Lietuvių vardyno rinkimas ir tyrinėjimas

LITHUANIAN SSR ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OVERVIEWS, NOTES, REVIEWS COLLECTION AND STUDY OF THE LITHUANIAN WORDLIST A considerable part of the lexicon of each language consists of actual words, or a vocabulary: personal names (anthroponyms), place names (toponyms), water names (hydronyms- ), names of nations and tribes (ethnonyms- ), etc. There are hundreds of thousands of such names in Lithuanian. In literary language, they are not all equally common, and some do not occur at all. Many of them, for example, names of small places or other small objects (microtoponyms), some nicknames of persons, are known and used by people living in very small areas (in several villages, and often in one village), are only part of the vocabulary of dialects typical of those areas. Real Words have appeared at different times. The age of some of them is more or less clear, confirmed by historical events or sources. Let’s say that the so-called Christian names came into the Lithuanian language with the introduction of Christianity (late 14th — early 15th century). Somewhat later, mainly in the 16th and 17th centuries, Lithuanian surnames were formed. New names for people, like other actual words, are being created today. At the same time, there are many true words that appeared in the oldest antiquity, the age of which can be determined only approximately, conditionally. For example, a number of names of places of residence (oikonimų) and water names, which are used in today’s Lithuania, appear in historical sources as early as the 13th century and even earlier. The famous Lithuanian linguist Kazimieras Būga has emphasized in several of his works that many names of rivers, lakes and larger settlements in the language of people often remain unchanged not only for hundreds, but for thousands of years. Therefore, the study of real words provides a lot of valuable data for linguistics, helps to reveal pages of the history of very distant nations. Interest in real Lithuanian words has an old tradition. The first attempts in this field were attempts to compile lists of true words. It is the oldest known list of local names in Lithuania. From the end of the 18th century (1784) the Central State Historical Archive of the Lithuanian SSR has preserved a relatively large manuscript collection of the names of twelve decanates of the Vilnius Diocese. There are also several other publications prepared for practical church affairs, which give considerable data for linguistics, including many Lithuanian settlements and their names!. Many Lithuanian place names have been included in the multi-volume Geographical Dictionary of the Polish Kingdom and other Slavic Countries*. Even more significant are the collections of Lithuanian real words published in the late 19th and early 20th centuries: J. Sprūdžio apie 10000 vietovardžių! Synodus Dioecesana Vilnensis, Wilnae 1744; Executorium decretum de limitibus dioecesis Vilnensis, Vilnae, 1854; Executorium decretum de limitibus dioecesis Telsensis seu Samogitiensis, Vilnae, 1854; and others. 209 “The 16th century geographical dictionary of the Old Samogitian Land”, E. Voltaire’s “Suvalkų gubernijos gyvenamųjų vietų sąrašai”*, J. Tumo-Vaižganto Lithuanian place names (,,Sanraszas geografizkuju Lietuvos vardu“*), V. Kalvaičio collected personal and place names from the Klaipėda region and Eastern Prussia? and others. Almost all of the aforementioned collections of place names and personal names are not compiled by linguists, some of them were published in a language other than Lithuanian and in many respects no longer meet the requirements of today’s science. In addition, all of them have already become bibliographical rarities. K. Būga was the pioneer of systematic collection and scientific research of Lithuanian names. In a relatively short time he accumulated a fairly large library of real words (about 47,000 names), and the collected material was used or summarized in such important works for linguistics and history as “About Lithuanian personal names”, “Can I trace Kelt traces on the Baltic territory?