„Melioracija“, „drenažas“, „irigacija“: vertiniai, sinonimai ir hiponimai

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE SPECIAL LEXICON LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE QUESTIONS, XXII (1983) J. KLIMAVIČIUS MELIORACTION, DRAINAGE, IRRIGATION: VALUE, SYNONYMS AND HYPONYMS (Traits of history, system and usage) I. Land improvement 1. Origin and history of melioration Remediation is as old as agriculture (in Lithuanian and in modern terms, farming) — the beginning and foundation of all cultures (spirit and body, or physical, — to bodybuilding, spiritual — to aculture, anticulture, counterculture and material — to aquaculture and mariculture) and all kinds of cultures (agricultural — monocultures and polycultures of cereals, legumes, etc., forest, microorganisms, tissue cultures, i.e. exploitation, as well as aquaculture). The word itself is much newer. Again. In Latin (especially in the Codex Justinianus) melioratio is associated with the adjective bonus in its higher-grade suffix form melior "better" (it is related to lit. gigantas), meaning "improvement — making better". In French, the word amélioration (ameillorer < Old French ameillorer < Latin adir meillorer) has existed since 1421 (rare until the 17th century), but since 1584 it has also been used in the meaning of "improvement" and "agricultural melioration" in the verb bonifier "to improve" associated with the adjective bon "good" of the non-comparative degree? derived from bonification (which means “improvement — doing good”, so this difference in terms is probably related to the nuances of meanings), meaning also “bonification — a certain addition to the price for quality, that is, a direct (direct) or a reverse (reverse) premium” (from the end of the 19th century), “premium premium, bonuses”, sport. ‘additional points or bonus time (time offset)’ (see amender synonym amender meaning ‘take interest’, ‘cost’ and amender synonym alléger meaning ‘reduce taxes’*). Each of these two terms "melioration" in French améliorer means also "fertilize" (amelieorer une terre —fertilize the land), the other meaning of its and bonifier (and abonnir) synonym amender is also "fertiliser", that is "fertilize" (fertilize with fertilizers — engraisser, manure — fumer, composter, cf. compost), as well as "feed, fatten" and "fat, fat" (for semantics cf. phosphate fertilizer and feed phosphates, feed additives in the form of phosphate chips, fertilizer nourishes the soil, fatty soil, fatty grass), and its derivative amendement "fertilization" plural amendements meaning "melioration" shows the semantic connection of "melioration" with "fertilization- ", which is now only one of its elements (cf. terms meliorační třemění Meadow 107, green fertilizers MelZ: French plantes améliorantes "siderates", fertilizing effect of irrigation). Russian. yoobpams "fertilize: dobpeui "good" (plg. etymological homonym ydoGpams- ,nenate MOOPLIM, TIDHBONHTb B JIOGpoe DpacriojIoxeHmHe Jryxa’ CCPJIA XVI). French bonification and bonificateur,meliorator“ are international words bonité (forest, plantations, woodland, soil, climate), that is goodness —kind, quality, value (but assigned, for example, boniteties of forests, or boniteties classes, market value classes), more ir normative, our lexicography 26 į me disagrees. Used in two slightly different languages ir (Voice. Bonifikation, left. amelioracja), but very general ‘improvement’ ar the meaning of ‘improvement’. It is separated by the Vl. Amelioration, but also more common is Land improvement (Bodenmelioration) or Bodenverbesserung, Wiederherstellung, Wiedergewinnung. In English there is melioration amelioration ir [soil(a)melioration — dirvų melioracija, agricultural amelioration melioration, agromelioration, — although the latter is soil conservation, conservation ir o — ir ‘(nature) protection’, amer. „draustinis“, conservatory — "greenhouse"], but they more often mean ne "agricultural melioration", generally o "improvement, improvement". In the meaning of "agricultural melioration" are usually used: the value of the meaning betterment (or country) (betterment also means “improvement, improvement”, as well as "Development", including: "modernization", "real estate price increase") exotic Vedic improvement® ir land — of | of soil or land soil improvement | improve norman. (< < French. use „digging, digging, cultivating, using“ < sen. French. enprou ir "use" < again. lot. predator ‘useful’); land reclamation reclaim (< ‘extracts; tear; land reclamation; disposed < of; consumed’ vid. English. Advertising ‘cancel’ < sen. French. reclamar < lot. reclúmūre < reclamare ir ‘to call’’), meaning ir ,,dehydration® and ‘robbery of loot’ (ir reclaiming, o reclaiming of land — ‘land melioration’)*; less common soil amendment (< amend "improve, improve, bonification (forest, hunting grounds, land, arable land, agricultural land, livestock, cattle, sheep, wool), or (in)evaluation as T 1977 73 2, well as agrobonitization M ir G 1977 1 11, the bonifier, or the (in)evaluator; — hereinafter referred to as bonus, bonas, bonistika, bona, bonifratrai, bonvivanas; benefit [link. ir benefactor, beneficency, angl. ir benefication, beneficial insects o — AZUZ), beneficiaries (Voice. ir Benefiziat), beneficium, beneficiant, benediction, Benedictine, Benedictine, Benedict, Benigna, Bonaventure ir Bonifacas (English) Boniface prk. ,smuklininkas®). In English bonitavimas | (i) the assessment is judge (by the way, it means ir “judge”, “scientist”, “expert”, “arbitratorir ”) valuation, meaning ir “valuation”, “assessment- ”, cf. tarptautinius valvacija, evalvacija, devalvacija, revalvacija, valiuta, valorizacija, revalorizacija, toliau ...; ekvivalentas, — valentingumas, ambivalencija, invalidas, revalidacija, rekonvalescentas, Valent(in)as, Valerija. Taxation, taxation in English is estimate ir survey (also pricing, assessment) Forever. Sometimes taxonomic ir evaluation is combined pleonastically, e.g.: to <...> evaluate <...> taxonomic forest indicators MG 1977 6 18. Evaluation of taxonomic indicators of forests MG 1977 6 19. The aspectual possibilities of the Lithuanian verb fornuvertėti are well revealed: at the beginning ma of the <...> XX century, silver, which had depreciated as a monetary metal, began to be replaced by gold. jo T 1977 146 3. Iš here American Lithuanian improvisation, improvisation "improvement, improvement" in the book: Margeris A. American English ir loanwords dictionary. — Chicago, 1956. IL. reclaim means ir ‘repair; restore, rebuild", "morally correct, weaning", "civilized", "mixed", reclame o — “artistic creation or activity that gives bad name, defamation”. Advertising in the sense of "means of attracting the public, ir consumers, buyers" Used no longer reclame, publicity o (smoking in i Russian to the American) "Rostovo slang, pechzama kaitiojama nabaucumu, see". ®unun O. II. 1998-1999 Cox mim Kye, obcmyxusaHhe wi chipmunk? — B Toggle the color of the text. : Teopus s3bika. AHraHCTHKA. KelibTOJIOTHA. M., 1976, c. 153), Menk. value “noisy kieno ar ko nors populiarinimas“ — sensation, racket, ballyhoo, in the sense of advertisement, (bill-)poster; closet. — "Advertising" means "to promote by means of advertising" corresponds to advertise, (amer.) to to publicize, o make reclamation, — 10 make claim to a (see section 4.4). Aurno-pycckmii H. pycCCO-aHTJIHHŪCKHĒH CJIOBADb ‘JIOXHLIX "Hpy3eli nepesoqumka". Ilojį OOmmHuM pykOBOJICTBOM Axynenxo B. B. — M., 1969). - 27 taisyti" pranc. < amend < lot. émenddre "to correct, < improve" ir exmend- | um menda “a flaw, a defect; error, circumvention“), meaning ir ‘fertilization’ and ‘meliorant’ (also „defects minor, repair; correctiir on’, etc.). (land)development (<develop ‘use land’; „vystyti(s), plėsti(s)“ < French envelope ‘Develop’ < sen. French. desveloper < lot. I'm ir disappointed. veloper “cover, enclose, hide”), usually meaning “evolution, development, growth”, as well as ‘(breed) breeding’ (plg. ir development engineer ‘melioration engineer’). For example, "Pyccko-aHrmmitckmit nonmTexHuyeckmit cJIOBapb" (M., gives 1980) the following usage of the terms: meauopayus — (land)reclamation, amelioration, drainage and irrigation censckoxo3Aaiūcmeennaxm agricultural reclamation, : azpomexnuueckas m. — Mm-hmm. — cultivating reclamation, mexnuyeckas M. — engineering reclamation, 6uoaoeuyeckasn m. —biological reclamation, necnanm m. —forest reclamation, xumuueckas m. —chemical reclamation, noanas m. —full-scale reclamation, ocywumensnas M. —drainage amelioration, 06800HumeavHas m. —irrigation amelioration, eodnas m. —water amelioration, hydroamelioration, m. noes: — soil development’. With the increase of types and methods of melioration, with the expansion of its objects (for example, not only soil but also subsoil melioration M and G 1978 9 15, sometimes even of the terrain or the whole natural environment- ), with the improvement of its quality, there is also the term optimization associated with the Latin bonus of the highest degree form optimus "best", i.e., "improvement — doing the best". For example: : In all higher stages of development of human and natural relations (agriculture, forestry, recreation, urban development- ), various measures to improve natural characteristics are necessarily applied when developing land uses. The system of improvement measures is called optimization. For example, to set up a field, it is necessary to burn the forest, plow the land, fertilize, drain, etc. Page 171. Thus, in order to adapt to the conditions of the natural landscape, it is necessary to diversify land use, measures of land use optimization, settlement layout, farm forms, building structures, road routes, etc. We propose to call this adaptation the principle of natural landscape adaptation Krašt 173. This is where the terminology flaw of the English language — polyphony, or polyonymy (for the term see Krašt 173. Cynepaxcras A. B. Obmas teopus mmenu coOcrBeHoro. —M., 1973, c. 300, 301, 303; the term polynomy is also used, cf. You're in B. J. He's got a broken leg. —M., 1973, c. 77), usually still related to polysemy. The polyphony of the English technical language is also noted by its researcher A. Chernukhin [see. Uepuyxxux A. E. UaTtpanuarsuCTHYCCKasA NepMeaTHBHOCTb aHnr. JIHACKOTO A3BIKA H HHTETDpallHA TEPMHHOJIOTAYCCKHX HHHOBanu (AHaJru3 COBPEMEHHBIX TpyJIHOCTENH IIepeBOJia AHTJIKŪCKONĖ TEXHHYEeCKONĖ TEDMHHOmoran). - B x H. : TeopHsa A3bIKOBOM KOMMYHHKAINOIHH H IIeEpeBOJjia Hay4HOH HM TEXHH4eCKOKH JmTepaTypbI. Gumex, 1974, xn. 2, c. 41]. In the opinion of A. Chernukhin, English is the only language in the world to possess such enormous permeability (the power of innovation receptivity, penetration, “conductivity”), the power of innovation and their integration (see ibid., p. 40). Here it can be added that humidity regulation (or irrigation) is sometimes called conditioning. Incidentally, in French, in addition to bonification and amélioration, there is also a third term, assainissement (also ‘sanitation’), e.g. assainissement agricole ‘agricultural remediation’, ‘agromelioration’, which also means ‘drainage’, e.g. amélioration par assainissement ‘drainage remediation’ [drainage — and asséchement (du sol)], Thus, this new optimization (previously only mathematical) no longer belongs to the science of land reclamation: this principle, Iš ensuring the protection of the ir landscapes used in the farm, in the future will have to emerge geonica the science of the — perfect adaptation of technical systems to natural systems Krašt 173. But ir that's all. ne In addition to the terms bonifikacija, (a)melioracija, optimizacija in ja economic geography, the antonyms deterioracija jų lot. (< dēterus, dēterior, dēterrimus "bad, weak" < detero ir ‘trinu’) ir pejoracija (< lot. malus, pcior, pessimus ‘bad’). For example: : B Kguecmee naubonee obwe2o0 mepmuna 0A 6cex npoyeccoe, o003nauaroujux yxydwenue cpedbl 0OUMAHUA U oKpyKKcalowjeii cpedbi, npeoaazaemcs mepmun oemepuopayus. Dmom mepmun enepevie ynompebus uzeecmnbiū e 1972 2. amepukKanckui 2K0102 B. Kammonep (<...>) <...>. Ha pycckom a3vike mom mepmun enepesie ynompebaen e 1973 2. <...