Iš lietuvių kalbos prieveiksmio tyrinėjimų

Z+0O DIZITŲ FOR ‘MO 8 I R JŲ V ART OS E-N. A EST ET U-V0.8 TSR MOKSLU A'K ADEMI1J A K. ULVYDAS IS IN LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES ACCESSIBILITY TYRINEJIMU 1. Common plural adverbs of the noun su -ais § 1. In the ir Baltic Slavic languages, the noun is characterized by a particular abundance of circumstantial meanings. This makes it easier to catch this phrase. The abundance of circumstantial meanings is particularly characteristic of the Lithuanian verb. Conditional meanings are said mainly by the noun suffix. In Lithuanian, the number of adverbs with a noun-end is so high that the noun-end of ir (especially plural) ending could often be considered as an action suffix of adverbs (at least in cases where the corresponding noun is no longer used next to the adverb). It is interesting to note that in Lithuanian the plural noun is not inferior to the singular noun in terms of the abundance of circumstantial meanings. There are more ir adverbs with a fixed plural noun nė ending than those with a fixed singular noun ending. It is therefore possible to speak of a greater ir approximation of the plural noun's fixed ending to the adverb's constructive suffix. There are two types of adverbs in Lithuanian: some are derived from adverb forms as a result of adverbation, others are formed with the adverb ending as a suffix according to already existing examples of adverbs. A strict boundary jų between one and the other is iš impossible to draw. su ir In the case of the prepositional construction of adverbs of the noun, it is only possible to speak conditionally, i.e. without forgetting that a large part is something else than the conjugated jų forms of the noun otherwise. It is ne difficult to distinguish the analysis of the structure from the analysis of the ar construction of the adverbs. ar jų $ 2. Distribution of adverbs by stems is proportional to the distribution of nouns by stems: the more frequent the nouns of a given stem, the more ir to root adverbs. The following stems are the most productive and most frequently used in the construction and structure of adverbs with a fixed plural noun ending: ia, a, o ir I. Iš jų The root is characterized by a ir particular intensity of production in o frequency of use, giving just whole series of simple, prepositional adverbs with ir two roots. Iš only the stem is distinguished by a slightly higher productivity ir prevalence of all other strains. ė Ir finally, in the construction and structure of adverbs with a plural infinitive end, the stems play a very small role. i, u ir iu It is a very rare species, with only a few specimens of the species found in the northern part of ir the range. su i $ 3. Here it is useful to say a few remarks about the operative and structural classification of the adverbs of the noun. As it could already be seen from the introductory remarks, when studying the construction and structure of the adverbs of the noun, it is appropriate to divide them into two large groups. The first of these groups consists of adverbs relating to the singular noun form, the second — adverbs relating to the plural noun form. In this way, the singular and plural adverbs of the noun arise according to the external form. Only, of course, the grammatical category of number is completely foreign to the adverb, it does not play any significant role here. Each of the groups mentioned here is further divided according to which root nouns the adverbs themselves relate to. Thus, we can talk about singular noun adverbs of nouns of a, ia, 0, io and other roots and plural noun adverbs of nouns of the same roots. Since the adverbs of the noun relate to both ordinary and prepositional nouns and compound nouns, within each stem there are groups of ordinary, prepositional and compound singular and plural adverbs of the noun. The morphological classification of the adverbs is dictated by the analyzed material itself. This classification is determined by the close constructive and structural relationship of the adverbs of the noun with nouns, especially with nouns. In general, all adverbs relating to the syllables of nouns are easiest to divide in terms of action and structure according to the indicators characteristic of the parts of the language from which they are derived or by the example of which they are formed. It is also important to note that the form of the indefinite participle with the preposition can form adverbs relating to prepositional constructions. The main focus of such adverbs (the conjugated vowel of the noun) can in turn be simple, prepositional or adjective. In order for the reader to have at least an approximate picture of the construction and structure of the adverbs relating to the forms of the plural noun, below is a description of the construction and structure of one group of adverbs of the plural noun with the most basic illustrations, taken both from various scripts and from dialects. This group includes ordinary plural noun adverbs that relate to ordinary (prefix-free) nouns of the «a» stem. These are the ordinary plural noun adverbs with -ais. As with many other adverbs, there are also intermediate cases of plural adverbs, transitive forms, which are to be distinguished from true adverbs. The study of ordinary plural adverbs with -ais has shown that there are peripheral phenomena next to them — peripheral words that coincide in their external form with those adverbs, but are not related or are very carefully related to the adverb forms. The ending -ais of such peripheral words often has little or nothing to do with the ending of the noun. That -ais in such cases is usually nothing more than a particle or a combination of particles, which occurs especially in unchangeable words. The description does not exclude either the transitional forms mentioned here or the peripheral words, because together with them the true adverbs of the descriptive group are better highlighted. 8 § When examining a the construction of ordinary (non-prepositional) plural adverbs of root nouns, it should first be noted that in addition to the completely fixed forms in the language we have a huge number of plural adverb forms used for the meanings of mode, place, time and other circumstances, which relate to adverbs in various ways. ir su § 5. Some of these forms still retain a clear objecting meaning, adverbs linking them only by the ir su common circumstantial function. These forms do not yet show any signs of semantic isolation and are ir easily distinguished from adverbs. Jos aiškiai suvokiamos kaip daiktavardžio būdo (gabalais, kekulais, lapais,lašais, pipirais, pluokštais, pūdais, skatikais, skreitais, šmotais, vilkais, želmenais), vietos (keliukais, pėdais, purvynais), laiko (year, that year, the same year), objective (in their own ir affairs) different servants. Sugar is chopped into pieces (r3.). The meat was in the air. ZemR, II 174. My poor man was leafing, branching. JablLP 86. The sweat jo was dripping. JabILP 86. He sowed peppers, sprouted buckwheat, blossomed marts, and planted buckwheat. JabILP 86. His hair is dust. ZemR, 1I 464. He wore a hood. Woman? II 253. He took it with him and filled a bag under his head. 2nd ed. pp. 115. The earth is covered with mud. Don. A wolf mask. TŽ V 143. Iš jų fertilizer in the grass around spreads (Baran) JablLP 88. We've been defending... we've been keeping them out of the way. 236, 237, 238. He began to walk. Page 127. He runs alongside the carriage in the dirt, and he only runs the tired mares out of impatience. 