- ”, “Studies of names in rivers and the antiquity of Estonian and Slavic peoples”, “The past of place names in the area of Aistė”*. and others. Most of these works have not ceased to be relevant today, both from a scientific and methodological point of view. Some of the ideas raised by K. Buga (e.g., the statement that in prehistoric times the Baltic territory in the east and south extended far beyond its present ethnographic border) are essentially confirmed by the toponymy studies of many Soviet and foreign linguists, as well as by the works of archaeologists and historians. By his published works, K. Būga laid the foundations of Lithuanian onomastics —a branch of linguistics (more precisely, lexicology) that studies real words. By giving important importance to the collection of real words and their research and realizing the enormous scope of this work, K. Būga repeatedly addressed Lithuanian society: “If we really want to know the unwritten past of our people, then we must necessarily collect all place names and publish them in an alphabetically written dictionary- ”. Based on such a dictionary, “a linguist historian will be able to tell us about what nation or nations lived in Lithuania before the Lithuanians were included in this country”. This call of K. Būga was implemented only after his death, in 1933, when the Commission of Surnames and Placenames was established and the “Instruction for the Registration of the Land Register of Lithuania” (1934) was published. Until 1940, according to this instruction, primarily primary school teachers, foresters, surveyors-- land planners, students and other amateurs of local history from the local population enrolled a large part of the name book, now preserved in Lithuanian The Institute of Lithuanian Language and Literature of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. Linguists J. Balčikonis, A. Salys, J. Senkus and others put a lot of work into collecting personal names and place names, collecting them themselves, and managing the names database. The Second World War interrupted this unfinished work for several years. After K. Buga, systematic research of true words in Lithuania was interrupted for a long time. Individual data of the directory was more or less operated * MH. 1999. pp. 13. "Cnporuc, leorpaduueckuit cnosapb japeBHell >kOMOHTCKON seman 1888. XVI crojieTns, Buabua, * 3. Boas rep, Cnuckn HacejieHHhix mect Cysaakckoi ryGepuuu, C. IlerepGypr, 1901. 5 Dirva —Žinynas, 1904, I (Nr. X), II (Nr. XI). * W. Kalwaitis, The Cradle of Lithuanian Wards, Tilžė, 1910. * K. Būga, Selected Writings, vol. I—III, Vilnius, 1958—1961. The index of his “Collected Writings” also shows how extensively K. Būga used actual words when dealing with various issues of Lithuanian, Baltic or Indo-European studies. 8 K. Būga, Rinktiniai raštai, vol. III, pp. 642-643. 210 only in linguistic works in other fields. For example, in the well-known study of P. Skardžius, which is essentially devoted to the formation of common words®, it is explained more than! 1500 real words — personal names, place names — production. Other important Lithuanian studies, lack of specialists and other reasons for some time did not allow to start broader onomastics research after the Second World War. The first works in this field in the post-war years were mostly popular and intended for the general public?? Onomastics work in Lithuania intensified significantly in the late 1950s!!. The increasing interest not only of Baltists, but also of Indo-Europeanists in the Lithuanian nomenclature, as well as the practical needs of the literary language posed important and urgent tasks to Lithuanian linguists: a) to update the unfinished collection of real' words, especially place names, b) to systematize the accumulated! (c) to initiate scientific research into the nomenclature. For this purpose, in 1959, the Institute of Lithuanian Language and Literature established the Toponymy Group, which became the nucleus of all onomastics work in the republic. The following year, a new “Instruction for Place Names Collectors” was prepared and published, which described the significance of these names for science and stated the unified principles of their writing. In accordance with this instruction, the following must be presented: literary forms of place names, as well as all dialectal and known ancient forms, characteristics of