> Ox reorp 148. B I know you know me.,3a2pA3H- ¢ EHUE” MepMUuH “pazpymenue neusadxca”, uiu neuopuslayus, m.e. Hapyutenue 3CmemuKu cpedsl 0OUMAHUA C OMPUYAMeAbHbIM 6030eiicmeuemM Ha ncuxuxy modeit Ox reorp 149. Anyway, these words are not new, only here they are tried to be terminated very seriously, at the same time the 3k antonym of 151. deterioration amelioration, as already shown, is also quite new: ir ne Ecau ce 6ydem npunam mepmun "Oemepuopayua", mo 3aKOHOMEPHbIM Cmanem 66edenue mepmMuna amenuopayua (<...>) 04a obosnayenus 0Opamnbix Oemepuopayuu npoyeccoe u meponpuamuii Ix reorp 150. Thus, the history of these terms is varied and incomplete, their system is changing and open. Although the history of melioration in Lithuania is over 120 years old, its name is recorded for the first time (in the form melijoracija) only in J. Šlapelio “Dictionary of Foreign and Ununderstandable Words” (Tilžė, 1907). The amelioration of the “International Dictionary of Words” in 1936 and 1969 seems to be only a so-called dictionary word, not a living (and already necessary) name. He only played in the final year of the season. Now mentioned in the press pre-war Kėdainiai melioration school and agricultural technicians meliorators M and T 1976 11 44 was actually called higher agricultural technicians school MLTE II 113 and agricultural technicians MLTE II 552. It is true that in 1929—1940 in Kaunas was published a professional surveyors and agricultural technicians’ journal “Žemėtvarka ir melioracija” MLTE III 904. According to J. Skaisgiris, "in 1938 the Ministry of Agriculture organized such an important department of land improvement" Šv 1977 9 10. And after the restoration of Soviet rule in 1940, the Department of Hydrotechnics and Soil Remediation was established in the Faculty of Civil Engineering of Kaunas State University M and T 1977 9 39, Now, with some changes in concepts and especially names, we even have cultural-technical soil remediation. A land improvement worker? used, it seems, only in the Soviet years. In the past, the melioration worker in the people was called zymagor (zymagoras), simagoras, € As occurrionalism is mentioned and meliorator (Dulaitienė-Glemžaitė E. Kupiškėnų senovė. —V., 1958, p. 32). It should be noted that similar pairs of agents sometimes have completely different meanings, e.g.: shareholder and actor, forwarder and forwarder, exploakartais meant and "forestry", "trunk robber", "floor worker", even "Aatsibastėlis from abroad" and had often pejorative, rather than meliorativ meaning 29 It is probably a loanword from Russian. psn. sumozop „walkata, driskius, neturintis pastovio uždarbio“ CCPJIAI IV —the motivation of its meaning would be similar to liet, žiemkentys, -ė ppr. dgsk. "Winter crop or plant" (e.g., winter rape LF III 556) and "for winter kept, -a piglet or pig" (see also winter swans, winter swan MG 1976 4 24). 2. Types of melioration. Linguistic and philosophical melioration The invariant meaning of melioration is ‘improvement’. Agricultural melioration is only the most common semantic variant. The term and its derivatives are also used in other sciences. "The Linguistic Aspect of Language". Although in Lithuanian linguistics this term is not yet alive, but the antonym pejor(iz)azija is already somewhat used, The word of jo exalting, enhancing meaning is po melioratyvas, antonym pejoratyvas jo — (generic name of these species, as well as diminutive augmentative ir name qualitative). — The most už common adjectives for these terms are meliorativny, -ė (word, meaning, suffix, prefix, affix) pejorative, -ė, that is, ir derogatory, otherwise deteriorative, depreciative lot. (< deprex, ir precise “value, price”)?. To linguistic melioration somewhat flows according to — the object, o ne the nature — of the occurrencealism text melioration, e.g. : Laconism of style, visuality of illustrations, text "melioration" ir other tools of editing mastery here are ways of — reducing the volume of the book NKn 1977 8 5. The History of Philosophy (Angl. meliorsm) “the idealistic reactionary doctrine of the gradual improvement of bourgeois society”*. tacnik operator ir (not to mention the differences in the instruments of desubstantiative agents, e.g.: ir collector collector, reactant reactor, selector ir selector, ventilator fan). ir ir ir Į melioration has not yet entered the dictionaries of linguistic terms, but in the literature md ir under consideration. For example: : [Tog Menopausal period VCJIOBHO MOHHMAETCH ‘3aBbInIeHHMe’, MOA neiopamme# ‘cHHxeHHe’ <...> (Incl. B. JĮ, Min, veik., p. 93); MeJIHODAILIHA, HTH ceMaHTH4ecKOe2 3aBbInIeHHe ([ysamos B. H. CeMaHrHueckHe npoueccs MEeJIHOpalLIHH, — B xu. : Bonpocbi Here we go. Honour. M., 1975, c. 140); mMemHOpaTHBHBIE H HeZTDpaJIbHele HelūcTBHua (ConsbiuegHko Mr. M. O cewanraveckoit IpHpOJIE MOJIOAEKHOrO XaproHa. — B kd. CounanbHO-THHTBUCTHYECKAE HCCIENOBAHUA, M., 1976, c. 82). Some authors tend to distinguish pejorative, i.e. negative denotative words, depreciative, i.e. ir derogatory connotations, stylistically devalued ar words of neutral positive meaning (plg. {esx x H B. HIM. Min. ill., p. 93). Angl. depreciation is only ne ‘impairment’ (deprecation — ‘condemnation’), but ir “amortisation, depreciation”. Occasionally used names with a derogatory meaning ir (or words). Amar. meliorist means "optimist" (English) optimist). Optimist, optimism are related to lot. bonus for the supl. form of the uppermost degree optimus ‘best’, cf. also optimal (non-gradient), optimum, optimates ancient — The aristocracy of Rome (:gr. agisTos ‘best’, cf. arijai : sanskr. drya), reflecting noble lot. (: Nobilis ‘noble’, cf. nobilitation, nobility) interest. Forecasters have already invented optimistic ir pessimistic variants of values M ir G 1977 1 10. it.) 30 Nevertheless, land improvement is not the most common term in linguistics and philosophy, but rather in nature and agriculture. Before we get to the most common agricultural melioration and meliorators, let's look at other rarer ones. They are quite abundant. The easiest way to reveal their content and meaning is not by definitions (not everyone has them), but simply by examples of use. Here are they: In grassy lands, they are natural meliorators. By pumping and evaporating water, they naturally dry up the estates for themselves Kom T 1974 181 4 [Grudzinskas L. Letters in a birch bush. —V., 1976, p. 121 (with a regrettable proofreading error). A lot of talk among naturalists arises about the regulation of the number of wolves as a chiological meliorator KV 1976 13 15. And pikes are particularly useful biological “meliorators”, feeding on low-value fish T 1976 235 4. Without doubting the significance of natural and biological meliorators, the following should be noted regarding these specific examples. They are not natural meliorators, but rather land drainers. Predators — wolves, pikes carry out more biological (more precisely only zoological) selection, rather than land improvement. (It is also inaccurate to call them the sanitarians of nature. Such are the necrophages, for example, hyenas, jackals, crows, some beetles, in general — reducing animals. And wolves, pikes are consumers.) Not every improver is called a meliorator. Reproductor (bull, stallion, colt) breeder is not tuted by the breeder. Birds that kill rodents and pests perform both natural selection and crop improvement, but are not called breeders or meliorators. And in popular style, journalists should probably rely more on the usual words and terms. Other fish are phytophages (herbivores), their activities, e.g.: <...> pladiacactia and amours, mixing with plants, <...>, help successfully solve the now very relevant problem of biological water remediation MG 1977 4 23. <...> amours are also useful for the water basin as biological meliorators T 1979 1474. <...> fish meliorator T 1977 66 4 [about white moray eating canal vegetation]. So here we have the improvement of the waters themselves, not the land — improving the water regime. It is actually a kind of ichthyological improvement of the waters. However, these two different things are sometimes mistakenly confused — and predators are called the biological meliorators of waters (or even water bodies T 1978 81 4) MG 1975 7 29. It is even written about the biological remediation of ponds T 1980 205 4. And there are other terms of different meaning for fishing, fish farming and pond melioration. For example: : Fishermen call melioration the improvement of water bodies and fish catches. Since biological methods are applied here, this work is called biological land improvement Mir G 1973 11 28. The pond farm has a great significance of fish farm melioration, the task of which is to restore, maintain at the targeted level and raise the ponds natural fish productivity Tvenk 50. "Fish Pond Remediation Tvenk 50". In those cases, when the pond is completely lowered, its fish production characteristics need to be improved not only with fertilizers, but also with appropriate meliorative treatment of the pond's reef 31 Tvenk 83. In Russian there is psi0oxo3aūcmeennanm meauopayua, in Latvian ir —zivsaimnieciska melioracija Hidromet vard. These types of melioration could be called hydrobiological melioration. Another group of types of melioration is related to forest or with forest and together with land. It is called a biologically active compound. Forest maintenance fellings are sometimes called meliorative fellings, i.e. improving forest growth, <...> General forest 427 (this corresponds to improvement cutting felling, Russian: yAymuaromas evibopounaa ewpybra), pg. medynq reikia gerinti MG 1977 6 19. It is not the forest, but the forest itself that is most frequently improved. „<...> the forestry uses agronomic forest improvement measures“ General forest 348. It includes “forest drainage and wind-fed sandbank strengthening and afforestation” MLTE II 553. Forest or forest meliorator (Russian: aecomeauopamop CCPJIIA VI) is rare in Lithuanian language, e.g.: <...> since 1943 the Bashkir ASSR <...> worked in <...> district agricultural institution — senior field and forest meliorator Šv 1977 9 11 (J. Skaisgiris). It is also found in forests, mountains and sandy beaches. For example: : Forest melioration works in mountains are carried out in order to completely or at least partially eliminate surface water runoff in mountain areas by using forestry and engineering-technical measures, <...> Mišk kult 389. Mišk kult 363 is their reinforcement with mechanical (dead) barriers and vegetation (live barriers). However, most often forests are land improvement, soil. In English it is called agrosylviculture, in Latvian agromežmeliorūcija, or lauka | lauku meZmeliorācija (see mežmeliorūcija | mežu meliorācija — forest | forest melioration). "Agricultural melioration is a system of forestry measures aimed at improving somewhere (! —J.K.) natural conditions, eliminating or partially reducing harmful natural factors, reducing (!—J.K.) fertility (droughts, erosion, etc.)" MelŽ does not agree with the morphology of the Lithuanian language. The term agromiškomelioracija is not only of faulty form, but also inaccurate —orients not to the concept of “forest melioration”, vu o į ‘soil ir forest improvement’. Be of which, with the emergence of new words agromiškas „agricultural, kolkhoz, not state forest“ and agromištininkas also agromiško želdiniai or KV 1976 40 15, agroželdiniai MG 1978 8 7, agromiškomelioracijos form sulietuvinus, would not be the agromiškomelioracija. — By changing the points, as proposed- "*, also change — the meaning of forest agromelioration would mean ‘improvement of forest land’. This thing has more names. ir MelŽ ir It is a technical forest melioration plg. — protective forest strips "trees ir shrubs planted in strips to protect against wind, reduce evaporation, etc." ir (mentioned field protection, moisture-regulating, water-absorbing windstop forest strips), ir as well as protective forest landscapes, even just forest gardens "planting trees to strengthen sandboxes, improve humidity ir conditions for other be purposes", that, forest technical *0 The more precise term educational harvesting now in force Medž. 1 Zr. Valeckienė A. Rich compound words of other languages. — Language Culture, 1968, ed. 15, p. 23. f 32 measures (Irrigation 226 forestry measures) see forestry measures ‘use of forests as a factor protecting against various adverse climatic and meteorological influences (combating droughts, regulating water regimes)’. Such an abundance of terms, often too general, imprecise, is not desirable. Unfortunately, in ta literature the diversity is even greater. For example: : A separate type of melioration consists of moisture deficiency areas formed (!