Несколько замечаний о балтийских глаголах на «-sta» в связи с происхождением этого форманта (индоевропейская перспектива)

B AL TU KALBUYU “VE ITK S MA ŽODŽIO TYRINEJIMAI LI.EiT- UN OST SR EMO KIS LU AK A DYE MS LT A B. H. TOITOPOB HECKOJIbKO 3AME4AHHH O BAJITHACKHX TMIATOJIAX HA -sta B CBS13H C IIPOHCXO)XKJIEHHEM 3TOr0 ®OPMAHTA (MHIOEBPONENCKAS MEPCIEKTHBA) B nocnepnue roa BHHMaHHe MHOTHX HccJeoBaTesiell OblJIO HAIpaBJIEHO Ha OajiTHicKHe MpEe3eHTHbIE OCHOBBI C 3JeMeHTOM -st(a). ITH o6pa3oBaHHA aHa- JIN3HPOBAJIHCh KAK B CHHXPOHHOM!, Tak H B HCTOpHYECKOM? MJIaHe, B Pe3yJibTaTe 4ero HakomuJjcsa OOIIMPHBIH MaTepHaJs, IMNO3BOJIHBINHAĖ CJEJIATb CYUIeCTBEHHBIE 0o600i1eHHA O XapakTepe 3TOro THIla MPe3eHTHbIX OCHOB. B HacTosiiee Bpewms YMECTHO BHOBb OOPaTHTLCS K BONPOCY O MPOHCXOXKAEHHH caMoro dopMaHTa -st(a), Tem GoJjiee, UTO MO 3TOMY MOBOAY HE TOJIBKO HET eHHOTJIACHS, HO CYIeCTBYeT HEJIbIė pAJl KOHKYPHPYIOMHUX TOYEK 3peHHA, YaCTO COBEPLIEHHO INpOTHBOINOJIOXK- Horo XapakTepa. CJi0xKHOCTb B onpejie/ieHHH HauGoJsiee JOCTOBEPHOTO pelleHHs 3aBHCHT, Be- POSITHO, OT TOTO, YTO Ha OCHOBaHHH ČaJITHHCKHX JAHHBIX TPYAHO HJIH Jake BOBCE HEBO3MOZKHO JaTh BHYTPEHHIOI PEKOHCTP YKIHIO TOTO GJIOKA TJIATOJIbHOH CHCTEMSI, rae noay4ua opopmaense dopmant -st(a). Koraa xe 3a nomoipio o6pamaiorcs K HHI0EBPOIMEHCKOMY COCTOSIHHIO, TO HepeJĮKO OGHapYy»KHBAIOT KAPTHHY, KOTOpas, Kak 3TO HH NapajĮOKCAJIbHO, XPOHOJIOTHYECKH SIBJISIeTCS CJIeJy one 3a 6aaTuii- CKHM cocTosiHHeM. OTCIofa — MHOTOYHCJIEHHBIE HEJOPA3YMEeHHsI, HCKAXKEeHHsI OT- HOCHTE/IbHO-XPOHOJIOTHYECKOH MEePCNeKTHBH MH OYEBHAHOE JKeJaHHe JO0Ka3aTb He TOJIbKO BTOPHYHOCTb, HO H BOOOILE MO3/iHee (HeJaBHee) TIpOHCXOX/JĮEHHE 3TOTO THNa 00pa30BaHHSA MPE3EHTHBIX OCHOB. B 3TOM OTHONIEHHH IĮEJIEeCOOGpa3HO BEI/IE- 1 J. Otrębski, Gramatyka języka litewskiego, II, Nauka o budowie wyrazéw, Warsza- wa, 1965, ctp. 320—326; A. Senn, Handbuch der litauischen Sprache, Heidelberg, 1966, crp. 266—268: Lietuvių kalbos gramatika, II, Morfologija, Vilnius, 1971, crp. 226—228; Misdienu latviešu literaras valodas gramatika, I, Fonétika un morfologija, Riga, 1959, crp. 673—675 u ap. * Cm. J. Kazlauskas, Lietuvių kalbos istorinė gramatika, Vilnius, 1968, ctp. 316—336; J. Endzelins, Latviešu valodas gramatika, Riga, 1951, crp. 751—763, — B TOM, uTO Kacaercs OTJIEJIbHbIX GaJITHACKHX S3bIKOB, H TaKxe: Chr. S. Stang, Das slavische und baltische Verbum, Oslo, 1942, cTp. 131—138; ero xe, Vergleichende Grammatik der Baltischen Sprachen, Oslo— Bergen— Tromsė, 1966, ctp. 338-349; J. Endzelins, Baltu valodu skanas un formas, Rigi, 1948, ctp. 190—192; E. Fraenkel, Die baltischen Sprachen, Ihre Bezichungen zueinander und zu den indogermanischen Schwesteridiomen als Einfiihrung in die baltische Sprachwissenschaft, Heidelberg, 1950, cp. 90 H c/eA.,—B TOM, YTO KacaeTCs CPaBHHTEIbHO-HCTOPHYECKOrO aHaJIH3a 3THX obpasosanuil. Cp. Take oGpamenHe K raarojaM Ha -st(a) B pa6oTax mo HHJOEBpONeHc- THKe — npexae scero: J. Kurytowicz, The Inflectional Categories of the Indo-European, Heidelberg, 1964, ctp. 50-51; B. B. Manos, OGwennjoesponeiickast, npacaassHCKas H AHATOJIHICKAA $3bIKOBbIE CHCTEMbl (CPABHHTEABHO-THIOJOrHYECKHE ouepku), M., 1965, crp. 154 n caen. 151 JIATb cTapylo Touky 3pennsi K. O. MoxanccoHa, KOTODpkIl CKJIOHEH ČblJI BHAETb B GaJITHHCKOM hopMaHTe -sfa OTpaxeHHe cTaporo cyddukca 3-TO JiKua MeAHAIBHO- ro CHrMaTHUECKOTO aOPHCTA -s-10°, H BCE OCTaJIbHbIe TOUKH 3peHHA, CYTb KOTODpbIX B YTBEPXKJAEHHH BTOPHYHOTO H INO3JHEr0 MPOHCXOXAeHHs Toro Tuna! (*-si-< *.sk- wan *-st<*-t-t- H no). Ilpexjje ueM nepeliTH K Bonpocy O BO3MOMKHBIX HCTOUHHKAX GaJITHĖŪCKOTO -st(a) B npe3eHTHbIX OCHOBAaX, UeJIec006pa3HO OTBETHTb Ha jįBa Bonpoca — UYTO HMEeeTCS B BHJAY, KOrja TOBODST O BTOPHYHOM H [O3JHEM MPOHCXOXKAEHHH 3TOTM0 THIA, Hh KAKOBO MeCTO, 3aHHMaeMoe 3THM THIIOM OCHOB B CHCTeMe Ga THI- CKOTO TJIarOJIbHOTO CJIOBO- H (OpMO06pa30BaHHA. O BTopHuHocTH (dopMaHTA -st(@) B GaJITHĖCKOM MOXKHO TOBOpHTb JIHINb B TOM CMBICJIE, UTO OH, OUEBH/IHO, COCTOHT H3 3JIEMEHTOB, KOTODpbIe MOTYT NOSABJIATHCH, COXpaHA5; TO HJIH HHOe IpaMMaTHYeCKOe HJIH CJIOBOOOPA30BaTE/bHOE 3HaUueHHe, H TIOpO3Hb, T. €. B HeCBsI3aHHOM Buje. Cp. rgraroJibi Ha -soti THIa murksoti, vėp- SOti, snopsoti K NOA., THe -S- CBOHM HMEHHBIM IpoHcxOx/ĮenHeM (cp. murksa nu mūrksa, vépsa, snépsa vi MOA.) H HenepeXO0JįHOCTbLIO (O003HaueHHe COCTOSHHA) nepekJiuKaeTCHA ¢ -s- B ilgsta wan sénsta (Cp. MCXOAHbIE HMEHHbIe THNbI ilgas u sénas K HenepexojHoe 3HaYeHHEe COOTBETCTBYIOIIMX TJIAaroJIOB), C OJHOH CTOPOHBI, H IJIaroJibHble 00pa3oBaHus C 3JIEMEHTOM -#- (Cp. NpejįHKATHBHbIe THINbI, HATIPHMED, karvė pasérta unu pėdos palikta, Wan rjaroJibl CO 3HaueHHeM MOMEHTaJIbHOTO OJHOKpATHOTO JAeiicTBHsI Ha -teléti: žvilgtelėti“, čiūptelėti, būubtelėti wv nopn.). Ha- JIHYHe Tap KopeHb + teléti u Kopenb +steléti (T. e. -t-: -st-) IPH TOM, UTO B LIEJIOM psifie cayyaeB 3TH (OPMaHTHl BBICTYNAIOT MPH OAHOM H TOM Ke KopHe (cp. dūr- teléti u dursteléti i nojį.), TakyKe MOXKET paccMATpHBATbCS KaK apryMeHT B IIOJIb3Y BblĮEJIEHHS B -Sf- COCTABHBIX 3JIEMEHTOB. Hakonei, 0 BTOpHYHOCTH H NO3JHEM NMPOHCXOXKAEHHH THINA Ha -St(@) HEPEIKO rOBOPSAT, HMesi B BAAY 3K CNaHCHIO 3TOTO THNA CpejlH TJIATOJIOB, KOTOphIE paibilie nepejįaBaJiH TO xe 3HaueHHe HHbIMH cpeAcTBaMu®, Takoe npejįcTaBJienHe O BTOpHY- HOCTH HEKOHCTDYKTHBHO, IIOCKOJIbKY OHO HMeeT B BHAY JiHIb ĮĮAHHY IO COBOKYII- HOCTb (daKTOB, a HE BCE BO3MOXKHBIE CJYYaH YNOTpebJsieHHs paccMATpHBaeMOTO ¢dopmanTa. Huaue ropopsi, NpH TaKOM MOAXOJe ONpoBepraeTcs JHwb (HakT HAJIH- 3 Cm. K. F. Johansson, Eine analoge Neubildung der Verbalflexion im Altindischen und Baltisch-Slavischen, — KZ, Bd. 32, 1893, cTp. 476; cp. Take H. Hirt, Indogermanische Gramma- tik, Bd. IV, Heidelberg, 1928, ctp. 236. 4 O630p THX Touek 3peHHs cM. B KH.: Chr. S. Stang, Das slavische und baltische Ver- bum, cTp. 134 u caexn.; J. Kazlauskas, Op. cit., ctp. 330 H cen. 5 Cp. Zvilgteréti B Jloctuane” Iaykmn (335, 44) u cxoausie o6pasoBais B aAuajeKTax. * Cp. J. Kazlauskas, Op. cit., cTp. 324-325: , Kad formantas -sta- šiuose veiksmaZodzZiuose yra vėlesnis, rodo ne tik dvilypé ju esamojo laiko formų daryba (infiksas ir -sta-), bet ir tai, kad ne- retai tie veiksmažodžiai vienose tarmėse turi formanta -sta, o kitose yra tik infiksiniai, plg. glėžra ir gleiiza; gėsta ir geiisa, gėsa;... glvita ir gliūža ir kt. Nėra abejonės, kad infiksinés lytys yra senesnės, o formantas -sta čia atsirado vėliau, jau išnykus infiksui 2“ (c ĮtaJibHeliuIH MH OGb5CHeHHsi MR). Cp. takxe Chr. S. Stang, Vergl. Gramm., S.342: ,,Der Umstand, daB es (scil. das Suffix -sta-) als Supple- ment zum Nasalinfix auftritt, d. h. daB dessen Verbreitung vorwiegend nach der Gebrauchlichkeit bzw. nicht-Gebrauchlichkeit des Nasalinfixes geregelt ist, deutet darauf, daB die Produktivitit dieses Suffixes nicht besonders weit zuriickreicht, In dieselbe Richtung deutet auch die Tatsache, daB s nach r und k nicht durch § vertreten ist: wir stehen also einer Expansion des Suffixes in der Form -st- gegeniiber...” 