objects, localization, folk interpretations of the origin of names, folklore related to the place name and place, historical- -archaeological and other knowledge. Every year, toponym expeditions were organized to those places from which the place names had not yet been collected or had been collected very little — mainly to the Klaipeda region and eastern places of the Lithuanian SSR: Drūskininkai, Dūkštas, Ignalina, Maisiagala, Pabrada, Švenčionys, Varena and other surroundings. At the same time, the previously collected material is checked and completed, as part of it was recorded hastily, inaccurately, many toponyms were not transliterated, dialectal forms of place names were not presented. Local teachers provide considerable help in this work by filling in the questionnaires sent by the Toponymy Group with lists of place names to be corrected. The collection of toponymic material is one of the most urgent and urgent tasks. For Lithuania that has happened and is happening in recent decades! in the countryside of major changes (the division of villages into single farms in the years of bourgeois order, the collectivization of agriculture and the creation of new'settlements' in the years of Soviet rule, the increasingly extensive melioration works, hydroelectric! construction, new roads! construction, etc.) many names, especially microtoponyms, are rapidly disappearing from people! memory. Therefore, other Lithuanianists are also involved in the work of collecting place names: dialectologists, researchers of dialects for the Lithuanian Language Atlas, teachers, students. 1960 in the periodical press of the republic and other publications! * was published an appeal to the general public by prominent scholars and cultural figures, academicians J. Balčikonis, K. Bieliuka, K. Korsakas and others, “Let’s choose place names”. In this letter the appeal is expressed * P. Skardžius, Lithuanian language word creation, Vilnius,! 1943. 10 Lithuanian spelling dictionary, Vilnius, 1948 (in a separate "*section describes the origin and production of Lithuanian personal names and place names); S. Tarvydas, "Lietuvos vietovardžiai," Vilnius, 1958; and others. 11 About the collection and research of toponymic material in Lithuania? until the sixties” by E. Grinaveckienė and J. Senkus, see Bonpockhi ssbiko3nanus, Mocksa, 1961, Nr. 6, p. 130—131; Literatūra ir kalba, vol. VI, Vilnius, 1962, p. 459—465. 12 Geographical Chronicle, vol. 3, Vilnius, 1960, pp. 437—439; Literature and Art, 1960.VII.2; Soviet Teacher, VII.3. 1960. 211 The task of collecting all the place names of the Lithuanian SSR and writing, according to K. Būga, the “Zemés language” of our republic is still very relevant and constantly remembered. Along with local names, personal names are also collected. Most of the Lithuanian surnames were written from the living language before the Second World War. In recent years, anthroponyms have been collected more from old (16th-18th centuries) historical and state documents, manuscript records, various other writings and archive sources. This is valuable material for researching the formation and development of Lithuanian surnames. Thus, the Institute of Lithuanian Language and Literature has already accumulated huge funds of onomastics material, which are supplemented every year by 7-8 thousand newly recorded units. Currently, the funds contain about 300,000 place names and more than 400,000 personal names. The manuscript place-name library consists of about 30,000 names of settlements, about 11,000 names of rivers and lakes, and the largest part is land names: names of fields, gravel pits, hills, valleys, gorges, meadows, pastures, swamps, peatlands, forests, forests, bushes, roads, herds and other names. A considerable part of the names of uninhabited places consists of historical names of places: castle mounds, tombs, giant tombs, graves of various wars, alkviečiai, raguvai, stones and other names. The database of personal names, which includes names, surnames and nicknames of individuals, shows that there are more than 50,000 different surnames in Lithuania. These funds are an inexhaustible source of very important material not only for the study and practice of the Lithuanian language, but also for researchers of