297, 299. (Cf. also the objective meaning retained in the verb side of the nobleman in the verb controlling compound both sides Lkm, Rgv.) Agreed to hire girls for a year. 162, 166. If I had been treated more humanely, I would have worked there for years. JablLP 82. (Cf. the statements in that year, next year, the same year, the year of peace, the year of Soviet rule, where the conjugable and inconjugable adjectives further strengthen the noun meaning of the noun year.) He went to Kaunas on business. JablLP 84. (But cf. ZemR, II 167, where we can already feel a slight weakening of the objective significance of the noun used for business purposes without a certificate.) $ 6. The objective meaning of the plural noun noun of other nouns remains, but is somewhat blurred. Therefore, it is not always easy to distinguish such forms from adverbs, because they are often already in an intermediate stage between noun conjunctions and adverbs due to the context of the language and the lexical meaning of the main words. Such transitional forms of the a stem are also used with the meanings of manner (būriūkais, ciūgais sl., cf. Polish cug, German Zug, kelmais, perkiinais, pulkais, tūntais), place (kraštais, ritoZais, rūožtais, šmotais sl., cf. Polish szmat „piece”), time (rytais, vakarais) and other circumstances. The winds like burning burning, with the crowds of rain!.. 281, pp. 281. There are a lot of soldiers — darkened fields, just walking in zigzags. Ktk. Bees pass through the soil with claws. Kkl. He cursed with thunder. 260, 262, 263. Not one by one, we fell in flocks. 276 pp. 2. (Plg. tuntais, „gromadno“ SD 66). It's burning on the edges. St. The woods are covered with grass. Page 128. It's raining in Rio. Ldvn, Kp. The scales were yellowing in stretches, the wheat was lying in stretches of cloudy water, the marsh vegetation was climbing up with pink and violet spots. CvR VII 105. 9 It's raining. JabILP 80. "Smotais pašalusi" (in Lithuanian). Krtn. Not even a seed returned. 399 and op. He rises early in the morning and goes to sleep in the evening. JablLP 81. In the mornings, the fog walked over the fields for a long time. CvR VIII 164. In the evening, the gardeners saw Stadalnykas Jurgis walking with hedgehogs. CvR I 151. In the evenings for it at home fun, fun... ŽemR, II 373. In addition, the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, nineteenth, and twentieth sentences of the first sentence are also in the first person singular. (exp.); They died by the hundreds, by the thousands (TZ V 107); Drunk with five six (drives), and drunk with none (JabILP 78). $ 7. In the context of language, other plurals of nouns in the possessive form acquire so generalized and abstracted predicative or circumstances of manner (§mdrais, šmuorais- ), place (sienis, tdrpais), time (šorais, šuorais, tdrpais, tropis sl., cf. Polish trafem „randomly, unexpectedly“, German sich treffen „to happen“) meaning that it is not difficult to discern the signs of their semantic isolation from nouns. These forms of adjectives are as if they have crossed the intermediate stage between nouns and adverbs and are so close to adverbs that they are almost indistinguishable from them. The — ir painted clothes are worthless: the sun burned them and they went with smoke. Ktk. It's raining. Ldvn. The snow comes in bursts, ir and then disappears. Ds. Ak no rain continuously — It's going down, it's going down. Pg. Sit down. Sonais (side, next to). PnmR. It rained for two days. Yes, I do. It's ir raining, it's ir raining. Lp. In the to meantime, the knives at the table chime, the forks are ir mixed. ZemR, III 216. The fields are graying, the rye is waving, ir the summer clover is greening, the green arcs, streams, caves are carved in between. ZemR, II 469. T vegetables, carrots, beans... — ZemR, I 251. Shores laugh, shores cry. Kp. The nuns have already fallen asleep. Lp. Ir It's raining here sometimes. Rd, VIkv. Tropais ir kolonijoje (in the desolate village) people visit, but still in the village ne (not in the village). Vj. § 8. This way we get to the simple (non-prepositia onal) root nouns plural adverbs, which again according to the nature of their construction tends, also according to the degree of conjugation are not the ir same. However, in order to discuss and explain all this at least briefly, it is necessary ir first to get acquainted with the very specific su material in both spoken and written language, the adverbs themselves, the main meanings, and, t. y. su as far as it helps to jų understand the construction and structure, jų su jų sakinine (while ne "Style-style" (in French). To this end, at least some ir of the examples collected iš from various sources are presented here. dictase — ,, by nothing, by winds’: The bees jo are out. J (LKZ, I 37). ditais ,,nothing, winds“: They came and went. ir Lnkv; I worked, I worked, ir and the work went away. Ram; He's gone. Kp. almais 1. „srautu“: O, that the water flows in — streams, rivers. Collision; 2. ,,in a bunch of puzzles“: Almai attacks children to wash before breakfast. J. early ‘(very) early’: He was a good child, early in the morning he would run to the horse field, get up and ride. į St. early „(very) early“: Tévukas early liuoba will wake up before sunset, the very first. St. 10 ankstčinais,,(labai) anksti“: What did you get up early? Pgr; I used to get up when the sun was not yet rising. Kv; After jumping on tomorrow's anksteins, Gumbas steeply descended to the Keseliene's children- 's teacher Jurgis. ZemR, IT 15. ankstélnais,,(labai) anksti“: I woke up early, well before dawn. Vdk. early,,(very) early“ Vvr: We woke up early this morning. Grg. early,,(very) early“ Sv: The family left work early today. J. near „near near, nearby“, nearby „t. p.’ : Isn't there a nearby blacksmith to check out? Alif Lam Mim. We parked the carts nearby (in the market...). "Gossip Girl: High School Highs, High School Lows". Uzv. „aukštynaikai, aukštieninkom“: He lay on the high places. BsV 273. fines "nothing, only intentions, promises" Sts, Krš, Užv: Fines, fines to come, but, apparently, so fines will go. Akm; You've been fined for the third week, but I think that's how you're gonna do with the fines. Lie. čėsais (čėsais) sl. “sometimes”, cf. pl. sometimes “t. p.’ : Césais is healthy, čēsais is sick. Gs; Chess is happy, chess is upset. Ms. with things “in places” Gs, Ldvn, Sd, RZ 70 (with things): Things are already dry. Skr: When the pie crust is done, pour water over it. Skr; Ddicts grow usny, and ddikts — not. Vlkv; It's raining, it's dry. Knv; We have good land and good things. Knv; The river has dried up. K. darmais sl., "in vain, for nothing", cf. polk. free ‘t. p.’ : Nobody will work there without pay. Pe. davadais sl.,,paklausais®, plg. lenk. dowdd “proof”: God comes to us in davads, i.e. asking for the way. J. dermais (cf. darmais) sl., “in vain, for nothing” Krtv: Defmais distributed [clothes]. KTV. dykais „in vain, for free“: You won’t get it for free. Ms. 2000, pp. 1-10 “nothing” Ldvn, Krsn, cf. polk. išč w dof "to deteriorate, to decrease": So much hay has gone! Rdm. „tuoj iš paskos, įkandin, pridurmais, pridurmu“: They went to us with a punch. Ms. dvynais,,- dvynai, po du (about twins)“: Good sheep lead twins. Kp. džiugais,,- burais“: People are going with bows. M.Sc. gratomais „greta“: to stand with gratoms, gratomais. LKZ III 522. gratumais "greta": Abudu gratumais stovėjom. LKŽ III 522. grečiumais "greta" J II 469. greitais "greitomis": Darbas greitis bieso vertas. Ad. gretais „greta“: Black rows entering the lighthouse. TP 1881 38. gretimais (gretymais) „greta“: Peter stood next to. Št; They stand side by side. Jn; The neighborhoods became stubby. Ms. adjacent „nedaleko“: The two batches are placed adjacent. Pln; Adjacent young spruce branches with needle red bubbles hanging from the coral. ZemR, 1188. «+ In