Bevardės giminės forma „tai“ ir jos santykis su kitomis įvardžių formomis

žeoxBIG FORM MR oy VV A RTOS ENA LUETTUSVIO SS: —TS "R MO KS LG AKADEMIJA A. VALECKIENE BEVARDES GIMINES FORMA TAI IR JOS SANTYKIS SU KITAIS IVARDZIU FORMAIS 601. Bevardés forms of the genus consist only of some pronouns, e.g.: fas, fa, tai, tat(ai); this, Sita, this, this; all, all, all; other, other, other, etc. Of all the forms of pronouns of the infinitive genus, tei is the most widely used. The variant tat(ai) is rare. It is also rarely used in other forms of the family. This article is about the non-commercial form of the name. (tatai) the general (invariant) meaning and show the relation of that form with fas, fa and other pronoun forms. The form fai, in addition to its pronoun meaning, is widely used as a particle conjunction. ar The latter fai functions will not be specifically touched here, but in individual cases it will be necessary to distinguish the functions of the pronoun form fai and the particle this. 002. The meaning of a certain form can be perceived only in that microsystem of language (subsystem) in which the ta form functions. It is important to distance from contextual meanings, from lexical elements of that form to raise only the general meaning, which ir the form under consideration tą has, relating to other minimum necessary forms of that system. su In order to understand the general meaning ir of the zai form in su its ta relation to fas, forms, first we need to raise those systems (subsystems) in which these forms function. It should be iš said at once that the relative forms tas, are used ta much more widely than the anonymous relative form fai. Therefore, first here will be raised ras, forms functioning subsystems only ta ir po to will specify į which. the forms ta subsystems fai form includes ir į which are not included. That, ta forms subsystems 003. Usually, when talking about the functions of demonstrative pronouns, it is based on K. Brugmannu. K.. Brugmann's first idea. in languages has distinguished the main functions of paro-domic pronouns: deyctic (in the strict ir sense) anaphoric!. Dative are — forms that emphasize a known object, localizing it in relation to the speaker jį (more or ar less distant from the speaker). In the * Be narrow sense of the anaphoric deyktinés K. function, Brugmann also used the term in šį a broad sense. This is the general indicative meaning that all demonstrative pronouns have. In general, the nature of the deix is all ide. demonstrative pronouns he has classified into four types. į See. K. Brug-mann, Die Demonstrative pronouns of the idg. Languages, Leipzig,,,Abha1904, ndlungen der Philologisch—historischen Class of Koniglich Sichsischen Society of Science“, XXII, No. Bd VL » 3 * 35 forms indicate the object said above or immediately after that form without emphasis. K. Brugmann has particularly raised the emphasis on indicating objects in deyctic forms. Pagal K. Brugmann, the dative form is like a gesture; often accompaniji ed by a ir gesture. Anaphoric forms do not have this emphasis. Discussing K. In the context of Brugmann's functions, J. Kurytowiczius has very accurately defined the difference between the ir deyctic anaphoric forms: the deyctic forms refer to known objects, while the anaphoric forms refer to words (context)?. For the to anaphora is sometimes also called relative deikse®. 004. In Lithuanian, we can also distinguish the following two functions of demonstrative pronouns: deictic and anaphoric. But based on semantics alone, it is often difficult to assign one or another function to a pronoun form, i.e. to say whether that form indicates an object with an emphasized exclusion or without such an exclusion. Therefore, in this article fas, the differences in the function of forms will be based solely on the meaning, but ta above all on the position of forms in the sentence ne and their paradigmatic characteristics, i.e. how these forms relate to other forms of the subsystem itself. su to According to fas, the fa paradigmatic characteristics of forms 2 distinguish jų the main subsystems of consumption. 1) That, forms ta relate this, -a; this, su that; anas, forms. -a (There are ir more forms, but these are the minimum forms of this subsystem.) All of the above forms are in the same noun-dependent position and are used as adjectives. t. y. They have a deiktic function. Usually, these forms emphasize a known object, distinguishing jį iš other. These forms differ in lexical nuances depending on how far away the object is from the speaker in terms of space and time. That, forms ta are the most neutral they indicate a — known object more or less distant from ar the speaker, while this, that; this, indicates at least, that, -a o -a — the most distant known object from the speaker. Object may be known from iš previous context (even above mentioned) indicated ar by a po pronoun. For example: : One said: — Her illness is as bad as my health! Next: — Yours wasn't as weak when it died as nė mine was when it healed. Peter... heard the laughter. ŽemR I 185. — You can go your own way, that's how you fit that little joke! — "You won't drive me away." už to Lethargic (referring to Kurmelį). ŽemR I 173. Once upon a time there was a box of matches, and those matches were very proud of their origin. BalčAP 201. Peter went out iš of the forest, turned steeply over the į tą hillside, where the irons were shining. ŽemR I 178. The hostess has already received the lady herself. It's the ta good old lady Queen, widow davatkelė, single, called by all Uncle. VaižgP I 140. Plg. : Matusés nabastiké liuob vilks, see, batvinius like cat mouse. O ši tavo Seimininké (new Wife) — after all, ne she's fucking! ZemR I 186. Indeed, the day when grandfather was last outside is still so clearly in his memory as if it had been yesterday. SimonR IV 16. The same accentuated indicative (deictic) meaning adjective ir position have the mentioned pronouns in cases where there is no ir noun next to it, but it is implied by the context. jų iš Plg. : 2 E. Kypnaosny, Ouepku mo JmHTBHeTHKe, Mocksa, 1962, p. 204. 2 E. KpXuKKOBA, 3aMeUaHuss O CHCTEME yKa3aTeJIbHbLIX MeCTOHMeHHH B COBPEMEHHBIX CJIABAHCKHX JIKH TEDpAaTVYDpHbIX 3biKaX, Pycckoe H CJIaBSIHCKOR sI3bIKO3HaHHE, Mocksa, 1972, p. 144. 36 ... the merchant's son travels around the world and tells stories, but not as funny as the one about matches (= like the story about matches- ). BalčAP 203. Deiktinės tas, ta; this, that; šitas, -a; anas, -a forms relate to each other as semantic variants of a certain system. This, that forms are primary ─ they are the most widely used and the most meaning-- neutral. This, -a, this, this; anas, -a are secondary, used more narrowly and have specifically defined meanings?*. This, that forms in this case cannot be opposed to he, she forms, which go in another (noun) position. In a certain context fas, ta forms can replace this, that, this, -a or that, -a forms, but by no means he, she forms. The latter forms can only represent the whole combination of the noun and the forms tas, fa. Plg. : You can go by yourself, that this (= this, this) penny is so suitable, pajuidėjis! but: Once upon a time there was a box of matches, those matches (=they) were very proud of their origin. In addition to the denotation function (a clear indication with a distinctive shade), the adjective forms tas, ta are used similarly to articles in other languages. In such cases, they have a faded indicative value and are therefore not necessary. they are characterized by a clear accentuating shade of meaning, often they can be omitted (especially when there are other so-called actual division characteristics —emphasizing intonation, appropriate word order, emphasis of certain words, etc.). In the Lithuanian language they now perform, one could say, a stylistic function- ." "Where did our Peter go?" 206 and 207. And the water chicken,—- or is it a toad,—while flying around the clan, shouts, “Naked leave! At last, the small, weak beetle, with his ears close to his ears, whispered, "Brother, brother! You wanted a ruble, a ruble!" ZemR I 200. The same function is used for the pronoun šitas, -a, e.g. : Almost crying, he slips barefoot back on the bench, stumbling over his sitting father. He immediately shouts: "You're here again," he said. There is no more deprivation from these children, BaltPV I 13. * For primary and secondary forms, see J. Kurytowicz, The Inflectional Categories of Indo — European, Heidelberg, 1964, p. 15. 3 A. Valeckienė, Lithuanian pronouns and their meanings, LKK VI, Vilnius, 1963, p. 41, 42; D. Lukšys, The use of pronouns in Lithuanian,,,Language Culture“, Vilnius, 1964, 7, p. 47. The statement of A. Rosinas (,,Kalbotyra®, XXIV (1)) that in Lithuanian there are articles derived from demonstrative pronouns, as in other id. languages. To the famous article, which he examines in more detail, he also adds demonstrative pronouns in those cases where they still have a clear indicative (deictic) meaning (referring to the above-mentioned objects), cf. his examples: Pons brought a bird from usienio (=abroad- )... the farmer said:,,Men, whoever steals that bird,... will be beaten!“- ...eme kilika... biladams- ... Tas kilikas nauies teftamentas efti mana... (Mz 26—27)....klaufikem... ape ubaga Lagari.... teipo and about [chi Lažari kalbedami... turim dabotifi... Ifch tiefa fchito Lažario giwenimas... pawargens buwa...(- BP II 189). Thie i/ch wieno wiffadai [tenge[[i priefch [chi Kriftu (BP 1 108). Panna tureio funu... that funu people Emmanuel wadina (KN I 138) and others. Even in those languages that do have articles (e.g. German), the appropriate pronouns, not articles, may be used in these cases, cf.: 1) Why do you say that the Son of Man must be lifted up? Who is the Son of Man? (Jn 12, 34) —And how fageftu then | The Son of man must be earthed. Wer ift die [er menschen Son (Biblia... Deudsch Auffs new zugericht von D. M. Luth. Wittemberg, 1549), 2) David foresaw all this and spoke of the resurrection of the Messiah... The fen Jhefum hat God awakens (same). The Lithuanian pronouns tas, ta, šitas, -a and others, used with a weakened deytic meaning, only approach, are somewhat similar to the articles of other languages, but they are far from being such articles as in Germanic languages (German, English, etc.). And such examples, where the pronoun- 's clear deyctive meaning is retained, to this The functions iš of the ‘article’ are not distinguishable at all. 37 These pronouns do not distinguish themselves more clearly even in semantic terms. In literary language, it is more commonly used as a more neutral form. With the pronouns he, she, the mentioned accentuated forms also have no relation. 2) This, that forms are used in the verb position of the noun and primarily relate to the noun forms he, she, as well as together with the noun forms this, this, that, -a; anas, -a and other forms®. All these forms have an anaphoric meaning. When they take the position of nouns, they usually indicate the above-mentioned known object without an emphasized distinction and thus substitute the above-mentioned nouns. These forms are pure substitutes for nouns. All the money went to his son, and he began to live a happy life. BalčAP 199. Zolys talked to Marcella, and she, with her head down, looked down at him and whispered. ZemR 1 172. They are no longer controlled by pigeons and red-headed barbs: they have scattered throughout the jungle. 