152 yus -st(a) B OnpejieJIeHHOM Kpyre TJIATOJIOB, HO He onpopepraercsl caM ĖaKT yno- Tpe6aenus -st(a). Bojiee Toro, Korjla ropopsT, UTO -st(a) NosABASAETCA JHIIL MPH yTpaTe HOCOBOTO HH(HKCA HH — 3TO OCOGEHHO BAXKHO — B rjaroJiax, TJIE B CHJIY 3BYKOBOH CTPYKTYPbl KOPHSA HOCOBOH HH(HKC ČbiJI HEBO3MOXKEH, TO HTHOPHPYETCH BONPOC O TOM, KaKHM 06pa3oM nepeiaBajoch JaHHOE 3HaUueHHe TJIAaTOJIbHOM OCHOBbI IPH YCJIOBHH, UTO OHO He MOTJIO mepejaBaThcsi HHOKHKCOM. Hakoneu, npu pac- CMOTPEHHH BOMPOCA O BTOPHYHOCTH H MNO3JAHEM MPOHCXOXKAEHHH TOTO HJIH HHOTO (hopmaHTa NPUMEHHUTEJBHO K TAKHM VHHKAJIbHbIM ApXaHUHbIM fi3biKaM, Kak OaJ- THACKHE, CJeAYeT MOMHHTb, YTO MHOTHEe MpOLEecChl, KOTOpLICE NpeKpaTHJIH CBOE JCHCTBHE YXKe B 3MOXY JApPeBHEHIIMX NaMsTHHKOB HHAOEBPONEHCKHX $3bIKOB, elle NPOJOJIKAIOT CBOE JIeHCTBHE B 6aJITHHCKHX A3bIKaX H 3aXBaTHIBAIOT HOBIE CJIOH (hak- ToB". IlojjoGHOo TOMY, Kak GbiJIO Obl HeNIpaBOMepHbIM CUHTATb, YTO -4 OCHOBBI B JIH- TOBCKOM BTOPHYHbI, IIOCKOJIbKY 3TOT CII0cOO AoJiroe BpeMA NpoJIOJIXAJI OCTA- BaTbCS NPOAYKTHBHBIM H 32XBATbIBATb CBOHM ĮĮEKHCTBHEM IHEJIbIžĖ PS] HOBbIX HMEH, — TOYHO TaK Ke VY Hac HeT OCHOBAHHH CUHTATb, YTO -S#(a) BTOPHYHO H BO3HHKJIO JIHlilb B OTHOCHTE/IbHO no3jHee Bpemsi, Hy>KHo AymaTh, 4TO pa3JiKuKHe B MHTepIpeTaluy THX JABYX (popmMaHTOB OOBACHAETCS TEM, YTO OCHOBOOOPA3YIOLIEE -u XOPOLLO H3BECTHO B CAMBIX PasHbIX HHJ0EBPONEHCKUX A3bIKaX, a -si-(@) NpH3HAeTC si HCKJIIO- UHKHTEJIbHO GaJITHHCKHM OOpa3oBaHHEM, H3 Uero JEJaeTcs HeripaBOMEDpHbIH BHIBOA: GaniTHhCKHĖ, 3HauHT, nocheunjoeBponeiickuii. Ho 06 stom HuHxe. Kak Gki TO HH ObJIO, HO NMPHHHMaeMoe 3/eChb NMOHHMaHHe BTOPHYHOCTH HHKOHM 0OpasoM He JOJDKHO NPensiTCTBOBaTb MOHCKY HHAOEBPOMEHCKHX COOTBETCTBHIl JanHOro dop- manTa. IlpH aTOM (H 3TO TakKe BeCbMa CYIIECTBEHHO) MOA COOTBETCTBHAMH HYHKHO NOHHMATb He TOJIBKO cJy4yau H30(YHKUHOHAJBHOrO (MO OTHOLLEHHIO K ČaJITHŪCKHM (akTam) ynotpeGaenus AaHHOTO (OpMaHTa, HO H CJAydYaH, KOrja 3TOT QOpMaHT (HJIH Jake ero COCTaBHbIE YAaCTH) BBICTYNAIOT B APYTHX 3HAUEHHAX H Jae MeHs- I0OT paHr (KOpHeBoe paciuHpeHHe, MOp(OJIOTHYECKHH HJH CJIOBOOGpa30BaATeJIb- HBIl 9JIEMEHT, COCTaBHasi UACTb ero H T.A.). Bee sto, pasymeercs, AeiicTBHTENbHO IPH YCJIOBHH, YTO MOXHO NOCTPOHTb CKOJIb YIOAHO AJIMHHYIO LieNb PEKOHCTPYK- HH, KOTOpas II03BOJISIET COeAHHHTb B KOHEYHOM CUETE CONOCTaBJI5eMbhIe (DOpMaHThI B pa3HbIX HHAOEBPOMNEHCKHX S13bIKAX. BTopoit H3 BOonpocoB, OT pemeHHA KOTOpOoro MHOTOE 3aBHCHT B NpoOJIeMe NPOHCXOXKACHHS -sf(a@), COCTOHT B OnpejejieHHH MecTa, 3aHHMaeMoro 3THM (Dop- MaHTOM B cHCTeMe OaJTHHCKHX TIJIaroJbHbIX THNOB. B aTOH cBsisu npujercs Ha- MOMHHTb HECKOJIbKO 6oJiee HJIH MeHee H3BeCTHBhIX (DaKTOB, NPHAAB HEKOTOPHIM H3 HHX 6oJiee crnenMaJbHblii aKUEHT HJH BBeJAA HX B HECKOJIBKO HHOII KOHTEKCT. OjįHHM M3 JOCTHXKEHHIl B MHIOEBPONEHCTHKE MOCJEAHHX AECSATHJIETHIl cJe- Ayer CYHTaTh Npu3HaHHe Toro ()aKTa, UTO MOSIBJEHHE AaHHOTO Kpyra OCHOBO- obpasyiomux (POPMAHTOB B NPE3EHCE MPH OJHOM ONPEAeJeHHOM KOpHe HE SBJIA- 7 B yacTHOCTH, THM, KOHEYHO, OO BACHAIOTCH MHOTOYHCJEHHBIE CJIVUAH COCYINEeCTBOBAHHA B psijie FOBOPOB OCHOB Ha -sf- C IPYrHMH OCHOBAMH (Cp. B BepXHeJIA ThILICKHX roBOpax: !'ėipu nu léipstu or lipt’, mjuku u mpukstu or mukt, kiyupu nu kifupstu or klupt’ nu T.1.) HAH Banuune B psine rOBOPOB OCHOB Ha -$f- B TeX rJiarojiax, KOTODpbIe B ĮĮpyTrHX roBopax HJH B JIHTEPAaTVDHOM s3bike o(hOPMASIOT Npe36HC HHBIME cnocoGamu (cp. atu! auan. izmudkstu, smokstu, apsuépst un Ap. (Kalupé). Cum. M. Rudzite, Latviešu dialektologija, Rigd, 1964, ctp. 360; cp. oruacTn K. Draving, V. Riike, Verbalformen und undeklinierbare Redeteile der Mundart von Stenden, Lund, 1958, cTp. 14-15. 153 eTCHA C/IyUaHHOCTbIO; YTO TO siBJIeHHe (COCYLIECTBOBAHHE OCHOB) MOAYHHEHO JO- CTaTOYHO CTporHM (B MPHHIHMIE) 3aKOHOMEPHOCTAM CHCTEMHOTO XapaKTepa; H 4TO, C/IE/ĮOBATEJIbHO, H3 (paKTa HAJIHUHS JAHHBIX (POPMAHTOB MOXKHO C GOJBUIHM HJIH MEHbIIHM BEPOSITHEM JeJaTh 3aKJIIOUEHHSI O HAaJIHYUHH APYTHX (DOpMAHTOB, CHCTEMHO CBAI3QHHBIX C JaHHBIMH. To, YTO B pa3HbIX HHIOEBPONEHCKHX A3BIKAX BbISIBJIEHO JOBOJIbHO 3HAUYHTEJNbHOE KOJIHYECTBO TIJIATOJIBHEIX KOPHEi, KOTopbie € NOMONIBIO psifa popmanToB (-n-, -s-, -sk-, -į0- H T. Nn.) 06Pa3yIOT CEPHH CXOAHBIX [IPE3CHTHBIX OCHOB, HYXKHO TOJIKOBaTh KaK NMPaKTHYECKOe JOKa3aTe/IbCTBO peasib- HOCTH CBfA3@I MeXKAY PasHbIMH THIIAMH IIpe3eHTHbIX OCHOB, BO-IIEPBBIX, H BO3MOK- HOCTH OTHECEHHSI THX 3aKOHOMEPHOCTE K JO0CTATOYHO paHHeMy BpeMeHH, KOrja CB513H MEK/Yy PasHbIMH 4aCTSAMH HHAOEBPONECKOro SI3BIKOBOTO apeaJia ele Mpo- AOJDKaaH JeiCTBOBATh. B 310i cBs3H cJiejįyeT co Beeil HaCTOHUHBOCTbIO NOAUEPKHYTh HCKJINOUKHTEJIb- HOCTb TeX OTHOLICHHH, B KOTOPHIX HaXOAATCH B GAaJITHĖOCKHX SI3bIKAXS ripe3eHTHbIe OCHOBbI Ha -st(a) H NMPE3EHTHHIE OCHOBbI C HOCOBbIM HHOHKcOM. Bajrrnitekue npe- 3EHTHbIE OCHOBbI HA -S!(4)- H C HOCOBbIM HHOHKCOM (-n-, -m-), BOCXOAS K BeCbMAa ApeBHHM OOpas3oBaHHSAM, NOJIYUHJIH B HCTOPHH GalTHACKHX S3bIKOB INHpOKOC pas3Burue". Ilpuo6pers muejibiiū psi HOBbIX OcOGeHHocTefi (B UaCTHOCTH, coJiepyKa- TeJIbHbIX), OHH, TEM He MeHee, COXPaHsIOT HeKOTOPhIE BECbMA apXaHUeCKHE UepTbI, HNO3BOJIAIONIHEe (XOTs Obl B OČINEM BHJE) peKOHCTDpYHpOBATb HEKOTODBIE OTHOINIE- HH IPEBHEHILIET0 THIIA, HANpHMeDp, Te, YTO OTHOCSATCS K 3MIOXE A0 (HOP MHDOBAHHA H aKTya/H3allHH BpeMeHHbIX MPOTHBONOCTABJIEHHH. ITH JBa THIla OOpa30BaHHA npe3seHca HAXOJĮSTCA MexAy co6ofi B ĮONOJIHHTEJIbHOM pacnpejiejIeHHH, H3 Yero BbITEKAIOT HX OOIIHE UepTRI, MO3BOJISIOLIHE HA HEKOEM GoJiee BbICOKOM YPOBHE 06 h- eJlHHHTb 3TH JBA THIla B OAMH (Ha YypoBHe TpaMMATHUeCKOH CEMAHTHKH), H HX pa3JiuuKHsA B rIipejieJIiaX VYpoOBHSA OOpMAJIbHbIX MPH3HAKOB. Hs o6sejtuHsionuHux 3TH Ba THNa OcOGeKHHOCTEN HYXHO npexJe Bcero yka- 3aThb HX HHTPAH3HTHBHO-HHXOATHBHOE 3HauenHe. BMecTe ¢ TeM HeT OCHOBAHHĖ CYH- TaTb HMEHHO 3TH JiBa Cocoa o6pasoBaHHA INpe3eHTHbIX OCHOB (-sf(g)- H HOCOBOIL HHOHKC) HCKOHHBIM HJIH HCKJIPOUHTEJIbHbIM CPEACTBOM JIS NepeJaud 3TOTO 3Ha- YeHHsi, MOCKOJIbKY BHE CHCTEMbl Mpe3eHca 3TO 3HaueHHe NepefaeTcst ApPYrHMH cpeacTBami. B 370i CBSI3H yMECTHO OTMETHTbh H APYTYIO OGILYIO 4epTy yKasaH- HBIX ABYX THMOB OOPA30BaHHsl MPE3EHTHBIX OCHOB — 06a OHH OOPa3yIOT mpeTe- PHT C 3JIEMEHTOM -d@, OGBIYHO CBSI3BIBAEMBIM HMEHHO C HeNepexoAHOCTbIO (B OTJIH- * Oco6eHHo noka3aTeJibHbI JaHHbie HMEHHO JHTOBCKOTO S3bIKa, OCOGEHHO Tex ero JHaJeK- TOB, Fjle HOCOBOH HH(HKC He yTpauHBaJCs, Kak, Hanpumep, B JaThiickoM. ŪTO Kacaercs npyc- CKHX J\aHHBIX, TO OHH CJIHIIKOM MAJIOUKCJIEHHBI JŲJIA TOro, UTOObI HA HX OCHOBE JeJaTh CAMOCTO- ;TEJIbHbIe BbIBOJIHI (Cp.: wirst; polinka, sindats | syndens, cp. poprestemmai | issprestun). * Hyxuno 3aMeTHTb, UTO HCKJIOUKHTEJIbHAS NPOAYKTHBHOCT MPE3EHTHOrO THMA C HOCOBBIM HHOHKCOM B GanTHICKHX A3bikax OGpa3yeT cBoero poja pendant K nojjoGHoMy Ke pacrmpocTpa- HEHHIO OCHOB Ha -sfg. Kak H B nocJiefieM c/1yuae, HOCOBOIl HHHKC NOABJAETCA VY 3HAYHTEABHOIO uHCJIA JIHTOBCKHX TJIATOJIbHbIX KOpHeH MPH TOM, TO COOTBETCTBYIOIIHE KOPHH B APYFHX HH/O- eBPONEHCKHX S3bIKAX (fame TeX, KOTOpble, KaK APEBHEHHAMICKHIl, XeTTCKHil, TOXapCKHH, XO- POLIO COXpaHHJIH STOT THI MPE3EHTHHLIX OCHOB) He 3HAIOT MH(HKCAJBLHOrO 06pa3OBaHHSA OCHOB HacToAwWero BpeMeHH. PakT IKCNaHCHH OCHOB C HOCOBbIM HH(DHKCOM B JIHTOBCKOM TeM GoJiee yAH- BHTEJICH, UTO B CJIABAHCKOM OH OueHb Pe/OK (sodo, legą, bodo, cp. resti c nepexojiKbiM 3HAYEHH- em), a B repMaHCKOM B0OČINe npejįcTaB/IEH OJĮHHM IIpHMepoM (Cp. roTCK. standan-stop). 