Dėl keleto socialinių terminų K. Širvydo raštuose

IŠ LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS STORIES LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE QUESTIONS XX (1980) J. K. Širvydas’s works stand out from all the books published in the Lithuanian language in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 17th century. Firstly, his “Points of Sayings” were not a translation from another language, but original sermons, which the author himself translated into Polish, and secondly, K. Širvydas was the first in Lithuania to compile and publish the dictionary “Dictionarium trium linguarum”, in which he provided Lithuanian equivalents for Polish and Latin words, taking them from the living folk language, creating new ones or interpreting Polish and Latin words with various combinations. Since the Points of Sayings is a book of ecclesiastical content and it is dominated by ecclesiastical terminology, and social terms (not borrowed) are not abundant, the Dictionary rium li nguarum® seems to be more useful in this respect. Unfortunately, this is not quite possible, because K. Širvydas’s dictionary is not explanatory — in it the author has provided only Lithuanian equivalents of Polish and Latin words. Understandably, for this reason, the semantics and use of Lithuanian words (of course, also social terms) of that period are not sufficiently highlighted. Therefore, it is not easy to talk about the use of social terms in K. Širvydas’s (and not only K. Širvydas’s) writings, because now we do not know exactly how one or another social institution of the time was called and in general, whether it had a Lithuanian name, since various documents were written in other languages. Thus, some-not-some social terms found in ancient writings can now be spoken of quite apriori. The same can be said about the use of social terms in K. Širvydas’ writings. In addition, the use of such terms in his writings varies greatly: some are found only in “Points of Sayings”, others — only in the dictionary, or the same social terms are used in “Points of Sayings” with one meaning and in the dictionary with another, and vice versa. Very few social terms are used with the same meaning in the Points of Sayings and in the dictionary. Is this because K. Širvydas wrote „Punktus sakymų“ in Lithuanian, and in the dictionary he chose Lithuanian equivalents for the Polish and Latin ZodZis of the dictionaries of N. Folkmar and G. Knapskis, which he used? Here we will not talk about all the social terms ter= minus found in K. Širvydas’ writings, but only about a few of them, which are used more frequently and more diversely in,,Points of Sayings“ and in the dictionary, even though the meaning of each social term in K. Širvydas’ writings raises quite a lot of questions! Ilakasnka K. Ilepsbii autoBckuit cJioBapb. AsBropegepar Kauz. auc. B., 1964, c. 11-12. 2 Pakalka K. On the source of K. Širvydas’s Polish part of the Dictionary of the Triumph of Languages. — MA Darbai, 1960, t. 1(8), p. 229—233; Pakalka K. From the history of K. Širvido,,Dictionarium trium linguarum“. —LKK, 1960, vol. 3, p. 280. 101 1. RELATED The term family belongs to those terms used to name social groups. There are not many such terms in K. Širvydas’ writings. This can probably be explained by the fact that in,,Points of Sayings“ and in the dictionary, the same word is used quite often in a very polymorphic way, i.e., where, looking with the eyes of today, we would expect different names, K. Širvydas uses one name. This may have been influenced by the relatively short writing tradition or dialects on the basis of which one or another author wrote. Furthermore, in K. Širvydas’ writings we do not find such old social terms as nation, people, which we find in the writings of M. Daukša, who wrote a little earlier. Why is this so — it is not easy to say, because there is reason to believe that K. Širvydas was familiar with M. Daukšos writings? (especially since