177 and op. And the queen gave him a sword covered with gold, which was very useful to him. BalčAP 201. Plg. : Mrs. Gaidienė is sitting between Vilius and Martynas. She's beautiful and funny. She talks to Vilis, but he does not answer. SimonR IV 359. —Do you ride with me? "Not me. John took it, but this man does not. BaltPV 100. Anyway, then (= Lspukas and Ferdukas) were people like people, half-intelligent. 56 and op. Among themselves, these forms differ in lexical nuances and form semantic variants. In this subsystem, the primary forms are not this, that, but he, she — they are the most commonly used and are completely neutral in terms of meaning. This, that and all the other forms mentioned here are secondary, they are less commonly used and have additional lexical nuances. This, that is different from this. -a; this, this on the one hand and from that, -a on the other hand essentially the same as the corresponding forms of the noun meaning in the first subsystem mentioned above —according to the distance of the indicative object from the speaker. Only the trivial system of pronouns in this subsystem is quite weak. Used as anaphoric iš (without emphasis) in the position of nouns, these pronouns often lose their lexical nuances and go out of usage. ir iš As an anaphoric, anas, -a is quite rare, this is not common, -a. ir Compared su to the latter, a slightly more common variant this, this, but ir jį can often be replaced by neutralernémis those, formomiss fa E.g.: lėjęs, nei kalioSy nesusiaudamas, nei varvancios gubos neleidžiant, ištraukė ančio padregusi lakstq popieriaus atkiso is ir Gintautas. Six (=that) greedy rubbed the ji iš frozen guest's hands. VaizgP I 127. DroZiau is all the power to the horses, Sie (=those) as they jump to run... PaukštAK Šis, 67. usually remains ši when there is a clear opposition of a nearer distant object or when there is another this, ir that in the same sentence next to šis. ši ir Plg. : Having become accustomed to their narrow nė courtyards, it did not seem to be a be courtyard, but an open field of fences. VaižgRR I 117. The children laughed quietly. She let iš herself run towards the garden cottage. The greatest faster, the smallest left; these chasing crying, the turned movė į The cupra. ŽemR II 323 —324. * For other forms, see. A. Valeckienė, Anaphoric pronouns — variants of nouns, „,Baltistica“, VII(2), 1971, p. 139 t.t. 38 On the other hand, all the above-mentioned forms in this subsystem, as well as that, that, are overshadowed in their use by ir the most neutral variant he, she. The latter pronoun, it may be said, is used with restrictiobe ns (especially in the neutral style of literary language). He, often ji can change those, forms, but vice versa ta in rarer cases. — That, ta forms often cannot replace it, forms ji primarily because, anaphoric functions be (which is the only he, forms), ji that, has different ta functions. ir Plg. : 1) In doing so, he seemed to emphasize that jo the work cannot be be categorized without reservation as a novel, ar epic, prose poem or any other genre. VaižgP 1 12. 2) Off ir The eyes of citizens, buried the hope of the sun. It remains in his memory the swallow candles from the roof... VaižgP I 43. 3) Work is joy, — the source ir of health, work elevates man, purifies, as the writer ir says. Ir there can be no su disagreement with him. VaižgP I 25. In the first sentence, replaced by: jo į to (business), changes the ir pronoun position function. By saying to store, we mean precisely tą iš previous context known work. When we say work, we jo refer to the person known iš from the previous context to whom the work belongs. In the second sentence him has the position of the noun anaphoric function. ir It refers to the known, previously mentioned person, who is the object of the action (remains for him). By replacing it į with that, the latter is immediately su linked to the memory (for that memory), t. y. gets the adjective position ir deyctic function. It refers to the known memory mentioned above. In the third sentence it refers to the writer (cannot be by it, su t. y. su writer, disagree). By replacing it with this, į the iš instruction is fundamentally su changed: you cannot disagree with this means that you cannot disagree that work — is the ir source of joy and health. That, ta anaphoric forms are often used when several objects are mentioned in the sentence; tas, forms ta usually indicating the last mentioned thing (person), cf. : He stopped į the rink, one, turned while flying, whoever wanted to burst into the rats, this beregint čakš-čakš beat the fast standing defender turned the ir rink. The beaten man, having taken the buck, gave another one a buck again, and the next one was also beaten with o a buck. ValPJ In this 51. sentence fas is hard to replace it. į When the subject of the action is indicated, he, she, cf. : Vaižgantas said about other people of the past, possibly, untrue, but, speaking about ža himself, he clearly exaggerated. VaižgP I 30. Neprates was an old man that disrespejo cted. BorMS 18. Bet Ule didn’t care about the women who stopped, nor about the jų language, o much less about all the punishment, here on — earth, there in hell. ir — What ji was the fault? Only because she was ji young, beautiful ir and cheerful, so all the boys clung to her, but one did not want to marry, because nė he had neither a bride nor ji a groom. BorMS 24. Here the pronoun it, forms ji cannot be replaced by fas, forms. ta The smaller he is, ji ir other anaphoric forms goes beyond the scope of our topic. iš It is important to note that the lexical nuances of anaphoric pronouns are often faded, in most cases the use of ir these pronouns depends on the structure of the sentence. Especially common cases of neutralization, when, in a certain context, one form is replaced by another. There is also a specific, structurally defined use of fas, forms as answering words in the connective ta sentence with relative pronouns. su Who profits cheaply spends cheaply. ir Sln. Ne the strong one who strikes, but the one who endures. PP 213. 39 In such sentences fas, the form is explained by the secondary accent. These forms can go both before and after the explanatory element. In such sentences fas, ta forms are in the noun verb position (especially with the pronoun kas), but since their usage is structurally defined, these forms cannot be replaced by he, she forms in such cases. 005. The impersonal form of the genus this functions much more narrowly as the relative forms of the to same pronoun this, that. It only belongs to the second subsystem mentioned above, i.e., it is always used substantively—in the position of certain noun verbs, and has an anaphoric meaning. This form indicates what was said before or immediately after it without emphasis. The form is usually used in the vowel position of the subject nominative and the object suffix. Plg. : Simons always took care of the oppressed, it is natural for them. SimonAŠL 24. The poet knew how to be young with all the forgetfulness, illusions and laughter of youth. That's rarely the case. KubSNL 171. A cloud of pain ran over everyone’s foreheads when they remembered their dead father. Noticing this, the mother said... ZemR I 154.... I have no time to get off the horse, and the armoured vehicle has already entered the ground. This is helped by his incredibly strong nails. Ibid. pp. 60. It was particularly shocking for Hans Zwieback that he saw the free Kugelgail and Shark among the crusaders. VienPD, K. 334. Thus, according to position and meaning, the form fai can only be associated with the anaphoric noun forms of the masculine and feminine gender (subsystem 2). In other words, only anaphoric are three forms: this, that, that, and deyctic (in the strict sense) are only two forms: this, that. For anaphoric forms tas, ta, to common is the same position (they take the place of noun verbs) and function. However, these forms are very manydifferent among themselves. This form is opposed to both the masculine and feminine forms fas, ta. It differs from the tas, ta forms primarily in the nature of the objects and the antecedents. In addition, when the form is opposed to the forms this, that, it is also opposed in one way or another to the semantic and syntactic variants of the forms fas, that, especially to the basic variant of that system he, she. On the other hand, the form fai, by joining the subsystem of the above-mentioned anaphoric pronouns, introduces new members with whom this or that form does not directly relate. All these differences will be discussed below. The forms are: (tatai’) invariant meaning ir relation su ras, forms ta 007. That is, ir the ta forms, first of all, form semantic opposition. They are opposed according to the nature of the objects being referred to. The masculine ir forms of the feminine gender are those used ta specifically to indicate the known objects mentioned above. These forms are usually used to indicate persons. — Levuk! — sushuko White-tailed. He turned and listened. ZemR 11 62. He splashed — water on the girls, wet with ki-ki-ki laughter, because they o were squeaking as if they had dressed up for a party. tą ValPJ 83, | * The meaning of the form tatai is the same as that of the form, only the first form is very rarely usedThe cave, see. 1 Table 1. On the circles to next to it further not repeated. 40 This, that forms are indicated by other living things. The capt grabbed the fox by the tail, but the pulled-out flash appeared under the table. ValPJ 55. He (the Prophet) did not answer anything, only poured a whip over the mare, that it even jumped down the road. Myk-PutS 19. This, that form also refers to inanimate objects. The pigeons and the redheaded barb are no longer controlled: they have spread all over the jungle. 177 and op. They were all wearing shoes, but only until they left the church. ValPJ 30. I asked, “What will you dance?” He answered, “English.” I'm kicking it, and everyone's kicking... ValPJ 74. In all of these cases, when referring specifically to a known object, the antecedents of the forms that, that (words that refer to the same object as the pronoun) are certain nouns. Usually the object is first said as a noun, and then a pronoun is used to indicate the same object. Thus fas, fa pronouns substitute a certain noun, like he, she and other anaphoric pronouns mentioned above. Both the masculine and feminine forms of the genus indicate the above-mentioned objects in the same way, they do not differ in the nature of the indication. This, that form differs from each other only by the antecedents. They are combined with the antecedents in genus and number. For example, if the antecedent has the masculine singular form, then the pronoun has the masculine singular form, etc., cf. : Thuyu asked the father, “Do you let the daughter?” He answered, “I do. He asked his mother: “Do you allow?” She again replied: “I do”… ValPJ 156. And the queen gave him a sword covered with gold, which was very useful to him. BalčAP 201. In this way, the difference between masculine and feminine forms is purely grammatical, based on the combination of those forms in genus and number with other forms (antecedents). When this, that forms are used as adjectives in a connective sentence with relative pronouns, their antecedents are the whole phrase said in the subordinate. Anyone who talks to Rimšienė is not yet born... ŽemR I 27. Whoever does not see the morning, who does not build anything, there will be no place for him in the new work squad. "STS 363" (PDF). Whoever carries, he is beaten. JabIRR I 492. Whose nails are good, whose throat is wide. No. 1203. He who found it did not go first, but he who lost it. PP 212. So don't run away, man... thank him who gave you fire and heat. DonR 97. Only those are ashamed who are not ashamed of themselves. DonR 39. I'm with those who are not afraid to swim in the waves. 