the history of the Lithuanian nation in general, as well as of its neighbours — Latvians, Russians, Belarusians, Poles and other peoples. They contain valuable data for the study of the territorial distribution and linguistic characteristics of the long-extinct Baltic tribes — Jotvingi, Curonians, Seles, Zimgalis — who have not left any written monuments. Therefore, the task of Lithuanian linguists is to systematize this manuscript material and publish it as quickly as possible. Among the most significant works in this field is the “Lietuvos TSR upių ir ežerų vardynas”**, prepared by a group of linguists. This is the first, so to speak, complete collection of Lithuanian hydronyms’* — it contains, along with repeated names and variants, about 8000 rivers and about 3000 lakes. Hydronyms in the dictionary are pronounced (they also have marked pronunciation paradigms), their localization is indicated. It tried to give all the available forms of hydronyms and at the same time "to select from them the most accurate and widely used and to provide them as normative for the usage of the Lithuanian literary language- "! *, The completeness and accuracy of the material, of course, also raises the scientific value of this nomenclature — since the names of quite a lot of smaller objects (rivers and lakes) were not known to science at all until then, and some hydronyms were spread in linguistic and other literature in various distorted, inaccurate forms. The dictionary received a lively echo and favourable responses both in the republic and beyond its borders- **. 13 Lithuanian SSR rivers and lakes nomenclature, compiled by B. Savukynas, A. Vanagas, V. Vitkauskas, K. Vosylytė and I. Ermanytė, edited by E. Grinaveckienė (ed.) and J. Senkus. Institute of Lithuanian Language and Literature, Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, Vilnius, 1963. 14 Until then, the most complete list of river names was presented in the publication “Lietuvos TSR upių kadastras” (Vilnius, 1959). : A. Basalykas, Lietuvos upės, Vilnius, 1956; K. Bieliukas, Lietuvos ežerai, Vilnius, 1956. However, all these publications are not intended for language science, but for specialists in other fields. 15 Lithuanian TSR rivers and lakes nomenclature, p. VI. '6 Plg, reviews: J. Balčikonis, Lithuanian TSR rivers and lakes nomenclature, „Lietuvos TSR aukštųjų mokyklų Mokslo darbai, Kalbotyra“, vol. 10, Vilnius, 1964, p. 281—283; V. Mažiulis, Lithuanian TSR rivers and lakes nomenclature, p. 212 In recent years, newly prepared ,,Lietuvos TSR administracinis-teritorinis suskirstymas", which includes the names of all current Lithuanian settlements and is intended mainly for practical (administrative) purposes. Publications of this kind with names of Lithuanian places of residence have been published in previous years! ", They made a significant contribution to the standardization of Lithuanian oikonymy, but all these publications had quite a lot of shortcomings from a linguistic point of view: they presented only the vowel forms of the oikonym noble (of which the noun is not always clear), many of them were inaccurate. In the latest edition, which was prepared by the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Lithuanian SSR in cooperation with the linguists of the Toponymy Group of the Lithuanian Language and Literature Institute, oikonimų will be presented in the noun verb forms, and in necessary cases the origin will also be indicated (when it is not clear from the noun form). The forms of names in it are authentic: they are reconciled with the names of the Lithuanian Language and Literature Institute and, as far as possible, with the data of the current living language. In addition, the names of the places of residence (there are about 25,000) are presented here in pronounced form. In this respect, it is the first such publication covering all residential names in Lithuania!?. Therefore, it will not only contribute to the further standardization of these names, but will also be a reliable source of material for scientific matters, studies of Lithuanian names. Based on the aforementioned manuscript collections, other nomenclatures will be prepared. Taking into account the most important needs of Lithuanian language practice and science, a