Социолингвистическое исследование литовской речи коренных вильнюсцев

KALBU KONTAKTAI LIETUVOS TSR LIETUVIU KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XXIII (1983) JIAMMA TPYMAIEHE COIMOJMHTBUCTHYECKOE MCCIEXOBAHHE JIMT OBCKOU PEYM KOPEHHBIX BHJIBHIOCHEB Bsenenue. Topomckas pews papHaGenbua, 9TO ycoxHAeT anamH3 ee. CyieyeT OTMeTHTb, 4TO BapHaOeNbHOCTh A3bIKa B WeOM — CBOMCTBO MOCTOMHHOe H IIposBJIAeTCH B CIOCOOHOCTH K BaPpbHpOB@aHHIO ASBIKOBBIX CpeACTB (cp.: CxBopwos JI. V., 1978, c. 22), BEIpaxkaa %KH3HEHHOCTS s3bIka. IIpu u3y4eHHM A3EIKOBOTO BapbHPOBaHUA B KayecTBe OTMpaBHOrO OObeKTa BBICTyMaeT MAHOICKT (Crenanos IT. B., 1979, c. 13-14). Tompko ompezenmB rpaHubl BApbupoBaHAA B ped HHIMBUa, MOKHO MpHHATKCA 3a CllelMdM4ecKy!0 MOCTaHOBKy TaKOH JIMHTBHCTH- ‘yecKoli 3a!a4H, Kak M3yYeHHe A3bIKa KOJWMEKTHBA B e0M (Ipocce P., HoiiGepr A., 1976, c. 316). : Pew HHIMBHa MOXeT BaPbUpOBATb B Mpefeax HOPMbI HeKoero rpymimoBoro WJM KOJWIEKTHBHOFO MHBApuaHTa, B Upeyenax ompeseseHHOM COUMaJILHO-KOMMYHHKaTHBHOi Hoycuctemsr / TepMun A. J. Upeiimepa (1976, c. 76—77)/, Tak Kak HOIDKHa TOXYHHSATECA 3aKOHaM KOMMyHHKalMM. Ho He cylllecTByeT TaKHX COIHaJIbHOKOMMYHHKATHBHBIX CHCTEM, JI KOTOpBIX He OEIIO GI XApakTepHO OMpeeseHHOe BapbupOBaHHe, Tak Kak ,,HaJIMYHe BapHaHTOB M TeTepOreHHbIX CTPyKTyp B yxe W3YYCHHBIX PeYeBLIX KOJWICKTHBAX ABNIACTCH, PASYMeeTCA, TBEPMO YCTAHOBJICHHbIM ¢baxrom“ (Weinreich U., Labov W., Herzog M., 1968, p. 101). JlanHoe nonoxenue oObscusetca pelicrsHeM OOBEKTHBHBIX HA CYObeKTHBHBIX -PakTOpoB Kak COMMaJIbHOrO, Tak H 4HCTO JMATBMCTHYeCKOrO TWiaHa, pH passM4HEIX OOCTOSTeBCTBaX NoBepraromuxca akTuBu3aMM (Jemepues FO. J]., 1977, c. 127—187; Jla6oxs Y., 1975a, c. 96— 181; Tlocropasosa B. U., 1978, c. 148-156; Cepe6penuukos Bb. A., 1974, c. 7—63). Tlonstwe commonwursuctuyeckoi mepemMeHHow, OGocHoBaHHe KOTOporo coHepxutca B padotax Y. Jla6osa, o6oOmaeT mMHrBUCTHYeCKHit u COMMAambHbI TiaH WCCIemyeMoro MaTepHasia: CONMOJIMHTBACTHYeCKHe TepeMeHHBIe ,,ompesieJIMOTCH TOYKOH OTCHeTa H UiKajlol BeNMYHH, HSMeCHAIONIMXCH B OMpeeieHHOM HalpaBienuu. Besm4uMHbI B Upeyewax 9THX WIKa JeTepMMHMpyIOTCA COMMAIbHBIMu dbakTopaMu ToZ06HO ToMy, Kak (poHOOrMYecKkHe OKpyxeHHA OOycIOBIMBAIOT cboneTu4eckyio pearM3anuro anodponos (Mseituep A. J]., 1976, c. 35). Monarne CONMMOJIMATBUCTHYeCKOH TepeMeHHOM MpuMeHAeTCA mM yclemHO paspabaTEIBacTca BO MHOFHX Tpy#aX COIMMOJIMHTBHCTHYeCKOM TeMaTHKH. Vsyyenve BapbupopaHud pew OlpeyemeHHorO peyeBoro KOJICKTHBa pH 10MOUIM COUMOJIMHTBHCTHYeCcKOH MeTONMKH Upefiiowaraer cOlUMOMHMHTBHCTHYeCKOe 62 ‘MCTONKOBAHHE BAPbAPOBAHUA AZbIKA, KOTOPOe HAXOJMT CBOE