1223 pp.. One went out to hunt and shot a fox. JV 1060. Whoever isn't there is to blame. Dks. Antecedent — a side point, can go before the noun and after it. In such cases, this or that form also indicates a certain specific (but undefined) object, usually a person, which is characterized by a secondary accent. That, that forms are combined with relative pronouns. Su tas vyr. g. vienaskaitos formomis dažniausiai vartojamos atitinkamos kas, rečiau kuris, katras vyr. g. vienaskaitos formos (Tas dar negimė, kas (kuris, katras) Rimšienę apšnekės). With the forms of the masculine plural (tie) and feminine gender (ta, tos) are usually used the forms who, -i, katras, -a (which in this case are rarer), respectively matched with the first gender and numbermi (Tie (that, those) not yet born, who (who, whose) Rimšienė talks). In such sentences, the antecedent (subject) of the forms tas, ta and the forms ras themselves can be replaced by a substantive (participant, ta adjective) form, formed by the verb of the subject (antecedent) and the corresponding verb in this iš 41 position (consonant forms). jo Plg. : Who (who) will talk to Rimšienė, he has not yet been born => the one who will talk to Rimšienė has not yet been born. In the transformed sentence, the noun form talkative means the person, which is indicated by the form fas. 008. The genitive form fai is used to indicate phenomena, actions or objects in a general, non-specific way*. Rapol didn't do anything, but it was indescribably ugly and boring to him. 127 and 128. One meow-meow like a cat meow, another ve-ve like a calf screamed... I, hearing this, did not understand. ValPJ 67. He didn't care about her manner, her soul, because he had no reason to do so. VienPD, K 158. The difference is that in the forms whose antecedent is usually a noun, the antecedent is usually a whole phrase: a sentence point, a whole sentence, several sentences, a paragraph, etc. The form fai indicates what the whole phrase means. The antecedent can go before the form fai and after it. In the prepositional position (before the form to) there is an antecedent, which consists of: a) The element or several elements of a connective or non-connective sentence. He talked to me like an adult, and I was very pleased with that. VenclPU 436. Even when I was a private student of Butauskas, I was invited to play in a play, which was a great rarity and honor in those days. VenclPU 320. And the eyes fell; You have become an eternal idle man, and have fallen asleep; is this fitting for such a young man? 69, b) The main focus of the connective sentence. . all farm work he did with such ease, with such ease, as if it was a real “fun” for him, and not a hardship. 215 pp. 215. Do not smoke any kind of tobacco, as it heaviness the chest. BaranR II 8. c) Subjunctive of a connective sentence (in these cases the antecedented may go ir po form fai, see (see below). Ką old Vidmantas, having drunk beer, jokingly predicted that it would happen unexpectedly. VaižgP I 67. Like, when ir who first got jų in į Lithuania, it leaves covered in deep age fogs. VaižgP I 60. Although the above-menir tioned work did not succeed, į nevertheless, the time spent on our su linguistics was not in vain. BūgRR I 190. d) Any point multiple points in ar a mixed type sentence. Here he remembered that the matter had not yet been discussed su in the It was done, but it could not change the blacksmith's intentions. VenclR III 108. The land of the aforementioned zoologists (Turkmenistan) has been known since ancient times as a hotbed of malaria leishmaniasis, ir but in those areas where bats are abundant, these diseases occur much less often, it is believed that this is the merit of bats, because they clean the land from mosquitoes ir other insects that spread these diseases. ir IvanPŽ 32. e) A single sentence ar several sentences. "Thank you, thank you, grandmother, her song is very beautiful!" Hearing this, the grandmother ki-ki-ki laughed. ValPJ 20. You know, mom, what aš would I like to be? ; 8 This is why the plg. K. Ambrasas, Some semantic and morphologicir al characterisir tics of personal pronouns in English and Lithuanian languages, „Kalbotyra“, XXI, Vilnius, 2008. 1970, p. 227, 42 (Dead) It's too early for you to think about it. Grow up first. SruogR II 170. There will be no kings Ju in a dual state! Unified body parts! į Our unity will collapse! There will be war! The church of the ir homeland ir will bleed, the graves of — grandparents will be smeared by enemies, and you, King, will have to answer! SruogR II 85. In Latvian, the suffering (=non-sufferinir g) participants do not interfere with ours in any way. Thus it is clearly possible to see the iš submitted examples. BūgRR I 535. f) A whole paragraph. A birch tree with its pleasant scents ir passed by, disappearing like a summer mist. East smells of silver dew, dragonfly plays in the ir grass. Gently splashing with silvery buds, the beautiful valley streams, the bee roars in the thyme, the harvest of corn ir spikes ripens. ir The hot heat lasts all day. The daggers are singing with loud voices... Though it comforts, though it depresses, but my soul is unhappy... BaranR II 33. A. The monk a whole episode where he tells how Jogaila, playing su Vytautas, nearly blowing the latter’s head, refers to the pronoun fai: But that was a long time ago. VienPD, K. 426. There are many examples of this in literature. In the postpositional position (after the form to) follows an antecedent, which usually consists of: a) The side note of a connective sentence. How can a man invent something that ko has never happened in his life? Nothing 44. ... new has happened to me except that I am still healthy. BaranR II 96. Ji just thinking about how it will grow ji when it ir will. SimonOBT 49. At that time, Stanislav began to be scolded by young už guests for having robbed them of a young maiden. ValPJ 111. We here meanwhile care about this, the ne tale of ar Widewuth is real, no. ar BūgRR I 187. b) The explanatory part of the ar sentence. It's a wonderful weakness of a vain man to — boast about the antiquity of his family... I 62. Adamuk's not yet fully understoką gi od, which means — there's no longer any of your uncles. VaižgRR I 154, c) A whole explanatory iš statement of a few sentences. Great it was a sight appalling! ir He went out to meet the king at the už gate, like a bridegroom, on a white horse, clothed in gold. Flags are waving, trumpets are blowing... the king has begun to wipe his tears... O horse Vytautas's whistle stopped, the bitters shook, burst, jumped ir through the field to run like a mad whirlwind... Ir Prince fell like a stuobrys... SruogR II 126. Vaižganto Dédés ir uncle begins with a little word, the interpretation of which is the whole story. Plg. : Bepiga, that it would have been dad's ar grandmother's brothers ir jų Wife... I have to introduį ce another kind of uncles of uncles into the epic of ir the Lithuanian nation. Sad it will be history... VaižgRR I 35—36. In all these cases, where the preceding form is a phrase, the reference to this form is very general. When the antecedented consists of a sentence focus, ar the form is a reference to the concentrated sentence dialectic verb equivalent in į thisposition. — ar jo je For the form it to in certain cases can be replaced by a verb, an adjective other ar (respectively according to the adverbial form) a noun denoting an abstract action, or a verb conjunction. In this case, the noun is usually accompanied by a demonstrative pronoun (that, that), In 43 011. The form this is also used in the descriptive noun of the su antecedents. be this case, what is indicated can only be inferred from the context and the iš situation. He had ... been wondering for a long time what other gentlemen were driving so ir quietly in a separate coupe. — He's a man! — 100 mg Leopold, with a waving of ir his hand, expressed great contempt. VaižgP I 55. Ir turned ... away iš accidentally. No, that's the face I ne was hoping to see. SimonASL 5. — Knight, is ar this a dream, is ar this your spirit? ! — got up from the chair Knystautienė. Ir iš really ji didn't believe it was the knight Griežė. VienPD,K. 464. You sit like a puppy, look like an owl: this is yours, sister, this is your team. With the height of the threshold, with the touch of the dryness: this is yours, sister, your selection! (d.) ValPJ 109. Once, when he was in the village office, he saw a drawing of a mill on a wall covered with newspaper paper. That it was a mill, he knew. VaižgP I 86. It 's anti-rhetoric. (quotes po from the poem are said). 349. ... KubSNL went out together in the evening ir It was the last Saturday before Easter. ŽemR I 266. In these sentences, the form fai is even closer to a particle, as in the above sentences, a noun describing the object of se the su antecedents. The form this here can be replaced by the particle here or, in certain intonation, completely bypassed. iš be Plg. a sentence where the particle here has the same position as the form it in the above sentences: After kissing the whole ring immediately unfolded, then it turned out that this is a real tulip. BalčAP 179. ir It must be said that, in general, the form fai is much more frequently used as a parttė ar conjunction than as a pronoun form. Here we have raised only intermediate cases, when the pronoun form that approaches the particle that. The frequency and functions of the forms tai and tat(ai) plg. 1 on the table. 012 From all the above mentioned cases of use of fai as a pronoun form — combinational variants — the general meaning of this form (invariant) — to indicate the object in a general, unspecific way — becomes apparent. (Perhaps this is why it often becomes close to a particle.) Generalized, approximate, non-specific indication is the basic meaning of this form, by which this form is opposed in the language to its relatives this, that forms. The latter forms (both taken together) do not have such a characteristic (general indication). On the contrary, they refer specifically to certain objects. In this way, a private opposition is established between the relative forms fas, that and that: Specific indication Non-specific (generalized) indication that, that (that) This opposition is asymmetric. Konkrečiam nurodymui yra visų linksnių vyriškosios ir moteriškosios giminės vienaskaitos ir daugiskaitos formos (tas, ta; to, tos; tam,taiirt.t.; tie, tos; ty; tiems, toms ir t. t.), tuo tarpu apibendrintam nurodymui tėra tik viena nekaitoma forma tai bei retas jos variantas tatai. Therefore, another, purely syntactic opposition is formed to restore symmetry. 