complete surname directory was first started. Pronouns and personal names spelling, pronunciation and other standardization issues are more and more written in the republic periodical press. Especially many articles dedicated to this purpose, often with complete lists of correct words, are published in the Lithuanian Language and Literature Institute’s publication, “Language Culture” (since 1961, two volumes are published every year). Such articles have been published in this publication by: V. Grinaveckis, A. Jonaitytė, J. Lipskienė, V. Maciejauskienė, K. Pakalka, Z. Rabačiauskaitė, A. Rosinas. B. Savukynas, V. Vaitkevičiūtė, A. Vanagas, A. Vidugiris, V. Vitkauskas, K. Vosylytė, Z. Zinkevičius and others. Pronounced true words are sometimes given in various other linguistic works, not specifically dedicated to onomastics!®. | Rich manuscript collections and increasingly published sources of factual material encourage the intensification of Lithuanian onomastics research. Some work has already been done in this area. First of all, we mention here the larger works dedicated to hydronyms research: A. Vanago „Lietuvos TSR hidronimų daryba“ (Vilnius, 1970) and B. Savukyno ,,EZery names“. A. Vanga's monograph (written 1966 m. defended candidate dissertations ‘Lietuvos TSR river names daryba" based on supplemir ented with lakes names) consists of iš Our Placenames, "Tiesa", 1963.XI.19; K. Morkūnas, Important book for Lithuanian language ir science and practice, „Pergalė“, 1964, No. 4, p. 164—166; K. Papečkys, 7000 rivers, 3000 lakes,,,Kauno tiesa“, 1963.X.9; S. Tarvydas, "Soviet Teacher", 1963.X.24; M. Hasiuk, "Language Posnaniensis’ t. 11, Poznan, 1966, p. 159—160. '" Lithuanian accommodation, Kaunas, 1925; Lithuania TSR administrative-territorial division, Vilnius, Lithuania 1949; TSR administrative-territorial division, Vilnius, 1959. '* Incomplete, only larger Pronounced names of residential places in Lithuania (along with su other real words) list was given in the already mentioned ,,Lietuviy language spelling dictionary“. '* For example: academic explanations of abbreviations in the Lithuanian language dictionary; Z. Zinkevičius, Lithuanian dialectology, Vilnius, 1966; ir kt 14. Research of lexicon 213 two most important parts. The first part of the thesis explains more general theoretical issues related to the study of su Lithuanian hydronymy, and gives a critical overview of previous studies of this problem. In the second part of the monograph, based on the abundant specific toponymic material, the Names of rivers ir and lakes in Lithuania. The constructive types of hydronyms are distinguished here according to the principles of structural-grammatical classification, which the author has already indicated in the previously published article "On the re-engineering of hydronyms*®. The monograph, which for the first time highlighted the formation of the whole Lithuanian hydronym system, will enable more successfully and faster to solve ir other topical toponomastic issues: to explain the origin of the names of individual rivers and lakes, to carry out ir comparative hydronym research, etc. ir The monograph is supplemented by ir ja use facilitates maps 35 (they show the prevalence of the most important Lithuanian mų hydronyms) index of all hydronyms ir examined. B. Savukyno work is for Explaining the origin of these names, the author first compares them with other place names and personal names, searches for corresponding names in Lithuanian and Latvian Prussian onomastics, then links the names to be etymologically investigated with the corresponding common su words of the Baltic languages. ir ir o su In many cases, he uses the vocabulary of other Indo-European languages in order to better emphasize the primary semantics of ir lake names. Part of this etymological research (lake names starting with , letters) is A— G published Lithuanian Language and ir Literature Institute? !, It is only a pity that the author almost halfway through the necessary šį work in recent years stopped ir writing and publishing. ir There are some major research projects in the field of anthroponymics. ir First of all, the wide J. Monograph of Dumčius ,,Ancient proper names in Lithuanian language“, as well as J. The work of