154 uHe OT -ė, HMeIOLIETO OTHOLUEHHE K TMEepexOJIHOCTH): KHCKJ/IOUEHHSA MHHHMAJIbHbI H nopaatoTes OO bacHenHHIO"., Tperbsi uepra, O KOTOpOR CTOHT 3JĮECb YNOMSHYTb, — OoOHH (B uesiom) HaGop (DOHeM, 3aBeplInAIONIHX KODEHb, K KOTOpOMY MPHCOGAHHS - ercs -st(a) HJIH B KOTOPLIH HHKOPTOPHPYETCst HOCOBOI HHĖOKKC. Bnpouem, 3aech HaMeuaIOTCS H PACXOMICHHS, NPHYHHON KOTOPEIX CJIEYeT cuKHTATb (POHETHYECKHE spJIeKHs. Cp., ¢ OAHOI CTOPOHBI, MO KpaiiHeii Mepe JBY3HauHble cJy4yad THIIa gel-sta (uo: gelto), nifsta (Ho: nifto), vista (Ho: vito), vista (Ho: vjdo), Zysta (HO: žydo), skysta (uo: skydo) Hu moj. Hu, ¢ APYyroii CTOPOHBI, Cayuam Tuna d%ifiva, Išja, dryska, tjska, diina nu noj., The npeanoJaraeTcsi HOCOBOI HHOKKC??, Ojinako ¢ TOYKH 3peHHs 3ajįau PEKOHCTP YKIUH BaXHEC pa3JIHuKS, CYLIEeCTBY- folie Mey OCHOBaMH Ha -st(a) H Ha HocoBoii HHOHKC. Cpean 3THX pasmuumii CYIECTBEHHO YKa3aTb Ha MPHUCYTCTBHE HHTOHAUHOHHBIX MPOTHBOIOCTABJICHHUII B OCHOBAX Ha -st(a) B KOpHe, cp. € : é (dréksta, pléksta, Ho: $élsta); 6 : d (noksta, slopsta, sprogsta, wo : blogsta, lobsta); ii : i (džiūsta, rūgsta, slūgsta, trūksta, HO : dilksta, rūksta); y : y (dygsta, klysta, uo: dyksta, kljpsta, krypsta, nyksta, pyks- ta, vyksta); il : il (ilgsta, tvilksta, wo: silpsta, smilksta); ir : iF (tvirksta, Ho: mirksta, sifpsta, tirpsta); in : ifi (brinksta, stingsta, tinsta, tvinsta, pažįsta : pažinti, Ho: dinigs- ta, liūksta, spriūgsta, tviūksta); im : im (kimsta, rimsta , Ho: gimsta, klimpsta); ūl : ul (smūlksta, wo: stulbsta); dl : al (dlksta, wo: alpsta). B npesenTibix OCHOBaX, 06pa3yeMbIX HOCOBBIM HHOHKCOM, HHTOHALHOHHBIE Dpa3JIMUKA OTCYTCTBYIOT H BCIO- Ay BbicTrynaeT uMpKymuaexc: arka, teiika, krifita, juiika; tampa, lempa, limpa, klumpa; būla, skūra, glėra, kyla, byra, skjla, svira, gira; driska, myzga, tyš- ka aT. I. : ITO OTHONIEHHE CBOČOJIbi — HECBOGOAbl HHTOHAIIHH B npe3eHce, CymecTsy- iOlee B OCHOBAX Ha -sf(a) H B OCHOBaX Ha HOCOBOH MH(HKC H pa3/ĮeJISIONIEe HX, MPHHAMAET HHOH BHI IIpHMEHHTeEJIbHO K ĮDYTHM 3BEHbAM TJIAaMOJIbHON CHCTEMEI. OcHo0Bki Ha -st(a) xapaKTepH3YIOTCS! OAHHAKOBOH HHTOHALHeLTĖ y JaHHOTO rjrarojJia H B TpeseHce, H B npetepute, H B uuuuntHBe (cp. dlksta, dlko, dlkti; alpsta, alpo, alpti; kimsta, kimo, kimti v T.n.)8, OCHOBBI C HOBBIM HHOOHKCOM, KaK Obl KOM- neHcHpys OTCYTCTBHE BbIOOPA HHTOHAIIHOHHBIX MOJeJNell B Npe3eHce, COOTHO- CATCH C TAKHMH NPETEPHTHHIMH H HHOHHHTHBHbIMH OCHOBAMHM, Tle HHTOHAINS, Kak MNpaBH/JIO, HHasi (MO KpaiiHell Mepe B OJHOH H3 THX OCHOB), HEXKEJH B npe- sence. Cp. npeseHc — npeteput, HO HHOHHHTHB: radda, rddo, WO rasti; senka, 1% Cu. Chr. S. Stang, Das slavische und baltische Verbum, crp. 98, 189; P. Arumaa, Von der Eigenart des Ablauts und der Diathese im Baltischen, —ZfsIPh, Bd. 26, 1957, cp. 118 —149, 1 Cp.: „sta-kamieniai veiksmažodžiai biitajame laike visada turi taip pat kamiengalį -š, išskyrus gimsta, gimė ir miršta, mirė. Tačiau veiksmažodis gimsta kamieną -sta gavo neseniai, plg. gėma: gimė, o ė-kamienė būtojo laiko forma mirė, matyt, atsirado tada, kai būtojo laiko é-ka- mienas nustojo buvęs tranzityvumo rodikliu“. Cwm. J. Kazlauskas, Op. cit., cTp. 319. Hurepecno, uTO miršta 0OOpa3zyeT HMCK/IOYeHHe H B OTHOLIeHHH Nepexoja s B § TIOCJIe r, O ueMm cM. Chr. S. Stang, Vergl. Gramm., crp. 342—343, OnHako Bo3MOXHO H COBCeM HHOE pemenue (-$- B miršta w3 -sk'-), cm. J. Endzelin, Uber den slavisch-baltischen Reflex von idg. sk’, — ZfsIPh, Bd. 16, 1939, ctp. 114; J. Kazlauskas, Op. cit., cp. 330. '2 Cp. rake: bla, bijra, glima, kiiza, blizga m T. 1. 13 Mckaouenns pejįkH H OObACHHMbI, Cp. sénsta, séno, sénti; témsta, témo, témti. B na- TBILUCKHX OCHOBaX Ha -sf- Ta Xe KapTHHA, CP. tirpstu, tirpu, tirpt; klistu, klidu, klist; tidstu, tūlzu, tulzt; ragstu, rūgu, rūgt w T. g. 155 sėko, no sėkti; šlampa, šlūpo, no šlapti; stemba, stėbo no stėbti; sąla, salo, wo salti; gvėra, gvėro, HO gvėrti H T.jį.; npesenHc, HO nperepHT — HHOHHHTHB (IPH KOPHEBOM -in-, -un-, -im-, -um-, -y-, -ū-): kita, no kito, kisti; buiika, uo būko, būkti; kimba, HO kibo, kibti; grumba, no grūbo, grūbti; dyla, vo dilo, dilti; žiūra, no žiūro, žiūrti; ryzga, HO rizgo, rigzti M T.I. Ewe oano pa3jinune, ¢ KOTOPBIM TaK HJIH MHA4Ye COOTHECEHbI YXKe YKasaHHbIE, COCTOHT B TOM, UTO KPYT KOPHEBBIX TJIaCHbIX V IIpe3eHTHbIX OCHOB Ha -st(a) Gojiee IUHPOK (NPaKTHUECKH HeorpaHHUeH), YeM Y OCHOB C HOCOBBIM HHOHKCOM, Te S1B- HO mpeobaajaior -i- u -u- (drifka, kifita, krifika, krifita, miūga, minta, drimba, kimba, limpa, stimpa, Simpa; juiita, krufta, pluiika, puiita, siufita, buiida, buiika, gunda, Suita, truika, čiumpa, dumba, grumba, klumpa, skumba w T.1.}** ui ropas- JO pexe H, MOET ObiTb, BTOPHYHO BBICTYNAlOT -a- H -e- (arka, kaiika, rafida, šlampa, tampa, bila, sėla, skūra, šąla; gerida, seiika, smenga, tefika, glemba, knemba, lempa, skremba, šempa, gléra, gvéra)*®. OTH pa3JIHYUKHA B YCTPOHCTBE BOKAJHYECKOTO LEHTPa H HHTOHALHOHKHONK na- pajurMbl MEXAY TJIaroJIiaMH, o6pasyIolHMH Npe3eHC Ha -st(a)-, H TJIaTOJIA MH, O6pa3YI0ILHMH Npe3eHC C NOMOINbIO HOCOBOTO HHOHKCA, MOKasaTeJibHbl Npexje BCETO HMEHHO B TOM OTHOLIEHHH, UTO OHH CBH/ĮETEJIbCTBYIOT O CTapoH H30OYHKUKO- HAJIbHOCTH 3THX THIIOB H O (dopMazibHoH (JUS OnpejieJieHHOoTO NepHoja) NpoTH- BONOCTaBJIEHHOCTH UX. TOJIBKO B mpejenax 3THX JĮBYX KJIAaCCOB, B3siTHIX B COBO- KYNHOCTH, OCYILIECTBJSIIOTCS BO3MOXKHOCTH, CBOICTBEHHBIE LEJOMY (BCE BH/bI KOPHEBOTO BOKaJIH3Ma, BCE THTIbI HHTOHALHOHHBIX CXeM — KaK BHYTpPH Mpeserca, TaK H BHYTPH BCeii COBOKYHOCTH TJIAaTOJIbHbIX OCHOB). VuHTbiBasi 3TH OCOOEHHOC- TH, MOXKHO BBICKa3aTb NMpPEANOJIOKEHHe O TOM, KaKHe THIIbl H B KAKOM OTHOILEHHH SBASIIOTCS. BEJLLVINHMH (T. €. CNOCOOCTBYIOUMMH MaKCHMAJIbHOMY pa3JIHUeHHIO BO3MOxHOocTeH)!*, Ho celiuac H 3/Įecb BaxkHee NOJĮ4epKHYTb, UTO H OOILHE 3JIEMEH TSI H pa3JIHUHA, CYILIECTBYIOULHE MEXKJIY THIOM Ha -st(@) H THIIOM C HOCOBbIM HHOKK- COM, CBHJIETEJIbCTBYIOT HEONpOBEp»xHMO O TecHehHunIeh CBS3H — aKTyaJbHOH H HCTODpHUECKOR — MEXKJIY STHMH ĮBYMS THITAMH MNpe3eHTHbIX OCHOB, OO HX CTOJIb pa3BHTOH CKOppeJIHpOBAHHOCTH, COaJIaHCHpOBAHHOCTH, KOTOpasi BO MHOTHX CJIY- yagx IIpHOJIHXXaeTC; K YPOBHIO ĮONOJIHHTEJIbHOTO pacnpejieJIieHHS H, TJIaBHOe, HEJIKHKOM HCKJIK04UA6T BO3MOXKHOCTb INpejįūnOJIOXEeHHA O CJYYaHHOM H COBCeM He- JaBHeM xapaKTepe 3Toii cooTHeceKHocTH. HajJiHuHe B0o3MOxHOCTeH pa3HOTO OĖOpM- JIEHHS IIpe3EHTHbIX OCHOB NO ĮįKaJIeKTaM (cp. glėžta, ocHoBa Ha -st(a) : glenža, OCHOBa C HHOĖHKKCOM:; gėsta : gerisa, kiūžta : kiufiZa, gniūžta : gniuiiza, dūžta : 14 Cp. atin. tirpstu, Šibstu, atžilbstu, vistu, atbilstu, klistu, svistu, nistu, škistu, likstu, mirkstu, nikstu, slikstu, tvikstu, digstu, ligstu, sirgstu, atspirgstu, stingstu, birstu, irstu, mirstu, silstu, svilstu, dilstu, pazistu, grimstu, rimstu, dzimstu, bistos, |dzist; skurbstu, stulbstu, plūstu, trūkstu, tūkstu, kūstu, listu, skumstu, grastu, klastu, pūstu, Zistu X non. 15 Cp. atu. pampstu, slapstu, skabstu, kalstu, alkstu, spragstu, vargstu, salstu un T. J. 16 B yacTHOCTH, SKCMAHCHS OCHOB Ha -s!(g) B npe3eHce MOXeT OO bACHATbCH HMEHHO TEM, HTO OHH OTKPBLIBAIOT MaKCHMAJIbHbIe BOSMOXKHOCTH AJA IJ1aroJioB C CaMbIMH pasyIH4HbIMH BHA MH KOPHEBOTO BOKaJIH3Ma H HHTOHALMH, UTOOBbI BKJIIOYHTHCH B npe3eHTHYIO CHCTEMY (uT0, BIIpoueM, HE HCKJIOYaeT BO3MOXHOCTENH BbIipaxXeHHA APYrHX NPOTHBOMNOCTABJEHHH, HaNpHMEp, HENEPexoa- HOCTH — MEpPexXOJAHOCTH B 3aBMCHMOCTH OT CTYNEHH rJaCHOro B KOpHe, Cp.: JIHT. dygsta: diegia, ar. digstu : diédzu wv T.n.). T narojibi, tipuoOperaiomHe B npeseHce HOCOBOH HHOHKHKC, Hanpo- THB, OKA3bIBAIOTCA HauboJjee NPHIOAHBIMH [JS Pas/IHYeHHS TJIATOJIbHbIX OCHOB (B YAaCTHOCTH, BpPEMEHHBIX) CpejicTBAMH WHTOHALMH. 156 duiiZa, prūsta : pruiisa, gniūsta : gniūsa, dūsta : dufisa, č)žta : činža, šąšta : šaiiša, sūsta : suiisa, dvysta : dvifisa, gyžta : gifiza, gl)žta : gliūža n Ap.)