013 The second opposition form to forms, unlike the first one, not with all the relative forms of that, that, but only with the masculine singular forms, 50 Table i Forms rai, tat(ai) functions tai tatai) Pronoun _ leis between andi Pronoun ias between ai | BalčAP 3 | 41 26 2 2 2 BūgRR I 18 35 1 5 —- wt IvanPZ 26 27 50 = = = KrēvŠP 20 112 13 —= = KudR 58 220 19 = = t PietA 67 297 33 --- SimonASL 54 110 59 20 — 2 VaižgP I 110 128 44 1 1 1 VienPD, K 24 102 20 —--- ZemR 1 12 64 12 — 1 — ŽemR, I 1 46 2 10 11 10 Note: This is the ir selected print marks text for po 180.000 the other tables. t. y. su this, that, that, that, that, that. Į this opposition does not include the feminine singular and plural forms of the masculine plural. ir The two members of this opposition, — the singular ir forms, have the same meaning. — As such, the forms refer to objects, ir phenomenal actions in a general, unspecific way. ar As with these forms, the antecedents of the fas ir singular forms are usually entire phrases. Especially she liked the fact that flowers on the ground o smell, on the seabed they have no smell. Balč AP 136. Mother, ar do you let us walk?... Ta replied: “Well, all right, kick it, my ir daughters are to craving be the end. ValPJ 53. After all, if the people overthrew them, it was in order to take power into their į own hands. VenclGD 269. Children, accustomed to alone for days, ką wanting, tą doing: sit, sleep, cry, laugh, ar today ir left alone. ŽemR II 188. It ended with the fact that The ir grandfather į moved to the uncles' shed for the night. Vaižg RR I 148. 1% The term is used in the ir context of "female sexuality", for example. : Here ne 16 (=that): ne because of anger they divide. Trgn. 4* 51 The singular forms that indicate a general phenomenon are divided su into certain positions. They are characterized by certain surroundings. 014. In the case of the former, it is usually used in the position of the iš noun or the adjective. In the position of the — noun, the form fai usually denotes the subject of the action and is most often used in the following forms of the adverb: (a) Badvardziy. ir su 1) Su Ji knows that you don't have to be so happy about your beauty, it's not nice. Simon AŠL 63. The children nodding ir their ką heads wait, father will tell more, be because it is very interesting. SimonAŠL 19. Everyone jį forgot. No one needs him anymore, no one has called him anywhere, no one has jo announced to visit him anymore: it was together, the truth. VaižgP I 54. Ar you want to be much, much richer than you were; much more beautiful to live than you lived; the same four cans to keep, if it's tą so necessary? VaižgP I 132. The thick, thickly green meadow is covered with the lowest branches, like a sheepskin coat covered with dense spruce wool. It's much more beautiful than when people make a bunch of the most beautiful flowers. VaižgP I 219. So ko they're sitting so long? Ką taria? — O that's the hardest thing to understand. SruogR II 93. b) Participants. All the graves have been destroyed. We'll have to fix them in the new place... it's not done with scissors. 188 pp. 188. “Have you ever tried to clearly imagine who you will be, say, ten years from now?” - No. But that's not possible. Myk-PutR III 46. So he was at least so satisfied that the Prussians — at least the false believers — did not believe. Aukštaitis, a Catholic who had never seen other faiths besides Russian, thought that was unforgivable. 77, pp. 77. Napalis did not wag his tail at those words; he did not even smile at his grandmother in a simple way: as if it had not been said to him, VaižgP I 234. Women, you whores, it is written for you. DonR 39. The Father of the Priest spoke Lithuanian as well as Polish and Russian; it had remained with him from the days when he was playing with the people in the crom. 157 pp. 157. ... for the birthday, fashion of the time, girls, 0 especially women, will wear at least a few guards on purpose, to be thicker at the back and therefore more visible in the waist. This was not very necessary and it did happen: the Lithuanian rural women were slim and fat without any accessory, and a strong man's waist can not be held even by tying. 43 and op. c) Pronouns. A hive without bees, a manor without people — that is one thing. LzPR V 118. In these cases, the form representing the subject of the action and the forms of the genitive of the nominative that perform the function of the tarsus are formally harmonized. Since the predicative forms of adjectives and participle genitive are widely used in Lithuanian, the type „,substantive genitive form this + adjective genitive form“ is quite common in Lithuanian. Jį also supports parallels of correspondingly harmonized masculine and feminine gender forms, cf. : That's good, Ta that's good, that's good. 52 2) Su adverbs good, bad, many, etc. ir Some are already claws sheep; ir but very slowly, binding, still binding, iš releasing, he was about to go out to look around. ne ir That's fine. VaižgP I 103. But it's ir wrong that sometimes missing ko at night dark į corners with a su lamp climbs. DonR99. Gi land purchases... inherited 60 only tens. That's a lot after all. VaižgP I 211. 3) Su various verbs in third person forms: a) Intrinsic. It's only a pity that not one iš tų I didn't finish the letters. This happened because I had little knowledge of Polish. BaranR II 24. I came on my way į I saw a small wooden church. It was years 1860 ago. ValPJ 35. How many of these deceivers have spread like wolves po throughout our land! He seduces people, he causes violence, he robs! Ir no one punishes! jų He's out of control! Give them even places in the crown high! Ir all this happens in the state of Poles. SruogR 11 32. Wherever you were, wherever you're not, dig for the book. So it entered into custom į that The be booklets will fall in his hands like flicks be of papyrus between his fingers. 230 pp.. I felt for a long time that it would happen (that Vytautas would be crowned- ). SruogR II 82. Go fuck yourself. Sviestavičius will like it. VaižgP I 56. We here meanwhile care about this, the ne tale of ar Widewuth is real, no. ar BūgRR I 187. b) Verbs requiring a suffix or adjective. And what am I doing now? Actually nothing, and that's what scares me the most. BaranR 11 88. Nevertheless, Napali’s ears also catch other kinds of sounds. There are a lot of them. Just listen. Here you'll blast, here you'll dunk; here he breathed, here he acted. It does not blur the sound of the grasshoppers, the chirping of the candles or the chirping of the birds. 222 pp. 222. The House of State Property... replied... that... my request could not be granted. That made me very sad. BaranR II 97.... do what you want: I don't have any money to give you! And that's what bothers me the most. 130 pp. 130. 4) With the noun of nouns or words used as nouns (singular and plural, masculine and feminine). And you still lure the doctor not to turn away from performing that duty, because it is a disgrace to the whole neighborhood. VaižgP 1 209.... but in areas where bats are abundant, these diseases occur much less often, and this is thought to be the merit of bats. IvanPŽ 32. She looked at the clock. It's a sign for him to leave. Birds 143. "We are too patient! —That high virtue... SruogR 11 89. Is it true, my lord, that the women were beaten with whips? SruogR 11 58. That you would do it, Rapol did not doubt (that he fell in love with Severya). 51 and op. Although it was not the first time for him (= transportation across the border), he took great care of his customers to keep his bread going. VienPD,K 190. 5) With various compounds of verbs. "And do you know that it is forbidden to worship the old gods?" "It's not in the power of men. VienPD,K 393. 6) With the action of communicating with the Word (seeing, hearing, feeling, etc.). The transition to the epic genre was not easy for the writer; this is especially evident in the first novel. VienPD,K. 482. Similarly, a Capuchin befriends a co-bred puppy. This is especially clear if you try to separate them and then put them together again. IvanPŽ in the null taring form, when there are only determinants of the taring group in the sentence. 47. 53 7) Su The other virgins burned ir the o grass, so that the rye would not weed the grain. ir ValPJ 89. ...the doctor's popularity grew among the Jewish people of the neighborhood. It grew, of course, from be the ir increasingly intelligent treatment; It's your own fault. VaižgP 165. In this case, the function is usually a function of the function. In rare cases, the ši form is used as a noun preposition, e.g. : We are what you are, you ko can still draw from the iš life that has not yet been taken iš from you. BaltR I 113. Here it goes in the same position as in the sentence We are teachers noun noun teachers. In the final position, the form means the object of action. It usually goes: 1) Depending on the verbs requiring the final vowel (transitive- ). Jankevičius arrives and tells them about various news and that he promises to try to become a clerk. 41. The hotter the sun is, the more the earth crackles and vibrates. Napaleon sees it. 222 pp. 222. He will smile only that he is the abandoned son of a bastard. Peter will feel it behind his back. 90 pp.. Gintautas asked in vain what was happening in the manors now, what was planned for autumn or spring. Sviestavičius missed it in the dark. VaižgP 1 120....he was more concerned to insert his own few sentences in German, so that Six-legged could hear it. 65 and op. I've put my nails and my teeth into the spelling change. Today I regret that I did. 399....he jumped on the horse, but he didn't pull at all. I, seeing it, asked. ValPJ 65. 2) With final prepositions. Against Russia, the power to go! It's not your business. I forbid thinking, not just talking about it. SruogR II 193. Instead of „gįsla“ and,,skistas*“ you should write „gysla“ and,,skystas“, despite the fact that some Žemaites pronounce „į(in)“ in these words. BūgRR I 397....marti.- .. šmarkš threw a towel on the neck of the finger and showed the finger all the lies. 165....Thank your God daily for this, that your field with its twins helps you to work. DonR 35. 3) In the partition construction. Someone stood there, lowered himself again, stood up again, and let himself go to that side, as did Anna. She warned this being Mr. Sviestavičius. 138 pp. 138. In rare cases, this form occurs in the position of a nobleman. 1) The women, meanwhile, were crying. The Crusaders did not ir interfere with them. Vien PD, K 337. 2) Per When Agnus knelt down, Alfonso beat his chest į with his eyes ir closed so that no one in the country would notice. iš VienPD, K. 83. 3) So he didn't do as he wanted (introduce). — Gi What's that for? — he replied. VaižgP I 56. 4) O Then he pulled off half of his beard from his chin and ir su with his claws he broke his face. But that is not enough; he grabbed money and kicked, thrown food on the table ir su DonR 27—28. This is not usual for a nobleman- 's position. Usually, in these cases, the transitive participle is omitted from the possessive verb, e.g.: to ar 1) (do) did not 2) interfere, it (making) unnoticed, it 3) needs (do). Sometimiš es all this form in the position of noble unnatural ir changeable noble form fo (4 sentence). Plg. K. on the same page: Bet ir to insufficient; he took a large knife, stemplesu 's throat already cut out his hand. 54 015. In the positions of other conjugations, when it is necessary to indicate a general ir phenomenon, competition goes to the masculine singular forms of the pronoun tas, namely: fo, tam, tuo, tame be (the latter is rarely used). The forms that, that, that, that are used in the position of the respective verbs with the same function as the above-mentioned that form in the position of the ending of the nominative: these forms indicate an object, ir phenomenon, action in a general, unspecific way. The forms of this, that, that, that differ from this only in the context of the respective pronouns. 