—- J. K.) field protection forest belts protecting fields from drought winds and other ir adverse natural factors Sauce 8. Also, a separate type of melioration consists of measures applied to protect the soil from water wind erosion ir — <...> Sauce 8. A separate type of melioration consists of field protective forest belts to protect against ir drought winds and other adverse natural phenomena Mail Service 6. Į Individual types of land improvement sometimes also distinguished protective forest belts, anti-erosion measures, etc. ir Mail 10. Separate type of melioration consists of field protection forest belt protection it from water and wind erosion Mail 10. As separate types of land reclamation can be the installation of protective forest belts and anti-erosion measures Agr 165. <...> forest melioration anti-erosion measures Eroz 136. Wonderfully similar style template here is filled with so many kinds ir jų names, as many as there are measures, although in other cases the land reclamation is classified according to ne them, according to o the objective. LTE I agromiškomelioracija directed greening į melioration. That is acceptable. The most commonly used ir term in the field of forestry is agroforestry. ir Already in use agromeliorative forest orchards ŽŪ 1976 11 4. Climate Climate change Climate change climate change (improvement) Metz. 4. Agricultural melioration ir its types The main type of melioration is agricultural melioration. Ji is very diverse. This is seen ir iš Definitions: The improvement of the water-air ir wind regime in land territories Forest cult 352. The science of the basic means of ways to ir improve the land by changing the unfavorable soil, climatic hydrological conditions, ir called the science of land reclamation Mail 5. Remediation in agronomica understoodas ma the improvement of unsuitable lands Tvenk 50. Perhaps the most accurate description reveals the essence of melioration: The main task of melioration is water re-regulation in the soil mo Sauce 5**, According to this, the water regimen is first mo — hydrotechniné (carried out by hydrotechnical means) land improvement (hydromelioracija®®). Ji is twofold: drainage melioration MelZ, or drainage melioration Hidrogeol 92, ir irrigation land reclamation MelZ, or irrigation melioration Drék 5 | '2 Iš basically correct, just a little bit comical: Drégme is regulated by specialists in this field — meliorators Augal 343. Zenonas Budrikas, rain master at Žemaičių Naumiestis Soviet farm — Šv 1976 20 1. Almost like an American playwright Riccardo The Nash Play Rain Seller * emotions specialist ar T 1976 265 4. * Egzistuoja ir specialisto pavadinimas hidromelioratorius Lie. 2. 1019 33 drėkinamosios melioracijos Hidrogeol 13**. This thing is called simply ir dehydration®, hydration. Drying combines well ir su for other uses, see: Before installing drainage, it is recommended to carry out preliminary drainage with ditches Mail 67 ir hyperhidrosis MelŽ, Piev gan ir 212, MG 1967 5 4 (corresponds to rus. nepecywmxa, engl. overdry). Occasional use of drainage, even distorting the names of administrative bodies (e. g. : drainage systems boards T 1976 287 3), has no new meaning and is therefore unnecessary ir (no one knows about moistening yet). Incidentally, drainage can only be hydromeliorative: ne Hydromeliorative agromeliorative drainage measures are ir prescribed. The first include drainage of ditches, the second - turf, wading, loosening ir of subsoil, bed ploughing Mel 47 (only the measures would be more accurately called hydrotechnical and agrotechnical). Therefore, in order to achieve high accuracy, the terms drainage hydromelioration Mel 10, irrigation hydromelioration Mel 10 are used. Two more special methods of drainage of floodplain areas are also mentioned: polders, or drainage by polder systems Hidrogeol 302, polder drainage systems Hidrogeol 312, that is, the system of protection against flooding of “sea coastal courses (Oland., VFR), located below sea level” GeogrŽ or the Nemunas lowland and delta arcs: embankments, water pumping behind embankments, drainage by drains and ditches, and colmatažas — not lowering the water level in the soil, 0 že14 These are almost equally valuable terms, only the participating construction sometimes becomes ambiguous, cf. drainage ditches Mišk kult 400. For the author’s opinion on this controversial issue, see 1972, No. 8, pp. 35—37. P. Kniūkšta (as well as V. Būda and A. Kučinskaitė, see ibid., pp. 38—42) defends the “polysemantic nature of the participants”, and regards their “emphasis on the main meaning”, which is “supported by terminologists”, with uncertainty (Kniūkšta P. Priesagos -inis adjetyvai. —V., 1976, p. 192; see also pp. 133—134, 191), but does not investigate the terminated meanings. K. Gaivenis, having examined this phenomenon "not only grammatical (syntactic). In this regard, Gaivenis K. (1975, p. 65), taking into account the “basic element of the word combination” (p. 70) and taking into account the fact that this “does not always coincide with their semantic dominant” (p. 61), comes to more accurate conclusions. He notes: “When the subordinate element of a compound term denotes an operation of work performed by an instrument or agent” (p. 71), that element “is more often represented by the noun’s parent than by the <...> participant of the passive kind” (p. 72). Therefore, “alongside the terms of the “building machine” type, newer terms of the “building machine” type have the right to exist” (p. 75). The image might be further refined by assigning patients alongside agents and instruments. In general, the compilation of a complete inventory of the constructs of the noble and non-noble types of participants (and their real and possible transformations) would give a lot, because narrow material usually limits theoretical assumptions and conclusions. 15 Of course, drainage can also be non-meliorative, cf. : Horse manure is accused of being too hot and therefore further draining dry soil Vad 33. Or, for example, the drainage of peatlands not for cultivation, not for agriculture, but for the purpose of exploitation, as well as the drainage of quarries, mineral deposits, sports and other fields, airfields, settlements, construction sites, roads, etc. There are not only land, but also various technical objects — ship (submarine part), triumy, machine room drainage with caissons (for repair) or emergency drainage pumps, dryer unit of ship refrigeration units (for water from liquid CFC), dry insulation, etc. Even steam drying is used. However, the term with a mark — drainage of wet over-wet soils does not raise any doubts. ar 34 Cultivation is the removal of bushes, stumps, stones, humpbacks, as well as the primary tillage (ploughing, plowing or milling, rolling) and primary fertilization (in farming and called meliorative fertilization Piev, 107). Chemical melioration is the use of chemical melioranty®®: liming of acidic soils*" (Russian and ydobpenue u36ecmvio, plg. and lit. lime fertilizers T 1976 40 1, 287 3), plastering of salt salts ZU 1976 11 3 (Russian and ydoOpenue zuncom), in order to demineralize | desalination, as well as siderates || sideral crops | sideral plants (legumes, such as lupin) sowing and undergrowth, in other words, sideration, or use of green fertilizer (English sideral fertilizer AŽŪŽ) — green fertilization. It differs from the phytomelioration M and G 1979 69 (in Polish: fitomelioracja Stownik wyrozėw obcych. Redaktor naukowy Tokarski J. —Warszawa, 1971), which is a plant melioration (see agromelioracyjne lasy | ogrodnicze | ogrodnicza melioracja, drenaż roślin). If it is planned to meliorate individual landscapes MG 1977 2 28, perhaps some landscape or complex melioration® will soon appear. 5. Land reclamation or remediation Since there are many types of meliorations, some authors, without thinking well, have introduced multiple meliorations. For example: : Agricultural meliorations are divided into hydrotechnical, agrotechnical, cultural and chemical meliorations. In some cases, there is a distinct distinction between forest protection belts, anti-erosion measures, and so on. meliorant also means “meliorator” (although more commonly meliorator). There are more such parallels, e.g.: informant and informator, demonstrant and demonstrator, psn. amantas and amateur, Tus. cexynoanm and cexyKdamop "the bursary beater", fabpuxaum and gpabpuramop "the fabricator", opxecmpanm and opxecmpamop "the orchestrator", as well as conservator and conservator, but their meanings are usually different (the same semantics have cnexy1Aum —cneKyAAmop, npenyMepaum —npenymMepamop). Similar pairs of agents and instruments also usually differ: fumigant and fumigator “smoker”, reagent and reactor, antiperspirant and transpirant, variant and variator, secant and secateur “garden shears”, although deodorant and dezodor(iz)ator, tranquilizer and tranquilizer, stimulant and stimulator are used in the same sense as agents (the first variants are given, cf. give antidepressants, astringents, relaxants, photosensitizers; though oxidizer). The (bio)stimulator plays a significant role in the device. 7 Plg. : In the conditions of pond management, liming is an important meliorative measure Tvenk 52. Calcium is used as a meliorative disinfectant ir Tvenk 82. 28 The first edition of this article (m.) (1977 the guess was confirmed very quickly. First, we talk about vo land improvement as a complex of certain measures, then about the complex MG 1973 3 6, T 1973 52 4, of land improvement works M ir G 1978 9 15 ir jų complexity M ir G 1978 9 14, complex melioration works T 1978 67 2, that the work program is becoming complex melioration is T 1978 129 3, becoming more complex T 1978 67 2, finally as a motto announced: Main direction complex — melioration T 1978 70 1 (title of the article). By the way, complex drying appeared a little earlier — MG 1976 10 7. Landscape biological remediation is less common Šv 1978 19 22. 41 Hydrotechnical remediation, or hydromelioration, also divided into drainage irrigation į ir Mail 10. It is also a common mistake to confuse ta plural with singular. su For example: : Water improvements are very <...>. Ši important, the science is especially important now Mail 3. The science of the basic means of ways to ir improve the land, called the science of land <...>, reclamation Blue 5. Although meliorations (sausinimo ir irrigation) practical application reaches several millennia before our era, but the broader theoretical development of the science of melioration began relatively recently Mail 5. Scientific work in the field of melioration in our republic is most extensively carried out Lietuvos Research ir Institute of Hydrotechnical Remediation Mail 6. A lot of work was done abroad in the field of melioration science <...> Mail 6. Our country's melioration science has given a lot <...> Mel At 6. present, several dozen institutes are engaged in the development of melioration science in our country Mail 6. <...> planning of meliorations Mail 227. <...