at that time Lithuanian books were rarely published in the territory of present-- day Lithuania). Of course, it can be assumed that these words were little known to the eastern Highland dialects and therefore K. Širvydas used the words giminė and žmonės, more familiar to eastern people, instead of them, cf. lud, lat. populus = lit. people (p. 137). But there may be another reason, which we do not know clearly now. The genus is used in K. Širvydas- ’s “Punktuose sakymų” and “Dictionarium trium linguarum” with meanings that are not typical of the present Lithuanian literary language. Perhaps in the time of K. Širvydas the semantic field of the family was broader. It is true that until we have a historical dictionary of Lithuanian language, it is very difficult to talk about the semantic range of one or another word (in this case, family), especially since even in the academic “Dictionary of Lithuanian language” for illustration of family phrases, except for the eighth meaning of this word “generation”, to which the page of the fifth edition of K. Širvydas- ’s dictionary is referred, there are no other examples from K. Širvydas- ’s writings- .” K. Širvydas- ’s “Dictionarium trium linguarum” seems to provide one Lithuanian equivalent for different Polish and Latin words, e.g., geninė. narod, lat. natio, gens (tis f.), genus (eris n.) = lit. family (SzDi 168); left. pokolenie, lat. stirps (is f.), progenies (ei f.) = lit. gimine (SzDi 269); left. tribe | nacja, lat. semen, soboles, progenies, propago = lit. gimine, weysle (SzDi 253); left. rod, lat. genus, notales, stirps, stemma = lit. family (SzDi 316). Therefore, K. Sirvydas used the genus very generally — neither in,,Punktuose sakymų”, nor in part in the dictionary, he adds any other explanatory words, which we very often find in M. Daukša’s- ,,Postila”, and which would be very helpful in a specific case to determine what meaning the genus is used, because it is not always clear from the context and the Polish translation (meaning- ,,Punktuose sakymų”- ). Therefore, a priori, it can be assumed that in the first case, K. Širvydas used the term “genus” in the dictionary not for a group of people connected by blood ties, but for an ethnic group, i.e. 3 Pakalka K. From the history of K. Širvydas- ’s Dictionary of the Trium Linguarum. —LKK, vol. 3, p. 287. 4 Used this Širvydo K. "Dictionarium trium linguarum". Next K. Širvydo žodynas marked with abbreviation SzDi,,,Poino ts of statements“ (used F. by Špechto 1929 m. (with photographic permission) — SP. 5 Dictionary of the English Language. V., 1956, t. 3, p. 309—310. 102 me. In the meaning of “people, nation”, the word “genealogy” seems to be used in the following sentences of the “Point Sayings”®: Surinksiu tieg wisas gimines klonin Jozaphoto | ir bilinesiu su them tinay. Plg. Polish translation: | Zgromadzenie prawi wszyscy na narody, doling Jehoshay phat bid Cig sat there. SP I 4. Szaknis Jesses who stands pcs Zinklo people will | pray for their relatives. — Korzen Jesus | who stands a na sign to his people | You ndrody will pray. SP I 191. LeZuwis tracias | paiudino mult- | ir izwarineio ižg gimines giminen. — The third language | will move many | y divided ie z nation by do nation. SP II 76. ...and apsakit wardan io gayleimu ir pardoning sinful po kinsmen. — ...a That in his name might be preached w remission of sins to all men. | | y po SP II 253. In the second K. case, Širvydas probably used the word 'gentis' in the dictionary with the meaning 'generation'." Somewhat more difficult to talk about the use of the genus in the meaning of "generation" Although in the Polish text of the sermons, Širvydas ir sometimes translates K. the word “genus” as the Polish word pokolenie, the meaning of iš the Lithuanian word in the context is not clear, e.g. : You'll sit on the throne of the 12 by suing the 12 kinsmen or relatives. Israel. — You shall sit on twelve thrones, nd setting the twelve tribes of Israel. SP1S. In