016. The genitive form is used: to with negative 1) Su verbs. Hey, there's no to one in the ko world who doesn't dare Acres, all acres Level. KrėvAP 18. In the past, po they used to shoot tujus pakš-pakš, but nowadays to they don't. ValPJ 107. If you cared no about opinion, you'd respect your old father, son. Bet tu to You didn't. SruogR II 188. When he jį sees again, to ji He doesn't know. SimonP 25. ...he learned to pull "wolf tail". Bet Justinui brūkš kartalę paleidus, visi traukiantys būbt-būbt išvirto... To not eating, he fixed the wolf's tail for the second time. ValPJ 86. Aš to I don't ir understand. He's so afraid Vytauta- — ir s, raise your hand against him! SruogR II 100. We can't identify Voruta su "Vered-ava", because the to unfortunate servants do not allow it. BūgRR I 133. It was more difficult to get so much tarpaulin, waterproof serato to sew her bags. ir iš If it weren't for him Mendel had been to not be ir to done. VaižgP I 172—173. To yet in all ages had not experienced that what iš jo ar iš jo home family teasing! VaižgRR II 21. In the latter sentences, only one of the two verb forms is iš negative. It is sufficient for the nobleman's consumption. In Lithuanian the origin in this case form to — f0 — used with ir su positive verbs, if the sentence contains a negative particle nei, cf. : When he returned, he would bring all kinds of new inventions, sometimes to plant ne potatoes in time, sometimes to plough them constantly. ir Neither to our fathers, nor the boči boči did, but the o bulbels, thank God, they had thirty pūrs more. po ir VaižgP I 85. The use of the to form in the genitive po position of negative verbs is the use of the ir form in the final position — po of positive verbs. : Who to doesn't know? Everyone knows that... VaižgP I 163. 2) Su positive verbs requiring a nobleman. Subtract iš Vytautas Patronage Church Law... Ir he himself separated from the church! (Zbignievas) It seems to me, Vytautas only to ir waiting. SruogR II 102. ... will tell at least the beginning of my journey, because to nor good my nursery, ValPJ 14. Only one bishop will bow at my feet... I'm done. to SruogR II 10. ...that's what we have to do su ‘sheip’, t. y. write “as”, as the origin to of the words requires. BūgRR I 102. They started to look like just stiff, to now ką learn to harden the father, VaižgP I 68. Pavieškelio Sakalynės Gintautas, of course, did not buy, as much as he had to longed for her beauty. VaižgP I 125. To it wasn't enough that vaitas iš How can you no start at home, in the king's palace? SruogR nobleman demanding words signifying quantity gana, II 141. 3) Su nepakanka, daug, maža etc. ir To have a clear conscience, I aš propose: let the queen swear in the church... Te friend su ja other honorable women will swear turn... that the queen is innocent. Mums to — Hungry! 55 SruogR II 63. In the corner still laughing ar stink; that they deserve to be grumzed, mi all the time. O it is not to enough; but he's already ir tried to beat me. DonR This 53. year I will not be able to provide the spelling book yet. What's more, they can't even tell you ir when the waiting book will be released. BūgRR I 385. Only dad ar can hold his "happiness" further: ar ji doubled when you added another į 10,000 to that bank? — Well, we... non-duplicate. — So. Already satisfaction was less, because there was to already too much, was not necessary. to VaižgP I 72. 4) With nouns possessing a nobleman. I am afraid that by choosing the future independently, I would not harm myself, and it would be an unbearable misfortune to feel that I am the cause of it. Baran R II 91-92. 5) With noble prepositions. —Show us your correspondence! The prosecutor said. "I assure you that you won't win anything there either. "It's a formality. "No," said the prosecutor. VaizP 1 200. But will the king sign it? (Zbignievas) Therefore — it will not be a big trouble... SruogR II 100. That's how Sviestavičius cooked... in his own dreams... and it was still not clear whether something remained in his heart or if nothing remained. VaižgP I 120.... told about his acquired paintings: what direction and nature they are, in which art exhibition they were bought, who the artists are, where their homeland is. From there he moved on to the beauties and wonders of Europe. See P 1 112. And who does not have something in his language, it is difficult to get used to. 396 and Vol. The struggle between the old and the new, between the dying and the born, is the basis of our development. T 1952, 284, 6) With passive forms of verbs (the pronoun to means the subject of the action). ...the sweet word "brother", which was heard the first time I left my parents... spread wide, so to speak, in the empty spaces of my soul. Impressed by this... I wrote the answer: "A poet of the excellent Zemgale region". 82. 7) With various forms of verbs in partitive meaning. Oh, the powers of nature, however changeable, do not disappear! They will still enslave the will of the citizens to take from her again what she offers: different wealth, but the same love, poetry and beauty. 48 and op. 017. The noun form fam is used with verb forms to denote an indirect object of action. ... after all, the housewife is at home for this: to keep the family together, to save bread and the house. Page 165-166. Who saw it, Skirgaila- 's regiments and nobles in battle in troops pass to Vytautas' side and everywhere meet the prince and accept him as their ruler! We must put an end to this, my Lord! VienPD,K 409. You'd better go with the good one (Marce), and you'll confuse Kurmeli with the forest. "You don't need to teach me that. 175 and 176. And the girl is purehearted. That's why she believes what she hears. 453 pp.. 018. The indefinite form is used: 1) With intransitive verbs, to denote the direct object of the action. I understand best, and I have no doubt about it, that a spelling book would be very useful to us today. 385 and 386. Here he got to experience that such a magical machine had not even been made by Prussians, and to make money needed a very large, skillful master. He wasn't even interested in it. 168 pp. 168. I admit, I am big and I am happy that I am big! BalčAP 100. In addition to the respect that the Geisha of Geishas had earned..., he could boast that all the punishers really feared him. 56 VaižgRR 1 64. Prefix "san-" differs in this from “in-”, which has all three genders in all ir words in all dialects. BugRR I 390. Ir Six-legged family tenkinos that, ko gets. VaižgP I 231. This last thing the class liked so much, it gave so much joy that the teachers themselves were infected with it. ir VaižgP 199. 2) Su transitive verbs, denoting an indirect object of action. What blows, o what — does not, but The venerable bishop of — Krakow, a bubble lover... (Zbigniew) Ką Does the bishop mean that? SruogR II 60. Ir aš I also resisted them, threw myself all the way, proved the į wickedness with fervour, su thereby tamed. jų ir ką BaranR II 102. Others, who escaped in better health, fled to the shore, ir causing great panic. Vien PD,K. 385. Gintautas was too uncomfortable with ta Šumaker's embrace. This means an extraordinajo ry inner excitement. VaižgP I 169. The chaplain ate with her and ir tried to impress her. Strange man! Ką tu how can you do that with your hands and feet bound? PaukštAK 140. 3) Su adjectives and participles requiring the attribute of a noun to denote an object. The judgment is better than the truth in that it is unambiguous. už BūgRR I 110. O he was suspicious already in ir that he left iš Vilnius not registered. VienPD,K 198. Please... Bielinskį ir The treasurer, who... agrees not to send me. Bet Nechayev ir Gachovich is not very happy with this. BaranR II 15. 4) Su indefinite preposition with. . one French knight... published ją (Margarita He swears to protect her with his sword. ir — O who does su not agree, he turned — to the knights, I į call to — tą duel! VienPD,K 362. Jo beloved priest Stulginskis... is concerned to free me from the iš village's thugs, ir allegedly The su House agrees with this. BaranR II 97. Tegu sau ir “priest”: together su with that he is also a “man”. 182 pp. 182. 019. The pronoun form is rarely used in that, generalizing the object: My personal happiness, ne therefore, lies only in earning a lot of money. 73 and op. 020. The singular ir masculine forms of the noun ending fas, tq, in addition to the meaning of a specific indication, are also used in the meaning of a general indication. Then they are competing with the form fai. First of all, it must be said that the forms that are used instead tą of the forms in the sense of general reference are used in the present writings much less often than the forms that (that) are. See Table 2. 021 This and that forms compared to this form in the position of the nominative and adjective are usually specifically (structurally and stylistically) defined or dialectal. As can be seen from the table, some writers use them rarely (especially in scientific literature), while others use them slightly more frequently. 022. The form tas is usually used. 1) In the main element of the connective sentence, the form what is used in the position of the factor in the denominator, and in the same position in the secondary element. In such cases, the form tas is completely natural even in predicative relation to the adjective form of the genitive of the noun (that is beautiful; a more budding model in a continuous sentence is that is beautiful). Red is beautiful. Ml, Švnč, Auk. What's sweet, that's delicious. Rk, Rd, Avl. What's nice is good. Skn. Too much is not healthy. PP 198. What will be, that will be? —said the greatest. BalčAP 282. 57 Table 2 Papers published in the last three decades Position of the denominator Position of the adjective Kiln 0 tai | tat(ai) | tas | tai | tat(ai) | tą tai BalčAP 16 2 9 23 = 4 — BūgRR I 6 2 1 12 3 3 - IvanPZ 20 — —6 ub = = KrėvŠP 4 am 2 16 = 2 — PaukštAK 1 to - 9 — || - SimonASL 27 8 -27 12 -| = VaizgP I 45 1 — 64 - 1 || VenclGD 76 3 31 > 2 - VienPD, K 4 = -20 = a ŽemR I 1 ——9 = | = In all these examples, the symmetry between what is what is maintained: both what ir and both. that goes against the taric form. This word order reinforces the use of tas next to kasIn the absence of symmetry, this form is used ir (next to what), cf. : What in life is the most real lie, on paper can sometimes be quite the opposite of the truth. pa į ir BielK R 351. It must be said that in the case ir of symmetry, as in the above sentences, instead of that it can be this, but then the latter form tends to degrade the particle, cf. : į What is red is beautiful. JablRR I 491. What is black is white. ne Ds. What's true is a lie. Grz. What's sweet is delicious, that's me. Kpr. Aiman, what I think is the best... VaižgRR I 114. Plg. : If it's red, it's beautiful. 2) In the main subject of the conjunctive sentence in the position of the adverbial nominative, when the noun nominative is the factor. In this case, the form is explained by the side mark. The most characteristic feature of horses is that their legs have only one toe, namely the third. IvanPŽ po 217. One subgroup of this large group forms a group called leptopods, the most important o jų feature of which is that the third finger is the most developed. IvanPŽ 214. But the most important concern of Alfonso Gerulavičius was that no one really knew what was happening on the eastern and western fronts. VienPD,K ir Here the form tas is supported by 164. 