Jurkėnas ,,Old double-stemmed personal names Lietuvos "The Grand Duchess". These are candidate dissertations, of which so far only individual chapters have been published in autoreferatai®®, namely: ir J. Duméiaus ,,Ancient names in Lithuanian folk language“ ir ,,Ancient real names in Lithuanian writings“**, Jurkénas J. ‘Mopdojornueckue THIbi JPEBHHX JMTOBCKHX CJIOXKHbIX HMėK“,,,Hekoropbie COMMUNITY HIGHLIGHTS JIATOBCKHX JIPEBHHX CJIOXKHbIX JIHUHbIX HMEH’,,,O TMOSBJIEHHHCOueTaHH1 al BMecTO KÆėTOHTa qu B JMTOBCKHX APEBHHX JIHYHBIX HMeHAX“***, Be the major research and ar summary works that have already been carried out, TSR In the scientific ir papers of higher schools of the Academy of Sciences, in the journal ‘Baltistica’ (published since ), as 1965 well as in other publications every year appears a number of articles dealing with various issues of Lithuanian onomastics- **. 20 Morphological structure of ir Lithuanian language its development (Questions of Lithuanian Linguistics (hereinafter referred to as — LKK), t. 7), Vilnius, 1964, p. 207—220. un Zr LKK: t. 3, 1960, p. 289—300; t. 4, 1961, p. 219—226; t. 5, 1962, p. 191—198; t. 8 (Development of the Lithuanian language lexicon), p. 183— 194. 22 4. Įlymujoc, AHTHUHBIE HMEHa COGCTBEHHBIE B JIHTOBCKOM S13biKe, Buabnioc, 1958; IO, IOpkenac, ĮlpeBune CJAOKHbE HMEHa B NHCbMeHHbIX NameTHHKax Beaukoro Kusukecrsa Jlutosckoro, Buasnioc, 1966. 2 Vilniaus State V. University of Kapsabet Scientific works, History-philology series, t. 3, Vilnius, 1957, p. 171—185; t. 4, 1958, p. 81—108. 24 Lietuvos TSR higher education institutions Research papers, Linguistics, t. 13, Vilnius, 1965, p. 57—65;5 vol. 15, 1967, pp. 43-56. g See bibliographical arrow: 23 Linguistics of Lithuanian 1944—1960, Vilnius, 1963; Lithuania i. 1961—1964, Vilnius, 1965; Lithuanian Linguistics 1965—1968, Vilnius, 1971 (section ,,Onomas214 Individual Toponymy and Hydronymy of Lithuanian Regions J. In the article of Senkau ‘Šešupės ir "The Invaders". *, K. Vosylytės,,- Names of residential places in the Vabalninko district“?" ir kt Here are also mentioned Lietuvos TSR Publications of ir the Society for the Protection of Monuments: ,,Zervynos“ (Vilnius, 1964), "Ignalina Land" (Vilnius,.,Dievenisky* 1966), (Vilnius,,,- 1968), Gaidés ir "Rimšės apylinkės" (Vilnius,,,- 1969), Merkiné* (Vilnius,,,D1970), ubingiai“ (They are 1971), also known be as the ones that have been ir described in the following sections.) (K. Eigminas, I. Ermanytė, S. Karaliūnas, ir etc.), more Iš significant published articles, which investigate the toponyms of individual working groups, are: B. Savukyno „,Kilmininkiniai lietuvių vietovarZiai“s, J. Senkaus ,,Lithuanian minor hydronyms“? *, Vanadium A. „Akmenė, Lašmud other similarly ir constructed river names“,,,Lietuviy prepositional hydronyms derived from other hydronyms“,,,Niš ames of Lithuanian places of residence derived from singular personal iš names“®, Rabačiauskaitė „Prepositional Z. place names“® etc. ir Based on toponymic material, substrate elements of Lithuanian language are studied. For example, the following articles are dedicated to traces of the Jotving substrate in Lithuanian toponymy: B. Savukyno ,,K npoG/ieMe 3anajiuoGajiruūckoro cy6erpata t0ro3ariajįHoH B JIntBe*®2, K. Kuzavinium ,,Gafbus — jotvingiškas žodis“**, Su substrate of individual Baltic tribes, possible object, related to formants occurring in Lithuanian hydronymy -aja, -ajai, -ajas, -ajė, -ajis, -ajys; -asas, -esa, -esas of iš part -high, -highest, -highest, -highest, -highest (mainly north-east In Lithuania, in the presumed sowing area), -alė, -alis (Western In Lithuania, presumably in the Kurian territory), as well as hydronyms pronounced in su the end -ūs (South In Lithuania, in the territory of Jotvingiai). This conclusion is drawn A. Vanagas in the article ,,K Bonpocy o JinajiekTHON AuddepeHimanuu GajiTOB, OOHTABINHX Ha TeppHTOpHH JIHTBEkI (NO JiaHHbIM THApOHHMHKAH)’ 34, A number of articles ir are devoted to explanatiar ons of the origin of individual verbs, namely: J. Balchik ,,Sirvydas ar Sirvydas’ ?**, V. Grinaveckium ,,Dél the origin of some place names*“** (explaining the names Dievytis ir Keklis origin), V. Mažiulio ‘For Neringa's name"*", A. Vanago "For the name of the river Dane (Denmark, Dangé)“ss, „About the place name Labguva darybos ir kilmės“*?, , South Lithuanian river names Dunojus ir Dniepras kilmés*‘4 ir kt. į * LKK, t: 6, 1963, p. 213—234, ?