fact, there are almost identical sentences in,,Punktuose sakymų“ where there is a kinship. in one translation translated as pokolenie, in — another as naréd. For Ta example: : winter Apasztalay Szentkitti ir iž Zidu gimines pirmieii krikszčionis who tabai | szwentibes great buwo... — Ta ziem byli ia Apostles Swieci | y inni z Jewish generation first Christians | who very The Great Ones Were... SP I 344. ...those Christians iž The family of walls Apasztalay ir other blood iu will labay | szwenti teysibe szwyntibe | iu patwins as ir wundenio twanay. — Ci Christianity z of the Jewish nation y Apostles other their blood shall be | greatly And their | righteousness will be poured y out, even if it is a flood. SP 1 344. In these sentences the kinship seems to correspond to the already quoted SzDi for the third case is ir used “strains”, o sometimes ir in the meaning of “tribe”, “nation” (plg. in Polish plemie | narod, lot. semen, soboles, progenies, propago = liet. gimine, weysle SzDi 253). In the meaning of "trunk", the genus is ir used in the following sentences: ir Wieszpatu ir wiresniu žynklina ir rodžia labay didžiu piktiby | ir palodimu baysu people Jewish kins. — Mentioning y the list of ro the fallen masters y means that | there is a y great deal of evil in the hearts of the people. Zydowskiego... SP I 124. Jžgayszus would have been a close relative of ir people who had died... — The whole human family would na have died forever... SP 1 231. In the fourth case SzDi Polish rdd Latin genes, ir notales, stirps, stemma words genealogy is probably used in one but several meanings. Considering that in Old ne Polish r0d was used in the meaning of ‘plec; ¢ Since Širvydas K. translates the genus with a few Polish words, the Polish equivalents are presented next to the Lithuanian sentences in which the genus is used. ir ju 7 Lithuanian language t. 3, p. 309. 103 dictionary, rodzaj; nardd; generation; family; narodziny*® and Latin words, it can be assumed that in this case the family is represented by the meanings “descendants; generation, loved ones” and sometimes perhaps “family”. One sentence was found in the “Points of Sayings” where the word “genus” is probably used in the meaning of “Family”, e.g. : Teyp broliey Jozepho ne io ažu karaliu turet | iog jaunesniu ažu iūos ir ligus iiemus buwo giminey. —Tak Jozefa nechtěli bratři za králamieč | že mladším byl y v narození jim rovným. SP 1 75-76. In addition, the genus of sayings in "Points" often with explanatory words high, great use of the meaning of "origin, nobility". For example:- ...todryn turi atžvilgi ne mazu iey aukštos gimines | iey augalatas | iey gieray turis | iey senos šeimos ir iž namu skaystu eyt tasay... —therefore maią wzgląd nie maly | iesli wysokiego rodu | iesli vrodžiwy | iesli bogaty | iesli starey familiey y z domu idacy okazalego... SP I 75. But gimine aukszta | turtas | rubay nedaug padest vnt giero kitu waldžioimo... —Lech wysokie wrodZenie bogdctwa | odžienie | nie wiele sługa do rządu dobrego.- ..SP I 76. Wel buwo ne iž didžiu giminiu | ney auksztu namu bet prasti... —...were not from great families | days of high houses | according to the simple... SP 1 298. Jra kam stebetis | kodrin žmones labiausiey didžios gimines | ir vnt auksztu sostu pasodinti tiesos ne mili... —Jest sie czemu podziwowdc | czemu ludZie | osobliwie | z narodzenia wielcy | y na wysokich krzeslach Seated | truth not miluiq? SP II 137. In summary, it seems that it can be stated that K. Širvydas used the genus with the meanings “people, nation; map; genus, strain; relatives, descendants, family? ; origin’. However, when translating “Points of Sayings” into Polish, he chose different Polish equivalents for one or another meaning of the genus, probably based on the polysemantic use of individual Polish words of the time or on stylistic considerations. 