58 the noun of the noun with which it is predicatively related. The form is in such cases also possible, pg. : Strawberries, i tos it da nothing, ale (=but) still not what cherry. Plv....will want from other sides these Armin's horses and unreproachable, but enough of that, that they are overly greedy. And they are afraid of cold, and they are afraid of water, and they are afraid of everything. “It’s not what our researchers- —wild horses! PietA 62. In the last sentence it is used, although it describes another form of fai. 3) In sentences where there is already the form to, but it has the function of a particle or a switch. Plg. : If we had to get a little tired, it was nothing, but we did a good thing. BalčAP In 25. this sentence the form tas cannot be replaced by the form to because next to tas there is already to, which forms a correlative conjunction with if (if —that); form that here can only be issued. In this case, it is the same thing as when you say something like: "I'm not going to do that." Zsl. Here, the form of that can also only be issued; then it will no longer be a particle, but a pronoun (it will take over the function of the form tas). 4) In fixed sentences and compounds. "Isn't he our blood, ma'am," her mother-in- -law said. —That is, it is not all your blood: your blood is diluted with our blood. VienPD,K 44. But the fishermen, who had heard the real latchfish singing before, said: "Neither this nor that, it's like the song of a lark, but still not that!" BalčAP 69. In most cases, the form of that is the same as that. The difference between them is at least stylistic. In the position of the noun of the factor, the form tas relates to the same forms of the adverb as the form toto (see 014): 1) with the forms of the adjective and adjective adjectives (the “uncoordinated” model). And now, be at home here—that would be a great pleasure to me. BalčAP 122. “But you have to pay me! —draw on the witch: —and it will be cheap. 149. And this fat duck likes to gossip about everyone—- she's a terrible tongue-twister; that is contrary to our nature. BalčAP 124. But when he noticed the cross on the door where the soldier lived, he took a piece of chalk and wrote the cross on all the gates of the city. ir This was a very clever idea, because now the lady of the king's palace could no longer find her marked house. BalčAP 109. 2) Su adverbs good, bad, etc. ir That so we now go to the village there į waiting ir In the spring! Biological gal tų ir well, answered one sparrow... I've just aš settled in town. BalčAP 270. The soldier began to live a happy life: he constantly went to theaters, often walked į the king's garden and distributed po money to the poor. ir Iš jo half it was very good. BalčAP 107. 3) Su intransitive ir transitive verbs in the third person forms. You're comparing me to such trash! If I cared, wouldn't I find a little bit more worthwhilaš e? ! ŽemR I 111. Jo the colors faded, but no one could tell, it ar happened during the journey, ar iš Silence. BalčAP 198. — Kids! — shouted Hard, — just all together bam! — The kids liked it. ŽemR I 243. All the ducks that hatched her eggs iš were also called portugueses, that is, Portuguese ducks. o šį tą means. BalčAP 121. 59 ir g. tas forms, you could say, almost competitions relate to the be relative forms of all the su mentioned pronouns, when it is necessary to indicate a t. y. general object, usually used this or that (man. g. VND) forms, when o it is necessary to specify the object, the various above-mentioned relative forms are used. This is because of the fact that of all the iš pronouns mentioned above only the pronoun tas has the widely used form of the singular masculine noun fai only in the same meaning of this noun, as the form of ir the singular masculine noun, the more widely ta used forms of the masculine singular noun (fas, fo, there, there, there, there). Other relative anaphoric demonstrative pronouns do not form the forms of an indefinite genus, except for the occasional shita, shitai. It is also rarely used in the singular form of other pronouns, except those of the masculine gender, in the sense of a general reference. Be this, occurs in this meaning also this, this the same**. ir For the frequency of these forms of use, see plg. 5 Table 1. 029. Forms of general indication $this, this, this (man. g. VND) rare use can be explained by ną neutralization of the jų significance. As the forms of specific indication this, -a, this, are often replaced by ši the forms that, so instead of -a the forms of general ir indication this(i), this, this, are often possible the forms that, that. I didn't Aš know anything about this. Kp. O It's only this one thing that's wrong, that the swan eats a lot. Db. Even if they decide to tą take away the censo from the tamista, a long time will still pass, while the tamista o can acquire such land as the law allows him to acquire. Tell the boss about this. KudR I 122. Tik ar tu you know, tamista, about this, ką aš I said about the money, so shut — up, answered at the end Virpša į Ivan. — You're ar gonna keep your mouth shut about this? “What?” I asked. 33. Someone deliberately lost a rotten dog for us Jews, mocking our faith, which is perhaps much better than the Christians themselves, because it has sprouted out of ours... —interrupted the bailiff seriously, offended. 188 pp. 188. —And for the fact that the Kaunas authorities kept me and my wife in prison, that they kept us, say, varinéjo- ?! How much I had to go through, how many requests I made... the last one I released- ... Record this, record that. VienPD, K 186. By treaty, Prince, Knystautas castle should have been destroyed long ago, or given to us. You, prince, have not done this so far. VienPD,K 322. Do you not know that the dead do not live in the cemetery, but only in heaven or hell, where each, while alive, has earned his place by his works? Have you never heard of this? 11th ed. In these sentences the forms šita(i) and šitas, šis can be easily replaced by the forms to or tas respectively. See the example where this is used in parallel with fai. Tell me now, wouldn't it have been better to have accepted Catholicism and become true Christians?... I have to confess to you that I've thought about this a lot, too. I've talked about it on several occasions. 91. In addition, the 15th-century inscription on the walls of the church, which is the only inscription in this style in the area, is also of this type. derivative of the latter, cf. : You speak you and this and that. KrévR II 171. 16 In rare cases, the feminine form of the generalized indication is identical, cf. : Whether you take it or not, it's the same... KudR 1101, —I think it's the same... KudR I 159. Since these are isolated cases, it is not included in the general system of forms under consideration. 66 Table 5 Generalized instruction forms VaižgP | VenclGD PietA | BalčAP | KrēvšP LzPR I | Myk-PutAS PaukštAK 76 31 Gal. | 23 | 16 | 4 | 45 26 20 Vard.| 16 | | 16 | 15 | Kim| -| -| -| Kim. | - | - | - | 9 | 0 | 38 | Vard. | 2 Naud.| Maybe. 4 WE Naud.| RY —| — | | | || Vard. | Kim) = Naud. | this is the same thing 67 5 * Ir that I really dabojasi like), is (= this, that ir tu you understand such a shining... PietA 88. Because of the neutralization of the meaning of the forms šita(i), šitas, šis between the forms of a specific indication šitas, -a, šis, ši ir the symmetry of the generalized indication forms this(s), this, this is not maintained. Sita(i), this, this forms are the secondary variant of this, that forms. If you choosetu su the latter opposed to relative forms of specific indication (from one side this, that, this(i), this, this, from the other iš this, — that; this, that; šitas, -a; anas, -a; he, ji ir kt ). 030. The general instruction of the same chief. g. singular forms in their meaning are more different from that of the (man. g. VND) forms, due to to jų ne can always be replaced by the latter. Plg. : The same thing happened to him. ir BalčAP 50. Otherwise, neither it nor the jo place shall you call, nor ir shall you tą command others to do so. VaizgP 1 137. He saw, listened, thought, ir thought tq himself, ką ir Edward. VienPD, K 207. How long ago you talked tq George! Be a priest... Yes, he asked! ir SruogR II 173. As dear as health is to a man, it is just too much of it that is wrong: ir by exerting too much, a man often exhausts everything. ko Same ir su assets. VaižgP 1 72. “How aš beautiful! —he thinks to himself. "So intelligent. They're all looking at me. It seems to him that the girls think for themselves when they look at him. Birds. į jį tą 50. ...they would all answer the same way, the same way they feel, the same way they are connected, the same way they rejoice. 1217. In the sentences of the first paragraph, the same form(s) could be replaced by this and that form(s), whereas in the sentences of the second paragraph, the same form(s) can hardly be replaced by this and that form(s). Because of its differential meaning, the masculine singular forms of the same, which have the function of a general reference, maintain symmetry with the forms of the specific reference of the same, the same. However, the latter are rarely used as anaphoric, and in addition, they show a certain stammering—- most often occurring in such sayings as: Prieangėlis mažas, tas pats be grėdų. 56 and op. The windows are old, small, the same cut. 172 and op. The cow is the same, and the milk is the same. PS. Therefore, the symmetry of the same, the same(forms of specific indication): the same (forms of generalized indication of the masculine singular) is also not strong. By the way, in some cases the same(s) form(s) of the definite meaning approaches the adverb faip pat, e.g. : Thursday. I'm writing a newspaper... Friday. The same (BaranR II 48) is Tuesday. I've been writing all day in the desk. Wednesday. Also (BaranR II 43). But this convergence of the mentioned forms is not due to their function, but purely due to the context. 031. This, that (male singular singular) forms of relation to the above mentioned forms of generalized and specific indication can be described as follows: Inconcrete Concrete indication urodytias (generalized) indication this, that; šitas, -a; this, that; this (that), that; this(i), this, this one, -a; he, she, etc. the same, the same the same 68 032. The relative forms fas, ta, etc., of specific indication, used with the antecedents, the preceding nouns, are substitutes for those nouns. A sentence or part of a sentence with an antecedent and a pronoun that substitutes it, which has a specific indicative function, can be transformed into a relative sentence (inclusive transformation). Then the forms of the specific indication tas, ta, etc. are usually replaced by the forms of the relative pronoun which, -i. 1) Zolys married Kupstį beer. He didn't leave Peter with him. That, although in the back, but had uncles to listen. ZemR 1162. =... Peter did not leave with him, who, although on the backs, had to listen to his uncle. 2) We learn the news from the wicker woman, she often goes to the market. BalčAP 202. => News we learn from the wicker, which often goes to the market. 3)... the wolf... jumped over the trunk and threw out the child. People called it a deer. ValPJ 163. wolf... jumped over the trunk and threw out a little boy, whom people called a deer. 4) He turned to the clock. There, he seemed to have seen Janika. 