other cases, the same form becomes a modal word: Don't you have some rubles? Gs., Have you no oats to sell? Pn., Can't you lend me some money? Ldvn. In addition, see the modal words of the same root and the same meaning čėsmais, čėsumais: Čėsmais or did you not take my knife? Ms. Didn't you see any horses? Ēr. 11 „nearby“: Nearby lived. Šts; Houses stand next to them, t. y. row J; They were next to each other. Kal. adjacent ‘greta’: That guy lives in the neighborhood. Grg. grįžalais „returning, returning“: Grįžalais važiavau. As. grįžulais „grįžtant, grįždamas“: Grįžulais, sugrįždamės važiavau. S. joke 1. "jokingly, the ne iš real (with the meaning of su manner with the additional meanings of purpose and cause)“: are Ar tu you joking, šcyrai? ar Lp. Man to tears go, laughs o herself. Šts; I was Aš just joking. Sv; Girls laugh teasing The house. ZemR, III 144; He probably said it in a joke, in a good mood. CvR VIII 1192 2. "easy, no be trouble": life has J passed. Prn; Funny winter went be out, no speigo. Sts. 3. "from laughter (significance of cause)’: Jokingly to sleep. Apple; Everyone laughed. Lp; It's a joke. Šts; He falls in laughter as he looks. Vb; It's funny to die. Apple; Nė laughs will not cease, such a tale who will read. Šts; You're not joking. Ss; His eyes shine, his lips don't shut up in laughter, he doesn't stop, he doesn't sit down. ZemR, III 139; You can die in laughter. B; Everyone laughed. Apple; It's a joke. Apple; We were joking. Šts; The children, listening to the tale, even turned to laugh. Apple. kdislais „niekais, vėjais“: The sheep have gone out. As; Son kdislais left. Slnt; The children began to walk, t. y. blogyn. J; Jo daughters kdislais gone. Tl; The lustful geese went out. Ms; Working with kdislas has finished. Run. kdistais „intervals, protarpiais, ne nuolatos“: Kdistais tepadeda darbuoties vaikai, studijuojantys. Quick. occasional "sometimes, sometimes-not-never" SD 34, R, K, RŽ 70, Kp, Ps, Krtn: Sometimes enemies hide so well that you can't find them if you look everywhere. Don. Sometimir es wolves can be affectionate. JablLP 81. Sometimes the chatter of the canes was quiet, sometimes it was louder. CvR VIII 164. Occasionalir ly, the bird cucks with its mouth. VienP 149. Dunden ir sometimes lightens in the distance. 37°. TilvBV kebab "one's head another- 's leg (lying down)’: Black lies in his boots. Snt. kepersais,,striuoksit, kepersuojant“: The horse is tucked up with kepersai kepersavo. J. The horse runs with the jumps. J. kevaldais (keveldais) "kūliais": Kevaldais (keveldais) fell. VKS. klupstinais „klupiniais, klupstomis“: The priest’s mistress ran again in klupstinais (sh.) kryžmais „cross, crosswise, crosswise“: Kryžmais put (his) hands. Ms. In a hurry, she walked in with her feet crossed, and found a pitcher standing in the middle of them. BaltRn 18. lygmais,,lygiom, lygiai": My native language mažne lygmais goes with téviske ano. J. lyggumais,,lygiom, lygiai“: They are now going on the same path: nei katras nei katram does nothing. Sts. I'm leading (mudu) now on the plains (carding). Angry. 2 Pig. no (nebe) jėga,,nejuokaujant, rimtai, iš tikrųjų: Then no jokingly he walked into the door. ZemR, III 73; Smuklininkas already not jokingly interfered with the German. CvR V 66; Then it was Kanopa who believed that he was not being let go home in a joke. Gud-GuzKIT, II 21 Chereshka was not jokingly frightened: what if the engineer himself wanted to come and check? BaltrPS 158. 8 See also the same form, translated as a modal word: Bent thou ever from Telšiai? As; Vaitoška looked suspicious at the puzzler, wondering if he hadn’t sometimes thought of laughing at him. BaltrPS in exchange for "exchanging something" Kp, 162. 12 Vlkv, Rm, Vad, Jnšk: Tq got a horse in exchange. St. Aš I'll exchange the horses. Kal. Let's trade. Ms. mostais „nothing- “: The promise mostais went (promised and did not keep). Slm. niekais (niekais Ldvn) “with winds, sheep, sheeps”: Niékais spends time. DLKZ 500. Sown on time, cleaned on time, no grain went nowhere. ZemR, IV 215. Money wasted in vain with (18.). “swords”: Money went, went and went. LKZ VIII 957. opstrigais „piestu, lenktis“: It is not necessary to hang it, opstrigais in the eyes of Soka. Ms. palparybais(- parbarybais Slnt, pduparybais, cf. pauparygais Ds) „nothing, winds, sheep (usually with the forms of the verb eiti)“: Pdlparybais eiti (to do nothing, to laze). Grg, Pln, Sd; His parents send him his last money, and he goes on his own. Slant. piéstais,,- na zadních nohách“ SI¢: His horse... stands on his back legs. ZemR, 111 136. full „full truck“: And how do you drive full? Alk. plėšais „from all my strength, pushing, plundering“: When I was young, I went to work with plunder. Square. pliupsais „visu būriu“: We got out of the door with plumps. Square. in feet sl. „niekais, vėjais, aitais“ plg. polk. pusty "empty": Postais left. Ms. priešais 1.,,prie§ akis, priešakyje (vietos reikšme- )“ DLKZ 623, RZ, LsL 177: In front as if the greatest walls, clouds stood. 6: A large steaming propersa was gazing in front of us. Gud-GuzKIT 688; Juodu and Būblis stopped opposite each other. SimonP 1324; 2. "contradictorily (in the sense of manner)" Did I say anything in front of you? CvR IV 298; 3. „priešakyje (v časovom zmysle)“: The whole work preéSais still stands. DLZ 623; Before the subject time eclipses. JanR 1245, puostais (puštais Skd) Šl "sword, wind, sheep", plg. pusty "empty": Half the geese went. Blood. rėtumais „rarely, occasionally“: I drink, but rarely. Sts. robrais,,,- roblom, ropom“: It’s so dark — only robrais will come home. Všk. rozais sl. “sometimes”, cf. pl. raz,,tikis, kartas“: Roses are better, roses are barely sighing. St. rumulais "with a stream, a stream": And when the water goes —almais, rumulais. Run. savdimais „self“: Savdimais began to heal and healed. Apple; He learned it himself. Apple; Votis savdimis disappeared. Apple. sėdimomis (in old people’s language) „greta“: They live sitting. Slm. skubtais „hubbing, hurrying- “: Skubtais bėgau bégau, tai ir kojas praradau. Ls. skundais- ,,mazai, menkai“: Feed this year with complaints. Ll. Now meat not in complaints: piglet papiovym. Ll. strokes (strokais) sl.,,hubom, paskubom; in haste, out of haste®, cf. strach „fear“: Does everything with strokes. Gs; Strokais forgot to take off his clothes. TŽ V 122. štumulais (stumulais Sr),,urmais, visu būri, krūvom; galvotrūkčiais“ Sr. sūkais „šalin, po paibeliais- “: Eik sūkais K I 608, 502, II 103, 151. šalimais Šd, Rd, Sb (šalimais RZ), Salymais (Salymais Slm, šalymais Vb) „šalia, greta“: Atsigulė šalimais. Krkn; We live next door to him. Musk; Vincas 4 Plg. žem, tarmės pryšais: Veizu —pryšais zuikis keverst keverst ir atlek. Lkv. 5, which is used as a prefix with the finalis and žem. in dialect —with a nobleman. 13 sitting on a high platform, and we walked by and sang all the way. And the couch was taken down from the wall for the night, and they lay down on it side by side. GodGuzKIT 170%. That house stands next door, i. e. Salymais. J. II 468". šnairais,„- Šnairom, kreivom“: with strings to watch. Bru. with chic "jumps; šūksniais“: Horses run with shouts. Sts; The horses are shouting. Plt; Snake jump with shouts. Shh. tyliūkais „tylutėm, tylutėlėm“: I fled the streets quietly (r8.). „far away“: Jiedu tai tolimais sėdi. Bssh. beggar Sv, Ldvn (beggar TŽ V 141) sl. “winds, winds, winds”; Plg. lenk. ubogi „poor man, beggar“: Gėrė, gėrė, ubagais išė(io). Gs; He'll drive Sragys out as beggars. ZemR,lI 50; Poor people barely ate. 1792; and you go to beggars. ZemR, 1285; Bublio herself came with the child beggars. SimonP 177. ulduru, uldurais "with swirls, spines": Didžiai kriok, ulduru, uldurais ein vanduo. Shkn. „greitai, skubiai, staiga“: He wished that he would go home with acute. 