2. GENTIS In addition to kinship, in SzDi we also find the words gentis, gentystė, which, judging from Zodyn’s Polish and Latin words, were used not only in the meaning of kinship, but first, it seems, also in the meaning of tribe, since SzDi (p. 113) explains the Polish krewnosč | powinowdcztwo z iedney krwie, latin consangvinitas with Lithuanian words gintiste, defend, and in Polish gentystė, which means “gentry”. rodžina, lat. cognatorum multitudo (SzDi 316), —in fact, with reference to V. powinowactwo (the latter and the Latin words cognatio, necessariudo fraterna, etc.: propinquitas (SzDi 286) provides the Lithuanian equivalent gimtiste = gentyste- ?? ), — explains in Lithuanian words gintis, gintiste. It would appear that in this case, tribe, tribalism is used to refer to a group of people directly connected by blood ties, but more to a group of ne close people connected by social ties. | ® Reczek S. Podręczny słownik dawney polszezyny. Wroclaw—Warsaw—Krakow, 1968, p. 428—429, * Lithuanian language dictionary. vol. 3, p. 315. 104 3rd session It should be said immediately that K. Širvydas used this word not as polymorphically as genus, although its meanings from the “Points Sayings” are not always clear. However, both in his sermons and in his dictionary, K. Širvydas translates family as a single Polish word czeladž (cf. Polish czeladž, Latin familia, famuntium = Lithuanian sieymina SzDi 35). But in the Old Polish czeladz was usually used in the following meanings: rod, pokolenie, rodzina, familia." Therefore, in the "Points of Sayings" we find sentences from which it is not quite clear what meaning the family is used. For example: : That evil paweykstu sawo girtibemis | biauribėmis | and other evil waykus | moteris | tarnus | Sieyminu piktina aba vnt pikto priwadžioia. SP 1 253. The sons of the king are not allowed to enter the house, and they are not allowed to have sex with the wives of the king. SP I 254. It seems that in both sentences K. Širvydas uses family not in a generalizing sense and not in the sense of “all the People of the house (both own and foreign)”, but in a wider sense. Perhaps K. Širvydas includes in the concept of family all relatives and relatives or other persons, in one way or another connected with the family. The family of “points” with the meaning “all people in the house (both own and foreign)”, i.e. family members, servants and hired workers, is used relatively often, e.g. : Priliginta ira karaliste dungaus žmoguy seyminos wieszpati, kuris iszeio laba vnksti sumditu darbiniku winičion sawo. SP 1 317. Teyp Juobas S. sawo šieyminay perleyzdawo bilinet sawim. su SP II 134. As we know, in the eastern and partly in the neighboring draugės and southern aukštaičių dialects, familiyna has been used in the sense of “family” since ancient times. Therefore, there is probably no doubt that the Eastern Highlander K. Širvydas also used the word family in the meaning of “Family”. Plg. : Jr iau butu teyp parwažiawis | kad ne gera butu seymina ii uZutureius... SP 11 181. It can also be added that K. Širvydas occasionally used the borrowed word familija in the meaning of “family” in “Points of Sayings”, adding the Lithuanian explanation namai, cf. : Ažulaykimas gimines ir šeimos aba namu. —Polish translation: Przyczynal zachowanie rodžiny y familiey abo domu. SP 1 231. Such use of these words in the quoted sentence seems to be stylistically motivated, since in the preface („Przedmowa do czytelnika“) written in Polish, K. Širvydas indicates that he addresses his sermons not only to “simple” but also to “educated” listeners (and readers). Probably where it seemed to K. Širvydas that the Lithuanian word for listeners (and readers) may be incomprehensible, he used borrowed words, although otherwise he ir avoided foreign words in his writings. 4. OFFICER A large social group in every class society consists of subordinate people of the lower caste. According to historians, in — the 16th-century Lithuanian writings, the a. words lietuviškas veldamas were used to name the subjects, du probably — ir iš 10 Reczek S. Min. veik., p. 53. 