionis, other Calvinists. DP 246. Tadda anis weikiei ... paklisdawa isch the way that Tewai ių waikschczoie buwa. 11:39 a.m. § 32. Compound past tense due to influence from other languages XVIIn the 17th a. century it was sometimes ne used as it is today. In addition, the present tense is used to describe past events that are not directly related to the present. su Gods when wjei before zmoniu | tawa: ir peraies essi gire pustąie. Earth shakes dagus ir lascheia del buties | to Ants God Sinai. MZ 288. [Job] has a son Septimus | Priegtam very threatening three daughters | Curius Diewas didei est mileijes sweikata 36 palami est ghims dawes, Mz 431. Ir tikos or tdpe est’, kad’ besedédamas ieis ėme dima, žegndio lauže, laliio iiémus. si ir ir ir DP 192. Iissai tare ir tdpe est wissa, iissdi įsūke, sutwerti ir is wissi ddiktai: I'll tell you what I've done. DP 133. Atéio Christus on’ mysu miserios, trészko alko, nuwdarginos, miegéio, stebliklingus darus dare, pikta kėnte: beaten erszkeczéis karunawétas, susspiedėtas, pldsztakomis yr iszmustas qnt’ medieno pakabintas: iétimi pradurtas, coffin placed, but’ trécziq day kéles of the dead. iz DP 200. Ir as I speak, I see the wise being lifted up above the earth. Mz 303. Most of the present tense forms used in this way were observed in M. In the writings of Mažvydas (in hymns), a little occurs M. Postpositions, inactive o forms — ir in the writings of other authors. Since the majority of M. The originals of Mažvydo hymns were not available to us, it is difficult to say which forms of verbs there correspond to our present tense forms. Su only one song translated from Polish can be compared with the original with the performative forms used in this way. Isch Maria Czistas Panna | Gimes esti (left. was born sig) szmagus tikras| Ir isch malanes sawa teisei | Vsz mus greschnus praszuwusius | Nomires is (left. jest ci umarl) ant kriszaus | Ir deiuistes sawa mace | I am a dead language (left. is risen). Mz 367 —368'2, As we see, the verb forms used in one text overlap only partially with those ir used in another. M. The present tense action forms thus used in the postilla of Daukša correspond everywhere to the uniform past tense forms of the Polish original, but in translating M. Daukša, apparently, used ir the Latin text (plg. : ir tikos or tapę est’ DP 192, sstalo sig WjP is 407, done Luk 24, 30). Possible thing that the Latin language will work ir M. Translations of poems by Mažvydas. Could they have been influenced by German, where ir the meaning of the perfect forms is in many cases rather difficult to distinguish from the meaning of the preteritum? *, A certain impulse to use past perfect forms to į describe distant past actions could have been given by the very meaning of past perfect forms of the present tense: signifying a generalized ir resulting state, past perfect forms of the present tense have a very pronounced meaning of an indefinite past action. The present tense passive participle forms used to tell about past events in Daukša's postilla are due to the literal translation: visiems. M. in the relevant parts of the Polish text, passive forms are used, consisting of past participles with the auxiliary verb to be in the present tense forms or their. be The latter, in turn, are literal translations of Latin, where in iš these cases the same compound passive perfect forms are used (cf. : O teip’ W. Iēsus, kad’ iiémus tatdi passike, imtas is ing dqgu. DP 225; wziety iest WjP 379; assumed. Mork 16, 19)4. '* Polish forms quoted by Chr. Stang, The Language of the Lithuanian Catechism by Mažvydas, Oslo, Norway 1929, p. 39. 13 Zr. W. Wilmanns, German grammar, Abt. III, Halfte 1, Strasbourg, 1906, pp. 189-191. '4 Regarding the inactive forms of the same composition and also used XVI, In the 17th a. century written monuments of the P. Russian language, Kuznetsov also considers them to have arisen due to the influence of the Latin language, see. [1. C. Ky3Henos, K Bonpocy 0 ckasyemocTHOM ynoipeOieHHH cTpaAaTeJibHBIX NpHuacTHH B pycckom JjuteparypHoM s53bike XVIII u navana XIX Beka,,,Tpyjibr HHCTHTYTa pycckoro sA3bika AH CCCP”, II, T. 1950, p. 164 — 166. $ 33. In the present tense, the passive participle is sometimes used to indicate a future resulting ir state. Take it. Two S., you're gonna get me out of here... yr d iiėmus atleistos ( = są odpuszczone WiP 429; remittuntur Jon 20, 23), o which you'll love... yrd iiėmus viturétos zdtrzymane (= sq WjP 429; retain are Jon 20, 23). DP 203. Imket Shventa 11:22 And whomsoever ye shall forgive to the Greeks, they shall be forgiven; ir whomsoever ye shall punish, they shall be punished. BrP II 42. § 34. In Polish, the iš verbs