1944) The Wind That Shakes the Barley (Ed. MRL 890 (ūpais Gs) „at times, in intervals, occasionally“: Ūpais skauda, ūpais ne. PC; It rained for three days: passes and enters again Tr; It snows: it stops and starts again. Er; It runs well on the slopes (where the road is better), but more on the pedestrian roads. Pg; U pais that blows the wind. "I said: Marė good, this one and that one, Ulena and that one, — all of them said: "Pajuodmėsė, skūra..." Mrk. upstais „from all my heart“: Upstais puts the child to the nanny. J. ūrmais Gs (urmais Sr) sl. „with a whole band, with headache, quickly“, cf. pol. hurmem "a large group, friend", baltar. 2ypmam ‘t. p.’ ūrmu ūrmais (see ūrmais) ‘the whole crew; with puzzles, quickly“: We did it in bulk, i.e., at once, in a bunch. J. urmulis "streaming, flowing, sniffing, fast": O, that ein water urmulis (if it runs strongly and suddenly falls). Run. Do not talk to him: what you say, it will go by the wind. Km. ūrtais sl., kriivomis, gabaonais, labai smarkiai, greitai; 1999, pp. p. hurtem "in large quantities, in heaps, together", baltar. zypmam ‘t. p." rus. eypmom "t. p.’ When the wind came in, it's just going hay from the wagons. Up. ; Work is going on. Sv; The bridges were iš broken. Ds. valmais (complete) Up ‘balls; in bands, in flocks’: When I blowed, the flame just went out. Skr. vargais "hardly, barely"; He's gonna let be his daughter go... Ką here to talk about the part when they are themselves in trouble. MarcinkKP 59. with hardships “hardly, barely; anyway’: In the summer he escaped the scouts with difficulty. iš VienP 387; We barely made a deal. LK. z6vadais (in zovads) Ds, zdvedais žem.) sl. “,Šuoliais”, cf. left. w „lenktyniaujant”, profession ‘t. p.“, w zawdd ‘t. p.’ : We're going to fly. ZemR, * Toliau plg. prefiksninę šalimais vartoseną: They live next to each other. Gs; Sit down next to me. Lnkv. * Plg. ir prefix with a subjunctive (with a nobleman's humour) Lkv. 8 Plg. prepositional distant usage: They are far from each other. Bsg. 14 1939: The 100th anniversary of the creation of the 100-pound coin, the 100-pound coin, is issued. ZemR, III žadais 271. ,,nothing, alone With intentions, intentions" JablL 92, LZ, Sint, Kp, Vgr, Krš, Pp, Užv, LI, Trk: Promised, promised — promised and left. Gs; That's how it all went. Ykš; I was gonna, I was — gonna ir work awake out. TV. ; He talked, — promised so promised and went. Grz. žarais 1. "spread out, pairs, each to himself" Krz, Up: Search for ko wounds. Kv; When they were finished, they were all thrown away. Shd; The cows are on the run. Neck; The people of į the hill were stunned. Ll; 2. ",divided, in troops, flocks" MZ 394: They hunt, they hunt, they hunt. Jn; Soldiers are walking through the fields. Up. 3. "sometimes, occasionally" Svn. § 9. The common features of all the adverbs presented here are the following: they relate to root nouns; stiffness or su a jų (in rarer cases) still only the stabbing end -as in certain cases can be considered a constructive suffix; syntactically they are characterized by circumstantial or (rarely) predicative meaning ir function. In addition to the differences ir in the su language, the differences in the number of words and the number of syllables are also significant. $ 10. In this fairly numerous group of ir adverbs that are harmonious in terms of verbs, it is not difficult to distinguish two groups according to origin: one jų (incommensurably larger) is made up of Lithuanian words, their roots grown in the old Lithuanian language su vocabulary, the second belongs to borrowings, o entered into Slavic languages. iš The significant part of Lithuanian adverbs of the examined type is most characteristic of noun origin ų and thus the closest — relationship with nouns. su Some adverbs still show the tų process of adverbiation visually. Iš jų as we see, the noun plural adverb, constantly used in circumstantial predicative function, acquires a separate, independent, abstracted generalized meaning; in this way ar is semantically isolated lexicalizes, passes the adverb, although in parallel with such lexicalised, ir adverbialized vowel tą in the language with greater or lesser intensity nounally used all other vowels of the main ir word į su su ar (even a noun, ir but with a different meaning than an adverb). The most obvious examples of such adverbs are: diktais, ditais, baudomis, daiktais, juokais, kaftais, mainais, niekais, piėstais, pliupsais, priešais, rumulais, uldurais, ūpais (ūpais), urmulis, valmais, žadais, žarais ir etc. These are all adverbs, next to which in speech more often less ar often quite possible jų main words (t. y. noun usage of iš the words from which the adverbs originated, but, of course, with a more specific meaning than the adverbs, e.g.: ditas,,,vaikStikas, padauža, nenuorama“ Kp, Ps, Brz, dictionary, laughter, time, exchange (exchange), nobody “a poor thing, a man, an animal; an unimportant thing; menkniekis“, piéstas ,,piesta, grūstuvis’ Ds, enemy, ramul ,,urulys, srautas“, ulduras ‘t. p.“, dpas 1. ,,8¢las, siutas®, Kv, "mood" 2. What, ufmulas ,pipe, flow’,,pipeline’ »urulys, ball“ LS, Zadas (GROANS) ‘promise’ Grz, Trk Zaras ‘group’ Up. So we see that these adverbs are still very closely related to nouns. su In general, it must be said that the majority of the ordinary ir (non-prepositional) adverbs of the plural noun of the root could «a be considered noun, even in cases where the corresponding nouns are not found next to them. iš jų ir su su 15 -bevčizdint, beyčizint- ), crying "necessarily, very". Their appearance was largely determined by the apJinkybiné function and the significance of the time or mode of action. In the frequency of use, it stands out from them in particular uninterrupted. The ship was due to arrive soon. BalčAŽ, 43. Soon the first troops of the Padishah appeared near Tbilisi, and the Padishah himself arrived the next day. Come UT 16. Michael immediately set out on his journey. VienP 298. The necessary reforms must be carried out immediately. Myk-PutS I 87. The accurately woven folk song prompted unrelenting laughter. Gud-GuzB I 156. Thirsty cows greedy attack the trough in the yard at noon and immediately lick it dry (see). Looking and I got caught. Gs (E.g.: Beveizintvisų galvos ruduo. ZemR, II 28). We need rain when we cry. Kps. We'll have to send the guests away. LKZ III 41. For example, here and such participants that are quite close to adverbs: presenting "continuously, without interruption", entering "intermittently, not excessively" and so on. Shatra's good, but I don't have time to burn when I'm ready. Prk. The car can only squeal when you go in. Ms. As can be seen from the examples, only the more general, more abstract circumstantial (usually time) participles, especially with the affixes ne-, be-, have become adverbs. Other participants of a similar structure, although they go in the circumstances of time, cannot be affected at all because of the narrowness, specificity of their meaning, e.g. begdrint „at the time when to hear“. It's a shame that my hair gets ripped when I'm drinking. DonR 86. And next to the participle adverbs with non-, be-, which are discussed here, there can be homonyms —real participles, cf.: bevéizdint, netrūkus. Eyes straighten without blurring. Val (LKZ 151). Years soon, your nation will certainly have grown by a few Bencards. SimonPA 107. The word still retains the strong participle meaning and with the pronoun nothing, because in this case also the originator is controlled. Nothing likewise was heard soon after the mentioned cardinal- 's death. Some participles with other words (more often adverbs, particles) form certain compounds that are only barely verbified or are completely verbified and conjugated, e.g.: akim bemdtant "at once, very quickly", ilgai nedelsiant "fastly, in a short time, immediately", ilgai netrūkus "t. p.