11 Dictionary of Modern English. V., 1972, p. 807. 105 bos borrowed word paduonis- **. It is true that next to paduonis in the old writings, padonas, padonasis and other forms of this loanword are more often used*?. K. Širvydas occasionally used the mentioned forms of this debt (i.e. padonas, padonasis) in the meaning of “servile”, e.g. : Because no one tasay kings nuog sawo padanu no ima. SP 1243. Vnt galo gali i kunu sawo padonuiu džumuszti | wargint | kalet... SP II 154. For the kingdom of Christ makes his own fellows lame naked of sin | naked of wearing welino. SP II 155. But the padon, the padonis are only found in the "Points of Sayings". We do not find this loanword in K. Širvydas- 's dictionary. Bend into it. poddany, lat. subiectus, subditus mancipatus adicui he explains with the Lithuanian word waldonas (see SzDi 260), which differs from the veldamo used by M. Daukša in terms of action: Nes kokie ira wiresnieii | tokie esti ir iu waldonay | aba kuriuos anis waldo | ir vnt iu wieszpatauia. SP I 124. If you want to know what I'm talking about, I'd like to hear what you're saying. SP 1 135. The King's Warrior: The King's Warrior is a rogue warrior who is used by the King to defeat his opponents. SP I 295. Noreio Asuerus Karalus puotu pakielt siwiemus waldonamus | ipačiey didesniamus galunamus... SP II 94. The science here is to be given to the world | if you ask me naked sawo waldonu | er ira iiemus culti? SP II 134. In addition, on the same page of the dictionary Polish. Poddaristwo, lat. subiectio K. Širvydas also explains the Lithuanian word waldonibe. Neither valdonas nor valdonybė seem to be novelties of K. Širvydas, since valdonas was used by S. Vaišnoras („Margarita Theologica“, 1600), J. Telega („Kniga Nobaznistes Krikščioniszkos...- “, 1653) and other authors. At that time, the term was used as a synonym of the term "shadow- ". The dictionary and sermons of K. Širvydas, like all ancient written monuments, are a valuable source for understanding the history of Lithuanian social terms. Indirectly, the names of social relations and social groups of the time can be found in them. 10. KAPAILEIOC O HEKOTOPbIX COUMAJIbHBIX TEPMHHAX B CO4HHEHHSX K. LIIMPBH/IACA Peswome Counnenns K. IllupBnjjaca cpean nmucCbMeHHBIX MaMSATHHKOB JIMTOBCKOTO $I3blKa XVII B. 3anumMalor HeKJItoOuHTeJIbHOe mMecto. Cou riponoBej (,,Points of sayings“) OH He HepeBOJIHJI ¢ APYroro 513bIKA, a CAM HarHCaJI Ha JIHTOBCKOM $I3bIKE TOTO BpeMeHH H IIOTOM IlepeBes1 HX Ha MOoJbCKHH. Kak H3BeCTHO, OH MEpBLIM COCTABHJI H ONYOJIHKOBAJI TPeXbsA3blYHbIA CJIOBApb,,Dictionarium trium linguarum®, B KoTOPOM IIOJIbCKHM H JIATHHCKHM CJIOBaM JiaJl JIMTOBCKHE COOTBETCTBHA. BcĖ-TaKH, HECMOTPs Ha OpHTHHAJIbHOCTb counHenna K. IllupBupaca, ynorpebienue H ocobenHO 3HayeHHsl CJOB (B J@HHOM CJyyae CONHAJIbHbIX TEPMHHOB) HE BCer/la SICHBI. DTO, HABEPHO, 3aBHCHT OT HECKOJIbKHX IPHYMH, H ONpejte/IHTb HX Celuac MOUTH HEBO3MOXKHO. 12 Jurginis J. Baudziava's establishment in Lithuania. V., 1962, p. 204. 13 Lithuanian language dictionary. V., 1973, vol. 9, p. 51, 60-61. 106 B crarbe, co cckhi/IKaMH Ha CJIOBapb H nponoseau K. IllupBnjaca, pa30upaĮOTCH TaKkHe COlLHAJIbHbIE TEDpMHHbI JUTOBCKOIO f3blKa, Kak gentis, gentis, šeimyna, valdonas. V13 Bcex 3THX TepMHHOB HanboJ1ee 4acTo B pa3HbIX 3Hauenusax K. IllnpBHJac VIIOTpeO/- JIA/JI CJIOBO family. Kak MOXKHO CYJIKHTb MO NMOJbCKHM H JIATHHCKHM CJIOBAM B CJIOBApe H 110 KOHTEKCTY "Points of sayings", cioso family K. IllupBnjnac VIIOTpeOJISJI B 3HaUeHHSX "HALHS, HApPOJ; NOKOJIEHHE; IJIeMs; DpOJ; IOTOMKH, OJIH3KHE, pOJIHA; ceMbsl (?); MPOHCXOXK/EHHE, a CJIOBO family (tribe) B 3HaueHHSAX ‘pOJIHA; IJIeMSA’. CzoBo family K. INnupBujjac B ocHOBHOM VIIOTDeOJIAJI B 3HAYEHHSX „USA Ib, ceMbsi“, Hast obo3Hauenus nousitus „TIOJIaHHbIK“ B cJIioBape K. IllupBujnaca naercs TOJIbKO JIHTOBCKOe CJIOBO valdonas, a B „Points of sayings“ psnoM c valdonas HAXOJIHM H 3aHMCTBOBaHHe CJIABSIHCKOIO I[POUCXOXKAEHHS —padonas, padonasis.