?", crporo roBopa, NpeAnoJiaraeT He TOJIbKO AHAXPOHHUECKYIO CMeXHOCTb HHĖuKca -n- /-m- ¢ oc- HOBO0Opa3YIOmHMH -st(a) Tuna (dūsti) du-ii-s(a): *dūs-sta, Ho w CHHXPOHHYECK VIO COBMECTHYIO BCTpeYaeMOCTb 3THX (opMaHTOB THNA *du-n-s-+ sta> dūsta, neus- GexKHYI0 AVIS BCEX OCHOB C HHOHKCOM, mnpHoGpeTaomux (opmant -st(a). Bo- Jiee Toro, QOpMbI TUNA dūsta unu grista< *gris-sta< *grins-sta, HeCOMHEHHO, B TEYEHHE Ha4YaJIbHOTO nepHojAa HX o(opMJIeHHS ĮĮOJIXKHbI BOCIIDHHHMATbCHS He Kak MPOCTHIE OCHOBbI Ha -Sta : dus-sta win gris-sta, a UMEHHO KaK Mpe3eHTHbe OC- HOBbI A deux termes — -n u -st(a), Tem Gojee, 4To i H j B KOpHE 3THX IJa- rosios (Kak, BIIpO4eM, H B APYTHX AHAJIOTHUKbIX CJYHasix) ABJASIOTCH apxudo- HeMAMH, B KOTOPBIX HEHTPAJNHU3YIOTCA COOTBETCTBEHHO # u un (um), y u in (im). YUuTHIBAsi CTOJIb TECHYIO H JABHIOK CBA3b OCHOB C HOCOBbIM HH(HKCOM H OCHOB Ha -st(a), He roBOps YiKe O JAaHHbIX APYTHX APEBHHX HHAOEBPONEHCKHX I3BIKOB, NPHXOJAHUTCS NPH3HATL CHOPHbLIM O0BSICHEHHe TeHesuca -st(a), AaHHOe HegaBHo IO. Kypusosuuem'®, nocko/JbKy OHO He YUMTHIBaeT CBA3H THX ABYX THTIOB OCHOB. Blo Gbi B BhICLIEl CTENeHH CTPaHHBIM, ECJIH Obl GaJITHŪCKAS Kap- THHa, NpeAnoJaraiouias CBsidb OCHOB Ha -sf(@) H OCHOB C HOCOBbIM HH(HKCOM, JHIb CIYYaHHO HMHTHDpOBAJIa HHAoeBponefickoe cocTO;KHHe. 3ato IO. Kypuso- BHY HECOMHEHHO IpaB, KOTJa OH HameyaeT OČILHE NpHHIHIIbi BO3HHKHOBEHHS H pacnpocTpaHeHHsi POPMAHTOB C YUETOM OTHOLIEHHĖ MEKAY NepBHYHOI H BTOpHY- HOH cemMaHTHUecKOH (yHkuusiMH. OCOGEHHO CYINECTBEHHO, YTO H3 JTONM CXEeMbl BbITEKAeT NPHHUMMHAJIbHAS MOABHKHOCTb CEMAHTHYECKHX 3HAYEHHH VY JaHHOTO (horeTHYECKOTO KOMINJIEKCa: — OT HYJIEBOTO JO CJIOBO06pa30BaTEJIbHbIX H (POPMO- o6pasoBaTe/IbHBIX 3HaueHHi. B pasubix HHAOEBpomeficKHX SI3BIKAX, B TOM UHCJIE H B GaNTHHCKHX, 3JIEMEHT -s- KaK pa3 H (HKCHPYET pasHble CeMaHTHKO-TpaMMa- THYECKHE paHTH H NepexO0jįbi H3 OAHOTO panra B Apyroil. KeraTH rosopsi, 3Tum nepexojaM CcHocoGCTBOBaJa Ta apxauyHas CHCTeMa (JIEKCHĖ B CIDSXKEHHKH, KOTOpasi CTAHOBHTCS BCe GoJiee SICHOH B pe3yJabTaTe MOCJASAHHX HKHCCJIeJOBAHnII (cp. GecuaexTiBHOE 3-e JIHLO TVIarojia, HepasJuueHHe (ueKcHil 2-ro H 3-ro Jinna B CIpSKEHHH, CBSI3b (QuieKcHii cnpsikenust 2-it cepHn (XeTTCK. -hi) ¢ MeaHOMacCH- BOM H NepHEKTOM, BCKPBITHE IIHPOKOTO CJIOSl HH BIOHKTHBHBIX OGpa30BaHHĖ H T.11.). 17 Cum. J. Kazlauskas, Op. cit., cTp. 324—325. JlaThiicKHe npHMepbi TaKOrO THNA CM.: J. Endzelins, Latviešu valodas gramatika, cp. 762— 763. 8 Cm. J. Kurytowicz, Op. cit., crp. 50— 51. HerouxHKoM aarsoro dopMaiTa NPH3HAOTCH npuuacTHbIe GOPMbI Ha -fas OT TJIATOJIOB ¢ HCXOAOM KOpHS -d, -t, -s, -§, -ž (-sk, -škt). da hop mui AQIOT NOBOA AJISi BO3MOXKHOCTH JIBOSIKOil TPAaKTOBKH, Hanpumep, virstas = 1. virt-tas (nepsuunas hopma) nan 2. virt-stas (BTOpHuKas popma). Cp. aazee (cp. 51): “This possibility is exploited if the respective verb shows a double function, e. g. if, fundamentally transitive, it has in certain contexts an intransitive value or if it is a verb of state with a secondary durative function. Thus a participle like vifstas having the primary passive meaning “which has been turned over“ and a secondary intransitive meaning „which has turned (over)“, can be split into vift-tas (primary semantic function) and vift-stas (secondary function). Purely virtual in the par- ticiple and in the infinitive in -ti, the split is actualized in the corresponding present tense: viFt-t- tas: virt-st-as=vert’u: virt-st-ū. According to §36 we get the subtraction of -t- in virt-t-(as) entailing the restitution of the full grade vert’ since the zero-grade of the root is only a corollary of the addition of -tas, hence participle vert’-: virt-st-= presence vert’=: virt-st- representing a correct proportion...“ H T. I. 157 B cBs3H ¢ ĮONOJIHHTEJIbHLIM OTHOLIEHHeM -n-/-m-: -st- B GaJITHICKKX mpe- 3eHTHbIX OCHOBaX HanpaniHBaeTCHA psa mnapaJJeneil Ho anaJIioOrHH. IloMHa, uto GanTnicKHe, CJIaBSIHCKHe H MepMaHCKHE S3bIKH H3 Tpėex THIOB HHIOEBPOIEHCKO- ro npe3eHca € HOCOBbIM (dopManToM (1. *linek™-: *linkv-, 2. *k'Ineu-: *k'Įnu-, 3. *krineH,-: *k*rinas) ycBoHJiH JIMIIb KaKOH-TO oun Tun (GaJiTHicKHE — nepBbil, CJIABSHCKHe — BTOpoH, repMaHcKHe — TPETHii), coxpaHHB 3a HHM OČILEE 3HaueHHe HHTDaH3HTHBHOCTH, NPHXOAHTCH 3aKJIJOUHTb OG H3BecTHOĖI npaBoMep- HOCTH CpaBHeHHs1 ČaJITHHACKOTO HHOHKCAJIbHOTO H CJIABSHCKOTO CYyO0OHKca/IbHOTO THNOB NMPE3EHTHBIX OCHOB C 3JIEMEHTOM -H-., B TaKOM CJryuae BeCbMa INOKA3aTEJIbHO, uTO NePBOHAYAJIbHO Mpac/aBsiHCKHE OCHOBbiI Ha -ne- (*dvignoti, *dvigneši) 06pa30- BblBaJIH HCKJIIOYHTEJNbHO acHTMATHUeCKH0 aopucT (*dvigs), uTO, HanpH- MEp, H 3aCBH/ETeJIbCTBOBAHO B CTAPOCJABAHCKHX MaMsITHHKaX. TakuM o6pasoM, AJIs1 H3BECTHOTO MePHOJa PEKOHCTPYHPYETCS CJeAYIomasi CXeMa pacnpeieseHus dopM B aopHCTe: NPE3EHTHbIE OCHOBbI ¢ HOCOBBIM (-n-) CY(PdOHKCOM -> acHrMaTH- YECKHH aOpPHCT; NPEe3eHTHbIE OCHOBBI 6e3 HOCOBOTO cy(duKca (XoTa H He Bee) -> CHTMAaTHYECKHH aOPHCT, T.e. *dvignesi— *dvigs, Ho *znajesi — *znaxws. YuuTsBas cTaJĮHIO, KOT/la H3 HHBIOHKTHBA CTAJIH BbIAEIATbCA OCOOBIM 06pasoM oopmiieH- HbI€ OCHOBbI, MOXHO H JJIsl TIpaCJIaBSIHCKOTO HAMeTHTb COCYLIECTBOBAHHE H cHa- JIAHCHPOBAHHOCTb 3THX K€ ABYX THIOB — C -H- H C -§-. XapaKTepHo, uTO H B CJIa- BAHCKHX fI3bIKaX NPUXOAHUTCSH CYHTATLCSH C IKCIAHCHEH CHTMATHUECKOTO THIA, Cp. mo3fHHe (POPMBI CHTMaTHYECKOTO OGpa3OBaHHSl aOpPHUCTa OT TIVIATOJIOB C -n- B npeseHce dvigoxs npu crapoM drvigo. Bojiee Toro, Kak H B JHTOBCKHX (opMax, NpHXOJĮHTCS KOHCTATHDpOBATb COBMECTHYIO BCTPEYaEMOCTb HOCOBOTO 3JJ/IeMeHTA H -5-(-X-, -§-) B npejies1ax OJĮHON CJIOBO(DOpMbI B CHTMATHUECKHX a0pHCTAX OT npe- 3EHTHbIX OCHOB Ha HocoBoii THIia: KOCH)XX 'b, T1O0-M5H)XXX 'b, OVCEKHXX b H NOAA." (T. e. B KOHEUHOH NepcriIeKTHBe *-sék-non-s-). ITH AHAJNOTHH, KOHEU- HO, JejaloT eme Gojee MpasBAONOAOGHBIM TIpelinoJIOxeHHe O CBS3H -s- B GaJi- THICKHX NPE3EHTHBIX OCHOBAX C MOKA3aTeJieM CJIABSHCKOTO d0PHCTA H MOMBOAST K THNOTE3€ O CBSA3H -f- B -Sf- B GaJNTHIHCKHX (PopMax c -#- B aOPUCTHUECKHX (op- Max 2-ro H 3-To JIHLa ej. UKeJIa THIIA Pits, jets, a MOXET GbITb H dasts, ecnn ne BHAeTb 3jĮeCb YjpoenHsi. TlockoJibkKy B nocjiejįHee Bpemsi BCe Gojiee YTBepx- ĄaeTe1 B3TJIS Ha 3TY OopMy Kak npoctyio (*da-sts), To ee yMecTHO CpaBHHTb C MPYCCK. dast, cT.-nKT. dūosti, Kak H psiioM JIpyrHX 06pa30BaHHH, Cp. XeTTCK. das (2-e—3-e nO ejį. 4. NpeTepuTa hi-cnpsikenus), anb. dhashé (1-e auuo ex. u. aopucTa, ‘si AaJ’), Benet, dona.s.to NoA.2. Vike ua NPHUBEJCHHbIX BbILIe NPHMe- POB MOXHO BHIETb, UTO -s- MNOSIBJISETCS TO KaK MOKAasaTeJb MPE3EHTHHIX OCHOB, TO Kak noKasaTe/ib a0pPHCTa, TO Kak (pyieKcusi (HJIH 4acTb ee) JIMA B TJIATOJIbHOM CIPSKEHHH. C 370i ,,IOABHIKHOCTBIO -5-, KOHEUHO, HEJIb351 HE CUHTATHLCS TPH pe- LIEHHH BONPOCAa O €ro NPOHCXOXKACHHH. OcraB/iA1 B CTOpOHe JaJibHEiillHe pacCyMAeHHs O CJIABSIHCKOM aopucTe, YMECTHO JIHIIb HANOMHHTb, YTO pachnpejiesentne ero (DOpM GbiJIO OGYCJIOBJIEHO * Cu. H. Bau-Beiik, Heropus crapocaassiuckoro s3bika, M., 1957, crp. 342 —345. 20 Cm. B. Rosenkranz, Historische Laut- und Formenlehre des Altbulgarischen, Heidel- berg, 1955, crp. 129; B. B. HBanos, Yas, cou., ctp. 82; ero xe, Orpaxenne JABYX CepHit HHJIOEBPOMNEHCKHX raaroJbHeiXx (opM B npacaaBsuckoM, — ,,CaAaBsSHCKOE 53bIKO3HaHKe“, M., 1968, erp. 257; B. H. Tonoposg, K Bonpocy 06 3BOIOUMH CAaBSHCKOrO H GaATHHCKOrO rJaro- aa, — BCS13, 5, 1961, crp. 69. 