“, as (be)mdtant,,at once, very quickly“, as necessary „well, properly- “, as only necessary „t. p.“, kiek nereikiant „a lot, abundantly“, kiek reikiant „sufficiently“, kur (ne)reikiant „where (not) needed“, neilgai trūkus „soon, in a short time, immediately“, visai netrūkus “immediately, very quickly”, to not want “in any case; necessarily- ’, with ‘Algainiui’ remaining’. I'll be right back. JnS. Suddenly that Suva disappeared. PS. The day is so hot, that now, that a little breeze papiisty, as soon as hay starts. 102 pp.. Soon all the young people came out of the huts and, running and eating, hurried after Mykolik from afar. The 30. Soon these puppies are arru-arru-- arru on the German. BsP II 163. For a long time soon those cries will come closer each time. LKŽ kart. n.v. trutti. In fact, few people make proper use of the current science. Apple. Bishop John ruled the priests and the whole bishopric as he deemed fit. Val. There was no need for stones here. He took her to the mountain. BM 83 (LKŽ VIII 861). If you want to see it, you have to go to the manor. BM 26 (LKŽ VIII 861). 22 For example, the compound adverb neilg(a)trūkus (<neilgai trūkus): Soon he asks them again [for a wedding]. Okay. This is the armed soldier whose horse is coming soon. Bs. To the compounds mentioned here we must add such compounds as kur norint, „bet kur“, kaip norint, „bet kaip“, kuomet norint, „bet kada“, kur akcentas norint: there is a particle originating from the participle or at least a participle that has come very close to the particle (see particle nors, which in turn could have been derived from the substantive 1. verb. norėdamas), and the main accents are followed by the adverbs kui, kaip, kuomėt. Last night you went to bed alone, and the sleepers, where you could fall, were blocked. I, 74. "Shut up, shut up, we'll do as we like," said the mother. 123, No. 3. Oh, let him get away from me whenever he wants. 332, and 333. If the object is not in a position to be used, it can be used as a substitute, for example, if the object is not in a position to be used, it can be used as a substitute for the object. The fish was whistling past my ears without even birds in the air (see). If I want nothing left, let him learn more. I, 20. For example, prepositions that have simply arisen or are yet to arise from the participle: išskiriant (with adjective), išskyrus (with adjective), nepdisant (with adjective), neskaitant (with adjective), nežiūrint (with adjective). Despite the fact that the rain had stopped, the sun appeared again from the clouds. Finally, the dialectic particle bas,,esa, čuje” is also of partitive origin. Anna asked me to go to the market and get what I needed. Jilkz, I 1209). § 3. In both literary language and dialects, most adverbs are made with the suffix -(i)ai, e.g.: abejojančiai, išglėbusiai, deramai „tinkamai“, užtarndutai, dirbtinai“. But this is a question of prepositional adverbial construction, which is not discussed in this section. In the Žemaičių dialects there are a number of participle adverbs formed with the prefixes -ie**, -io(je), the first of which coincides with the old, now prefixed non-postpositional inessive, and the second — with the ending of the present postpositional inessive, e.g.: dūlkantie “when there is a lot of dust, when the road is dusty”, /jnantie “when it rains, when it is raining”, saliesie,,,Kada pašalę”:; "Rain, Rain, Rain". In addition to the above, there are many other examples where the same person (or group of persons) can be used in different ways. : Tep (so) clearly, atsiléides says. Oh, God. Maybe I'll come back from Radviliškis in the near future. Rd. See also such particles-conjunctions derived from the plural nouns of the active type of the masculine gender (singular nouns of the old nominative gender participants), as esq, būssią, which in linguistic literature are often assigned to adverbs, but in fact both their meaning and syntactic function differ from adverbs. ; Finally, it is necessary to mention here the dialectal (Žemaičių) returning semi-participles, which have no characteristics of caration, are used usually as a function of circumstances and thus come closer to the adverbs, e.g.: duodamos, džiaugdamos, juokdamos, 13 See for more details,,Lietuviy kalbos gramatika“, t. II, Vilnius, 1971, §§ 755—762. 14 See, K. Ulvydas, On the question of one-counted locality's adverb, "Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai", IX, Vilnius, pakratydamos, pašūkėdamos, plėšydamos, rinkdamés, uždurdamos. t. 1967, p. 18. 23 This is the case in the works of the great ir composers of the 19th century. Go everywhere we give és (supposed). Break. The children ran out of the church į joyfully. ŽemR I 19. They all laughed. Break. The pigs come shaking their paws. Sts. You'll put your tail up, tearing like that. Break. Haste, haste, haste, the gentleman — i went to Sykedama. Sts. It's a po rinkdamds. Little. The use of this type of semi-participants in dialects is very frequent ir and intensive. These semi-participants are prevented from being used by the very strong significance of the state of the secondary ar action, as well as the fact that in addition to such regressive semi-participants, a coherent system of alternating non-regressive semi-participants has been preserved in the respective dialects, e.g.: ideš, ideš, ideš, ideš. $ 4. Iš other non-personal forms of the verb occur one after the other in the past tense, e.g.: neporovnať "Significantly, wherever", to die to be „necessarily, will be lacking“, cf. also die be ar ‘t. p.’ But it is not like a hawk, but like a little hawk that has been squeaking in the master's garden, only incomparably larger. CVMS 34. Seeing the child's diligence, Juras wanted to make Zit an engineer, jį or at least a bright ne man. CvŽM 135. O we have a task to accomplish, to die ar for!.. Gud-GuzB I 326. $ 5. In personified verb forms, rising adverbs are even more rare than in non-personified verb forms. Apie asmenuojamųjų veiksmažodžio formų prieveiksmiškumą paprastai tegalima kalbėti tada, kai jos kitais žodžiais žodeliais sudaro tam tikras suprieveiksmėjusias, apiprieveiksmėjusias tik su prieveiksmėjančias samplaikas. ar Cf., for example, the adverb bematai „„seeing“ the ir subordinated and circumordinated compounds as you see ‘t. p., where do you go “where it hit, where it didn’t hit; apgraibomis, paviršutiniškai“, as well as the compounds used in the meaning of an adverb as ar „appropriately, properly“, as stands „as it should be“, as it shines „„Shining, early in the morning“, as much as it does not need(ia) "very much, more than needed" second demens. There are many people in ta the collective, the ryegrass will pass by. Skr. He'll ir introduce himself as you see. ZemR, 1 235. — Snake! Snake! — Saukem mes abu su Stepku, beating each other with fists wherever you can. BaltPV I 115. She turned over the book and began to read every article she could find. 306 and 307. The land is not needed. Ad. I have syla (= strength) as much as I need — I can work hard. LK. And the davatkos, having fallen... are happy to have avoided the antichrist's shoulder, although the mirtias were well prepared. Vencl Rn 177. My sister's a pretty girl. Out. And he jumped like a lightning and went out to the beasts. 