BbIPAKeHHe B OTHOCHTCIbHOM pa3rpaHHYeHHM ero cTpaTHpHKanHOHHOM uM CHTyaTHBHOH BapHaTHBwoctu (Iseimep A. J]., Huxonpexnit JI. b., 1978, c. 76—85). Cnenyer akuenrupoBaTb OTHOCHTCJIBHOCTL pa3rpaHH4eHuA aHHBbIX BHJIOB BAPbMpOBaHAA, Tak KaK MCxKTy HUM HaOmogaeTcA TecHat B3aMMOCcBs3b. UMeHHo yyeT onocpexcTByrouleit pou yHOM#AHYTOM CHTyaTHBHOK BapHaTHBHOCTH MO3BONACT wu36exKaTb ByJbrapH3aTopckoit WHTepmpeTalMH BO3selicTBHA Ha AZbIK COMMAaIbHEIX (axTopos. Pa3TpaHvyeHHe yKa3aHHbIX BHAOB BapbMpPOBaHHA H3bIKa YIMTbIBACT H COOTHOMIeHHE B HEM MHAWBHAyAsIbHbIX M COUMAIbHBIX :bakTOPOB empanee 06 9ToM cM.: Makosckuit M. M., 1976). STHM ABYM BAaM BapbHpoBaHHA A3bIKa COOTBETCTBY€T BapbHpoBaHHe ABYX BHJIOB COMMOJIMHIBUCTHYeCKHX TepeMeHHBIX: CTpaTHHKalMOHHBIX H CHTYaTHBHbIX (um crpaTHdukalMoHHo-cHTyaTHBHEIX). CrpaTuukalMoHHBle TepeMeHHbIe BbIeNMOTCA B COOTHOIeHHH Cc COMMasbHO-KaccoBolt cTpyKtypoH oGmlecrBa, a CTpaTHuKalHOHHO-cHTyaTHBHble H3MeHAIOTCA HM B COOTHOMeHHH C COlMasIbHOK CTpykTypoit oGulecTBa, H B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT conManbHOi curyanuu. Uccneqopanne ‘COlMaIbHO CHTyalMM WpesnoNaraeT w3y4eHHe WByYX BULOB IMIIMpWYECKOrO MaTepHasa: T.H. AaHHbIX OObeKTMBHOI U cyObeKTHBHOM CTOpoH s3bIKa. Yuet cyObex- ‘THBHOM CTOpOHEI (T.e. MHeHHIi, ONeHOK, cyxMeHUM, OpHeHTalMit HOCHTeNel A3bIKa mo noposly cBoet co6cTBeHHOM peywH WIK pew Mpyrux, onpeseseHuii NeHHOcTHOI OpveHTaumM B OONaCTH A3bIKa H A3EIKOBOM HOPMBbI) FOTOBUT MOYBy AA W10,O- ‘TBOPHOTO IIpHMeHEHHA COMMOMMHTBUCTHYCCKMX MpaBHJI, a TEM CaMBIM H It pacKPbITHA OCHOBHEIX (PAkTOpoB (KaK JIMHTBUCTHYeCKOrO, TaK HM COlMabHOTO Tana), BUMAIOUIEX Ha BOJOUMIO A3bIKa. TonbKo pH TWlaTesIbHOM H3yyeHuM cyObeKTMBHOI CTOpoHEI A3bIKa H COOTHE- ‘CCHHH JaHHBIX STOrO WiaHa C MaHHbIMM OObeKTHBHOM CTOPOHI A3bIKa CTaHOBHTCA BO3MOXHOI HHTepipeTauMA Mepexofa CTpaTHHKalMOHHBIX MepeMeHHLIX B CTpa- ‘TudukalMOHHO-cuTyaTHBHEIe. [Ipospienue MocieqHUX cBaA3aHO C CO3HAaTeJIbHOIt earTeswbHOCTbIO YesoBeKa B OOMACTH A3bIKa, T.e. C IeHHOCTHOM OpHeHTalueii u ‘COUMAJIbBHLIMH yCTaHOBKaMH. CosHatTenbHadt AeaTebHOCTh B OOMACTH A3bIKa BCer a COOTHOCHTCA C NOHATHEM s3bIkKOBOit HOpMBI. [[pezctapleHue O TOM, YTO MeHa 9THX HOPM IIpOHCXOAUT O4eHb MemeHHo, cTao mpuBErHbiM. Ho ene B 1931 r. E. [losmpanos nucan, yro Takoe mpeyictapyeHue MoxeT Opith yTouHeHO, ecum HaOMOMAaTb XOX ASbIKOBO 9BOMOTHM B OTJCUbHRIX 3BEHbAX TpAMMATHYCCKO CHCTeMBI ,,BILIOTHYIO“, C TOMOLIbIO BePOATHOCTHO-CTATHCTHYeCKOTO MeTONa, PasyMeeTCs, B TeX CyyasHX, Kora cpakTsI MOCTYNHEI Takoro poza Ha6mozeHumM (Monmsanos E., 1931, c. 75—76). O Heo6XOMMMOCTH OCBOCHHA MeXaHH3Ma 9BOJIIOUMH