*7 Lietuvos TSR Journal of the American A Academy of Arts and Sciences t. 1(14), Vilnius, 1963, p. 229—237. 28 LKK, t. 6, p. 235—246. ** Lietuvos TSR Journal of the American A Academy of Arts and Sciences t. 2(15), 1963, p. 249—260. % LKK, t. 4, 1961, p. 227—232; Grammar of the Lithuanian language (LKK, t. 9), 1967, p. 231—238; Baltistica, t. III(1), Vilnius, Lithuania 1967, p. 111—116. *! Researches on Lithuanian Grammar (LKK, t. 11), 1969, p. 243-255. ** Baltistica, t. I(2), 1966, p. 165—176. ** Ibid., IV(1), t. 1968, p. 65—67. See also A. Vana gas, Panemunės dzūkų toponimijos svarbesnieji bruožai,,,Panemuniy dzūkai“, Vilnius, p. 33—42, 1970, Lietuvos ** TSR Journal of the American A Academy of Arts and Sciences t. 1(26), 1968, p. 143—155. ** Lietuvos TSR higher education institutions Research papers, Linguistics, t. 11, Vilnius, 1965, p. 143— 144, ¥ LKK, t. 3, 1960, p. 321-324. 37 Idem, p. 301-316. % Idem, p. 317-320. ** Baltistica, t. 1(2), p. 185—189. ** Development of Lithuanian language vocabulary (LKK, t. 8), 1966, p. 173—182. 14* 25 New interpretations of the origin of some Baltic ethnonyms are mainly based on onomastics data: K. Kuzavinis published etymologies of Estonian, Nadravas (Nadruvos), Skalvas, sėlių**, Kazlauskas kursiy*®, Grinaveckio J. Žemaičių** — other names. V. — ir Special attention has been paid to K. Submitted by Mr Kuzavinis The etymology of the iš name of Lithuania Lithuani- (> an dialect. hybrid. Rain butter) ,,Neries right tributary“ Čiobiškis, Kernavė*!. Another work of Lithuanian linguists on onomastics has been published outside the country: J. Balčikonis article ,,Has3BaHHsi JIHTOBCKHX It's been a while. MYHKTOB, 06pa30BaHHbIe OT Ha3BaHHH pek H o3ep““**, A. Vanago and Belarusian linguist M. Birila’s presentation at the VI International Slavist Congress (Prague) on Lithuanian elements in Belarusian onomastics, published as a separate book*“. Of course, not all the authors’ ideas raised in the aforementioned and other onomastics works can be accepted, some of their statements still require further research, more detailed evidence, greater justification with more reliable factual material. Critical remarks about these works can be found in various reviews, ir although in general the works of Lithuanian linguists in this field are still too little reviewed. Some more general research aspects of Lithuanian onomastics collection, ir publication, as mo well as other issues of the origin and development of individual real names are often discussed in the national ir dialectological-toponymical conferences organized by the Lithuanian Language and Literature Institute of the MA of the Lithuanian SSR, in the conferences of lecturers and students of Vilnius University, Vilnius and Šiauliai Pedagogical Institutes. Lithuanian linguists read papers on various onomastics issues in other republics, union and international conferences*". * „Lately, the study of Baltic onomastics, especially toponymy, has acquired special relevance on an international scale““**. Therefore, linguists and historians of other nations also contribute to the solution of Lithuanian onomastics problems. ir Extremely high 41 Baltistica, t. I(2), p. 177 tt. 42 Ibid., IV(1), t. 1968, p. 59—63. 43 Lietuvos TSR higher education institutions Research papers, Linguistics, t. 19, 1968, p. 45—50. 4 Lietuvos TSR higher education institutions Research papers, Linguistics, t. 10, 1964, p. 5—18; plg. even the to author's own article ,,Lietuviy river nouns lie-(/ei-)“ (Ibid., t. 17, 1967, p. 135—137). 45 Language Posnaniensis, t. 7, Poznan, 1959, p. 240—252 46 M, B. Bipwaa, II. A. Banarac, Jlirojekis saeMmenthl y GeJiapyckalt aHamacThillbl, Minucx, 1968. 47 See. Beecolozsas KoHgepennusi no TOnoHHMHKe CCCP (Tesnckbi JIOK/1a/IJOB - Hi. - Hi. cooGluuienui), Jlenurpan, III 1965; pecny6nikaucbka OHOMacTHuHa (GROANS) KOHËepexnis (Tesu), Kuis, Kondepeniums 1965; no TOonoknuMuKe cesepo-sananuoi 30KbI CCCP (Teanch OK J1ajIOB H. C006nLeunit), Pura, IlpoOjieMbi 1966; cJiaBsHCKHX STHMOJIOTHUECKHX HCCJIe/ĮOBaHHIŪ B CBA3M ¢ OOmnel TIpOGJIEMATHKON COBpeMeHHOH sTHMOJIOTHH. MeikuayKapojiubii cumnosuym (IlporpaMma. TesuChi AOKJIa/OB), MockBa, 1966; Ilepmurasi Genapyckas aka MacTbiuKHafi KaHOepaHUbISi TanaHiMis (T33icht paKJianav), Mineck, 1967; Opounmuka, Mocksa, 1969; IV OHOMaCTHYHa koudepenuis (Teun), Kuis, 1969; Congressus tertius internationalis fennougristarum (Tesncbi, I), Tallinn, 1970. 