136, pp. 136. In addition to the above-mentioned compounds, there is no difference in their meaning and relationship with the adverb in such compounds, which are interspersed with particles, for example, as much as not need (ia) "very much, more than needed". Firewood is as much as you need. Ēr. Having clarified the meaning of the adverb „,„necessarily, whatever, in any case; with the greatest difficulty" have such conjugated and conjugated verb personifying forms: lūš (or) pliš, lūžt(a) (or) trūkst(a- ), or lūžt(a) af trūkst(a- ), pliš (or) trūks, af pliš or trūks, rūks (or) trūks, af riiks or trūks, trūko (or) lūžo, af trūko af lūžo, trūk (ai) plyšk, or trūk or plyšk, trūko (or) plyšo, or trūko ai plyšo, trūks (ar) lūš, or trūks or lus, trūks (or) pliš, ai trūks af pliš. Plg. tarm. I'm gonna miss the plush. 24 It seemed that he was determined to do whatever he was ordered to do (Th8). We need to do something. JNSH. If Bush wants something, she's gonna have to get it. SimonP 25. Whether it breaks, or it is missing — go, and enough. 718) (c. We'll get out of here in a moment (1k.). Whether it cracks or breaks (by no means) I will not give up. ValP 6. Next time you'll be a monster. Btg. This is my worker — lacked a break, but made it. Rod. It's not broken, but it has to be done (13.). He wasn't hurt, he was fine. Ds. Do not work the missing slit (but how, superficially, carelessly). Blink. You gotta do a trick. Lp. I'm gonna buy it. Kps. We decided to call him in and he will either fail or fail to publish the newspaper. That goal will not be achieved and must be achieved. LKŽ kart. s.v. trūkti. Plg. tarm. : Missing plus I have to do! Dks. For example, modal words or modal particles derived from personified verb forms: būdau (< būdavo), būdavos (< būdavosi- ), būsis "like, as if, hear", gal, galét "maybe", galbūt, girdi, rasit,,gal, galbūt (verb find in the first person singular), rastum (rastum) "maybe, maybe, must be; probably, seemingly, must be, particles conjunctions faryt, tarytum, tafsi, taftum, konjunktyvas dėstis (pronounced dastis), „seeing, not equal“ (verb dėtis ties. n. es. 1. 3 atematinis asm.). I was afraid it was a better year. LKŽ, 1 1118. Biivavos, we had a lot of courtship. LKZ, I 1119. Ana atsivélé (came), biisi needs here ano. J (LKZ I, 1209). Only now Elena understood more clearly why her brother wanted them to meet and, perhaps, become friends. Venc1GD, 73. They, I hear, are not carrying a hammer, no, but only a white goose in a gold carriage. 332) (p. 332). Yr such, where rasit i(r) know [about antiquity]. Uzv. Are you already preparing for spring? You'll find (must be) the right ones, baby, until you're halfway there? Sld. He is drunk (as if he was drunk). Svn. Rastum (must be) and you were at the market yesterday? Snuff. Who is this, it seems, that rascal, and by the time I came, hear, he has taken off his shoulders. Pit (LKZ III 332). He'll be there. DLKŽ 879. When I speak, it's as if my heart is hurting. Her eyes were so deep, as if they were covered. SimonOBT 151—152. Everyone was quiet, as if unsolved puzzles had caught them. VenclGD 473. Do you pay expensive for pigs (for pigs)? "You're a pig. 293) (PDF). Probably from the second-person forms of verbs are derived dialectal compound adjectives amat (< or matai) "at once, without looking", kabergi (< as bėregi) "when seeing, very quickly", kabežiūrai (< as bežiūrai) "e.g. p.’ If he doesn't take anything, it's over. Pns. Wait, I say, the men will come back soon, we'll all go eat. Pns. $ 6. Verb adverbs or verb elements of conjugated samples may be fragmented, deformed or acquire certain endings and otherwise non-etymological elements, e.g., bemat,bematant- ®, bematės „t. p.“, kabemat ‘t. p.“, kąbemat ‘t. p.“, as bemat ‘t. p.’, as ‘t. p. ", as required. „as needed(nt)“, where to get stuck, „where to get stuck, everywhere“, where not to get stuck, etc. p.’ It is understood that verb adverbs of this type or verb elements of samples with a preposition may come from both personified and non-personified forms of the verb. iš For example, bemat can be lifted iš bemat ir iš immediately. Tą the same should be said ir about kabemat, kąbemat (cf.: as bematai, as bematai, as bemūtant, bematai, bematai, bematant). ką ką ką Bematos has -0s probably the same as in the adverbs always-6s, always-os, never-os, etc. ; samplaikų kur kliūt, kur nekliūt 25 second elements could be) originated from the third person of the pronoun. I'm gonna peel you off. LXZ 1606. It's gonna rain at 6's. Grz. I'll be right back. Pns. Wait a minute, I'll take it. Km. As well as Vytautas ataléké. Sdk. The father left, but promised to come back immediately. Ins. Wherever you get stuck, disaster is everywhere. VšR. I'm walking around. LKZ VI 135. It must be said that both the adverbs of the origin of the fragmented verb forms and the fragmented verb elements of the fragmented samples are very rare. $ 7. From adverbs it is necessary to distinguish fractured, deformed or otherwise acquired non-etymological ending elements verb modal words, modal particles or particles- -conjunctions and their variants, e.g.: būsia "as if, as if, hears", būsims "t. p.’ ; kaži „who knows, doesn’t know, hardly“, kažin „t. p.’ is replaced by ‘t.’. p.“, kaZinc ‘t. p.“, kažinec ‘t. p.’, they say ‘t.’ p.’, punishable by ‘t. p.’, the penalty ‘t.’ p.“, kažnė „t. p.“, kažnjec, kazen „t. p.“,kažnoc „t. p.’, infectious ‘t.’ p.*; mardos (mdrdos) "I think": write "maybe, maybe be", rasėt(ais) "t. p.“, rasik „t. p.“, rasint(ais),.t. p.“, rasit(ai) „t. p.’, replaced by ‘e.g.’ Particulate will, will have probably originated from the future participle will as a result of phonetic change or even deformation. Phonetically particularly altered and deformed are the variants of the particle kažin, whose etymological basis is composed of the compound who knows. Interestingly, among the variants of that verb particle, which have so little in common with adverbs, we find the phonetic form of the adverb igijusi kaZnai. The -ai of this variant is probably only a non-etymological element, occurring by chance or by looking at adverbs with the suffix -ai. Note. The verb point of a modal compound who knows can be shortened to one z in a sitdurative noun or adverb, e.g.: kažkas, kažkaip. Particles rasék, rasėt -ėk, -ét are probably only explainable by deformation, and particles rasik final -k —non-etymological suffix, as in -ais, -ai particles rasintais, rasitai, rasitais (cf. the most popular adverb suffix -(i)ai and the adverb suffix turning into dg of some stems of conjugated words. in. the ending -(i)ais. There will be another priest from there moving here. JLKZ 1, 1209). Go and borrow the future blue, and in the meantime you'll see the fingers. 1209) (c. Guess you'll find it? 462) (p. I wonder why the tan blocked the Tora? 463) (c. I guess when we'll see each other. LKZ V 464. It seemed to him kaZinc what. 464) (p. Kap brought butter, so kap kažinec what. 464) (p. Guess who brought the spirits. Plt. Anyone, tomorrow's not rain? Klt. Someone who (grains) better? 465 BC) (c. Anyone, who could have done that? Svn (Ibid., pp. 465). Kažnec, when will that be? Pns. I guess you're not here? Klt. Kažnoc, where are you going? Step. I don't know what (fearful, anxious) is happening. 1022) (c. Mardos, he's going home. Plv. Write and they'll come. Krtn. Write it down and our child will come to mind. 12:00 a.m. I'm gonna meet a guy who's gonna buy it. Rt. You don't like that porridge? Oh, shit. Rasint hasn't even broken. Slant. It's going to be a rush. Krtn. Lithuanians will find and guess, but not all the time. Jn. You want some milk? Pj. Rasitais i will come, he promised. Kv. 26 From the adverbs we must also distinguish the following verbs of Slavic origin or in some cases indirectly related to the verbs: "modal words bevėlyk, "better, rather", vėlyk "e.g. p." variants late "t. p.“, valent,.t. p.’, valy,t. p.’ “S vél',,t. p.’, velé,t. p.“, vélei,t. p.