could, had, needed are literally translated in the past perfect participle form, used in the past tense. , Nes ir tassdi galéies bū (= could WjP made a 274) speech like a musician's speech. ir ne DP 126. Ir If the great smoke of our fires would be heard, on the last day of the week, that the willows of the world's su schools would be heard, it would have been a (= miracle. WjP get 554) out of the to world "Tewop, szitq sakraméntq istate". DP 268. Réike bū (=need was WiP idant’ 404), W. "Christopher ir Nolan: 'I'm not going to be a witch'". DP 191. Conclusions 1. The main meaning of the conjugated forms of the verb doneniy is relativeresultative: the done forms denote the resulting state achieved by the previous action, lasting at a certain moment in the present, past or future. All the performed forms of all times are characterized by the following nuances of meaning: specific resulting state generalized du resulting state. The specific resulting state is usually ir represented by the verb form of the event verb, summarized by the course verb. o — 2. In addition, the forms of the verbs are su different from one another in terms of the number of verbs, and the forms of the verbs are different in terms of the number of verbs. o iš — ir 3.The past participle forms of the present tense may have a certain shade of meaning conditioned by the context: the verb forms of the event verb denote the interrupted resulting state, and the verb forms of the course verb denote the interrupted past action. 4.Future tense participles are very often used in the modal sense of guess because of the specificity of future tense. In these cases, their temporal meaning is equivalent to the past forms of the present time. 5.The relative-- resultant meaning of the conjugated participle forms sometimes affects the participle of the verbs, therefore the participle forms of some verbs of the proceeding participle are used with the meaning of the participle of the event. 6.The past participle forms of the present and past tense are quite often used in the meaning of the past participle forms of the present and past tense, but they usually differ in a certain nuance: in comparison with the past tense forms, the past participle forms have a more pronounced meaning of the previous action and weakly indicate only its connection with the later time plan. As a result, the use of one and the other forms differs slightly. 7. In the writings of the 16th—17th centuries, the compound participle forms are used in the same way as now. 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B BHJIOBOM IlJiaHe, ECJIH OOHHMATb BH] B IIHPOKOM CMbICJIe. CJI0XKHble 3aBepineHHbIe (DOpMEI [POLIEIIETo OJĮHOKpaTHOTO BpeMeHH, yoTpedJIEHHBIE B COOTBETCTBYIONIEM KOHTEKCTE, NpHOOpeTaI10T HEKOTODbIK OGYCJIOBJIEHHKBINH KOHTEKCTOM HOTEHOK Three Houses. @opMbl rjIaroJIOB COBepiueHHOTO Bujla OG03HAI'm not sure if I'm going to be able to do it. : you didn't hear, tonight again no one came to steal oats. Tu — Thi cbs, He B TY HOUb ONsSITb KTO-TO NpHXOJMMJI (HOCJ. : Obl MpHIe IH) BopoBaTh oBec (A. Benyojiuc). EopMbi rjarojioB HeCOBEPLIEHHOTO BHA 00O3HAuaioT NpepBaHHOE Ipelibijiymee JeficTBue, Hanp. : Already had wanted to beg į 39 Ka] SAL ARE al LLL = A a —SS AT AE there PE El mammoth —— ———————— ii————0— prison hospital, but after consulting me and other neighbors, he decided to go to bed — maybe he'll get better. —Xoren Obl0 (JoCcJI.: Obiji XOTEBINHĖ) yxe NPOCHTLCH B TIOpEMHY IO GOJIBHHILY, HO, IIOCOBETOBABINHCb CO MHOH HM C APYTHMH COCE/JIS MH, pela NOJAOXKAaTh —MoxeT eme ronpasutcs (A. 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[losVoly ciiokuble 3aBepuieHHbIE (DOpMBI HeKOTOPBHIX TJIATOJIOB HECOBEPILEHHOTO BHJA ¥acTo VIIOTDeOJISIIOTCH CO 3HaueHHeM COBEpLLIEHHOTO BHJA. ; Ilpocrbie (opMbl nponiejtuero ojtoKpaTHOTO BpeMeHH B COOTBETCTBYIOIIEM KOHTEKCTE ĮĮOBOJIbHO UACTO MOJIy4aioT 3HA4YeHHe, OUeHb OJIM3KOe 3HAUEHHIO CJI0XKHbIX 3aBepIUEHHBIX (DMO HACTOSILEETO HJIH MPOUIEALIETO 0JAHOKPATHOTO BpeMeHH. Bcee-Taku 3HaueHHe NpOCTHIX BpeMEHHbIX (DPKO) B TaKHX CJIVUASIX He SIBJSAETCS KBHBAJIEHTHbIM 3HAUeHHIO CJIOXKHBIX 3aBepIEHHbIX (DOpM: MpocThie (DOpMbI HMEIOT Gojiee sipKOe 3HaueHHe MPEeIIeCTBY IONIeTO AeHCTBUSA H CJIAOEe BbIpaxkalOT ETO CBS5I3b C TIOCJIEJLY IOIIHM IIJIaHOM BpeMeHH. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT CONNECTIVITY JTO pa3JIHYKe NpoI'm going to take a look at your arms. B nuroBekHx rnaMsTHHKAaX XVI — XVII BekoB Cji02xkHbIe 3aBepiieHHble HopMbl NO CBOEMY YnOTpeOJIeHHIO OOBIYHO He OTJMYAIOTCS OT COOTBETCTBYIOWMX (opm COBPEMEHHOTO JIMTOBCKOTO si3bika. HekoTopele pa3jiHUHS BO3HHKJIH M3-3a BIH - HHS ĮpyTHX SI3bIKOB (HAIpHMeDp, MOJbLCKOTO, JATHHCKOTO).