48 K. Korsakas, Baltic Studies Challenges in ir Perspective,,,- Pergalé”, No. 1970, 10, p. 177. 216 The Polish linguist J. Otrembskis has devoted many works to Lithuanian onomastics, cf. articles:,,- La formation des noms physiographigues en lithuanien- ®,..La formation des noms de lieux en lithuanien- *“*?,,,O badaniach nad nazwami wodnymi i miejscowymi na obszarze Litwy““*?- ,,.Slawizacja litewskich nazw wodnych i miejscowych*“?! and others. He also explains the formation and origin of many real words in his greatest work "Grammar of the Lithuanian language" *?. Some of the Lithuanian onomastics subjects are dealt with in articles published in the last years by L. Gumeckaja (see footnotes 53 and 54), V. Rūkė-Dravinia (,,Diminutive bei Familiennamen im Lettischen und Litauishen- “**), T. Buch (,,Litewskie nazwy miejscowe w powiatach Sejny i Suwalki*3,- ,,Litewskie nazewnistwo osobowe w powiatach Sejny i Suwatki“*- *,, Nazwy toni rybackich jeziora Galadus*?- ®), K. -O. Falkas (,, From studies on the Slavification of Lithuanian Place Names and Personal Names*“®, | On the methods of Slavification of Lithuanian Place Names and Personal Names; on the genesis and distribution of surnames- “**), A. Obrembska-Jablonska (,,Lithuanian elements in microtoponymia of eastern Białystok- *®) and others. The work of the Lithuanian linguist living in the United States of America, P. Jonikis, “Misy surnames and their appearance®”®, The success of the study of Lithuanian real words is closely linked to the achievements of other Baltic languages in this field. The Latvian linguistics has already received significant work on onomastics. One of the first Latvian toponyms was collected by A. Bylenšteins. However, the names of places in Kurzeme and Vidzeme written by him in the late 19th century remained mostly in manuscripts. This was followed by the most successful work of the famous linguist Janis Endzelynas. In the early 1920s, he was responsible for collecting a large number of Latvian place names, which were published in two books®. The greatest and most important ** Lingua Posnaniensis, vol. 1, 1949, pp. 199—243; vol. 2, 1950, pp. 4—43. 5* 1st International Slavic Onomastics Conference, Wroclaw —Warsaw — Krakow, 1961, p. 49—58. 51 Z polskich studiów slavistycznych, series 2, Językoznawstwo, Warsaw, 1963, pp. 267—287. ** J. Otrębski, Grammar of the Lithuanian language, vol. II, Science of the construction of words, 1965. Warsaw, Taip pat plg. 106 the footnote. 52 Bonpocki TeopHH H HCTOpHH s3bIKa (COOpHHK B uecTb npod. B. A. Jlapana), Jlenunrpan, 1963, p. 84—87. 54 ĮlocnijpkenHa i MarepiaJiu 3 yKpaikncbkoi Mos, t. 6, Kuis, 1964, pp. 121—132. Scando-- Slavica, vol. 2, Copenhagen, 1956, p. 41 —47. ** Onomastica, vol. 7, Wroclaw- -Warsaw- -Kraków, 1961, pp. 221-229. 57 Idem, t. 9, 1964, p. 312—320. 58 Idem, t. 12, 1967, p. 109—123. Scando-Slavica, t. 9, 1963, p. 87—103. ** Speechful contributions, t. 4, No. 19, Lund, 1964, p. 1—16. Also pg. 83 the footnote. 8 Studies of z Polish philology i stowianskiej, t. 8, Warsaw, Poland 1969. p. 261 — 270. ** The Chronicle of Literature, t. 2, Chicago, IL 1954, p. 111—146. ** Place names in Latvia, d. I, Vidzeme vardi, with the participation of A. Abzlei, J. Kaulipam un P. Smith, edited by un J. Endzelins, Riga, 1922; Place names in Latvia, II, d. Kurzemes un Latgales vardi, participating A. Abel, Z. Graudam, E. HauzenbergaF. m, L. Jakobsonam, J. Paulei, Plakim, B. Spūlim, J. Turkupulim, savicis, edited published un J. Endzelins, Riga, Based 1925. on the information published in I this In his work on the place K. names of Vidzeme, Būga wrote a comprehensive study, in which we find new interesting conclusions about Finnish names in places now inhabited by Latvian Lithuanians, about the territorial distribution of ir some Baltic tribes, about individual phenomena of Baltic languages and the chronology of their emergence, etc. jų ir jo Selected Writings, t. III, p. 612—648. 217