> melioration works plan Mail 228. Similar fluctuations are abundant elsewhere, ir e.g.: irrigation land improvement Hidrogeol 13, but drenažo melioracija Hidrogeol 92; hydrotechnical agricultural land reclamation Irrigate any 3, irrigation land reclamation Irrigation 5; melioration systems Water ūk 48 ir melioration systems Water ūk 66, 90, 134, 170. One of J. Cheitsch- 's books is called Soil improvement, other — “Agricultural land improvement. The first number is the number of the first number, e.g. 1. : Long-term soil improvements, which are carried out by agrotechnical measures, are called agromelioration Sauce 6. K. Ramanauskas in the book Economic efficiency of meliorations used in water management Water ūk 186, 200, 204 (also Mel 235), however is ir V. Mališauskas "Economic Efficiency of Melting" (V., 1970), S. Šešelgienės | ‘Efficiency of irrigation Soviet In Lithuania’ (V., 1973). Ši confusion goes iš to the Russian language. For example, 1965 m. Two books were published in Moscow: Ilaunxuannjix A. HIM. ir kt Cejxseorxoxo3aitcrBeHHas MeJIMOpaliHs ir Po3uH B. A., Beamenos A. H., Jlyrancxruit B. HIM. CenbCckoX034#CTBEHHbIC MeJIMOpaliHH. Of course, this is no excuse for us. Remediation could have the plural only in the specific the meaning of ‘melioration system’ (plg. : installed melioration | -as, well works land reclamation | -os, improved land improvement | -os). However, such values (such as construction, operations, organization, repairs, rehearsals...) ji does not have, as it does not have sewerage, mechanization, automation, filtration®... The worst thing is that drains appear in the ir example of meliorations: Equipment for ar lowering groundwater is called drains Autokel 106 (nors Various cases of drainage equipment Types of 106, Autokel drainage Autokel 107), When building roads, such drains are installed: <...> Kel 129; irrigations: Special types of irrigation Mail 185 (although types of irrigation Mel 140, irrigation methods Mel 140); castings: types of castings Mel 151, vegetative castings Mail 151. Trying to express themselves even fechnikos: Technician repairs are ir carried out in a harmonious mechanized way in the kolkhoz Ši 1977 10 9 (from the press). <...> prints, made in gravure lithography ar techniques. New ways of solving the themes required new techniques, among which the popularization of 29 Such a meaning is sometimes found in poetry: I'll go on the main roads I'll ir go on the trails In addition, the 1976-77 season L ir M 1980 4 10. 42 saw the first of two consecutive double-double wins over the 1976–77 season. However, they do not have a specific meaning, like ploughing, weaving, and therefore cannot be tolerated. Plurality is not only expressed in the grammatical plural. 6. Improvement Because again. Latin melioratio means "improvement", so in the interpretations and descriptions of melioration this word is the most important. For example: melioration — basic improvement of natural disadvantages in order to obtain abundant and stable yields of agricultural crops MelŽ; agromelioration — basic improvement of soil properties by means of agromelioration MelŽ; hydromelioration — basic land improvement by means of hydromelioration MelŽ; melioracija —basic land improvement: <...> TŽ 1936, melioracija, melioravimas —basic land improvement for agricultural purposes, <...> TŽ 1969; meliorations may only be called p agrindiniai long-term soil improvements Jan 7: The science of basic means and methods to improve the land, <...> is called the science of melioration Mel5. The explanations vary a bit — on the one hand, the Earth, the soil, its properties, on the other hand, natural conditions (in other sources — the water-air and wind regime Mišk kult 352) — but in all of them next to the core of meaning “improvement” and its object (land, soil...) there is also a third element of meaning — the principal (i.e., capital) attribute. Nevertheless, sometimes it is also referred to as the current and main melioration works Tvenk 50 or main melioration Armand 38 (which, apparently, means hydromelioration), cf. xopennas meauopayus, pol. melioracja podstawowa. Improvement is not only the most important element of the interpretation (definition) of land reclamation, but is also used — mostly only in dictionaries — as an independent term. For example, ZŪŽ yayuuenue —improvement (besides genetics, selection and eugenics, the term variety improvement also includes soil improvement), AŽŪŽ soil improvement —soil improvement, improvement, MelŽ is improvement —ynymuenue “increasing the number of positive characteristics in terms of expected results, reducing the negative ones” and main improvement —KopeHnoe yaywwenue “improvement of land areas by long-term measures that require significant labor and financial investment” (otherwise —melioration). Sometimes even not melioration is interpreted as improvement (without a certificate of basic), but on the contrary, e.g. : Long-term soil improvements carried out by agrotechnical measures are referred to as agromelioration Dirv mel 6. The most important measures of agricultural landscape improvement in dry landscapes are irrigation, and in wet — drainage land improvement Krašt 173. In popular style, land improvement is sometimes used as an explanation, description of land improvement, e.g.: <...> melioration, otherwise land improvement, the theme in ours as if faded L and M 1977 23 16 (R. Sadauskas). % Sometimes incorrectly spelled as follows: the Latin word melioratio means the improvement of land from the ground up for agricultural purposes, by draining marshes, strengthening volatile soils, artificially irrigating, building water reservoirs M and G 1973 11 28. 43 In grassland, although there is a squad of meadow melioration MelZ, meadow melioration station MelZ (Russian). ir nyzomesnuopamop CCPJIS1 The phrase is often used to refer to the same person, e.g., "the greatest sculptor of ir all time". 110. In the specialised literature, the usual term is improvement, e.g.: pasture improvement, pasture improvement, pasture improvement — FOREVER (including improved grassland T 1977 97 1). It is the main superficiair l, partial®, e.g. : The main improvement is that, when all the previous vegetation is destroyed, ir a new one is created, due to to ji also known as planting meadows Meadow, 74; surface meadow improveme- — nt meadow improvement without turf Lie. Other sources talk about the du methods ir of arranging meadow pastures: ir Augal 345 (Russian). saryokenue), but the primary ir improvement Augal 346. It's a weird term, that superficial improvement. Even more surprisingly, the basic improvement ends with basic (pre-sowing) fertilization Piev, 90, o surface — fertilization Piev, The 107. oppositions of terms are not perfect. In general, land improvement has a somewhat vague meaning, it lacks the strictness of the term. Plg. : The second aim of the book is to — collect the <...> experience accumulated by farmers, melioration specialists, agronomists, scientists who have devoted themselves be to the improvement of the soil, the elimination of all kinds of soil pollutants, <...> 3. The same law works In India, where the land of a deserted peasant can be confiscated for ten years to be returned for ir improvemepo nt and use, covered by Armand 12—13. Sometimes it is even said: The earth is iš naturally perfect ir and generous, ją man loves, is proud, ja therefore 0 improves, ir repairs L ir M 1971 33 10. Why improve perfect? Often (improvement), improve is used clearly ne „melioracijos“, „melioruoti“ meaning, but there is no uncrossable boundary here, cf. : Sapropeliu (<...>) improved by 100 ha barren land ir <...> the use of sludge for soil improvement should become a separate type of land reclamation T 1979 112 4. A common tool for soil improvement is manure What 28. <...> transporting peat to improve soil mineral fertilizers T 1977 47 4. <...> are not the main means of improving our crops, only an additional o What 32. The gloomy, gloomy blackness of these surroundings stood across the road from the bread pan. Crossing ją meant illuminating, improving, ennobling the earth P 1978 9 124. The same applies to the ir enhancer: Legumes — best green fertilizer, < ... >, soil aeration, moisture, temperature regime improvers MG 1977 2 25. Research has shown the role of forests as an improver ir of the chemical organic compositiM ir G 1981 1 37. on of soils. Of course, these remarks should not be understood as a condemnation of such use. O melioration is already so established that there are, albeit occasionally, quite Lithuanian derivatives of it, for example, ir “post-melioration” settlements MG 1976 10 6. Although deterioration has not yet been recorded in Lithuanian, its value deterioration is already occurring: Threatening sign of ecological crisis deterioration — of environmental quality M ir G 1978 12 7. 31 Sometimes it is called by both names — Meadow, 74, sometimes only one — superficial Gyvul 93, 114, partial Piev, 212 (Russian). nosepxnocmmuoe). 7. Functional defects The history and functional semantic structure of melioration is confusing and somewhat paradoxical. And its thriving present sometimes blooms with empty Flowers. I will raise another more typical shortcoming of the usage here. The following examples should only be regarded as pretentious pleonasms (hidden tautologies): The natural quality of the land could be improved by meliorating the fields <...> Mir G1978527. By meliorating and cultivating the land, its productivity is improved. Extensively reclaimed, intensively rearranged and improved soil is ripening more and more important bells T 1976 31 1. <...> improved the meliorative condition of 300 thousand hectares of irrigated land. 300,000 hectares of irrigation systems rebuilt T 1972 19 2. <...> improved the meliorative condition of 92 thousand hectares of irrigated land and reorganized the irrigation system in the area of 76 thousand hectares T 1973 172 2. What does the meliorative condition mean? It is true that MelŽ is soil melioration conditions —noueenno-Memuopamuenbie yeaosus, but this “term” is not explained. Apparently, this is the same as the soil conditions "soil water, air and nutrient regime, mechanical composition, presence of carbonates" MelZ (cf. condition of soil surface —cocmosnue no6epxHocmu nouen T'ujip ci), only they are viewed from the melioration aspect®?. It is possible and necessary to improve only the natural state, natural conditions, but even improved they do not become melioracinés, but cultural. What does broad (or narrow) malioration mean? This is probably not known to meliorators or linguists. It is only clear that such journalists’ curiosities need to be well “removed” – drained, the bushes of thoughts cut down. Pleonasm is also irrigation systems M and G 1980 1 22. The word meliorate and its hyponyms (partial synonyms, implicative names)** drain, drain and irrigate, irrigate in common use are two evils. The first is the use of the genus word (hyperonym®) melioruoti instead of the species word (hyperonym) drenching or draining. It is not decreasing, although irrigation is increasingly practiced alongside drainage. For example: : Land improvement works finish draining the mud, eradicate shrubs T 1977 187 4. In 1975, the average yield of cereals on meliorated land was 8.1 cnt|ha higher than on undrained land Šv 1976 20 4. Multi-bucket excavators made in Estonia drained over 4 million In the Soviet Union meliorated lands (in Lithuania they drained 97% of meliorated areas) St 1978 4 17. After reclaiming areas of increased humidity, a rapid decrease in the number of eagles was reported in T 1978 75 4. In Lithuania, 540 thousand hectares of excessively wet soils are planned to be reclaimed during this five-year period T 1977 90 2. The melioration map is similar "A map in which the local terrain is represented by conventional signs" Lie. # For these terms, see. Lyons J. Introduction to do Linguistics. — Warsaw, Poland 1976, s. 496. J. Layence defines hyponymia as a one-sided implication (p. 497), or inclusion (p. 496), and synonymy — as a reciprocal, or symmetric, hyponymy (p. 498). Zr. also Crenanos O. C. I'm sorry, I'm sorry. — M., 1975, c. 52. 3 On the term hyperonymy (and hyponym) see Agricola Ch., Agricola E. values and Gegenworter. Antonyms of German Language. — Leipzig, 1979, S. 15. Both terms are already į included in the textbook. — Hosuxkos JI. A. It's a little girl. — M., 1982, c 241. 45 transforming land into fertile fields Exp 283. <...> indication of excess water, which is precisely (! —J. K.) and planfully removed by land improvement M and G 1977 8 11. V. Šileikos „Primerkusių plotų melioracija“ (V., 1956) deals only with „issues of drainage of wetlands“ (p. 5), and not with all types of melioration. 