1,200 women. = He returned to the watchtower, where he seemed to have seen Janinka. 5) And the queen gave him a sword covered with gold money, which was very useful to him. BalčAP 201.= And the queen gave him a sword covered with gold, which was very useful to him. 6) Grandma discovered two big horns. Two of them worked a good job. ValPJ 19 = Grandmother found two big horns, of which she made two beautiful horns. Such transformations are possible that in these examples the -i forms that, that and which are identical in their function: they occupy the same position and substitute the same noun, i.e. have. the same precedent"- ". They are both structurally defined —the anaphoric function is acquired only in certain types of relative sentences, therefore treated as he, she; tas, ta; this, this and other anaphoric forms syntactic variants*'*, In rare cases instead of which, -i, katras, -a occurs and non-nomenical what. I don't see anybody who can take the flag. Lnkv (LKZ V 364). There's a young virgin in the corner, which calms my heart. 364) (p. 033. Forms of generalized indication this, that (male singular) and others, whose antecedents are entire phrases (usually sentences or parts of sentences), are never replaced by which, -i (each, -a) forms when using the connective relative transformation. The above mentioned forms can be replaced in the relative sentence only by the forms of the relative pronoun kas which does not have a genus category. The forms this, that are replaced by the form what (the position of the nominative). 1) She looked at the clock. It's a sign for him to leave. Birds 143. => She glanced at the clock, which was a sign for him to leave. 2) The tactile organs are highly developed, and this is vital for the whale when diving and diving up. 204 pp. 204. = His touch organs are very well developed, which is of vital importance.- .. 3) His farm, though not luxurious, is exemplary, and this is a great rarity here. SimonASL 53. = But his farm, although not luxurious, is exemplary, which is a great rarity here. 4) The soldier began to live a more joyous life: he went regularly to the theaters, often walked around the king's garden and distributed money to the poor. That was very good on his part. BalčAP 22. = The soldier began to live more joyously: he went to the theatres, often walked around the king's garden and gave money to the poor, which was very good on his part. 17 For the conditions of relative transformation, see Noam Chomsky, Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, The Structure of Language, New Jersey, 1964, p. 71. 18 See A. Valeckienė, ibid., p. 145. Plg. the following su sentences what instead of possible this, that: He accepted [the priest] kindly, kissing his hand, the second stroked over his head, which (=that, that) Benedict was even hurt. VaižgP I 83. If sometimes everyone has to leave the iš house, — what (=that) rarely happens, the door is locked — inside, the last one flies out of the window. iš o SimonAŠL 84. Our current surnames, for example, such as: Daukšas, Daujotas, Gedminas, Daugilas, Dargis, Gedvilas etc., were ir still personal names in the sixteenth century, which (=that, that) clearly visible is iš 1528 the year of the barons list. BūgRR I 203. Forms are, changeable tą forms ką (rear seat position). 1) Dipped in water but lacking air, the beast often only sticks out its nostrils to breathe and does so quietly that it is difficult to notice it. IvanPZ 232.—...the beast often only sticks out its nostrils to breathe, which it does so quietly... 2) A cloud of pain ran over everyone's forehead when they remembered their dead father. The mother said, "I'm sorry. 154 and op. > A cloud of pain ran over everyone's forehead, remembering the dead father, what the mother said after noticing. 3) Carrying a wounded Žemaites on a stretcher; a stream of blood followed him from the walls of the fortress to the tent. Neither Vytautas nor other nobles and soldiers paid attention to this. VienPD, K. 323. =...which neither Vytautas nor other nobles and soldiers paid attention to. 4) It appeared, in a year, in two, and will light up all here in the darkness. He will revive, re-educate, inflame with noble ideals... and for this he will receive respect, even glory. Birds. 102.=... will revive, re-educate, inflame with noble ideals..., for which he himself will be respected... Cf. the following sentences with what instead of possible fai, that:...in distant antiquity there were deer in Lithuania (about what (=that, that) the remains mentioned here testify). 263 pp. 263. While I was telling for so long, the listeners began to snore garr-garr, what (=that, that) I saw, I quietly extinguished the candle and went to bed. ValPJ 117. The word danger has an etymological,,v* between the vowels “a” and,,0%, which (=that, that) is shown by the dialectology, the history of the word and its origin. 107 and Vol. In the same way, the form fo is replaced by ko, the form tam —kam, the form tym —czym, etc. ; 1) In ancient times, after repentance, tujus pakš—pakš shot, but nowadays they do not. ValPJ 107. >...which they don't do today. 2) Six-legged was pure ignorance; could neither read nor write. That is why he was so hard pressed by all kinds of “cancellations”. 93 and op. =...why it was so hard for him to get all kinds of,,cancellations- “. Plg. : He repeatedly struck this tree with his forehead, so that the tree was bent to one side. IvanPŽ 293.... i.e. the fairy custom still fills the virgins who abandoned Biržai and Pabiržė, which (=that) in Žemaitija has long been no longer. ValPJ 90. It was decided to set up the table of honor and to hold the feast in the pagan centre. The right place was chosen for this. ir VienPD,K 379. =>...which was chosen in ir the right place. ...Zadéjo was almost incapable of organizing her so that she would never lack anything... He was looking after her as much as he could so far. ŽemR I 146. => ... which he seemed to care as much as he could so far. 034. The generalized forms of indication, the substitution of which forms in most cases are structurally limited. The possibilities for the use of what forms are much narrower than those of the above-mentioned fai, tas forms. What in a relative sentence can only go in postposition with respect to the antecedents. Antecedent pronoun that must be in the same sentence. A separate sentence with a relative ir pronoun that usually does not begingood wishes they to people. su 70 but. In this case, the demonstrative particle štai usually still stands before the relative form kas. :. Those Sicilians — are wise people. Ir Ir does. But you're gi not. Robbers. Those who use the name of ir cyclical cause violence, burning ir farms kill people. Here's what (=that, that) wrong. SruogR II 202. A child meets me, binds me to the ship's mast and throws me into ir the į stormy sea. O Meanwhile the king's horse rejoices in the gold of the ir rider's nose. That's what makes me sick the most! BalčAP 102. The relative pronoun kas, having an anaphoric function, at the beginning ir of the sentence is a rare, untypical case, e.g. : | The children snatched už the ir crane's beak ki-ki-ki laughter. Ką (=this, that) aš seeing, I began to be severe. ValPJ 77. In general, the change of forms in each form is often possible only by certain changes in the sentence structure, by rearranging the sentence members, su changing the order of the elements, combining several — sentences into one, etc. du ar į ir 1) Especially shocked Hansa Zwibakus the fact that he saw among the arriving crusaders free Bally ir Shark. VienPD,K. 334.> Hansas Cvibakas (he) saw among the jų crusaders who came free Ball ir Shark, what else? jį (Hans (Cyclops spp.) 2) The horse was being jo hunted by some predator, and Miškinis thought it ir was the work of wolves. IvanPŽ 186. > A horse running in jo the woods had been beaten by some predator, who, as they thought, Forester, it was the work of wolves. 3) That she would have said at least half a word to me: ar tu hell, ar tu What, what did you ar break? Put another one in? Aš to I've been looking for you. ji — nė Vampire! ZemR I 136=>. That she would have said at least half a word to me: ar tu hell, ar tu what, what you broke ar put another (which I aš based), o ji — nė Vampire! : | In many cases, because of the generalized reference to various contextual circumstances, the change of forms by forms is not possible at iš all. a) When there is a longer context, what is ir indicated is interrupted by other elements or is not clearly stated. ba Between the nose ir and the eye lies a certain gland that produces oily grease. With the grease the animal massages ir its wings other skin growths. ir This action, apparently, is very important for the bat, because, even caught, it takes advantage of every moment to perform its toilet. This is associated su with extremely sensitive sensory organs of microscopic magnitude, located throughout the skin. IvanPŽ 29. — O ko gi Are you, martel, afraid? — suddenly mysteriously į approached marcia — stepmother, maybe Stašenytės?.. Don't worry, baby. He heard the orders gi ir that we ir were preparing... If I had wanted... Don't think nė about it (that the son seduced Stašenytė), everyone has ir forgotten. VienPD, K. 157. b) When this is the case, the forms go in the questioning sentence in the relative subjunctive with questioning particles and questioning—relative pronouns adverbs. ar me su ar You laid the foundatio ons for a sauna, ty you want to build a church on it! Who can do that? ! ŽemR I 50. Adamuk's not yet fully understoką gi od, which means — there's no longer any of your uncles. VaižgRR I 154. — O You, son, do you need the same? All the people are amazed!.. — Alfonsiuk, is that true? (that he's going to marry (What is it?) VienPD,K 106. — We hope that the Christians will not attack us even at night, — replied Knystautienė, ir Griežė did not understand, it ar was intentionally reminded to him because of the crusader tact, it is just a ar coincidence. VienPD,K 377. .. .the prince doubled his regiments, as we o iš to Money? VienPD,K. 436. You gave the keys tu to Sieszczenc! Ar tu you know how offended about 71 That's all the nobles? SruogR II 140. [Ciolek] Who blows and who does not, but the honourable bishop of Krakow is a fan of the bubbles... [Zbigniew] What does the bishop mean by that? SruogR II 60. c) When this is the case, the same forms are used in answers to questions or in other cases when the language plan changes (direct — the language of the author, language of one and another actor, question of the same actor — affirmation, etc.). Did the princes Mindaugas and Gediminas befriend dogs? This is unheard of! VienPD,K 282. [Ciolekas] The next one, say, like you, dear neighbor, somewhere in the slaughterhouse, like at Grunwald, will stab a wounded knight, turn around in the king's presence, and he is already a bishop, a man of state! [Zbigniew] This is a wicked slander, Bishop of Poznań! That Vytautas thought out of jealousy! SruogR II 50. —Why did you steal Valiulio Paliutės nose? People are giving me a shit for that. Birds 90. "Thank you, thank you, grandmother, that little song is very beautiful!" When she heard this, grandmother started to laugh. ValPJ 20. Are you doing the old thing? To show off?! That's not necessary here. 75 and op. d) When this is the case, these forms are explained by the secondary accent in the position of the part of the sentence. A subordinate subject can be connected