158 He TOJI5KO THIIOM OCHOB, HO H aKUEHTHOH NapajurMoON raarosa. Cp. akneHTHo- MOpėpoJIiOrHuecKoOe TPABHJIO, CYmMmecTBOBABINee EIIe JO MOABJEHHS TIHCbMEHHbIX NaMATHHKOB CTApOCJIAaBAHCKOTO S513bIKAa H OO 651CHSBINEe pacnpejieJieHHe aopHCTH- 4ecKHXx (popM*': HENPOH3BOJHBIE GAPHTOHHPOBAHHBIE IVIATOJIbi C DaBHOCJIOXKHbIMH OCHOBaMH OOpa30BbIBAaJIH NMPOCTOH AOPHCT, €CJH OCHOBA OKAHUMBAJIaCh HA CO- TJIACHBIH, H CHIMaTHYeCKH-KOPHEBOI AOPHCT, €CJH OCHOBA OKAHYHBAJIACH Ha ryiacHbiil HH conant. HeripoH3BOjįHbIe OKCHTOHHPOBAHHbIE TJiaroJIbi TOTO Ke THA oGpasoBbiBasii curmatiueckuii aopuct tuna BECb — BEJIE, ecau ocnoBa oKan- uHBaJjiacb Ha COIJIACHBIA, H CHTMATHUECKO-JĮĮEHTAJIbHbIĖ AOPHCT, ecJIH OCHOBA OKaH4HBAJIaCb Ha rJ1acHblil HJIH conant (cM. B. A. [Ipi6o, Yras. cou., cp. 37 —38). Orciona: pits, Ho bi wan ids, Ho vėst H NOLL. Ecau B GanTHiiCKOM H C/1aBSHCKOM TVIaTOJIE JJIEMEHTbI -n- H -5- KOHKYDH- PYIOT ApYT C JIpyTroM, JIKINb H3pejĮKa BbiCTYTIasi OAHOBPEMEHHO B O AHOH H TOI xe (opMe (npuuem Hau TaKkHe OGpa3OBAHHA HMEIOT HEYCTOHUMBHIMA, npoMexYyTOU- HI XapaKTep, HJIH OHH NPeANoJaraloT 326BeHHe NMpeKHHX 3HaūeHnii V coyeTa- IOUHXCSl 3JIEMEHTOB), TO HEKOTOpble JpYTHe HHAOEBPONeHCKHe A3LIKH pa3BHJIH peryJisipubie 06pa3oBaHisi, XapaKTepH3YIOIHECH COYETAHHEM HOCOBOTO H CHIMa- THYECKOTO 3JIEMEHTOB. Ilpexjie Bcero 3jĮeCb JĮOJIXKHbI ObiTb OTMEUEHHI ToxapckKHe A rjarojisi VIII KJlacca Hi Toxapckue B ryiarojibi X KJiacca, KOTODBLIM CBOHCTBEKHHbI (COOTBETCTBEH- HO) CY(duKch -nds-, -niis- v ndsk-, -néisk-. Cp. Tox. A yir- ‘KynatbCsi’ — ydrnassi (Inf.), wal — ‘ymuparty’ — wdlldstdr (<*wdil-nds-tdr) u T. 1.; Tox. B ydp- "BxO- AUTH’ — ydnmaskau (<*ydp-naskau), pik- ‘namepepathcsi® — péiknas-tir, kdm- ‘IPUXOAUTL’ — kdnmassim (nm < mn), tdm- "pownaTbecs" — tanmastir (nm < mn) H T. A., He TOBOPS O psijle IJIaroJioB C HCXOJAOM KOpHS Ha -n: klin- ‘JoamencTso- BaTb' — klinassim, aun- ‘naunnats’ (B med.) — aunastdr, pin- ‘ys’ — pinasle (Ger. I), rin- 'OcTaBJIATB" — rinastdr, sain- '3amnmaTbes" — sainaskentdr K T.1.22. Unenn- MOCTb 3TOTO TOXapCKOTO (upmaHTa -nds- (-nds-), -ndsk- (-néisk-) oGecneunBaeT- Csl HAJIHYKEM psijįla Npe3eHTHbIX OCHOB, KOTOPbIE XapaKTePH3VIOTCS JIHINb OJHHM H3 JBYX YKasaHHbIX (QOPMAHTOB HJIH 3TH (POPMAHTHI BXOAAT B HHBIE COUETAHMS. JlOCTaTOUHO HanOMHHTb TaKue, Hanpumep, kJjaccel, Kak Tox. B VIII (-s- : -5-): er- : ersdm, aip- : aiypsem, kdl- : kūlsūm, kau-: kausim wu T.n.; IX (-sk- : -58-) : yam-: yamaskau, we- : weskau, ai-: aiskau w T.n.; XI (-5-...sk- : -s...58-): auk-: auksdssdam, tu(twa-): twassdm wu 1.11. (cMemenne kaaccos VIII u IX), c ojįKofi cTo- pont, H Knaccet VII (HocoBoit unukc) : kdrk-: kdttankdm, pik-: pinkam nu T.n.; VI (-na-) : alp- : alpanam, rap-: rapanam m T.n.; XII (-A#-) : kdisk- : kiskannitar, kldnts- : kldntsafifii nm T.n., c ApyroR croponw. B cBeTe THX OTHOWeHHIT OopMH- poBanue KJiacca X B ToxapckoMm B (H Kiracca VIII B Toxapckom A) noayuaer HcuepnbiBalONL6e o6bsiCHeHHe. # Dro npasuao cįdopMyJiupoBano B. A. Ilki6o, cM. ero craTbio: Vzapenne cAraBaneckoro rnarojia Ho OOopMbI cTapocJiaBAKcKOTO aopucra, — „Kparkue Coobuienns Huctatyra CnaBano- Beflenns”, Bun. 30, M., 1961, crp. 33-38. # Cm. W. Krause, Westtocharische Grammatik, Bd. 1, Das Verbum, Heidelberg, 1952, cTp. 96 n caex.; W. Krause, W. Thomas, Tocharisches Elementarbuch, Bd. 1, Grammatik, Heidelberg, 1960, ctp. 214; E. Sieg, E. Siegling, W. Schulze, Tocharische Grammatik, Ber- lin, 1931, cTp. 357 u caexn. 159 Hs oTHOCAlLIHXCHA CIOJĮa aHATOJIKŪCKHX (aKToB* cieflyeT npexje Bcero OT- METHTb XETTCKHE IV1aroJibl, y KOTOPbIX Npe3eHTHast OCHOBA OG6pa3YyeTCSHS COUeTaHHeM cybdukca C HOCOBbIM 3jeMeHTOM H cydodukca -Šk- (-ŠŠ-), nepsblii H3 KOTOPBIX HMeeT OOBIMHO Kay3aTHBHOe, a BTOpPOH — HTepaTHBHOe 3Hauenwe. Cp. arnusk- ‘MOBTOPHO MPHHOCHTL MpH ar- ‘npe6biBaTh’, ‘HOCTHraTh’ H arnu- ‘NPHHOCHTSH ‘AOCTaBJATH ; CP. TaKxe: huiš-nu-šk- H MOA. HJIH TVIaroJibl Ha -nesk- (JiryBuėcKHe Ha -nešš-): Cp. XeTTCK. ti-ja-ni-eS-ni-mi NPH JiyB. ti-ja-ni-es-Su-i, cp. XeTTCK. teshannesk- w nox. Oco6kilt HHTepec MPEACTaBJASAIOT CJIyuaH, Koraa -Šk- npucoe- JAHHAETCH K Npe3eHTHOH OCHOBE C HOCOBBIM HHOHKCOM; cp. harninkisk- ‘HeopHo- KPaTHO TYOHTL' npH harnink- "noryGuTb' H hark- ‘noru6uyTth’. Kak H B TOXapCcKHX A3bIKAX, paccMaTpuBasi B XeTTCKOM 0OpasoBaHHS CO CJOXHBIM (POpMaHTOM H3 HocoBoro H -§(k)-, caeayeT NOMHHTb H O JAPYTHX THNAX IIpe3eHTHbIX OCHOB (-annai-, -nu-, -nin-; -es-, Cp. OTbIMEHHbIE IVIATOJIbI THNA parkues- ‘OYHCTHTbCS' npu parkui- “unctslii’, Salles- ‘ysenuwuntbesa’ npu Salli- ‘Goabwoii’ u nox. ). IMocae- JOBaTeJIbHOCTh -/1-S- MPEANoJaraeTcss C OCHOBAHHEM H B JIYBHHCKOM'e-n-s ‘cra- BHTb', ‘MOCBAMmMATH. AHATO/IHiICKHE (PaKThbl H, KOHEYHO, XETTCKHE B MEPBYIO ove- peib, BeCbMa IMOKa3aTe/bHbl, B YaCTHOCTH, B TOM OTHOLIEHHH, UTO SKCIAHCHSA cyddnrca -Šk- 3acBHAETeNILCTBOBAHA YKe Ha TJIa3aX NMUCbMEHHOH HCTOPHH XeTT- CKOTO si3blKa H CBsi3aHa C BbITeCHEHHEM cy(dukca *-Ššša- (u3 *-so-). Iloatomy He HCKJIIOYeHa PEKOHCTPYKUHS CTADpbIX IPe3eHTHBIX OCHOB C (popMaHTOM, coye- TalOUIAM HOCOBOH 3JIeMeHT c -§- (a He -šk-). Opnako cneuuanausauus cydukca -$k- B XETTCKOM (rpex/e BCero JJisi BbipaxxXeHHS HTEPATHBHOCTH) H ero YHHBEp- canusanus (BO3MOXKHOCTb NPHCOEAHHEHHSI K J11060il TJIAaTOJIbHOH OCHOBE) He- CKOJIBKO CHHXKAIOT 3BPHUCTHYECKYIO IEHHOCTb 3TOTO OOpa30BAHHSA JŲJISI PEKOHC- TPYKLUHH IepBOHa4a/IbHOTO Kpyra CJydaeB, B KOTOPHIX VIIOTDeOJISJICH CJIOXKHbIH (opmanT Toro THNA. TO xe C H3BECTHBIMH OCHOBAHHAMH MOXKHO CKa3aTh O JAPEBHE- TpeuecKHx IJ1arojlax THNA dAvoxaėvo ‘H3berath’, ‘cmacatbesi’ (yxe y ToMepa u Tecnoja), npu dade ‘ObiTh B CMsTEHHH', ‘MeTaThes’, dAdoco (y I'omepa) uuu O Gosiee cTapeix o0pa3oBaHHSAX THNA xdZėvo "YyBeJIHUKBATb', ‘BHIPACTaTh’ H MOZ. npu of ‘BHIpamuBaTE’ H T. JĮį., TAe MNOPSAOK 3JEMEHTOB HHBepTHDpOBAH [10 CPaBHEHHIO C JI0 CHX MOP PaCCMOTPeHHBIMH NpHMepaMH. TOT ke HHBEpPTHPOBAH- Hbili NMOPSIOK HaGJIoaeTcsl H B apMAHCKHX TJiaroJax Tuna harc-an-em ‘crpaiiu- Baio’ (BMECTO OxHAaeMoro hargem), rie OGHApyKHBAeTCs HCXOAHASA MNOCJAENO- BaTeJibHOCTb *-sk'-+ *-n- (cp. Ap.-uHA. prechdmi, nat. poscé). OfHAKO B CBA3H C AapMSHCKHMH JaHHBIMH Ba)KHO TNOJAYEPKHYThb CJeAYIollHe ABe 0COOEHHOCTH — MeJIKAJIbHOE 3HaUeHHe 3JIeMEHTa -7!- B IIpe3eHTHbIX ocHoBax (cp. melkel "'OcJIaGHTb' [akTKBHbIK)] — melkanal 'ocna6HyTb' [MeJiuaJibHbIė]?*) H OopMHpoBaHHe AOpHCTH- uecKOro nokasartensi ¢ (cp. sireag oT sirem ‘si 00/10’ WH gorceač OT gorcem * O Hux nonpobuee cm. H. Ppuapux, Kparkas rpaMMaTHka XeTTCKOro siasika, M., 1952, cTp. 82 n caex.; G. Bechtel, Hittite Verbs in -sk-, Ann Arbor, 1936; B. B. HBanoBs, O6ue- HHJI0EBpONIEHCKasn, Mpac/aBAHCKash H aHATOJHICKAas A3bIKOBbIE CHCTeMbl, cTp. 139 H caex., oco6eKHo cTp. 147-148. O cooTHOmeHHH HOCOBOrO (dopMaHTa H (popmanTa *-sk’- B HHAOEBPO- neiickux S3bikax cm. W. Couvreur, Les dérivés verbaux en -skefo- du hittite et du tokha- rien, — ,,Revue des études indoeuropéennes®, t. 1, fasc. 1, 1938; cm. rakxke C. Watkins, Indogermanische Grammatik, Bd. III: Formenlehre, Heidelberg, 1969, ctp. 70 u chen. * Cum. D. I. Tymanan, [peBHeapMsanckuil asbik, M., 1971, ctp. 334-335; A. A. AGpa- ams, YueOuuk rpabapa, Epesan, 1964, ctp. 116 u ap. (ua apm.). 160 ‘A Aenaio’) u3 H.-eBp. -sk-*42, Tor dakT, uro -sk- BbicTynaeT Kak (bopmMaHT aopuc- Td MPH -§- B QOPHCTe ĮpyTHX HHAOEBPONEHCKHX A3BIKOB, BEPOATHO, JAO/IKEH ObITh MPHUHAT BO BHHMAHHe B CBA3H C COOTHOUICHHEM Ga THIICKOTO -st- H -s- B pAJE APY- THX POJCTBEHHBIX SI3bIKOB. Bripouem, yuuThiBasi IIpOHHKHOBeHHe -sk- B cCHCTEMY nperepHTa B TOXapCKOM (H, KaK MpeAnoJiaraioT HeKoTopsie Benes 3a KaperhHoM B CJaBAHCKOM: -ax® < *-d-ske-), MOXHO AYMaTb, YTO NPOTHBOMNOCTABJIEHHE OCHOBHOH TJaroJ :rjaaroJ ¢ nokasartenem -sk- OBJIO H3BECTHO Tak HA3bIBAEMBIM „MOHTHACKHM“ si3blKaM (AHATOJIHHCKHE, TOXapCKHe, ADpMSHCKHĖ, CJIaBSIHCKHIT) 240, Oanaxo B cB53H ¢ GaJITHŪCKON INpoG/IEMATHKONH Ba)KHEe BCE-TaKH NpHMeDpEI, B KOTODpbiX IIpejįcTaBJIeHa IMOCJIe/ĮOBATEJIbHOCTb -71-+-5-. Cpe HHX 32CJIY>xH- BACT BHHMAHHS COOTHONIEHHe TOMEpOBCKOTO xuvéw : Ėxuooa, TO3BOJISIONLIECE JIy- MATb O PEKOHCTPYKUHH *xv-vs-o-pt*", a Takke Befuiickue (DOpMbi THNA gr-nis-e (oT gir-) nau pu-nis-e (OT pū-)**, y KOTOPHIX NnoKa3aTĖJIb -Hiš- CBA3LIBACTCH C MeJįHAJIbHOH (yieKCcHefi; HH BEeHETCKHe THNA zonasto, Tle -nas- YeTKO BbluJie- HseTcst Ganarofiapsi NnapaJiJIeJibHON opme zoto. Cp. mexo zona.s.to re.i.tiia.i. ner.ka lemeto.r.na ,Hepka, nous Jlemetopa, nocssituna mens Pefirune“ (PID 26. Este) nin mexo zona.s.to Sahnate.i re.i. tiia.i porah „Ilopa nocesituna wens Peiitune Canatuc” (PID 31. Este), Ho: vhremah.s.tna zoto re.i.tiia. i ~PpemacTHa nocBsTHJia (Mens) Peiituue” (PID 19. Este), cp. ama. tens npu fes- ‘noces- WATh’, ‘KAACTh’ (a TaKXe JHKHIACK. fas- : ta- HJK XeTTcK. zikk- [t-sk-] or tehhi ‘KaacTh’, "CTABHTb")?", He TOBOPS O psijie APYTHX CJAyYaes, [Tocne paccMOTpeHHSI 3THX MATEPHAJOB YMECTHO HAMOMHHTE GeccrnopHbiit BBIBOA O CBAI3H XeTTCKHX IVIaroJioB Ha -s- (KaK H HEKOTOPHIX APYTHX CHIMaTHuec- KHX (opM) co cnpsbxeHHeM Ha -hi H, cJefoBaTeqbHO, co 2-ii cepueil HHJI0€BPO- MeHCKHX TJIAaroJIbHbiX (opm®, Orciofla — MeJĮHAJIbHBICE 3HAYEHHS COOTBETCT- BHH XeTTCKHM (DOpMaM B Jp YTHX HHAOEBPONEHACKHX SI3bIKAX, OO BSACHSIOUIHE CBS3b ** Cm. R. Godel, Les aoristes arméniens en -č-, — „Studia classica et orientalia Antonio Pagliaro oblata®, II, Roma, 1969, cp. 253 —258. 