1976 10 6 (=drainage) and the author of „Burtų“ needs to numeliorate N 1975 6 59, that is, to put it in Žemaitijos language, to drain the child. In general, numelioruoti is not very successfully composed with the prefix transferred from draining —tolygu nugerinti, i.e. damaged by too much improvement. Unheard and specialty name dryer. It is true that the dryers, who themselves always call themselves meliorators, sometimes use this word, but incorrectly — in the meaning of “Dryer”. Only in the poem of the verbal Albinas Žukauskas I encountered nusausintojq KV 1976 29 4.: A rare guest and drainage ditches Mel 10, most commonly used for land improvement - “ or, land improvement ditches. V. Šileika’s book is called “Melioraciniai grioviai” (Melioration ditches) (V., 1968), although it only talks about the drainage network (p. 3,9). The same applies to the interpretations of MelŽ: the regulating part of the melioration system — the whole of the drainage system drains and the draining part of the melioration system — the whole of the drainage system drainage channels, <...>. Specialists seem to be ashamed to write simply and accurately. [The second evil is the association of the hyponyms drenching, irrigating, irrigating or even the identification with the hyperonym meliorating. For example: : By means of melioration (drainage) improving wetlands <...> Mišk kult 398. The forests are protected by the National Park Service's 397-hectare Forest Conservation Area. It is unrealistic to completely give up melioration and drainage in the surrounding areas, therefore, when coordinating the projects of drainage works, the aim is to ensure that agricultural activities affect (! —J. K.) the reserve as little as possible MG 1976 8 7. <...> as biocenoses affected by irrigation and land improvement works M and G 1979 10 16. Irrigation and land improvement play an increasingly important role in further intensifying agricultural production and increasing its economic efficiency, <...> T 1978 238 1. The state and the collective farms invested 6.6 billion rubles in the construction of irrigation and melioration T 1976 26 2. This is reflected even in the administration, cf.: in 1949—63 the drainage and cultivation of marshlands was carried out by melioration machine stations (MMS). <...>. Since 1963, land improvement works have been carried out by the land improvement construction board (MSV), <...>. The melioration works are planned and controlled by the <...> (since 1963) Drainage Systems Board MLTE II 553. This use is equivalent to agriculture or wildlife, agriculture and wildlife, and so on. Such allonyms of classification should be avoided. Another problem is the distortion of the semantic control of the international word meliorate. For example: : Meanwhile, we do not have anything similar about the lakes of Druskonis and Ilgis, which are currently being meliorated T 1974 256 4. The 1979-1980 season saw the team finish 13th and 14th in the NHL. This is not a melioration, but a drainage. These are also the sins of the writers and humorists: <...> boldly and demonstratively, so to speak, they “numeliorate” the streams and streamlets of our usual poetic beauty, closed logical self-defense and emotional open-hearted argumentation. Both cognac and bitter, the waiter... numelioruje Sl 1976 10 6. 46 The last strangeness — artificial irrigation: the mark artificial is unnecessary, be superfluous, lo because the grammatical form of šį causation itself has the element of meaning, expressed by the suffix -inti — ‘to make wet’, ‘to cause to become wet’ (active, anthropogenic causative) or “to let it wet” (passive, natural causative). The dictionaries do not ir escape this shortcoming. Here are the interpretations of irrigation in them: artificial irrigation of fields, watering M. ir S. "Dictionary ir of Foreign International Words", artificial field irrigation, watering TŽ 1936, artificial field irrigation TŽ 1951, DG,, DGs, artificial irrigation of fields GeogrZ. Similar is ir MetZ: uppueayus — irrigation, irrigation, (artificial) irrigation, opowenue — (artificial) irrigation, irrigation, uckxycemeennoe opowenue — artificial irrigation. The same in the interpretations of melioration: basic land improvement: drainage of puddles, soil improvement, artificial irrigation, reinforcement of flying sands basic land improvement TŽ 1936, <...>, <...>, <...>, by artificial irrigation, <...>, <...> TZ 1969. This is written in ir texts, e.g. : Currently, about 10% of the world's land is 20 irrigated artificially. agricultural land ŽŪ 1976 8 31. We will 1000 install artificial irrigation on more than hectares MG 1976 10 5. It is clear where the roots of this phenomenon are: in the Russian language, which is not so prone to such action diathesis. Of course, the reason for such interference is psycholinguistic, so the Russian language is to blame here, our own lack of knowledge of the Lithuanian ne language, our lack of o understanding of its differences from the Russian — language. Natural, natural ir irrigation, for example, which has occurred in the same way, is not justified. : Swamps are called abundantly irrigated (=very damp, soaked) areas of land Kel 295. Endogenic include such phenomena ir as the drift of the magnetized Earth core, causing variations in the gravitational force field, which in turn affects the anticyclonic nature of atmospheric circulation, (...) determining the rhythm of irrigation of the Northern Hemisphere. (= M ir G 1980 5 36. This is the opposite of ir natural irrigation: It is used for natural <...> and artificial irrigation of fields, Armand <...> 14. Other origins are artificial double-sided irrigation — irrigation by pouring water on both sides iš of the į humidifier on an artificial slope MelZ. Jį should be called ty sloping, rather sloping, two-way irrigation. The term is not used in the English language, but in the Russian language it is called « огурец » or « огурец ». ir Ii. Drainage There are ir many types of drainage methods. ir For example: ir perfect imperfect drainage Hidrogeol 268 (see perfect drainage Hidrogeol 268 and imperfect drainage Hidrogeol 269, perfect well Hidrogeol 252 ir imperfect well Hidrogeol 252, the "perfect" well MelŽ ir “imperfect” well MelŽ); intensive ir extensive drainage 35 In the first edition, the author was able to make some mistakes, — although in the lips of specialists ne it sometimes occurs, e.g. : The <...> Etruscan agriculture was possible only by artificially draining the rivers. —V., 1955, p. 80. Kudaba even uses artificial touching —L and M 1971 33 40. 47 ŽŪŽ [intense drainage “such drainage where it is carried out (! — J. K.) regulating part of the drainage system (closed open ar dryers)’ MelZ]; systemic drainage “drainage where the dehumidifiers are arranged in parallel one Another over certain distances" MelŽ; full systemic drainage “mixed systemic drainage” MelŽ ir selectively diluted systemic drainage “a thinned systemic drainage, where only the selected, most necessary dryers are removed, but maintaining a certain parallelism of the system” ir Milk so that "missed drain lines can be fulfilled (! — J. K.) additionally “ Mail 56 (and detailed drainage by trenches Mail 72) ir non-systemic drainage „such drainage, when the drains are arranged at uneven distances, without observing parallelism, only in those places where excess moisture occurs“ MelŽ, or selektívny drenáž | partiálny drenáž see atraktívny drenáž „non-systemic drainage, when the dryers are not removed in the entire area, but only in the places where drainage is required“ MelŽ. Sometimes close ways merge, e.g.: 1920 — 39 intensively (detailed) drained <...> MLTE II 552 or are mistakenly confused, e.g. : At present, 2.2 million hectares have been drained in the republic, of which 1.7 million hectares have been drained intensively (i.e., by carrying out all melioration and soil cultivation works). The problem is also the term pair vertical and horizontal drainage. In the MelŽ, horizontal drainage is interpreted as “drainage by which water is drained aside”, not completely horizontally, but by a simple slope, and vertical drainage — “drainage by which drainage is carried out by vertical pipes, by which water is either lowered into conductive deeper layers (Dutch drainage) or raised to the surface of the ground (Californian drainage- )”. However, road builders try to distribute drainage not according to the direction of waterways, but filter layers in the drainage trench, e.g. : Rational vertical drainage, in which the filter layers are poured not horizontally but vertically: fine grains near the ground of the watery layer and coarse grains in the middle of the drainage Kel 130—132. So here is a primitive variant of the usual horizontal drainage — drainage without a hollow waterway (pipe), similar to the stone drainage, only uncovered, but improved with side sand and gravel filters. It is not recommended to call it vertical, because it confuses the terms. However, the biggest problem is the relationship between the values of conventional horizontal drainage and its Lithuanian equivalent drainage, their distinction — desynonymization and its consequences (pleonasmes and oxymorons). The history of drainage in Lithuania begins more than half a century ago, almost two centuries after the emergence of modern drainage (clay drainage was already used in Mesopotamia 4 thousand years ago). In the Dictionary of Foreign and International Words of M. and S., drainage is interpreted as: "Drainage of the land by certain underground pipes". On the contrary, the definition of TŽ 1936 — „drainage of wet soil by underground pipes and channels” apparently refers to open channels (because it is not possible to dig channels- ). TŽ 1969 has a similar interpretation: “drainage of marshy soil by open trenches or porous (or with side openings) pipes laid underground”. A drainage device may be a ditch, trench, gallery, line of pipes laid underground and other devices that lower the water level. 48 Hydrogeol 268. From this, a basic conclusion is drawn: Theoretically, the basic operation of all horizontal drainage devices is similar. Therefore, we will refer to them simply as drainage or drainage Hidrogeol 268. Thus, in essence, and the ditch is a drain. Kel 129 simply says: The simplest drainage is an open ditch deepened into the aquifer. The open trench is equal to the drainage trench, and the two are the opposite of the closed drainage: The most common is the closed drainage (Figure 2.3.3). A drainage device is laid at the bottom of the ditch — drainage Kel 129. Consequently, drainage here is already ambiguous. Other authors are of the opposite opinion: Artificial underground waterways for draining excess soil-groundwater are called drainage Mel 51. Each opinion is more accurate or superior, and can best show the original significance of drainage and drainage — natural and artificial, that is, meliorative — and its development. Better a larger deviation in hydrology than the remaining white spots. 1. Natural or natural drainage Liet. drena is 1. ‘installed drainage pipe line for drainage purposes’- ;’; 2. "drain pipe" means MelŽ. This ambiguity has already been raised (as negative) even in general terminology (theory) works®. However, it is larger in dictionaries than in practice: in the meaning of drain pipe drena is more common only in popular language: Drainažo vamzdžiai, or popularly drenos, is not new in Lithuania. The first were made even in 1855 Feb 199. (In dialects there is also drene, in medical language — drenas.) Rare and tubular drena ŽŪZ (and pipe drainage Sv 1978 16 13). The meaning of drain is much broader — „drain, drainage, drainage channel; leakage’ AŽŪŽ, 1. ‘npenax; Penalty; IpeHaXkHas KaHaBa’; 2., THE FIGHTS; BOXOOTBon“ T'map cn. Accordingly, the broader meanings are also draining —„(nu)drėkinimas; bride; leakage; (iS) stekéjimas; drenažas“ AZUZ and drainage, referring primarily to 1.,,Bomoc6op, Gacceitn®; 2.,peunas cers” (just after 3. „tpemax“- :; 4.,npeHmpoBaHme; ocymenue- “): lake drainage —eodocbop o3zepa, drainage lake —npomounoe ozepo (pring. drainless lake —Geccmounoe o3epo), drainage basin —6odocbopuuiii bacceiir, 6000c60p, lake drainage basin —sodocopmwiii bacceiix o3epa, sink drainage —cmounaa cucmema Tunp ci. Blind | closed drainage is not only openanc, but also 6eccmounwiii 6acceun (see closed basin —1. bacCetin, He umerowull cmoxka 6 mMope; 2. 