“, vélei,t. p.“, motor „t. p.’, later ‘t.’ p.“, vėlėk „t. p.“, vélek „t.p.“ vėl'gu „t.p.“, vel'gu „t.p.“, velpistėpių vėly stop: veli,t.p.“, véli,t.p.“, véliau,t. p.“, véliaii s; ti p.“ véliaut „t. p.“, vélyj „t. p. ‘5, velk,t. p.“ vélik,t.p.- “, vélikos,t. p.“, we think „t. p.’, with ‘t.’ p.“,lailit „t. p.“, velit „t. p.“, veliuk ‘t. p.’ ; with the particle maž „gal“ and its variants maZak, mažalai, maždm, maži, mažim, mazélai, mazu, mažūk, mažum; modal word musėt „must be“ and its variants musė, mūsėt, musėt, mūsėk, musėtai, mūsėtais, musi, musik, musiūkt, mūsintais, mūsit, mūsitais, must, mūstais, mūsti. The primary source of all these words is undoubtedly the Belarusian or Polish language, cf. baltar. and rus. tarm. éaséd "better, rather", baltar. intestine. ea/Aiū „t p.“, ečėnėti „t. p.“, 8arél ‘t. p.“, rus. tarm. 60/ed “t. p.“, lenk. prefer ‘t. p.“, baltar. 1998. "Silver, Gold, Bronze". rulers.org. e01umo ‘t. p.“, lenk. wolečc “to prefer”; lenk može ‘gal’, baltar mooca ‘t. p.“, rus. M02Kemo ‘t. p.’ ; left. musi,,must be“, baltar. mMyciųo „t. The variants of the words mentioned here are usually considered to be a creature of the Lithuanian language itself. It is interesting that in the variants of the word musét we find the most common and popular adverb suffix -ai (musėtai) and the ending -ais (mūsėtais) of the plural noun of the root a, which is added here only in view of the plural noun origin adverbs, a possible object to emphasize, strengthen the meaning of the word or simply for reasons of language rhythm. And other variants not only of the word musėt, but also of other words spoken here, the final sounds or full syllables of those variants have no etymological meaning and probably have arisen either because of analogy, or because the speaker wanted to emphasize the meaning of the word, or simply because of the rhythm of the language. Let's go for a late swim. Jrb. Bevelyj name (namie) tekėt, ne į marteles eiti. JV 867. I'll walk to Valentine. Smln. You just came and got some firewood. Vdš. It is not to be confused with the nearby village of Tévuléli (d.). Mr. Oh my God, I was dead. Pls. Better late than never with a head than without a word. Smn(LTR- ). Don't go, wait. Blb. I'd die later than I lived such a life. No. I'm afraid they killed him. Yeah, yeah. What are you doing, you'd better lie down. Ēr. Well repeat, not for the widow go! SDB. Vely without head, not without power. Ms. The hill is not covered with trees, and there is no hillside. Sl. You will lose with a wise man, but not find with a fool. Erz. I'd be in the mountain, deep pits dug, and not with the boy affectionately talking (d.). Kp. Later, you stay at home, and I'll go. Zsl. Later, boy, you'd be submissive to the branch, not like me, the virgin, who'd been seduced into yourself. Ppr. It's better to kill an old ash tree than a drunkard. Rod. Lately on the shaft wrap a pair of threads. Alv. One sparrow in your hand is better than ten hundred on the roof. Ten hundred relatives are better than a hundred rubles. Ms. Delay more than less. Plv. I don't want to reap the rye, or walk around the garden. Mrk. Why beat — later I'll tear my eyes out. Ds. Dad, you go with my dad. BsMt II 70. I'm gonna go check it out. Klvr (LTR). It's almost going to rain today. Z# (LKZ VII 960—961). You're a good example. You'll find something else. 976) (c. You're short of food? 976) (c. 27 Mokat, musét, bobut, what [tales]. Krn. Muset, come on. JLKZ VIII 437). Ans, the muskets, came. J (JLKŽ VIII 437). His head turned. Kal (LKZ VIII 439). You'll be there tomorrow. Yi (LKZ VIII 439). You're a fool. 440) and LXIII (c. He's gone for a swim. Lp (LKZ VIII 40). Our people, it was bad that they didn't want to go anymore. 440) (p. Here's Knabikaité, she's sleeping. 443) (p. Today, mustais, no bat drive. As (LKZ VIII 442). You could help me a little. Sv(LKZ VIII 442). That the words bevélyk, vélyk and their variants in the individual dialects can be related in terms of origin and action not only to the mentioned corresponding Slavic particles, but also to the borrowed verb from the Slavic languages, vélyti, „noréti, geisti; allow; advise, wish” and its prepositional derivatives in the personified forms, as shown in the following sentences. I wish I hadn't been born, I wouldn't have killed Kasiule! JD, 844. I'd rather be digging rollercoasters than losing my miles. Tt(LTSR). I'd rather put you under the ground, not put you, boy, under my eyes. JD, 614. I would rather dig a high mountain than lose my beloved. KlvD 59. You're a fool, Grandma, thrown in the jerseys. LB 50. The personified forms of the prepositional derivatives of the borrowed vélyti (e.g.: atvélyti, leisti®, beveliti „I prefer to want“, issivelyti, „get my permission“, jvélyti „to write in“, paveélyti „to allow“, privelyti „to force“; patarti, pripiršti, uZvélyti,leisti*) that occur in the dialect may also have facilitated the formation and spread of the bevélyk, vélyk variants. Received 1973.VI.l. K. YJIbBH II AC U3 MCCJIEIOBAHUFA KATETOPHH HAPEYHUS B JIMTOECKOM $SI3bIKE Peszrome I. Ilpocrbie Hapeuusi Ha -ais, COOTHOCUTEJibHbiE C TBOPHTEJbHBIM naje’xoM MHOXECTBEHHOrO 4HCJa TBopHTeJibHbIĖ nage B OaJTHHCKMX H CJaBAHCKUX S3bIKAX OTJHYAETCs GoraTo pa3BUTOH CHCTEMOH 0OCTOsITEIbCTBEHHBIX 3HaueHHH, UTO OOJIeruaeT ajisepOuajM3auuio 3Toro najexa. MuorooGpasue O6cCTOSTEJIbCTBEHHLIX 3HAYEHHH OCOOEHHO XapaKTepHO JI TBOPHTEJBHOTO Tajieka B JHTOBCKOM si3bike. Ilostomy He CJIy4YalHO JIHTOBCKUH S13bIK H300H/1yeT HapedusiMH, COOTHOCHTE- /IbHBIMU C TBODpHTEJIbHbIM IAJĮEXXOM, OKOHUAHHA KOTOPOTO B ONpe/ie/IeHHBIX CJay4asX MOrJu Obl paccMaTpuBaThCSl Kak cJoBooOpasoBaTesibHele CyOdĖuHuKchI. O cyddukcanpbHom 06pa30BaHHH TUX HApeuHH MOXKHO TFOBOPUTH JIHINb YCJIOBHO, TaK KaK MHOTHE H3 HHX NpEACTaBJsAI0T co00I0 He 4TO MHOe, Kak ajiBepOuasn3oBaHHble (DOpMbI TBOPHTEJIbHOTO Tajieka €JIMHCTBEHHOTO H MHOMKeCTBEHHOTO YHCJa, H JIHINb YacTb H3 HHX 00pasoBaHa IO aHAJOTHH, T. €. 10 YKe HMEIONIHMCS TIpUMepaM. Ilpennaraerca caepyiomas c/oBooOpasoBaTe/bHasi H CTPYKTYPHAs KJIACCH- (uKanua 3THX Hapeyui. 28 9TH Hapeuhs Ha JBe TDpYNIIkI, TIEpBYJO H3 KOTOpbIX COCTABJISIIOT HAPEYHs, COOTHOCHTEJIbHLICE C TBODpHTEJIbHbIM naJĮexKOM eJIMHCTBEHHOTO UHCJIA, BTOPYIO —HApeuHSA, COOTHOCHTeJIbHbIE C TBOpHTeJIbHbIM MAJĮEXXKOM MHOKECTBEHHOTO UKHcJIa. Jlajiee Kažkjiasi H3 STHX rpyn pacTNpe/ieIsieTCsi IO OCHOBAM MMEH, € KOTODbIMH COOTHOCATCA CaMH Hapeuns. H Tax, MOžKHO TOBODHTb O HADpe4HAX, COOTHOCHTEJIbHbIX C TBODHTEJIbHbIM IIAJIEXKOM EJIKHHCTBEHHOTO YHCJ/Ia HMEH, HMEIONIHX OCHOBY Ha -a, -id, -0, -io H Jip., a TaKXe O HapeuHsiX, COOTHOCHTeJIbHbIX C TBODpHTeJIbHbIM IAJĮEXXOM MHOMKECTBEHHOTO YHCJA HMeH, HMEIONIHX TaKHe Ke OCHOBBI. Pacnpejie/enHe THX HapeuHē NO OCHOBAM HMeH SBJSETCS NpsMO IPOIOPHHOHAJIbHbIM DpACIIpeJIeJIEHHIO CAMHX HMEH II0 OCHOBAM. Thank you aTH HapeuHs COOTHOCATCA He TOJIbKO C MPOCTHIMH, HO H C HpHCTABOYHBIMH, A TaKzKe CJIOXKHbIMH CJIOBAMH, TO H OHH CaMH MOTYT OBbITh IIpOCTbIMH, NpHCTABOUKLIMH H CJIOXKHbIMH. Elite cJiejtyeT VYNOMSAHYTb HADEUKHA, COOTHOCHTEJIbHBIe C IIpeJĮJIOXKHOK KOHCTP YKIKeH (COCTOSIIIEH H3 TBODHTEJIbHOTO IrajĮE:KA H TYPEJIOra), OCHOBHOH KOMIOOHEHT KOTOPO#i B CBOIO OUCpeJĮb MOXKET ObITh IIpOCTbIM, IIDHCTAaBOUHbIM H CJIOXKHbIM. Takyto HMeHHO KJIiaCCHĖHKALHIO ONpejleJisieT aHAJIH3HDYeMbIė MaTepHa., TECHAs1 CBS3b JTHX Hape4HH C H MeHaMH, a 0COGEHHO C I'm sorry, I'm sorry. C I'm gonna be there tonight. CJIOB006pa30BaTeJIbHOMY H CTpyKTYDpHOMY aHa/JIH3Y IMPOCTHIX HapeuHH Ha -ais, COOTHOCHTEeJIbHbIX C TBODpHTeJIbHbIM IN2JIe3KOM MHOKECTBEHHOTO WUHCJIA. Hapsiny c HapeunsiMH Hec/ielyeMOro THIIA B SI3BIKE HMEIOTCS (OPMBI The non-pecher... Hour XapakTepa, KOTOphle, HACKOJIbKO UNWTO BO3MOKHO, CJIeJįyeT passiuyaTh OT HaCTOSILUUX