2440 Cy. B. Rosenkranz, Zur Entstehungsgeschichte der indogermanischen Verbalfle- xion, — ,,Arbeitspapier”, N 16. Institut fiir Sprachwissenschaft — Universitit, Koln, 1971, cp. 5—7. PO3eHKpaHIL TYT xe OTMeYaeT HaJHYHE B YKA3AHHLIX A3bIKaX 06PA30BaHHIl HMEHHOTO NPOHCXOXK- AeHHS Ha -I-, BBE/ICHHBIX B CHCTEMY I1aroJia, H OTCYTCTBHE nepdeKTa HHAOEBPOMEHiCKOro THA. * Cp. ananornuno: dvignesi — dvigoxs — dvignoxs (cp. KOCHXXX'D). * Cm. 06 stax ¢opmax T. 51. Eausapenkosa, Aopuct B Purseze, M., 1960, cp. 29. Caenyer Take HANOMHHTb, UTO B JADEBHeHHIHACKOM, MOMHMO TPEX NMPE3CHTHHX KJACCOB C HO- COBbIM 3/IEMEHTOM, CYIIECTBOBAJIH MHOTOYHCIEHHBIE I1aro/bHbEe 06Da30BaHHSA Ha -5-: CHI MATHYEC- KHil QOPHCT pa3HbIX BHJIOB (B YaCTHOCTH, Ha -sa- H Jae HA -sis-; MOCJACAHHI THI — pesyabrar HenipaBH/IbHOTO aHaJiH3a CYINECTBOBABIIAX CHIMATHYECKHX (OPM H aHAJOTHYECKHX BHIDABHHBA- HHi{), Gyyuiee BpeMsi, NpeKaTHB, Ae3HAEPAaTHB H axe Tpe3eHTHbIe OCHOBEI, CM. F. B. J. Kuiper, Zur Geschichte der indoiranischen s- Prūsentia, — ,,Acta Orientalia“, 12, 1934, *7 Cp. Take Opur. e-daeg "Io0cTABHJI". * Cp., HanpHMep, aBecrT. činas ‘er wird zuweisen' (H3 npegmoJiaraeMoro *ki-na-s-t?). * Cm. B. B. Banos, Ykas. cou., crp. 173—174; cp. ero xe, Orpaxenue ayx cepwii. . ., cp. 257 xm Ap. 11. 902 161 -5- € MEJHOMACCHBOM B TOXADCKOM, MeJIKAJIbHbIM 3aJ0TOM B BEAHHCKOM® H — B JIAHHOM CJIyuae TO 3aKJIKOUeHHe SBJISETCHA OCHOBHbIM — C HHTpaH3HTHBHO- HHXOATHBHbIMH TJIATOJIbHbIMH OOpa30BaHHS5AMH Ha -st(a) B GaJITHĖHCKHX sisbikax. I lpaB/jonojįjoGHO, YTO JIHTOBCKHĖ nperepHT HeMepexoAHBIX IVIaroJos Ha -o (M3 *-@)% Takyxe COOTHOCHM HMEHHO CO 2-if cepHeil HHAOeBponeHicKOTO CNps- JKEHHS. [Mo namieMy MHeHMIO, GaJTHiCKOE -Sf- KaK (POPMAHT MPE3EHTHBIX OCHOB MO- JKeT GbITb COMOCTABJEH — B CHJY BCEro CKa3aHHOro Bbllle — C (aekcuei -st-, BHICTYNalomeli B psje HHAOeBponefickux S3bIKOB. Ilpexae Bcero peub HAET O dekcnn 2-ro 1 3-ro JHA NPETePHTa B CNPSKEHHH Ha -hi (IPH OTCYTCTBHH 3TOMH (JIEKCHH B nperepuTe IVIATOJIOB Ha -mi), cp. daista, oT dai- “CTaBHTH’, ‘K1aCTh’ (1-e ammo ex.u. mpesexca -tehhi) npu 2-M JIMIE MH. 4. HMNEpPaTHBA daisten; me- mista, or mema- "roBopuTb' (1-€ JMO el. Uu. mpesenca — memahhi) npu 2-M JIH- [le MH.u. HMNepaTHBa memisten; eš(š)ešta, or ešša- "coBepmarTb' (1-e JHLO el. U. npesenca — esSahhi); aušta, or au(š)- ‘supers’, ‘cMoTpeTs’ (1-e JiHuo ex. u. npe- 3eHca -uhhi) npu 2-M JHE MH. J. HMIepaTHBA austen H 2-M JIHLE MH.Y. NpeseHca austeni, usteni (Hu autteni)®®, YT HENOCPeACTBEHHO COMOCTABHMO C JIMT. adsta (: aūšo, aūšti) u ATi. dust (: aussa, aust)®. ITH ke QJIEKCHH MOABJAIOTCS B psiie CMEILIAHHbIX TIO CBOEMY XapaKTepy MmapafurM, B KOTOPBIX OO be/ĮHHSIIOTCS 0coGeH- HOCTH CIIpSKEHHil Ha -mi H Ha -hi; cp. dalesta, or dala-, dalija- ‘octaasts’ (1-e JIKUO ej. 4. npesenca dalahhi w dalijami) npu 2-M June MH. 4. npesenca dalesteni u 1.1. Ewe 6ojiee HKHTepecHo, UTO HapsiJly € daekcueii -Šfa Bo 2-M H 3-M JIHILe e]l. 4. nperepuTa, CYLECTBYIOT H GojJiee pacrnpocTpaHeHHble (JIEKCHH, NMPeACTaBJs- jorge co6oil Kak Obl COCTABHBIE YaCTH YKa3aHHOH (JIEKCHH, a HMeHKO -Š H -fa, Cp.: das (2-e nu 3-e auuo ea. 4. npeTepuTa oT da- ‘Gpath’), daiš (3-e aHUG eA. u. npe- TepHTa OT ddi- "craBuTb'", "KJiacTb', NpH daišta Hu Aaxe daitta Bo 2-M nnue), pais (3-e MLO eg. u. MpeTepuTa OT pai- ‘AaBaTh’ npu pesta B Toil xe Qopme u paista H lake pditta Bo 2-M Jue), naiš (3-e JULIO ejį. 4. NPeTepUuTa OT ndi- ‘HanpaBJATh’, *“nockiJiaTb', MPH ndesta B Toil xe Qopme), zaiš (OT zai- ‘nepexoiuTs’), halzais (oT halzai- ‘3BaTv’), tarnas (2-e u 3-e JIHIO ejį.u. nperepuTa OT farna- 'OTCTABHTb", 30 [JprueMm peub HET He TOJIbKO O ĖopMax THNA punise HH grnise, HO H O HEAABHO OTMEUCH- HOM (DaKTe pelunTeJIbHOTO TIpeoOjiajiaHH5Sl B HHAMKAaTHBE MeAHalibHbIX (OPM aopHcTA HA -5- (aopucr 4). UccaepoBatens BeAHICKOrO AOPHCTA CKJIOHEH CBA3BIBATL 3TY TEHACHUHIO C TeM, ŲTO HMEHHO CpejįH BTODHUHBIX MeJĮMAJIbHbIX OKOHUaHHIH NMpeob/afaloT OKOHUAHHA, HauHHAIOMHeCs c raacHoi. XapakTepHo, 4TO H cpean Tex dopM, rie -s- CTOHT nepej COrJiacHOH, GOMbUIHHCTBO SBJISIOTCA MeauaabHeiMH. Orciojja — npaBaonojo6Hbli BLIBOA O TOM, UTO 3TOT 3JIEMEHT -§- BooGme CTaJ acconHHpOoBaTbcA C¢ MegHaJIibHOH napaaurmoii. Cm. T. 51. Eansapenkosa, Ykas. cou., cTp. 78. 31 B jaTHIICKOM JHTEPATYPHOM si3blKe, Kak H B GOJbIIMHCTBE JHaNeKToB, Obl OGOGINeEH npeTepHT Ha -d, XOTS B CpejiHenaThiickKuX TekctaXx XVI—XVII BB. H B 4aCTH COBpeMeHHbIX ro- BOpoB (10r0-3anajnas wacth Kypasuauu, 66abwas uacTb BEPXHEJNATHILICKHX TOBOpOB) H3Bec- TeH npeTepHT H Ha -č. Cm. J. Endzelins, Latviešu valodas gramatika, ctp. 863 u caen.; M. Ru- dzite, Op. cit, cp. 367 u caen. Ilpycckue nanuble (NpeTepHT Ha -d H -€) CAHIIKOM MAJIO4uKC- JIeHHBI, uTOOB HA/IESITbCA HA HX JOCTOBEPHOE HCTOJIKOBaHHE. 32 06 unpoesponefickux napaaseasx cM. B. B. HBanoB, OGuwensjoesponeiickas..., ctp. 153 xn caen. 23 Cp. eme J. Endzelins, — FBR 17,1937, ctp. 164; ero xe, — ZfsIPh, Bd. 16, 1938, cTp. 107 xn caep. H ap. 162 "nocraBuHTb', 'nycTHTb' NpH farništa B 3-M June — JyGNeTHas GopmMa), šarraš (3-e suo ex. yu. nperepuTa OT Sarra- ‘pasfesuTh’, ‘pasnoMath’, NpH Sarratta BO 2-M ane), yaštaš (2-e H 3-e AMO ell. Y. PETePHTA OT wasta- ‘rpenTs’), memas (3-e uu ejį.u. mpetepuTa, NpH memista BO 2-M H H3pejKa B 3-M June), dalis (3-6 JMIO ejį.u. nperepuTa) — B TOM, 4TO KacaeTcsi uiekcuu -§ u : šakta (2-e nm 3-e JIMLO ejį.u. npeTepuTa OT Sak- ‘3uaTh’), datta (2-e Jinno egn.u. npeTepuTa, NPH das B 3-M, a MHOTAA BO 2-M Jiuue), daitta (2-e JMUO ep. 4. nperepuTa, np dais B 3-M JIHLe H HHOT/A daista Bo 2-M June), dalijat (3-e MLO eA. 4. nperepuTa npH KOHKYypHpYylomux Gopmax dalis v dalesta), hasta (3-e uno eau. npereputa ot has ‘nopoxAaTh’) H T.A., — B TOM, YTO KacaeTcsi oKonuanus -fa. HuTepecho, uto atu -§ H -ta MOTYT COOTHOCHTbCS C (DJIEKCHSIMH COOTBETCTBYIOIHX (OPM CrpsuKenus Ha -mi, cp. hatraes u hatrait (ecto u hatrais), or hatrai- ‘nucath’; daskes nu daskit, or dask- ‘nOBTOPHO TOBOPHTL'; harsi (awe parti) w harzi, or har(k)- ‘nepxats’, “HMeTb' H noAl. Cp., BnpoueM, H yHHOHIHPOBaHHbIE (JIeKCHH 2-T0 H 3-TO JHla el. 4. nperepHTa B CNPSIXKEHUH Ha -mi — -t (-ta): eptaorT ep- ‘xBaTaTh’; kuenta ot kuen- ‘Guth’, ‘'yGHBATL’; punusta OT punus- "cnpamnBaTb'; uuatet OT uuate- ‘NPHHOCHTD'; ijat or ija- ‘nenats’ Hi 1.1. CrefloBaTesbHO, GOPMBI 2-T0O H 3-TO JIMA eJį. 4. npeTe- PHTa CaMbiM HaTJIsIAHBIM OOpa3OM JEMOHCTPHPYIOT, KaK BO3HHKJA QueKkcus -§ta B XE€TTCKOM, HACKOJIbKO JIETKO H YeTKO BhIUJIEHSJIHCh €€ COCTaBHbe UACTH H Adxke B KaKOM HarlipaBJIeHHH OCYIIECTBJsJIaCh 3KCIONaHCHA 3Toil (uekcuu (cp. HMmnepatusHble Qopmel)®t. Bee 310 HeGespasiinuHo JŲJIS! HCTOPHH (OpMHpOBAHHS 6anTtuiickoro -st(a). — Toxapckue (haKThl, OTHOCSIIHECS K HMIep(eKTy, NpPeTepuTy, KOH BIOHKTH- BY H ONTATHBY NpeTepHTa MHOTHM HANOMHHAIOT XeTTcKHe. Cp. JiHib HECKOJIbKO npHMepoB: Tox. A — wotkast (2-e MLO eg. 4. nperepuTra OT Wdtk- "npukas3biBaTb", npu 3-M auue wotdk); kaklast (Ta xe dopma, Kak H Jamiee, oT kal- “nepeHoCHTS’, ‘Tepnets’, npu kakdl, 3-e Jmuo); Tox. B — yamassit (2-e nuno en. u. umnepdekTa ** 3anava xerToJora ONpeJteJIHTb NEPBOHAYAJIBHYIO KADPTHHY H 3TANbI pacnpoCTpaHeHHs arexcuit -š, -ta Hi -šta Bo 2-M H 3-M Jule en. u. npetepuTa. CKasaTb NO TOMY NOBOAY UTO-JIHGO onpejeJieHHOe NMOKa TPYAHO, TaK KaK B COXPaHHBIIHXCSH, TEKCTAX OTPaXKeHbl ABa IIpOTHBONOJIOX- HbIX BapHaHTa: eJiiHas GopMa B 3-M Jiune (das, dais) npn KOHKYPHPYIOUHX PopMax BO 2-M JHE (das wv datta, daista nu daitta) n epunas gopma Bo 2-M Jiune (tarna$, memista) npn KOHKYPHPY- lomux Gopmax B 3-M JHue (tarnaš K tarnista, memas Hu memista). EcrecrBennoe npeanonoxKenne O TOM, UTO HEKOrjia CyueCTBOBAJIO pacnpeiesieHHe THNa: 2 eA. 4. mpeTep. -§, 3 ed. u. nmpeTep. -ta (Kak, BHAHMO, B HeporJIHOHUECKOM XETTCKOM: -sa/-s H -ta; JIyBHHCKOM: -5 (?) H -ta; MOXeT ObiTh, B NanalCKOM: -Si H -fi/-i © JIAKHHCKOM, TIE, OAHAKO, He 32aCBHJETEJIbCTBOBAHbI ¢opmul 2-TO JIHIA eA.4. MpeTepuTa), OTKyAa Aajee obmas Aas 2-ro H 3-ro Juua Gaekcus -sta, — KOHEUHO, HYKAAETCs B YHCTO XeTTOJIOTHYECKHX apryMeHTax. Bosee onpejenenno, Kaxercs, MOXKHO CKa- 3aTh O MOCTENeHHOH SKCTMaHCHH (JEKCHH -§fa Kak GoJiee NPeACTaBHTENbHON (MEXAY NpoOuHM, B CHJIY OOGBe\HHEHHS B Heil YaCTHBIX JIHUKHBIX NMoKasaTteJeil). Kerar4, neuro nonoGHoe Habaiona- JIOCb B HCTOPHH (JIGKCHH NpOCThIX TIpOLIeJŲNHX (CHIMATHYECKHX) BPeMeH B CJIABSHCKHX A3bIKaXx, OCOGEHHO B MEPHOJ PACNafeHHsi CHCTEMBl THX BpeMeH (Cp. OpHeHTANHIO Ha HaHGOJICe XapakTep- nyo gopmy). O puaexcusx 2-ro u 3-ro anua ex. u. npereputa cM. H. ®puapux, Ykas. cou., cp. 106 x caen.; H. Kronasser, Vergleichende Laut- und Formenlehre des Hethitischen, Hei- delberg, 1956, cp. 190-193; C. Watkins, Indo-Europe?n Origins of the Celtic Verb, I, The Sigmatic Aorist, Dublin, 1962, ctp. 90 nu caexa., 97 u caen.; cp. ero xe, Indogermanische Grammatik, Bd. IIT u ap. IO. Kypunosiu paccMaTpuBaer H XeTTcK. -§ BO 2-M (i 3-M) Jule eg. 1. NPETEPHTA KaK Pe3yJbTaT MOSAHEro, YHCTO XETTCKOrO PasBHTHA (TO Xe OTHOCHTCS H K -§ B Ap. -nepc. akunaus* on cpenan’ Hi nox.) cM. J. Kurylowicz, Op. cit. cTp. 156 nu caen. 11* 163 or yūm- ‘clenats’, pH yamassi, 3-e nuuo); šalūsta (2- AMO en. 4. nperepuTa ot kal- "npnuocuTb', npu šala-, 3-e nuno); yamit (2-e Jinuo ejį.u. ONTATHBA OT yam-, npu yami, 3-e auuo)*® u T.m. ®DaeKCHH TAKOTO THIIA MOTVIH TaK HJIH HHAue OTpa>xxATbCS H B APYTHX A3bIKAX (cp. BeKeTcK. zonasto wan vhaxsdo, nat. -isti u T.1.). VIX pajbHefinii nepeyeHb B JIaHHOH CBS3H CTAHOBHTCA HEOOsI3aTeIbHBIM. 3aTO HCKJIIOUHTENBHO BaXKHLIM H MMEIOIMM OTHOIIEHHE K BO3MOXKHOH HCTOPHH GaJITHICKOro TJIarOJIbHOTO ¢op- ManTa -st(@) caeayer npHsHaTh Caelyiomue (GakThl ABYX DOJOB. Bo-nepBbix, peub HAET O 3aCBHACTE/]bCTBOBAHHON NMAaMSATHHKAMH MHCbMEH- HOCTH 3KCMAHCHH -S- B (opMax ApeBHEHHHICKOro npekaTHBa (ONTaTHBa aOpPHC- 1a)*. Cp. cooTBeTCTBYIOUIHE OparMeHTbi NPeKAaTHBHBIX QOPM B BEIT CKOM (B ak- THB): 1 a. eg. u. bhaygm 1 a. as. u. bhaygva 1 a. MH. 4. bhaygma 2 n. ea. 4. bhayds 2 a. AaB. u. bhaydtam 2 na. MH. u. bhūygjta 3 a. en. u. bhayjgs 3 Ji. JB. u. bhaydtam 3 a. MH. 4. bhayir HB GoJiee MO3JHEM KJ4CCHUECKOM CAHCKpHTe (B aKTHBe): | a. en. u. bhaygsam 1 a. MB. yu. bhiydsva 1 a. MH. u. bhiaygsma 2 a. en. u. bhayds 2 A. AB. 4. bhiygstam 2 mn. MH. 4. bhaydgsta +3 a. en. u. bhaydt 3 an. AB. 4. bhaygstam 3 a. MH. u. bhūygsur Kak BHAHO H3 COMOCTABJIEHHS 3THX MapajurM, HMEHHO CHIMaTHYeCKHe dopMbi 2-10 'H 3-TO JiHIa e. 4. NOCJIYXHJIK OTIPABHOH TOYKOH AJIsi pacnpocTpa- HEeHHA 3TOrO -s- VX€ B KayecTBe COCTABHOH 4aCTH IPEKaTHBHOIO IIOKA3ATeJISI B (popmy 1-ro JiKna en.u., a 3aTeM H B GopMBI APYTHX HHCE. Her nuuero HeBe- POSITHOTO B TOM, YTO HEUTO aHAJOTHYHOE MOTJIO HMETb MECTO H B pa3BHTHH 3TOrO dopmanTa B GajITHĖŪCKHX A3bIKAX*". Bo-BTODpbkix, JŲIS MpejgnojiaraeMoro Mmpolecca NMepepa3/IOXeHHS, CBA3aH- HOTO C H3MeHeHHeM MepBOHAYaJbHOTO (HJIH, TOuHee, Gojiee paHHEro) JIOKYCA -si- B GaJITHĖCKOM BeCbMa CYIIECTBEH y4YeT TaKHX (opM, B KOTOPBHIX -Sf- He MOXET yxe paccMaTpUBaThCsl, CTPOTO TOBOPS, KaK TOJIbKO (IEKCHSI, HO elle He NOJIY- uHJIO CTaTyca MoKasaTesi TJIATOJIbHOTO Kjacca BHYTPH OJĮHOTO H TOTO Ke Bpe- MeHH (HaripHMep, TpeseHca), a CoOXpaHseT npomexyTouHoe nosoxenne. Cp. JIp.- rpeu. Aéwto, JIsi KOTOPOTO BecbMa MpPaBAONONOGHO PEKOHCTPYHPYIOT Gouee ApeBHIOl0 GOpMY *Azx-oto MPH BTOPHYHOM AéEato, Bel. G-mam-sta (=aBecT. mą-sta) u T.1.%, % Cp. coorBercTBeHHO B ToXapckoMm A: *kdilnasist — *kdlndsis m mon. 36 Cwm. T. Burrow, The Sanskrit Precative, — ,,Asiatica. Festschrift Friedrich Weller“, Leipzig, 1954, ctp. 35—42. « # Cp., HanpuMep, CHeAYyIOUYI0O FHIOTETHYECKYIO CXeMy: I: 1. ex. u. - 6» II:1 a.ex uy. -0 - III: 1 a.en. yu. -6-> IV: la.exn,u. -stu 2. 11. EL. 4. -§ 2 a. eg. Uu. 2 Jn. em yu. -st(i) 2 n.en.u. -sti 3 nen u. -(t) 3nern StS 34 enn sta) 3 1. en. u. -sta Ecau aTa cxema uMeeT (B caMbix OOInNHX 4epTax) LIaHCbI Ha IPaBAOMNOL00He, TO K/IIOYEBHIM CTaHO- BHTCS BOTIPOC O nepepacnpejieJieHHH, NPHBEEM K CO3/aHHIO TIpe3eHTHOTO MoKasaTess H3 Ma- TepHaJia OJIeKCHH. # Cp, H. Kronasser, Op. cit., cTp. 193. 164 „IlpH npejrnoJioxeHHH O TOM, YTO HMeHHO 2-e H 3-e Juuo €JĮ.U. ČbUJIH TeMH ¢opMamMu, rie MOTMNIO HaUuUaTbCSH1 Iepepa3JIOxXeHHe, pe3yJibTaTOM KoToporo Gulia TpancĖdopManHA -Si- B NOKAa3aTeJIb MPE3EHTHOH OCHOBH®, BaxHO BCIIOMHHTb O MHOTOUHCJIEHHbIX CJY4asX Hepa3JIHUeHHSA (DJIEKCHH BO 2-M H 3-M Jule ell. YKCJIA B pa3HbIX HHJAOEBPONEHCKHX S53bIKAX, O YeM OTUACTH FOBOPHJIOCH BbINNe H HEOJIHO- KpaTHO IHCAJIOCb, B YaCTHOCTH, B HejtaBHHe TOJĮbi“*. BMecre c TeM HYXHO IIOMHHTb H O CJIYyJasiX MeHbl (DJIEKCHH BO 2-M H 3-M JIHIE NO CpaBHeHHIO ¢ GoJiee OGbIuHOŽ KapTuHOH (cp. -s B 3-M suue, Ben. dhas wu noA.** HJIH -f Bo 2-M jue, XeTTCK. datta nu T.1.)22, Pasymeercsi, 4TO 3TH YCJOBHSI CIIOCOOCTBOBAJIH Kak KHauaJIy caMoro npouecca Nnepepa3JIOXEHHS, Tak H TOMY, YTO HMEHHO 3TH (GopMbl HHAY- LIHPOBaJIX pacnpocTpaHeHHe -Sf- B NapajurMe cnpsxeHus B 6aJTHHCKHX A3biKax. XapakTepHo, UTO H B CJIABSHCKHX $i3blKaxX GJIH3KHE THINbI, B YaCTHOCTH, CHIMa- THUECKHHĖ aOpHCT H HMMepdeKkT He pa3JIHUAIOT (uieKcHii Bo 2-M H 3-M Junie H, MOXeT OblTh, AJISl Y4CTH CJIYyuaeB (IO MeHbileil Mepe) HHKOTJa MX He pa3JiHUuaJIK (0 uem cM. B Apyrux paborax asTopa)i®, Boobie cJiejįyeT npuaHaTh, UTO MHOTO- UHCJIEHHbIE PEKOHCTPYKUMH (uieKcHii 2-ro K 3-TO JMua C -s-, NPHCOCAHHSAEMBIM K HCXOJHOMY COTJIaCHOMY KOpHSI, THMNA... (f)-s-s- (cp. XeTTcK. dais < *deik’s-s) HJIH (f)s-t, HMEBINHe HEKOT/a SBPHCTHYECKVIO H METOJOJIOTHYECKYIO LEHHOCTb, celiuac Bce Gosiee H Gojiee NpensATCTBYIOT BLIABJEHHIO 6oJiee JpeBHEH H CrienH- Ėduueckoh KapTHHbI, NepeKpbiTOH II03xe aHaJOTHYeCKHMH TeHJeHuusMu. Boobme, KaK 3TO HH Napa/ĮOKCAJIbHO, MPH OGCYKIEHHH BOMPOCA O NpOHCXOXKAEHHH -St- HCCJIEJĮOBATEJIb He ĮOJIXXEH CBSHS3bIBATb ce0si >KECTKHMH paMKaMH. OrseT MoxeT JiexKaTh B APYTHX UacCTSX CJIOBa (HANpHhMep, BO (DJIEKCHH, a He B OCHOBO0Gpa3Yy- IOIIJEM 3BeHe) H B Apyrux OJIOKAX napajurmsl (HAINpHMeDp, B aOpHCTe, a He B Ha- cTosileM BpeMeHH). XapakKTepHbiė NpHMep — cnps»eHnHe aTeMaTHYeCKoro rJa- rojia dati B HaCTOSILIEM BPEMEHH H aOPHCTE B CTapOCJIABSHCKOM H dyoti B JUTOB CKOM**?, % Crporo rosopsi, TOK OCHOBH, KOTOpas II03Xke XapakTepusoBaja Ipe3enc. Boamoxso, TOuHee ČbIJIO Obl rOBOPHTH 00 HH BIOHKTHBHBIX OCHOBaX, KOTOphIe B GaJATHHCKHX A3BIKAX NepeuaH B CHCTEMY npeseHca, B APYrHX — B CHCTEMY aOpHCTa (CHIMATHYECKOro), a B TPeTbHX — H B CHCTEMY Mpe3eHca, H B CHCTEMY aOpHCTa. 40 Cm. T. Burrow, An Archaic Verbal Termination in Early Indo-Iranian, — ,,Indo- Iranian Journal“, vol. I, 1957, crp. 61-76; A. S. C. Ross and R. A. Crossland, Supposed Use of the 2nd Sg. for the 3rd Sg. in ,,Tocharian A“, Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Hittite, — „Archivum Linguisticum*, vol. 6, 1954, cp. 112-121; cp. Traxxe — KZ, Bd. 69, 1951, ctp. 150—164. 