3aKpbimblū Oacceiin; 3. HenpomMouHslii 6000€M, and inland basin —6eccmountiū 6acceiin) T'unp ci. Finally, the English have autogenetic drainage —Openadxcnas cems, cosoannas camoii pexoii, well drained stream basin —xopowo OpeHuposaumslii peunoii Gacceiin, poorly drained stream basin —caa60 Openupoeannsiii peuroii bacceiin T'map cin. „The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English“ (Fourth Edition Revised by E. McIntosh) drainage aiskina apibendrintai —, draining; system of drains, artificial or natural“. The natural or natural drainage of Lithuanian dictionaries has not yet reached, but it is widely used in specialized literature. Tačiau melioracijos raštuose 36 Žr, Keinys S. Terminologijos abėcėlė. —V., 1980, p. 32. 49 natural land drainage in comparison — with ji su artificial — meaning is usually used Lithuanian equivalent drainage as it is more general. — For example: : The drainage network consists of streams of various ir sizes ditches of various purposes Mail gr 3. Means of draining the territory can be natural (streams, rivers, lakes) artificial ir (ditches, gutters, drains) Mail 39. In hydrogeology, there is. drainage, drainage, drainage. As in land ir reclamation, first of all mention the drainage of the land, that is, the collection of water (plg. English. the river drains the whole conntryside) the diversion of land only by — natural watercourses, e.g. : ir iš Good natural drainage, because the rivers are deeply cut: from the riverbed to “ the watershed 15— 18 m elevation (= difference) Hidrogeol 309. Naturally drained loamy soils M ir G 1978 12 15, natural soil drainage there 16. However, in hydrogeology, ir water drains, that is, breaks the waters of water basins: iš There are many lakes in the (295), district of Trakai, but they 3,30%, occupy only the area of the district. Jų level significantly lowered due to natural drainage Krašt 81. The flow of groundwater usually moves (=flows) towards the lowest elements of the terrain: rivers, streams, ditches, valleys, lakes, ditches, which drain it. 134. When a river or lake drains a pressure aquifer, the piezometric water surface descends to the drainage site, <...> Hidrogeol 164. When the groundwater level is higher than the interlayer water level, then groundwater supplements the interlayer water. This is called natural drainage of groundwater Hidrogeol 144. The natural nature of this process, the spontaneity of it, when the causing factor is not specified, is expressed in the reversible form: The area where the groundwater aquifer approaches the earth's surface and the groundwater pours into the earth's surface is called the groundwater: drainage area Hidrogeol 135. From the examples it becomes clear why the Lithuanian equivalent deusinimas or sausėjimas is not possible here: vandenys cannot drain waters or lands, waters waters (nu)traukia, (nu)leidžia, (nu)plukdo [cfr. engl. to drain into the river —to drain into the river (about a tributary)- ], waters also do not drain, but run off, wash away or spill out. Although groundwaters are often the object of drainage remediation Hidrogeol 131, they are not drained, only the soil is drained — the moisture regime is regulated in them. Sometimes water basins are drained: But we have enough meadows, and the Curonian Lagoon is very dear to us, to allow nature to drain Feb 90. Natural | natural drainage | drainage || drainage is only one part of the water-soil cycle in the earth. It is associated with the opposite process – water feeding. For example: : In temperate to very humid climates, groundwater feeds mainly rivers and other natural surface water bodies, or is drained by a river Hidrogeol 141. The drainage area of the groundwater consists of the sections of the aquifer outlet to the ground surface that are below the feeding area Hidrogeol 158. Lowland marshes or compacted soils are mainly fed by flowing groundwater or interlayer water Hidrogeol 311. The marshes accumulate large water reserves, feed streams, rivers, lakes Mir G 1978 7 36. <...> rivers flowing into lakes are fed only by underground sources <...> T 1980 25 4. Therefore, the rivers of Central Asia —trans-- 50 In Russian there is 6ezmpyO6noitė Openamc Stow tech, but such a term can mean both the general concept of the creeping and crevice drainage, as well as the drainage of stones, bitters, stains, frogs, fashins, as well as both these groups together. There is also combined drainage — komMOunupoeannoiū Openane — “pipe drainage in combination with turning or turning out” MelŽ (also Mel 54— 55, Jan 239). Openanmc Stow tech is interpreted as a combination of underground and vertical drainage. The drill, or drill pit, is also used to install drainage of plastic pipes: Plastic drainage can be installed in a trench and trenchless way. <...> In a non-trenched (= non-trenched) way, the pipes are inserted into a Mel 53 hollow made by a burner. By the way, the making of drainage also belongs to the non-trench*?, Drainage laying (or universal drainage laying and drainage making) machine in Russian is called Opexamcep Slow tech, OpexoykKnaduur —latv. drenu licėjs Lauk teh vard. In Lithuanian it would be drenuotuvas, drenų klotuvas. Therefore, the meaning of drena in Lithuanian has expanded quite recently. It is equivalent to the Russian dpena meaning —"IOJ3eMHEIH HCKYCCTB. BOAOTOK (TpyGa, CKBaxHHA, HOJIOCTL) <...>" Ilojmmrex ci, "NIOJ36MHbIĖ HCKYCCTB. BOJoOTOK (TpyGa, moaocth)“ bC9, VIII 496, although not only mpybuamsie and nosocmmusie (kpomosvie, wWeneebie) Openoi are mentioned, but also c 3anosnumessmu (2pasuiinvie, Gauunnbie) there. So here we are approaching the meaning of drain, which is even broader —including not only “ditch” but also “sewer pipe” (see drain —“channel carrying off liguid, artificial conduit for water, sewage, etc. <...>” The Concise Oxford Dictionary... by E. McIntosh), see drainage, although there is also canalisation (also “drainage — gas, electricity distribution network”) and “sewer installation” and “sewer system”. 3. Drainage and drainage In addition to the above mentioned, there are other, more or less commonly used terms, such as cold, dry, and dry. OPEC is the volume, and drain remained a constant and efficient term. The same applies to drainage. This is how the development of this concept (and the meaning of the term) is reflected in the rusy encyclopedia. [Jpenaxnc —1) ocymenue, 2) cmcreMa KaHaB H TDYG6, HPOJIOKEHHBIX [JIS OCYIIKH TpyHTOB H IOYB, 3) B TeXHHYECKOM JIATEpaType — CIIOCOO OCYLICHHS MyTeM NPOKJaJAKH Ha HEK-pOoif TIJIyOHHe MOA IOBEPXHOCTHIO B3eMJIH CHCTEMbI TI'OHYAPHBIX, JEPEBSHHBIX H Ip. TpyO <...> HIM ycTpoifcTBO TpaHIIe#, 3aMOJHIAEMBIX BOJONPOHHIAEMBIM MaTepHaloM (KaMEHb, XBOPOCT) OHI CeJIbXO3 CII; —‘CETb HOJ3eMHBIX TPYO (Apem)’, though,,apeHaXkHasi CETb MOXET BKJIIOUAaTb B ces H OTKDLITbIE KAaHAJIbi’ BCI, XV. After 20 years BCI; VIII Odpenanic ceavckoxosaiicmeennvix semen is described as ,,cmo- ** That is written: the drained area <...> is not completely covered with a drainage net, it is laid only in the most necessary places (in earth surface depressions) Mel, you 56, shouldn't think there's any drainage above the ground. It's just a — simple thing. "Coating" with a "network" of scientific terms. 57 cob OCYymeHHA 3eMeJIb IPH IIOMOLNIH IIO/Į3€MHbIX HCKYCCTB. BOJOTOKOB —JIpeH", therefore classified as nod3emnbiū, with the special note that "3a rpanuueir (CIA, BemukoOputus) mox JĮ. moHUMarOT 000i BHA OcynIeHHa’. In English, the meaning of drainage (as well as drain) has not changed along with the development of the term. It goes without saying that it could not be otherwise, after all, drainage is drainage. The development of the concept and the system is reflected in the system of species terms, formed with qualificative determinants: open (cut) drain —omkpbimas Opena and blind drain — 3aKpoimas Opena Tunp cn, open (cut) drainage —omxpeuimulii Openane and blind drainage —1. sakpeimuiii Opename (2. Geccmounviii Openannc) | closed drainage — sakpeimulit Openaxc | covered drainage —3axpwuimvlii Openaxc (# indirect drainage —ckpwimuiii Openaxc) Tump cn, surface drainage —paviršinis drenažas AŽŪŽ ir subsurface drainage —3axkpuimuiii Opewadc [plg. subsurface irrigation | subirrigation —nodnou6eennoe opowenue, subterranean irrigation —nodzemroe opoweHie, pring. broad irrigation —noeepxnocmnoe opouienue (and surface irrigation AZUZ) | subdrain —3axpwimeiti Opename (and subdrainage AZUZ) | underdrainage —3axpwimeiti Openadw (and closed drainage AZUZ), internal soil drainage —enympunoueennbiii Operas Tuop cn. As we can see, in the English translation dictionaries drainage is everywhere —dpernaxc (and omxpwimutil), drainage (and superficial). Of course, these are only dosniy authors' valuations, Zodynwords, and not living terms, as well as PolZ surface drainage, "English-Lithuanian Dictionary" (V., 1975) ditch translation —2) drain the soil with open ditches or Armand 50 it is especially important to move from open drainage to closed. In English there is only drainage, and in Lithuanian there are two terms for it: drenažas and sausinimas: Excess moisture from drained areas can be removed by draining them or by draining water from them through ditches, grooves (surface drainage) Pav saus 6. Drainage is only drainage by drainage, and drainage is a method of drainage by removing excess moisture through (closed) waterways (e.g. pipes) MelŽ. From an etymological point of view, the first definition is pleonastic (hidden tautology- ), equating drainage to drainage, the second—too narrow, equivalent only to the concept of closed drainage. It is said about it: "Sometimes it is called drainage in general". O open drainage MelZ explained —1. ‘drainage where the trench is filled to the top with water-permeable material (e.g. gravel)’; 2. “sometimes (rarely) so-called dehydration 48 In the last instance, in the light of the very common polynymy and polysemy of English hydrology terms (see also paras. 5, 19 and 37 above), a reservation must be made. Although this is not considered perfection, it is not an exceptional (perhaps more common) defect of English terminology. Such a deviation is absolutely regular. "VjieajrsHbrit" TEDMHH HOJDKEH ObITb OJIHO3HAUHbIM, HO HA NPAKTHKe HAOJIKOJIAIOTCA ĮIOBOJILHO HacThle CJIY4AH NOOJIKCEMHH BHYTDH OJIHOŽH TEDMHHOCHCTEMEI, OMOHHMHH MEXJIY TEDMHHOCHCTEMAMH, CHHOHHMHHKH, KOTOpas HE BCEr; la MOXET OLITL cBeJIeHa K ĮYOJIETHOCTH, 3MONMOHAJILHO-IKCIOPECHBHON OTMEYEHHOCTH <...>" —says E. Arzumanjanas (Ap3yMaxsan D. P. Min. veik., p. 135). OI. Volnina says directly:,,- OnHOH H3 OcoGOeHHoCcTeit HayJHOH TEDMHHOJIOTHH SBJISeTCA monucemus (Bona una H. B. O cneumduke BaygžEoro craig. —B KH.: SI3bIK H CTHJIL Hay4HON JiaTepaTypsI. TeopeTH4ECKHE H IIpHKJIAJIHGIC npobnemsl. M., 1977, c. 26), although he acknowledges that the text aims at monosemanticism (ibid., p. 32). trenches- ’. However, in reality, the first meaning is not quite accurate (= drainage | drainage with open filling), besides, it is no longer relevant, only historical, and the second meaning is usually used not open drainage, but (surface) drainage (with ditches). Open and surface drainage, as already mentioned, is not a gy as term. In Latvian, the synonym for drainage is not closed drainage, but closed drainage — drenāža, segtū nosusinūšana Lauk teh vard. Specific terms (hyponyms) (closed) drainage and drainage (by ditches) (distinguish between surface drainage “Removal of water from the surface of the earth” and bottom drainage “drainage of peatlands by the entire thickness of the peat bed” MelŽ) the generic name (hyperonym) is drainage: Drainage systems can be open, closed and mixed** Mel 50, cf. open drainage network —open drainage ditches system MelŽ, closed drainage network —drainage system®® MelŽ, or closed (covered) drainage network —drainage Saus 170. Logically, the waterway of any drainage system should be a drainer, but in practice in the open system — drainage there is a ditch, and in the closed one — drainage — drain, and the relative drainer is occasionally used only as a description: In drainage by ditches, the drainers are open grooves, and in the drainage system they are closed (drenos) Dirv mel 18 (style and logic not commented...) or as a systematic dictionaries term: open drainer "drainer ditch" and closed drainer "drainer drain", as well as drainage drainer | drainage drainer MelŽ or open drainer and drainage drainer ŽŪŽ. In practice, the dehumidifier is usually used as the hierarchically lowest element of the drainage network. The higher is the collector, and in the drainage network, the collector applies to the international drainage, although MelŽ and collector try to give a systematic meaning of the relative term: water collector "ditch or drain, where it collects water from drains": ditch-collector and drainage collector see drainage collector | drainage collector. The name of the uppermost element of the network — the drainage and drainage channel | drainage channel | underground collection channel — also differs, as do the non-hierarchical names — trap and trap drain. Thus, the etymology of words ir the development of concepts most clearly ši shows how the bala appeared. The First Angel. drainage value is “drainage”, o drain — ‘drainage waterway- ’. However, "drain" > "drain with filling" > "closed ditch with filling" su (drain) > "closed trench su with pipe" ir ,urvelis® (drain, drena), o “drainage” (drainage, sausinimas) > ‘closed drainage’. Thus, the terminology of ir Lithuanian, like Russian, is complicated, there are ditches and. — drena, drainage ir drainage, in addition, a combination of desynonymized synonyms —pleonasm (hidden, or etymological, tautology) drainage by drainage. It should be assumed that this is a common lendingof the above-menti- *4 Be oned combined drainage some more special ways are in the straightness of several railways: ir drainage by side trenches of the road po Kel 129, 132, pokyuvetic drainage Gelžkel 28 (in Russian there is only nodxiosemnsū ne Open, but not locked ir Openaie Stow tech). 