Oxygen. B 3Tom pa3jieJIie oxBaueHsl H nepudepuiinbie SIBJIEHHA — CJIOBA, cBoeli BHeIIHeH (POpMOHl CoBMajaiollye C HAapeyHsiMH HCCJ/eyeMOro THIIa, HO Ha caMOM He/she HHUero OOIIEro He HMEIONIHE HJM OYeHb MAY OOINETO HMeIoUHe C B3THMH Open Your Eyes. H3 ¢opm mepexoiHoro There's no clearer way. TaKHe, Kak on the edges ‘TO KpasM", ruoZais MecraMH, in the morning "mo yTpaM", in the evenings ‘TMO BeuepamM". Korjia TaKHe GopMbl IIpHoOperaioT Gosiee a6cTpakKTHOE H OGOČINEHHOE 3HaUeCHHSA, OHH npuOJIMXKAIOTCSA K CATEGORY HApe4HSi B TAKOH CTENeHH, UTO VX6 TPYAHO NMNOJŲIAIOTCH OTTpaHHUeHHIO OT Innocent, Hamp. : tdrpais ‘BpeMeHaMH’, in shoorais MecTaMH, Shmorais ‘TO ‘*e’. Ilpexkzie ueM oxapakKTepH30BaTb TEHIEHLMH OGpa3OBAHHSA HJK CTPYCTYPES HCCJIeJĮyeMbIX HapeuHH B pas/ie/ie BbISIBJIEHbI HX OCHOBHbIE 3HAUSHHS H TIPOHJIIIOC TpHpoBaHO HX VIOTpeOJieHHe B TYPE OXEHHH. [lo cBOEMY NpOHCXOXJIEHHIO HAPEYHsI HCCJIeJįVeMOTO THNa COCTABJISIOT Be TpylInbi, B OAHY H3 KOTODbIX BXOJĮST HCKOHHO JIHTOBCKHE CJIOBA, BO BTOPYIO — 3aMMCTBOBAHHSl H3 CJIABSHCKHX SI3bIKOB. BoJIbIIMHCTBO HCCJIieJįyeMbIX HapeuHē TpOHCXOJISIT OT HMEH CYIECTBHTEIbHBX. Hekoropbie H3 HHX OTpaxaIoOT mpouecc aaBepGHaH3ALHH, cp. : dicttais ‘MECTaMu’ H dictionary ‘npejiMeT, Belllb; MecTo“, in kaftai uHorna u Coffee ‘pas’, Zarais ,BPaCCHINHYIO; KyuaMH’ H Zdras ,,0Tpsiji, Kyua (uapozny)’. Ciieiyer OTMeTHTb OCOGEHHO TECHYIO CBS3b aHAJIH3HP yeMBIX Hapeuui ¢ HMeHaMH CYIIECTBHTeJIbHBIMH. JTa CBsA3b UyBCTBYETCS Jake. B TeX CJIyuasX, KOTAa Hapsily C OpenHeM He HMeeTCsl COOTBETCTBYIOIEETO HMEHH CYUIeCTBHTE/JHHOTO, 29 KOTJIa HapeuHe COOTHOCHTeJIbHO C rJIiaroJIOM, Hanp. : almais ‘cTpyel, cTrpyAMH’ (: apple, -ėjo, -éti ‘Teub, JmMTbCA CTpyei’), kepers "Bekaub" (: keperzuūoti, -tioja, -ūvo,,6exath Bekaus", plėšais "H30 Bcex cua" (: plėšytis, -osi, -ėsi "cTapaThCsi H30 BCEX cHJI’). TecHast CB513b HCCJIEeJīfVeMbIX HapeuHH C HMeHAMH CYIIHeCTBHTeJIbHbIMH SIBCTBYeT Jae B TeX CJydasiX, KOrJa OHH COOTHOCSHSTCS C HMEHaMH I'm sorry, Hanp. : free ,momyctes; mapoM’ (: dykas, -a ‘nycrokl’; npaspHeii®), full ‘IOJIHORH TEJIETOKH, ABBOTOMIHHOH H T. II." (:full,,,IONH- -a BIN“), in units ‘caMO coBoil; TPOH3BOJILHO (: savdimas, -a „cCaMOonpoH3BOJIbHbIK“), distants „JAJIEKO, BuaJieKe, (: Baan“ -a télimas, „JraJieKHĖ, JiaJIbHHĖ“). Yacto obGpasoBaHHe HCCJeyeMbIX Hapeydyl HIGH UHCTO I'm sorry, I'm sorry. Takue HHAMBHJYaJbHbIE 00pa30BaHHSI MMEIOT pa3JIHuUHbIe CY(POUKCHI, HHOTJIa JlaxkKe He BCTpeuaiouiuecst B 00pasoBaHHM MMEH COBPEMEHHOIO JIHTOBCKOTO s3Lika. 3TH HHIMBHyaJibHble OOpa30BAHHS5 He JIETKO IIOJŲĮaIOTCS HJIH BOBCEe He TOJŲĮAIOTCA COOTHECEHHIO HX C H3MeHseMbIMH UaCTSMH peun. IIpHMepbi: with early "oueHb pano" (cp. early, "pano"), with punches "mo narTaM, no eJiejaM" (cp. punching, punching, punching "KOJIOTb, THIKATh pe3KO INipHKAacaTbC; K 4eMy, K KOMY"), with speeds "panoM" (cp. near "psnuoM", near "psjoM", near "psi0M"). Vikazannbie 3/leCb Hapeuus He HMEIOT COOTBETCTBHH B HMEHAX COBpeMeHHOTO S13bIKA, MO3TOMY OHH MOTYT pacCMaTpHUBATbCSl HE TOJIbKO KaK 3aCThIBILIHE (neKcHKAJIH3OBaHHbIe) OOpMbi TBOPpHTEJILHOTO Majeka HMEBINHXCH B f3bLIKE, a BIONOCJIEJĮCTBHH BbINIejųuNHX H3 YrIOTpeOJIeHH5 HMEH ITpHJIATATEJIbHbIX, HO H Kak HHIMBH/IYaJIbHBIE aHAJIOTHUeCcKHe o0pasoBaHMsl, KOHEUHOE -dis KOTOPHIX MOXKeT Kak cBoeoOpasHbli cydduKcC. V3 nepudepuiiHbIX CJIOB, CBOHM KOHEYHHIM -gis HAIIOMHHAIONIHX 3aCTHIBIIHE dopMBI TBOPHTEJILHOTO Tajexa, MOXKHO yKasaTh CJeAyIolne: afidais,,HelaBHO, HECKOJIBKO Hel Tomy Hasan“, ¢iandjonais,31ecv”, dabdrais „Terreps“, nekad nHHKora“. KoHeuHoe -ais B 3THX HapeuHsX, OcOGeHHO TOT/ia, KOT/la OHO He aapsieTCsl HJIH HMECT BOCXOASIIYIO HHTOHAIMIO, MOXKHO ObIJIO Obl OO bSICHATD BJIHSIHHEM HapeuHĄė Ha -ais, COOTHOCHTEJBbHLIX C TBODHTeJIbHbIM IaJeXKOM MHOXKECTBEHHOTO yucaa. Tak, HaripHMep, MOXKHO OblI0 Obl OOBSICHHTH -ais B HapeuHH normais nonnérais „BoJieKh-HeBoJieK“ (Cp.: ndromis nendromis, norom nenérom, noromais nendromais, nérmais nendrmais), The -ais (no npHMepy HapeuHil Ha -ais) cCKopee BCEro TIOJIVUYKJIA B HauaJse dopMa ndrom nendrom. OpHako BausSHHEM (OPM TBODHTeJIbHOTO TIaJie’ka MHOMKECTBEHHOTO UHCJIA HeJb3sl OOb5CHHTb KOHeuHOe -dis, TI0 HHTOHAILHH He COBIA Iatolllee C OKOHUAHHEM TBODpHTEJIbHOTO I1a/1e2Ka MHOXKECTBEH - HOTO 4H cJa, Hanp. cyanide, ‘371€Chb’. 11aTaHus, KauaHus). B sTux nepudepuiiHeix CJIOBaX KOHEYHOE -ais BPsiJ JIH MOKHO BO BCeX CJIy4asgX COOTHOCHTH C OKOHYaHHEM TBOPHUTEJILHOTO Majieka MHOMKECTBEHHOTO uHCJIa -ais. KoHeuHoe -gis 3THX CJIOB CKOpee BCEro COCTOUT H3 UACTHINbI -ai HJIH CaMOro monyJsipHoro cyddukca HapeuHH -ai H 4aCTHIBI 5. DTO -ais KaK pe3yJibTaT aHAJIOTHH HJIH BJIHAHHS OKOHUAHHSA TBODHTeJIbHOTO IMAjĮežKAa MHOXKEeCTBEHHOTO UKHCJIA MOTJIO Obl THIIOTETHUEeCKH pacCMATpHBATbCS JIHINb B INOJIpaxKATeJIbHbIX CJIOBaX TUNA džingu džingais, KOoTODpbiIe, KaK Y2Ke YKA3bIBAJIOCb, H CBOHMH 3HaUecHHAMH Teperl/IeTAIOTCH C HApeuHAMH. Ana/jiu3 aToro cpaBHHTeJIbHO HEMHOTOYHCJIEHHOTO pa3psjia HpOCTbIX HapeUHH Ha -ais, COOTHOCHTeJIbHbIX C TBODpHTEeJIbHbIM IlaJĮE>2KOM MHOXKECTBEHHOTO UKHCJIA HMeH, pacKphiBaeT MHOTr00Opa3He CB5S3eRH 3THX Hapeyuil C ĮpyTHMH 4YacTsiMH peuH H BBHISIBJISET HeJibie CepHH IIepHĖOepHHHbIX CJIOB, IIO CBOEH BHelHel ¢opwme HATIOMHHAIOLIHX HCCJIEeJĮyEMbIe B 3TOM pasjie/ie HApeJHSA, HO IIO CBOEMY IHpOHCXOXKJIEHHIO He CBSI3AHHBIX HJIH OYeHb CJIAaOGO CBSI3AHHbIX C 3THMU HApeuKHAMH. 30 2. Hapeuus Ha -(i)ūoju, -(i)dja I'm not sure if I'm going to be able to do it. : bad "He B Jajax, No-mjaoxomy*", good "NO-xoponieMy", good,"J06poM, rioJ1000BHo- ". Koneunoe -(i)ioju THX HapeuHĒē —OKOHUAHHE TBOPHTEJIbHOTO Iajie’ka eJMHCTBEHHOTO YHCJA MECTOHMMEHHBIX HMEH IIpUJaraTej]- bHBIX — npHoOperaeT OyHKIKHH CcyddĒėuKca. C cyddurcom -#oju 06pasyioTcs Hapeuus OT MMEH HpHJIATATEJIbHbIX C OCHOBOH Ha -a, ¢ CYyOOHKCOM -ižoju —OT HMEKH NpuJaraTeJbHBIX C OCHOBOH Ha -u. Hapeume nesaviioju,,1. B 1mI0XoM HacTpOeHHH; 2. oueHb; 3. He IIO CBOE BOJIe“ IIpOH3OINIJIO OT nesdvas, -a. B JinajiekTax MoxeT OTHacTb He TOJBKO KOHEUHOe -u, HO H -ju 3THX cyhbukCOB, Hamp. : geruoj, bloguoj, piktud; uHorjaa BcTpedarorcs: OoJiee apeBHHE OOpMEI c -(i)uojuo, Hanp., piktūojuo“ 310M, JTHXOM®. Hapsiny c OTJIeJIbHbIMH H3 YNOMSIHYTHIX HAapeuHil B TOM K€ 3HaUueHHH VIIOTpeOJISIOTCA (OPMBI TBODpHTEJILHOTO NajieXka eJUHCTBEHHOTO UHCJIA TIpHJIATATEJIbHBIX C MpPEeAJIOTOM su HJIH GOe3 Hero, Hanp. : (with) gerū „no-xopomeMy“, (with) piktū ‘3JIOM, JIHXOM’. OcHoBoh 06pa30BaHHS1 3THX HapeuHė SBJISIOTCH HMEHA IpHJaraTesbHble, npsiMo HJ MeTagdopHuecKH OČCO3HaualoNHe BHYyTpeHHHe CBOHCTBA H KauecCTBA, Hamnp. : gėras, -a,XOpoumui, -as“, dėras, -a „HpaBcTBeHHbIK, -as“, blėgas, -a „IIJIOXOK, -as“, gražūs, -i „TIpHSiTHbIK, -asi, XOpouuH, -as“, piktas, -a -,3JI0H, 3JIasi, NIJIOXOK, -as“. TOJIbKO B OueHb pejįkKHX CJydyasix B OCHOBY OOpa3OBAHHS 3THX HapeuHh MOTYT JIEUb IIpHJIaraTeJIbHbIe JIPYTHX 3HaueHHė, Cp. : rapid "HacKopo, HacrIex" (: greitas, -a, "CKOpBIH, -asi, CIIemHbIĖ, -ast"). B pejnpjioxeHHH HCCJIeJįyeMbIe 3JĮECb Hapeudsl BbICTYTAIOT B 3HAYEHHH KaUECTBEHHbIX OOCTOSTEJIbCTB, a HHOT/JA B NpeIHKaTHBHOM 3HaUeHHH, HarNIp. : The inhabitants of the island welcomed Columbus and his people with the good word ")Kurejiu ocTpoBa BCTpeTHJIH Kosymba u ero Jitojjleli no-xopomeny"; I drink everything well "Ecnu no-xopoiMeMy, TO Bce Xopoluo"; I had lunch at „SĮ noobenan Hacriex“. Huweiores cJiygan, Kora o6CTOsITeIbCTBEHHOE 3HaueHHe Hapeunuė Ha -(i)doju OnejnnHeer, KOTrjia 3TH HapeuHsi He TOJIbKO BbINOJIHAIOT (OVYHKIKIO OOCTOSTEJIbCTBA o0pasa JieficTBUsI, HO TAKXKe MEPEeHHMAIOT UaCTb NpejituKAaTHBHONH (YHKIMH. B TaKHX CJyyasix Hapsily ¢ OpenHeM Ha -(i)doju JIeTKO mNoJpa3yMeBaroTCs (GopMbI riaarona biti "Gbhrrb", Hanp. : Since yesterday aš su him the evil one ‘What BuepaiHero AHS 51 C HUM NO-TIJIOXOMY (51 3J1I0Ch Ha Hero)“. 31