by a relative pronoun and an adverb, as well as a conjunction. This, that forms of relative pronouns and adverbs forms go with the answering words. This alone prevents us from changing those forms into what forms. What old Vidmantas, after drinking beer, jokingly predicted, it unexpectedly happened: VaižgP I 67. How, when and who first entered Lithuania is covered in the fog of deep ages. I, pp. 60. And who does not have something in his language, it is difficult to get used to. BugRR I 396. I will demand for myself only what belongs to me. VienPD,K 455.... enough of that tata will see that you do not want to be lazy. 151 and op. Who will benefit from it if my manor is turned into ashes? SruogR 11 205. And the Six-Wolf family will be content with what they get. 231 pp. 231. And the prince differed from his nobles in that he was stronger than everyone else. VienPD,K e) When fai, that form goes in the connective sentence, connected by compound conjunctions that... that, if... that and so on.... that yours against yours calls a common enemy, that was not in Zemaičiai yet! 282.... that biers nor grečną grain receive, then before that jisai tur grecnq manure pacréti. DonR 49. f) When this, that form goes to the greeting object, reason, condition, discount, etc. 328. ar in sentences su with the appropriate conjunctions. Vytautas is a traitor! —that was what the inhabitants of Marienburg said, and they boasted to one another that he had foreseen it long ago. VienPD,K 380. They were both very good... they only spoke Lithuanian, although Gintautas didn't demand it of them. 163 pp. 163. The knight Griežė came with them and, as the statutes and customs required, the horses and armor stood all night in the courtyard of the pilaitė. VienPD,K 349. Mother would be better off not seeing him at all and not writing anything, because it could also have an impact on the case... Greetings were given by parents, sisters, grandparents, grandchildren, grandchildren, bridesmaids, relatives and all invited guests. Since it was new for most, everyone who competed did as the original did. VienPD,K 148. ir ir By changing in these sentences that, those forms which forms would be eliminated cause, condition, concession, etc. ir ratio, in o most cases all iš this is not possible, cf. : He said he had foreseen it long ago # (screaming) He said ką he'd foreseen it. 72 g) When this, that form goes in a sentence or in a part of a sentence connected with the previous context by the conjunction ber (contradictory relation). ... he knew tq the same Žemaitis, who so cunningly led them through the rope. She knew and was surprised, but it was she who killed him. VienPD,K 440. It is possible that the domesticated Suny subspecies were helped by other wolf species, but this is only speculative. 169 pp.. What he set for himself ten years ago... has almost been achieved. But, compared to the other projects that were already maturing in his mind, it was only the beginning. VienPD,K 479. I looked at him, but he didn't see it. 136 and 137. When asked from the castle, they replied that neither the baroness Knystautienė nor her daughter were inside. But no one wanted to believe it. VienPD,K 394. In some sentences, by removing but, it would be possible to change fai, those forms, into what forms, but in this case the contradictory relationship would be eliminated. h) When it is, the form goes in a separate sentence or part of a sentence, which is connected with the previous context by explanatory, contradiction, object, cause, etc. relations without conjunctions. When they find them, people sometimes think they are lost and think it’s a good thing to take them home. This is a mistake. 242 pp.. The male in no way can not be kept where there are children, it is dangerous. 244 pp.. Compared to the wild sheep, the domesticated sheep is not that smart, careful, courageous animal, but just a silly creature. It is the result of human intervention. 285 pp.. i) When it is, that form goes in the sentence or the sentence element related to the previous context by an adverbial connection. That, that change of forms in what forms would eliminate that connection. When Edward returned after an hour, Alfonso knew immediately that he was already involved. My mother knew it. 144....but when the English knight turned his horse so that it would be more convenient not to attack, but to cover with a shield from the opponent- 's strikes, everyone understood that the decisive hour was approaching. Brother Hans and knight Dranck understood this. VienPD,K 345. The people of Sodynia knew Benedikt out of his mind: they knew about his mysterious trips to the old priest and to the distant city. And he did not forget it, because the trips to the priest were repeated. 84 pp.. It is not the aim here to list all cases, when this, that change of forms is restricted structurally and meaningfully. There are many such cases'®. It is important for us to emphasize that the scope of the usage of forms is much wider than the scope of the usage of forms of the corresponding meaning. In this case, these forms are primary, those forms are secondary. Between the forms of generalized indication this, fas and what is the same relationship asbetween the forms of specific indication he, she; tas, ta; this, that and which, -i; katras, -a and others Forms which, -i; katras, -a are the forms he, she; tas, ta; this, this, and so on are additional syntactic variants, and what forms are forms this, that is the same syntactic variant. Having all this in mind, the following scheme of relation of the above mentioned forms can be made: 1» In similar cases the forms which, -i are also restricted; katras, -a usage instead of the specific forms he, she; tas, ta; this, which, -i; katras, -a, etc. kas The model formed by these relational forms can be graphically represented as follows: where A =he, she; it, it is, etc., B=which, -i; katras, -a ir kt., C=that, that and kt., D=what. The isomorphic relationships of these pronouns are A: B=C:D or A: C=B:D. ši ir kt 13 Unspecified Specific indication (generalized) indication he, she; tas, ta; This, that. this (that), this, Sita(i), this, Sitas, -a; anas, -a, etc. Sitas et al. A D Received 1973. III. 26. A. BAJIAOKEHE ®OPMA CPEJHEIO POJJA MECTOHMEHHS OR H EE OTHOUWIEHHUE K IPYTHM ®OPMAM MECTOMMEHUH Peswome « B crarbe onpejiesisercs HHBapHAHTHOE 3HAYEHHE MECTOMMEHHSI CpejiHero poJia or differen1 ce H3OMOpOHLIe OTHONIEHH5A K (JopMaM MYKCKOTO H JKEHCKOTO's son, ta 1 K IpyruM ¢opmaM MeCTOHMEHHIA. | OopMbI BCX Tpex POJIOB fas, ta, tai HMEIOT TOJIbKO MeCTOHMEHHA ¢ aHahopH- "UECKHM 3HaueHHeM, A JISHKTHYECKOe MeCTOMMeHHe (B Y3KOM CMBICJIe CJIOBA) HMEeT JHB Be dopMbi! : tas, ta. OGunuM npH3HaKOM aHadopHueckux That, that, that AIBJIIETCA TO, YTO OHH ECB 3aHHMAIOT TO3ULHIO TIA /JĮEXKHOR (DOpMbI TARGET/bHOTO — BBINOJIHSAIOT cyGcranTHBHYIO (yHKumio. Popma or NpOTHBONOCTABIJISIerc1 popMaMm fas, ta No XapakTepy AeHKcHca: bag, ta — 3T0 (DOpMbI KOHKPETHOTO, ‘ONpEJIeJIeHHOTO YKa3aHHsl, a HHBApHAHTHOe 3HaueHHe (DOpMbI fai — OGOOnIeHHOC, HeonpejieJieHHOe yKasanue. JlaHHple (OpMbI MMEIOT TaKiKe I'm sorry, I'm sorry. AeHTHl. B KaecTse anTenenenToB GOPM fas, BEICTYNAIOT ta HEKOTOPHIE HMEHA cyIIeCTBHTe/IbHbIE (0OBIYHO B nperio3HuHH). AKTenejjeHrTaMH GOPMbI or MOTYT cayZKHTb HE TOJIbKO HMEHA CYIIeCTBHTE/IbHbIE, HO H, Yallle BCero, eas (pass) (CJIOBOcoueraHHe, npejJsiokeHue, asa), BBICTYNalOKe KaK B IperIO3HIHH, TAK H B nOCTINO3HIUHH. PopMel face, ta CO COHMH aHTENEJCHTAMH COTJIACYIOTCS B You're in H school. PasHula MeXKLy HHMH H 3aKJIIOYAeTCS B YKA3aHHBIX KATETOPHSX. Qopma tai, npejcTaBisiomas co6oil CTapyio GopMy HMEHHT. — BHHHT. It's not... Ji€XKa, BBICTYIIAeT TOJIbKO B IIO3HIKHH HMEHHTEJBHOTO H BHHHTEJIbHOTO Majeed. A (OpMBI LOCATION YKa3aHHs that, YNOTDÄG/ISIOTCH ta B NO3HUKSAX BCEX nearby. 74 CJieJloBaTeJIbHO, ONMO3HIKSA tai: tas, ta He ABJsETCs CHMMeTpHuHoOH. B cdepe 00001IEHHOTO YKa3aHHsi (QyHKIHOHHPYIOT He Bee najexusle dopmel. [las BoccraHOBJIEHHSI CHMMETpHH oOGpasyeTcsi JApyras, YHCTO CHHTaKCHYeCKasi OIMMO3HILKS. Kpome dopmbl tai, B 3HaueHHH OGOOINEHHOTO yKasaHus ynotpebasiores ee OopMBI JĮ. YHCJIa MY>KCKOTO poja: this, that, that, that, that, that. PopMbl KEHCKOTO poja, a Take (DOpMbI MH. UKHCJIA He HMEIOT TaKoTo 3HaueHHs. Takum o6pazom popma tas B JINTOBCKOM SI3blKe ABJISETCH OMOHHMHYHOH (OPMOH: B 3HAYEHHH KOHKpETHOTO YKa3aHHs COrJiacyeTcss C HMEHeM CYLIeCTBHTE/NbHBIM —AHTEIEJIEHTOM B pojie H uHCJIe, a B 3HaueHHH OOOOILEHHOTO YKa3aHHs C aHTeleJeHTOM He COrJiacyeTcs. This is H GopMbI ej. 4. MYMKCKOTO pojia tas, to, tam, tq, tuo, tame Kak (OpMEI 0600IIEHHOTO YKa3aHHsi MMPOTHBONOCTABJASAIOTCS (DOpMAM KOHKPETHOTO YKa3aHHSA tas, ta. Popmbl 06O6IIEHHOTO YKa3aHHUA tai H. tas OObeJUHAIOTCS B OLY napaJUTMY H B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT 3aHHMaeMOi IIO3HIIHH pacnpejessiioTcss Tak: UM. tai (tas), POA. That's it, JiaT. There, BUH. or (tq), TB. Yours, MecTH. dark. B nanHoit napamurve tai B TO3HIHH HMeHHTeJIbHOTO H BHHHTeJIbHOTO SIBJSETCS TepBHYHOH (DOpMOK, a tas, tą B COOTBETCTBYIOLIEH MO3HIMH —BTOpHuKHOK. I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry. CrarncrHueckKH ynoTpeOjienHe tas H tq B NMO3HIUSAX COOTBETCTBYIOUIMX TajiexKeil cocTaB/sieT HeGOJIbINOKH TpOLEHT. ®opmbl 0606IIEHHOTO yKa3aHHs tai, tas MpOTHBONOCTABJIEHbI HE TOJIbKO (opMaM KOHKPeTHOTO yKasaHMs tas, ta, HO OJJHOBPEMEHHO H HX CeMaHTHYECKHM CHHOHHMAM jis, ji; šitas, -a; this, that; anas, -a; the same, the same u Ap. MHOTHE U3 yKa3aHHBIX MeCTOHMeHHH BOOČINe He HMEIOT (dOpM CpeJiHero pojia H/JIH Ke jaHHas dopma MOSIBJACTCA JIMUIb Cropajuyecku (Sita(i)) napany c tai. CpaBHHTEJBHO peiiko BCTpeuaIOTCA (DOpMbI eJį. UKCJIA MYXKCKOrO poja B 3HaYeHHH OGOOIIEHHOTO YKa3anus (this, this, the same). IlosTomy nist BblpakeHHsi OGOOINEHHOTO YKA3AHHS HCMOJIb3YIOTCSI Hale Bcero OOpMEI tai, tas, XOTS JŲIS BbIpaxXEHHS KOHKPETHOIO yKa3aHHs CJIV>KHT LeJbl psAJl pa3/IMuHLIX JieKceM (tas, ta; jis, ji; šitas, -a u T.1.). H3-3a cnenuduusocTd HX 3HaueHHst GoJiee CHMMETPHUHBIMH SIBJISIIOTCS DOJIOBBIE ĖOpMbI COOKING METHOD YKa3aHHs the same, the same ta H GOPMBI eI. UKCJIA MYM KCKOTO PoJia co 3HaueHHeM OOOČiINeHHOTO YKa3aHus the same, the same to H T. him. OopmMbi 060611eKHoro YKa3aHUs this, that H Jip. TIpOTHBONOCTABJISIOTCSH elle (opmam kas aHaJOrHUHO TOMY, Kak (OpMEI KOHKpeTHOTO yKas3aHus tas, ta; he, ji H Yep. IPOTHBOTNMOCTAaBJIeHbI popMam kuris, -i; katras, -a. [TogoGHo Tomy, Kak kuris, -i; caterpillar, -a B TpeJJIOKEHHAX ONpeJe/eHHOH CTPYKTYphl 3aMeHsioT ¢opMsl he, she; that, ta © JIp., TaK MECTOHMEHHE kas B aHAJIOTHYHBIX CJydasiX 3aMeHsieT GopMbl that, that. Popma kas no OTHOIIEHHIO K opMaM tai, tas IpeACTaBASAIOT COGofH BTOpHYHbIKH CHHTAKCHYECKHil BapHAHT, Yes Xe, Kak dopMEI kuris, -i; caterpillar, -a no oTHOLIeHHIO K opmaw jis, ji: tas, ta H e.g. Sister. ¢pyHkumonnposanue kuris, -i; katras, BMeCTO he, she; that, -a ta MH Ap., Tak ynotpeb/enue H cas BMECTO tai, tas OrpaHHYEHO OCHOGEHHOCSIM CHHTAKCHYECKOH H CeMaHTHYECKOH CTPYKTYpHl I'm the first one. Starting in Europe 0G0GIIEHHOTO yKa3aHHs kas 3HAUHTEJIbHO YKe, YeM cepa byHKUHOHHPOBaHHS OPM that, that. B cucreme Bcex ykasaHHBIX MeCTOHMEHHA PoJoBbe GOPMBI KOHKPETHOTO yKa3auusi A (tas, ta; he, ji u Yep.) HAXOAATCS B TAKOM OTHOILIEHHH K CBOEMY CHHTaKCHueckoMy cuHoHuMmy B (which, -i; which, -a), kak ¢opMbl OGoGuzeKHoro ykasauus C (tai, tas H 1p.) K CBOEMY CHHTAKCHYECKOMY CHHOHHMY D (cas). Hx H3oMOopdHbIE PRODUCTION SCHEDULE MOXKHO H300pasuTh: A :B=C:D uu A : C=B : D. ITocTynuao * 26.111.1973.