5 But the drainage itself is systemic non-systemir ic MelZ, so it would be a non-systemir atic drainage system. 59 a characteristic of the ir lexical semantic structure of a language that distinguishes it from borrowing languages. Complication gives birth to complication. Ją should be called simply paradoxical, as the meaning of — drainage narrows, the meaning of drainage expands: “drainage waterway” > “melioration waterway”. Unnatural, artificial antonym compounds, so-called oxymorons, or contradictio in adiecto (contradiction in adjective) arise: irrigation drain MelŽ, ŽŪŽ, irrigation drain PolŽ. In addition, the scope of drainage in a narrow sense is expanded — there is drainage irrigation ZUZ, irrigation drainage sluicing Saus 264 (semantically it is a different type than ventilated drainage MelŽ). Etymologically, it would be irrigation dryer, drainage irrigation. These are naturally occurring oxymorons, not like conscious, deeply meaningful poetry-sounding silence, sometimes joy, sweet pain or funny paradoxes, eloquent silence, public secret**. Naming borrowed phenomena is always more difficult than naming your own. The name of the transitional phenomena is even more complicated. While all shops were serviced, we only called them shops, supermarkets, when the form of trade began to change, self-service store appeared (but we did not understand serviced shops, although such a form still exists). While selling from shelves was everywhere, it was just selling, when we started buying from boxes, container selling appeared (although we did not create the antonym shelf selling). But when these innovations are everywhere, the self-service store and the container store will lose their meaning — once again there will be (if only our sense of language does not fail) only the store and the store. So in drying. Only when there are no more ditches—and there will certainly be no more ditches?" 46 The aforementioned oxymoron terms are even more dangerous, that the spread —and, no doubt, the entry into force — of drainage-irrigation systems Saus 266, that is, of mutual (and not double, as Armand 59, T 1978 70 1) moisture regulation systems. Already one of the elements of the irrigation system is the drainage network — it is ditches or drainage, the purpose of which is to remove excess water from the irrigated area after the end of irrigation or during rains Mel 141. Here humidifiers are connected to the drain Mel 165. The worst are: Subsoil irrigation <...> with melting drains Mel 164. The cheapest material for humidifiers —simple 5 or 7.5 cm diameter drain pipes Drėk 148. Complete nonsense is: <...> on rainy days humidifiers replace dehumidifiers Drėk 148 (= humidifiers act as dehumidifiers). Here is the advantage of pipe, tube, conduit over drain, drena. 47 It is unfortunate that the beginning of ditches as underground waterways has been called inaccurately. For example: <...> ditches have become a serious obstacle. <...> The maintenance of the ditches became a kind of burden: <...> Therefore, the idea arose <...> to prepare closed channels T 1976 267 2. Usually the ditches are canalized by meliorators there. Our collective also drains ditches by installing large diameter collectors T 1976 268 2. But here we are not talking about turning a ditch into a canal (and if there were a canal, we would turn the canal into a canal?!), that is, changing the size of the watercourse, but about changing the shape of the watercourse- ’s section — turning the open into the closed. To drain also means to “install sewerage”, and here we have drainage as well. Very strange, totally undisciplined and writing like this: Ditches —under the ground (the title of the message) T 1977 239 1. <...> began to canalize open melioration ditches. Raseiniai meliorators have “hidden” almost 5 kilometers of ditches under the ground. Now every year we hide a hundred kilometers of ditches underground. There are attempts to use the word for this purpose, for example: <...> we plan to close all synonyms maybe a question of competition (without a ditch in the land reclamation, drainage can strengthen the positions of drainage). jų ir Į You can't get out of the water. However, it is necessary to raise, drain the pool, too, without waiting until the drainage ir system of ditches will split. Of course, it's primarily specialists, o ne a matter for linguists. Paradoxes can be resolved in ir two ways. ti Radical, but probably unrealistic would be the elimination jų of drainage — drainage to ir use synonymously. In this case, the opposite of the specific terms would be — systemic: — closed open mixed | drainage drainage ir as a drainage system in combinatisu on with irrigation — system submersible irrigation MelZ | underground irrigation PolZ — surface irrigation MelZ, PolŽ and covered see. closed irrigation system — open irrigation system Lie. Popular could be tubular ir drainage (pipeline) trench drainage ir (grind). If so, you would need a dryer next to the drain. ir A more accurate way of overcoming contradictions is to know — them, to know the history of their origin in depth. jų ir This can help to manage wisely, perhaps to give up the — aforementioned oxymoron terms, to guard against other style anomalies, especially to avoid similar defects in the future. o — 4. Ne meliorative drainage Since the etymological meaning of drainage is “reduction”, the sphere of semantic use of this ka ir term goes beyond the boundaries už of land reclamation. Drainage is only the ne drainage of water only ir ne the drainage of liquids. Deposit ar drainage used in geology “the process of oil leakage from a iš deposit į jį opened well’ TŽ 1969. In mechanical engineering, drainage refers to steam pipe dehydration (Openupoeanue naponposoda Slow tech). The erosion cycle in English terminology is only erosion ne cycle, but drainage cycle ir Tunp cn. In chemistry, drainage Zas — ,cathodic corrosion protection of underground installations’ ChZ. Widely drainage (and drain MedicZ) used in medicine (lot. umoris deductio- ): wound drainage, pulmonary drainage, active drainage, siphon drainage (for pleurisy). In German there is no longer Entwdsserung ("drainage", "sewage", "dehydration- ") and Drainage (Drčinage). open drainage ditches MG 1976 10 6. However, this is very inaccurate — after all, what else does a clogged drainage trench mean Hidrogeol 269 (plg. ir drainage trencher, bulldozer tipper 'T 1976 76 1). It is used to align ir a channel to fill it, e.g. : Currently, | <...>, melioration | channels are being leveled and replaced (= turned) with large diameter closed pipelines, to prevent the intensification of erosion processes in places of blocked channels <...>. LH The channels of the correspondMG 19744 11. <...> ing measure prepared by MMTI are covered and underground waterways T 1980 43 4 are built in their place. It is very inaccurate: on the contrary, first the pipe is laid in the channel, then it is closed, leveled. And this is no sewer: the channels here turn into underground pipelines, not sewers. More precisely: closure by adding concrete pipes Sv 1978 6 5 or replacing the trenches with pipes M and G 1978 9 14. In addition to the aforementioned drainage of ditches (and channels), it could also be suitable ditches, e.g.: covered see closed irrigation system —irrigation system, when water is brought to the irrigation area and distributed by covered waterways (e.g. pipes) MelZ, and ditches. 61 There is also a gas drain. In mining, this is methane removal, demetanization (Openanic memana Stow tech), in aviation — deaeration in general (Openanic Stow tech). In the most distantly related meaning, drainage is used in electrical engineering, e.g.: current — 2. drainage nompeGmenue 3. moka; the omdaua 4. penalty; ymeuka moka Rape M. M.,, CMupuos Ha. Mim. II. 1998-1999 Aurjio-pyccknit CJIOBapb mo 3JIEKTpOXHMHH H KOppo3HH. M., drain 1976; — 2. sxcnayamayuonneiii mok paspada, pedxcum paspada (TanbBaHHYECKOTO 5JIeMeHTa); 3. nompebaenue moka the same ir o1eKmpuweckull openadc drenaz electric urzqdzeri underground — Stow tech, Openuposanue moka current draining, current — draining Stow tech. Angl. drain also has a meaning “(the waste of the country’s assets; funds; forces); (health) deterioration’ [prieSingai, fr. drainer — „accumulate, seize (capitals)“]and the phrase brain drain brain drain — (For this meaning, see : Iš The Lithuanian — exiles lost a quarter of their healthy, young blood through emigration). Liet. drain metaphorical usage is not very new, e.g. : ir Someone has said that ambition drains all other feelings, like alcohol drains a vitamin complex — from an B organism. są iš L ir M 197599, Dar 1932 m. Members of the Prague Linguistics Club, which provided the strongest theoretical foundations for language culture B. Havranekas ir V. Matthew wrote on behalf of all his associates: “Linguistic theory supports the creation of terminology very effectively, ir this work is over”**. The theory of semantics is be particularly important for the study of terms. In the initial stage of structural linguistics, when the method was only being developed and tested on the ir basis of the ir most elementary structures (phonology), semantics had neither time nor strength, and its role was often deliberately minimized or even ignored (for example, American descriptivism). In recent years, the situation has changed for the better. ar į Jau 1963 m. V. Ivanov in the article "Some Problemas of Modern Linguistics" among the seven fifth pointed to the description of meaning. The study of meaning in the world linguistics is increasingly persistently placed in the position of the main į task of language analysis. This will have been influenced by the ir general (philosophical) and logical semantics. You can no longer play hide and su seek with ir meaning to explore language structures, despite semantic — problems, says R. Jakobson in the article "Verbal (linguistic) communication" (1972). A Viable Theory of Semantic Structure Is Necessary for General Theory of Language, in — the book "Meaning ir Language Structure" (Russian). k. 1975) says V. Cheif. The problem of meaning is now a general — scientific, my V. Koduchovas. XII International Congress of Linguists V. Mažiulis says: the most urgent problem at the congress was semantics. However, ne one J. Laennec believes that no one has yet provided a satisfactory theory of intelligent semantics. ir Semantics studies are characterized by a variety of methods. Structural semantics is ir already in place. Component analysis is also used in etymology. Structurally, it is an attempt to support the long-established field theory. In general, the semantic, onomatopoeic approach prevails o ne į (and especially vocabulary). Jį supported by ir the gradually developing long-standing * Allgemeine Basic principles of Language culture. — In: Fundamentals of Language culture. Contributors of the Prager Linguistik zur Language theory and Language care. Berlin, TI. 1976, 1, S. 84. 