41 06 stax dopmax cp. J. N. Narten, Die sigmatischen Aoriste im Veda, Heidelberg, 1964, cTp. 18 x caen.; C. Watkins, Indogermanische Grammatik, Bd. III, cTp. 53 u caea. 4a B nocnennee spems PoseHKpaHIl yKa3as Ha (PakKT COOTBETCTBHSI XETTCKHM OJIEKCHAM nperepHTa SJaMCKHX JHUHBIX daekcuit (cp. 1 J. ex. u. -h, 2 a. -t,3 Jr. -§ 1 1.4.). Boamoxkso, uTO B TOM CBA3H MHOroe Moxer OkiTb NPOSICHEHO NpH OOpalleHHH K APYTHM „HOCTpaTHUeCKHM“ SI3bIKAM, B CTIPSDKEHHH KOTOPHIX €CTh ABHBIE MMePeKJHUYKH C yKa3aHHBIMH OJIEKCHAMH. #2 Heckos1bKO HHaue ODCTOHT, BHAHMO, 2€J0 C MPHMEPAMH Hepa3JIHUeHHSA MIATOJIbHbIX OKOH- YyaHHii B NMPYCCKOM. 43 O cnpsokeHnH dudt B JiaTbinmeKOM cM. J. Endzelins, Latviešu valodas gramatika, cTp. 723—725; M. Rudzite, Op. cit, cTp. 359 H ap.; cp. npyccek. dast Hu T. n. 165 Hacrosmee Bpems Aopucr Hacrosamee Bpems Ea. u. 1 a. dame dax® duomi 2 xn. dasi dasts, da duosi** 3 J. dasts dast, da duosti, duost Hs. u. 1 a. (davė) daxové duova 2 a. dasta dasta duosta 3 a. daste, dasta daste, dasta duosti, duost Mu. u. 1 a. dame daxom® duome 2 un. daste daste duoste 3 J. dadets dase duosti, duost B 3ToM conocTaBJieHHH 3ac/yKHBAIOT BHHMAHHS NPEXKJAE BCEro (ECJIH HCXO- JUTb H3 MOCTABJIEHHOH B 3TOH CTaThe 3ajįauK) JBe OCOGEHHOCTH: BO-MEPBbIX, TaK CKasaTb, OMOHHMHYHOCTb -Sf- (Cp. -Sf5 Kak OKOHYaHHe B 3 Ji. el.u., dasts — da H -sta Bo 2-OM JHIE JB. U. KaK pe3yJibTaT NMepPeKOAHPOBKH... d-ta, cp. ideta niu sukata, B -sta w NoJ.); BO-BTOPbIX, KPOCC-TEMNOPAJIbHOCTb 3TOrO -st- (cp. dasta, 2-e nH 3-e qHUO Mpe3eHca H aOpHCTa), AAIOLIAsi OCHOBAHHE — HAPSIAY CO MHOTHMH APYrUMH — Jil PEKOHCTPYKUHMH COCTOSIHHSL JO BbIAEJNEHHSI CHCTEMbI BpeMeH H3 KOHTHHYYMa HMHBIOHKTHBHBIX (OPM, UTO, BHAHMO, OCOGEHHO peaJjibHO JĮJISI GaaTuiickoro raaroga. Hakonen, CymecTBeHHO 3aMeTHTb, UTO B MPHBEJEHHBIX napajurmax -si- cocpeloTouHBaeTcsi B popMax HMEHHO 2-TO H 3-TO JIHILA. IlocJiejjuee, O ueM cJiejJįyeT ckasaTh, O0OCYKAas BONPOC O BOBJIEUECHHH -Si- B cHcTeMY MOKasaTeJeil IIpe3eHca B 6aJTHHCKOM, — 3TO YKa3aHHe pa3JIHUKĖ B yC- JIOBHSIX IIOSIBJIEHHSA -Sf- TaM, TJIe OHO BBICTYNAeT KaK (DJIEKCHS (XETTCKHĖ HJIH TO- XapCKuil), H Tam, TJĮe OHO ABJSeTCS OCHOBOOGpa3YIONnHM OJOpMaHTOM (GaJiTKŪCcKHe si3bIKH). B rnepBoM cJrygae aTOMY -st- BcerAa ripejjuiecTBVeT raacuas (cp. tar- ništa, pahhašta, daista; šūlasta, wotkast; dasto u nojį.), BO BTopoM — Bcerja co- raacuast (cp. alpsta, dyksta u nojį.). 10 pa3Jinune B YCJAOBHAX ĮOJIXHO GIO pe- wapmumM OGpa30M CKasaTbCsl Ha JAagbHeiilieil cyabbe -Sf- B GaJTHHCKOM: OHO He MOIJIO OCTaBATbCSH (DJIEKCHER, MOCKOJBKY B 3TOM CJyuyae KOHEUHA COTJIACHAS KODpHS H -Sf- OOpa30BEbIBAJIH Obl TPEXKOHCOHAHTHbBIE [ENOYKH, 3AaBepIunNAIOINIHE CJIO- BO: ... p-st, ...k-st,...t-st u T.1. CTpyKTYDpbI 2K€ THINa ...a-St H IIOJĮ. NpaKTHUECKH OTCYTCTBOBAJIH (HCKJIIOYasi OTĮEJIbHbIE IIpHMEDpbI H3 ATEMATHUECKOTO CIONNDpSKEHHSA, TJĮe K TOMY K€ YeTKO OlIlVINAJIIACb CBs3b -5- ¢ -d-, cp. kliest, 3-e quo ez.u. oT kliedéti; nusést or nusédéti, giest or giedoti u NON. ). Pasymeercsi, Bonpoc o -sf- Kak NOKa3aTesie Ipe3eHTHbIX OCHOB HEOTAENHM OT BONpoca O MPOH3BOJAHOM CIIPSIKEHHH TVIaroJioB Ha -styti (barstyti : berti, durs- tyti : durti, ddigstyti : diegti A nojį.)**, cp. THINOJIOTHYECKH CXOJHOE HCINOJIb30BA- HHe -5- Ji OOpa30BaHHsS5 Mpe3eHca HJIH aOpHCTa, € OJHOH CTOPOHBI, H IIpOH3BOJĮ- HOTO chpsieHus (JAe3uJepaTuB), ¢ APYroil CTOPOHbI, B ApPEBHEeHHAHHCKOM. Xa- pakKTepHO, YTO B MPOH3BOJAHOM CIPSIZKEHHH -Sf- MOXKET NPHCOSAMHSTLCA H K TJIaC- HOM B HMcxome KopHs (klostyti : kloti, kraustyti : krauti, kaustyti : kduti v T1.11.), 4TO IDpOTHBOINOCTABJISIET JTOT KPYT (OPM Npe3eHTHLIM OCHOBAM C TEM Ke 3JIeMeH- TOM* H TeM CAMbIM JlaeT ĮĮONOJIHHTEJIbHbIE OCHOBAHHS JIS ONpEJeNEeHHs NepBo- “4 Cp. B Jloctuane” Jlaykum: duosi, duosti, duost, — GopMul, npeicrapasiouue OCOObIN HHTEPEC B CBA3H CO CJIABSHCKHMH MNapaJJieasiMH. 4 Cm. P. Skardžius, Op. cit., cp. 537-539; J. Otrebski, Op. cit., t. 2, cTp. 388—390 u T. A 4** Cp. rakxe OOWYHYIO Nepex0JĮHOCTb (H/JIH BO3BpaTHOCTb) IJIAr0JIOB Ha -Styti. 166 HauaJIbHbIX YCJIOBHĖŪ AufdĖepeHknunHanHH 3THX ABYX THunoB“. HyxHno nosarats, 4TO H IVIaroJibl Ha -SOfi, BbipaxkKalOLIIHe H/EIO JJIHTEJbHOCTHS, TaKXE pa3lĮeJISTIOT PSI OGIHX UepT KaK C YyxXe Ha3BaHHBIMH THIIAMH, TAK H C ĮĮDYTHMH COJĮEDXKAIIIHMH (opMaHT -s-, HO 3JleCh He pacCMaTPHBAeMbIMH. YUHTHIBasi BCE 3TH OGpa3OBAHHS H MOMHSI O HepeJĮKHX B HCTOPHH GaJITHHCKOrO rjaroja npoueccax H3MEHEHHSA rPaMMaTHYECKOTO H CEMAHTHYECKOTO CTaTyca OJHOTO H TOTO Ke 3BYKOBOTO 3Jie- MEHTa HJIH HX KOMILIeKca®, — MOXHO HaJeaThCsl HA MOCTENEeHHoe peleHHe BCero Kpyra npoGJ/ieM, CBfI3aHHBIX C MPOHCXOMKAEHHEM IIATOJIbHbIX (OPM C 3JIEMEHTOM -§-, B HaCTHOCTH, -st-. [leranu ome KapTHHBI NPEACKa3aTh TPYJHO, HO BCe TO, 4TO MOKA H3BECTHO M3 00JIaCTH OTHOCHTEJbHOH XPOHOJIOTHH 3BOJIOLHMH GaJITHĖ- CKOTO IJiaroJia, KaxeTcsi, CKJOHSeT K NpelnoJoKeHHIo, 4To OOopMHpoBAHHe psijia S-OBbIX (DOpM Iy1arosia H MpeJAe BCETO OCHOB C 3JIEMEHTOM -Sf- IIpOHCXOJIHJIO B CYLIECTBEHHO HHbIX YCJOBHSIX, UEM CXOJĮHbIE SIBJIEHHSI B GOJIBIUMHCTBE JIpYTHX MH/I0EBPOTIEHiCKHX S3bIKOB, A HMEHHO NPH HAJIHUHH THIIOJIOTHUECKH GOJIee paH- Heil cuTyanHH. KakoBa GbiJia aTa CHTyauusi, T. €. KaKHM HaGOpoM IrpaMMATHUe- CKHX KaTerOpHH H OT/ĮEJIbHbIX TpaMMeM OHa ONpele/isiJiach, — CKa3aTb IIOKA TpYJĮ- Ho. Bosiee Toro, B HacTosiiee BpeMsi 3Ta HeSICHOCTb COCTABJISET OCHOBHOE Mpe- NATCTBHE JŲJIS HHTEPIPEeTAllHH 3HaUeHHH, HEKOT Aa CBs3aHHbIX C -st-. ConocTasass GasITHIICKHE TJIaroJibi Ha -st(a) ¢ MejikajibHOR GopMofi 3-To JiHIa ell. 4. CHTMATH- yeckoro aopucra, K. O. Woxanccon Guia npaB JIHIIb B TOM OTHOILEHHH, UTO B NPpHHIHIE H B KOHEYHOM cYeTe 3TH JABa (opmanTa conoctaBumel. H Tem HE MeHee H3 3ITOrO 3aKJ/IIOYeHHSI HHKaK He CJeAyeT, YTO BO3HHKHOBeHHe OaJT. -st(a) npejinojiaraeT HaJHYHe B CHCTEME a0PHCTA (CHIMaTHYeCKOTO) HJIH CPeHero 3aJi0Ta THINA JPEBHErPEYeCKOTO HJIH ĮpeBHeHHJHHCKOTO (HJIH KaKHX-JIHGO Ap yTHX KOHKPETHBIX DOpM, OO B5ICHSAIONIHX STO -f-: NpHUACTHSA HA -f0-, TJIATOJIbHbIC (DJIEeK- CHH Ha -tha, OCHOBa Yka3aTeJIbHOTO MecTOHMeEHHS *-f0-, THTI OCHOB Ha -f0 BpoOJIe nar. plecto : explicūre, Np.-Tpeu. méxto : méxw, XxeTTCK. mant- : Jp.-Tpeu. pévey H NoJ.). ** BecbMa nokasatenbno (OpMabHOE TOXKIECTBO TAKHX TEHETHUECKH POACTBEHHBIX CJIOB, KaK JHT. msto ‘OH Aymaer’, ‘OH pasMbiluasier’ (3 *man-stda, cp. mąstyti : manyti : miiti, cp. P. Skardžius, Op. cit., cTp. 538), Ben. a-mani-sta (cp. a-mam-sata) ‘ou AyMaxa’, aBecT. mąsta “OH Ayman’ (*man-sta), NpH TOM, UTO -Sta B HHAOHPAHCKHX TPHMEPaXx He MONET GkiTb CBS3aHO C JUT. -stq NO 3HAYEHHIO. * Cp. HTepaTHBHbHIE rjraroJibi Ha -sa B Hepor/iuĖOHuecKOM XeTTCKOM: pipas(a)- ‘AaBath’ oT pi(a)- | pa- ‘nary’, aias(a)- ‘obpamatbes ¢ yeM-auG0’ OT aia- ‘nenaTs’ (cp. -s(a)- B nyBHii- CKOM) H T.A. MPH OTCYTCTBHH—B OTJIHYHE OT XeTTCKOro — cydukca -sk-. Becbma HHTEpeCHbI B 3T0H CBA3H XOTaH-CAKCKHE IVIarojbl C CYyYOĖOHKCOM -s- (BO3BOJIHMEIM K o0LIeHPAHCKOMY -S4-, KaK ToOJIaraioT, H3 *-ske-|*-sko*), obaajpaioune HHTpaH3HTHBHO-HHXOATHBHbIM 3HAUCHHeM (Kak H GanTHiicKHe rAtarojibi Ha -sfa), Cp. stas- ‘ocTaBaThes’: sta- “cTOSTB', pars- ‘0CBOGONKAATHCS': parrij- '"cnacaTb' H T.n.; CXOAHBI THI OTMEUEKH H B LIyTrHAHCKOM. H3 ApYrHX (paKTOB xXO0TaH-CaKC- KOTO A3bIKA CP. OCHOBbI -sta THNA Šūh- : šūsta ‘ocnamats', pyi-: pyūsta ‘cabluaTs’ H NMOA., NMPH- ueM S CBSI3aHO C COOTBETCTBYIOLIEH COrJIACHOH B HCXOAe KOpHS (Cp. Take bai- : basta ‘CBSi3bl- Bath’, H3 *bad- H, KpoMe Toro, NPHYACTHS npomejjuero BPEMEHH Ha -sia). Cp. JI. T. Tep- uenGepr, Xoran-cakckuii siseik, M., 1965. ** Pasymeetcst, TO xe MOXKHO CKa3aTh H O psifie APYIHX S3bIKOB. CM. O BOSHHKHOBEHHH -5 BO (aiexcui 3-ro amua ex. u. H BJaopucre: C. Watkins, Indo-European’ Origins of Celtic Verb, cTp. 90 H caen., cp. ero xe, Indogermanische Grammatik, Bd. III, crp. 53 H caex.