62 Theory and practice of ideographic (semantic) lexicography. The renaissance of semantics is also strengthened by the revival of linguistic typology (probably also stimulated by the achievements of structural linguistics). With a greatly revived interest in nomination (naming), its motivation (justification, meaning-giving and re-meaning of naming), the internal form of the word, the relationship between realities and words, these questions are being explored on a broader and more general basis: the motivation of lexical and semantic groupings (in one language or several, even near non-nominative languages) is being studied, its typology — universalities, analogies and specificity — is being sought. These questions are not only theoretically vitally relevant for terminology as part of lexicology and one of the most important determinants of the future of language. Especially in the numerous (Russian, Latvian, Lithuanian) studies of folk terminology (which certainly outperform the quality of the terminology of science and technology), the critically evaluated experience of the School of Words and Things (Worter und Sachen) (H. Šuchardtas, R. Meringeris and others) is used fruitfully, which developed a synthetic method — not comparative, but cross-interpretation of language and ethnography, history, archaeology facts, parallel etymological (traditional, classical understanding of the reconstruction of the root or etymon) and historical and cultural research, linked the history of the word with the geography of the word (comparison of isophragms with isoglosses- ), perfected two operations of onomastics — the study of word creation (searching for reasons for naming an object) and word usage (following the further semantic fate of the word)"*?. It is true that the so-called denotation (onomasiological) words representing objects form the marginality of the vocabulary, its hottest part (relics, archaisms, ethnographisms, historisms, dialectisms, neologisms), now more promising and fruitful are the studies of designation (semantic) lexicon, long-lived, multi-meaning, universal nodal (core) culture words (SchlūBelworter, kirouessie cosa) (E. Benvenistas, R. Budagovas- )*?. However, nomenclature constitutes a large part of terminology, and the methodology and theory of its study is an urgent task. The interpretation of the meanings and meanings of terms, their nuances and variations is very tricky, but necessary. It is very relevant in practice. Half a century ago, A. Pieškovskis wrote: “I ask you to remember how much time is spent in our disputes on truly explaining the truth, and how much on clarifying verbal misunderstandings, on agreeing on what words mean <...> —and the reader will agree with me that the difficulties of understanding are an indispensable companion of cultured literary speech… The savages simply ‘talk’, and we still want to say something. Everyone fully understands only his own language." This is where the whole philology came from. More than three centuries ago, the author of the first Lithuanian grammar, Daniel Klein, remarked: “4* Tasamc B. II. K Bonpocy Mecra H 3HauHMOCTH HanpaPJ)IeKHHA,,C0Ba H BEI B HCTODHH JIMHTBHCTHKH. - B x H. : PoManckoe H repManckoe s3biko3HaHHe. —Munck, 1977, Bb. 7, c. 105—106, 108—109, 50 Third-generation (French) structuralism (K. Levi-Strauss, R. Barth, J. Lacan, M. Foucault) goes even further —in its methodology of science it assigns to the word 3 functions—of the object of knowledge, of the justification (method) of knowledge, of the means of knowledge (cf. AeTonomosa A. C. GunocogdaerHe IrHpoOJIiEeMLI CTpyKTYpHOTO aHajiHM3a B ryMaHHTapHbIX Haykax. —M., 1977, c. 243, This —lingvocentrism, the overestimation of the role of language as an “immediate reality of thought” (K. Marx), “sign fetishism”, the absolutization of the linguistic symbolic aspect of culture (see ibid., pp. 251—232), requires that the understanding and the fine composition of words be preceded by the knowledge and use of objects. And as much as the words are erroneous, so the thing itself ceases; <...>. We have to agree on the words in 63 advance, and then even easier and happier, without crashing into rocks, without the risk of crashing, will be the future sailing across the ocean.” Here we tried to clarify a small section of that swimming course. It is more complicated than it immediately seemed. “The terminology of every branch of science is characterized by a fundamental contradiction – the contradiction between the systematic nature of terminology and the historicity of its formation. The term system reflects the system of scientific concepts. This is what makes thermalism šį systematic. But the development of science, new discoveries change the old system of concepts, scientific concepts acquire new relationships. The scope of the concept, its nature changes, and the words and names remain unchanged for some time. This forces the old system of terms to change, leading to a discrepancy between old and new terms”*?, This is also evident from the composition of the article. The subjective connections are deliberately repeated in some places, elsewhere, on the contrary, and with great effort they remain thin and stretched, although otherwise real. It is not possible to achieve a linear composition here, rather resembles a hydrographic network with winding streams, swirling thresholds. ji su ir The terminology errors may seem a little exaggerated. However, this was intended only to highlight them, make them more understandable, not bigger. Only in this way, it seems, is it possible to seek its correction and improvement. Development of the system of basic melioration terms (internal, intralinguistic, ir international, interlinguistic) analysis allows to draw one more general ir conclusion of terminology theory: terminology, although a specific branch of lexicology, although specially treated, obeys the general laws of semantics, does not avoid polysemy, synonymy, pleonasms, oxymorons and other true alleged defects. ir ir Brief conclusions 1. Melioration is an international word, but in some languages its usual meaning of "major land improvement" is used by other internationalisms (French bonification, améléoration...- ), values ju (English) betterment) or completely different terms (English) reclamation, improvement...). All of them are ambiguous. ir Į This open system of terms, by the way, includes new members: the third word from the Latin adjective bonus, melior, optimus —optimization and the antonyms deterioration and pejoration. 2. It is a universal term used in many other fields, such as ir linguistics, philosophy, fisheries, — forestry, climatology, and ecology. 3. The notion and term of agricultural land reclamation is of extensive content. Even some of its components are used with the mark meliorative — plowing, fertilization. The main types of land reclamation are drainage (and drainage) and irrigation | irrigation. 4. The plural is used unnecessarily (and inconsistently) to indicate the totality of types of melioration. ** Murxosuau B. A. O cjioBape HoBoH JIKHTBHCTH4eCKOH TepMHHOJIOTHH. - B kH. : JiunrBuCTH4eCKAaA TEDMHHOJIOTHA HM NpHKJIaJIHas TONOHOMACTHKAa. M., 1964, c. 33. 5. The melioration ir has Lithuanian value improvement, but it is not completely adequate, thermally ir viable. 6. the use of melioration and its hyponyms drainage, irrigation has functional shortcomings (pleonasmes, hyperonyms instead of hyponyms). The more universal and vague the term, the more prominent and frequent, the more errors in its use. 7.The separation of drainage and drainage is not natural, but only historically established traditionalir ly maintained. 8. drainage (drainage) is artificial and natural, or natural (and drainage, drainage, as well as dryness). The opposite of natural drainage is feeding (irrigation, as well as wetting). 9.Drena is an artificial drainage waterway: in English (drain) — any, in Lithuanian (and Russian) — only underground covered. This difference is due to the fact that drainage, which spread from England, became more widespread in Lithuania when the predominant type of drainage watercourse was not a ditch, but an underground pipe (or a line of pipes). 10. Similar is the narrowing of the concept of drainage: English drainage is any drainage, lit. drenažas — closed underground drainage, and open — direct drainage or drainage by ditches (the latter term gives rise to the antonym drainage by drainage). The system of genus and species terms in Lithuanian is complicated and logically not without flaws (there are pleonasms). 11. This led to a real paradox: the concept of drainage narrowed, the meaning of drainage widened: “drainage (underground) waterway” — “(underground) land reclamation waterway”, e.g.: irrigation drain. Next to this oxymoron, even drainage irrigation appears. 12. This duplication of the system will disappear when there are no ditches in the land reclamation. But then the question of the synonymy of drainage and drainage, more precisely, their duplication and competition, will arise. Replacing trenches with drains can defeat drainage. For the same reason, it will be difficult to get rid of and irrigation drainage, drainage irrigation. Once lost perfection is hard to regain. Abbreviations Agr — Basics of Agronomy. —V., 1973. Armand —Armandas D. For us and our grandchildren. —V., 1967. Plant —Dereškevičius K., Subačienė A., Tuminas A. Plant cultivation. —V., 1972. Autekel —Motorways and their operation /Red. E. Palšaitis. — V., AŽŪŽ 1954. —Dictionary of English-Lithuanian Agricultural Terms / Compiled by D. Čeponienė, R. Gelūnienė, J. Kazėnas, R. Kelbauskienė (editor). —V., General forestry —Kolpikov M. General 1977, forestry. —K., 1948. BC3; XV —Bonemas Coserckas OJOuumximomemus. Man. 2.—M., T. 15, 1952. 3. 1019 65 BCD, VIII BZ I and II Russian-- Lithuanian Mail Service Drék DZ, DZ, OK reorp Exp DHHO CelbX03 CII DRINKKEIJIMIEroz Galv Gelzkel GeogrZ GeolZ I'mop cn Live Others Gyvul Hydrogeology Hidrogeol pagr Hydrologists Hidromet vard Kel KomT Krast ‘QC Green tea onion LF III Liet Lira M LKŽ LKŽ K LTE I MedicŽ MedŽ 66 Bonsmas Coserck Oamaxnonen. Max. 3. —M., V. Galinis. —V., 1967, 1. 8, 1972. Dictionary /Prepared by V. Baronas, ChZ vol. 1 and 2. Dictionary of Chemistry. —V., 1960. Čeičys J. Soil melioration. — Dictiona1951. Dirsė A., Ziberskas J. Irrigation. —V., 1967. ry of Modern Lithuanian Language. —V., 1954. Dictionary of Modern English. —V., 1972. AnaesB S. E. DKOHOMHEKO-Ireorpadu3seckas1 TEDMHHOnoras, —M., 1977. Astrauskas J. et al. Operation of the machine-- tractor fleet. —V., 1972. ELeCKHĖ CEJILCKOXOBSHCTBERHLIHO CIIOBADLcnpaBOuHHK (kpatkmii). —M., 1959. Soil Erosion. —V., 1971. Galvydis J. Why and how did people begin to believe? — V., 1978. Aksionovas I., Sujazovas I. Handbook for the study of the rules of technical operation of railways of the TSR Union. —V., 1955. Agapovas S., Sokolovas S., Tichomirovas D. and others. Dictionary of Geography. —K., 1972. Dictionary of Geology and Physical Geography. —V., 1956. Aurjio-pycckužū THHDpOJIOTH3eCKHH —CJIOBAp1966. b. —M., Pabijanskas A. Anatomy of Agricultural Animals. — V., Basics 1967. of Animal Husbandry. —V., 1952. Kinderis Z. Hydrogeology and sedimentology. —V., 1974. Baltic Sea Hydrogeology. — V., 1979, Poška A. Hydrology and Hydrometry. —V., 1976. Hydrometeorology. —Riga, 1976. Lukošiūnas S. et al. Road construction. —V., 1972, t. 2. The truth of communism. Basalykas A. Lietuvos TSR kraštovaizdis, —V., 1977. Talking Vilnius. Glossary of Agricultural Machinery Terms. 1974, —Riga, Lithuanian SSR flora. —V., 1961, t. 3. Watering of agricultural crops. —V. ; 1972. Literature and art. Dictionary of the English Language. V., 1956-1978, vols. 1-11 (and its abbreviations). Lithuanian language dictionary. Soviet Encyclopedia. —V., 1976, t. 1. Dictionary of Medical Terms. —V., 1980. Explanatory glossary of woodworking termsV., 1971.