A3bIKa IPH HOPMHPOBaHHH TMUyT w pyrue smarsuctet (Kocromapos B. I., Hlsapuxond B. C., 1965, c. 126). TombKo TIpH YCOBHM BCeCTOPOHHerO M3YYeHU MeXAaHH3Ma ASIKOBLIX H3MCHCHUI CTaHOBUTCH BO3MOXKHBIM CBOeBpeMeHHOe H Goylee OObeKTHBHOe pellieHHe mpoOnemsr HOpMupoBaHHs, T.e. KOMMuKAaNMU A3bIKa, KOTOPOe MpeAycMaTpuBaso OI ompeQeueHHYy!0 3aBMCHMOCTb BHYTPHCHCTeMHEIX M3MCHeHHt OT pa3BHTHt YaCTHBIX KOMMYHHKAaUHOHHEIX (byHkunii s3b1KoB (Jlemepues IO. JI., 1966, c. 235—239). 63 VimenHo BpiapsieHve CONMONMHTBHCTHYeCKHX HOpM (HuxospcKnii JI. B., 1976, c. 129-130) mpemmonaraeT yueT B3aNMOselicrBHA B ASKIKOBOM pa3BUTHH T.H. »BHEIIHHX H ,,BHYTPCHHHX (bakTOpOB, PacCMOTpeHHe JHHTBHCTHYECKHX (baKTOB HE TONbKO OObeKTHBHOTO, HO u CyObCKTHBHOTO XapakTepa, ycTaHOBNeHHe UX B3anMocBs3H. IlosToMy CONMONHHIBHCTHYeCKOe M3yYeHHe pa3roBopHOlt peun BaXKHO He TOMbKO Dt ONpeeNeHAA CHCTEMBI JIMTOBCKOTO A3bIKa %KUTENeH Topona Busbutoca, HO 1 B ONpeveeHHO Mepe At HambHelMero mporlecca HopMupoBaHHA H KOMM@uKauHH HTOBCKOTO WHTepaTypHOTO A3bIKa. ‘ AktTyaJbHO mpo6seMoi JHHTBHCTHKH, Kak HM BCeli HayKH B eJIOM, ABIIAeTCH paspa6orka u OcmbIcieHHe Mpoulezyp O6ocHOBaHHA Hay4HOrO 3HAHUS, B YaCTHOCTH, mpo6nema foctaTrouxoctu o6ocHoBaHHii pH NoATBepxeHuu TuTOTe3 (IlocroBasiosa B. V., 1980, c. 89), non60p, BbiGop u oTGop sMmmpHuecKHx bakTOB H OCHOBBI WX IPOTHBONOCTAaBNeHHA HIM ConocTaBeHus (Bell R., 1978, p. 123-156). IIpH usyyeHuu s3bIkKa Kak (YHKIUMOHAIbHOH CHCTeMBI O HaABHTalouEXcs 13MCHCHHSX CHTHAIM3HpyeT HaNMWHe .,cHaObIx TO¥eK“ a3BIKa (TepMuH >. Kocepny, 1963, c. 238—239), T.e. HecooTBeTcTBHa Mexyy noTpeOHocTamH BEIPaxkeHHA H HaswIMYHBIMH CpesicTBaMu Bbipaxenus. B nowcKe ,,cnaOprx ToueK a3bIkKa MOxeT 6ObITh IPWMeHeH 1 CTaTHCTHKO-BEpOATHOCTHBIN MeToy. Jlaxe npeznonaraetca, B YaCTHOCTH, YTO C NOMOLIbIO CTATUCTHYCCKOTO aHAaNH3a MOTYT CTaBHTECA Hi pemaTsca Takue 3ayaun: 1) mpo6mema aOcomotHoro yaTuposaHns H3MeHeHHi, 2) ucuncleHHe TeMnloB H3MeHeHHI, 3) npoOmema MporHo3sHposanns (I paysuua JI. K., 1980, c. 132). Pon cTaTHcTu4eckoro MeTOa B HayKe O s3bIKe OTMeYANAck ele B TIPOUWLWIOM Beke, Halip., B paGoTax M. Bonysxa ze Kyptene. Ho mpumenenne MaTematuuecknx MeTOZOB B COMMAIBHBIX HayKax (9TO OTHOCHTCH M K H3YYeHHIO A3bIKa B CONMMONMHTBHCTHYECKOM acliekTe) BCTpeyaeT PAA TpyHOCTell, KOTOpBIe MPOHCXOMAT OT CHOXKHOCTH COUMANbHBIX ABIeHHM, a Take OT TOTO, YTO U3yYeHHIO MomBepraetca He TONbKO OOBEKTHBHAS, HO H cyGbeKTHBHAA cTOpoHa sBNeHHA, BbIpaxkeHue (bakToB KoTOpoii B KomM4ecTBeHHOH hopme TpeOyeT paspaSorKH chelManBHOTO MaTeMaTHweckoro ammapata. InapHad TpyHOcTb 3aKNOYaeTCH B TOM, 4TO TlOporo npuxoABTCH MMCTb [esO0 C KOPOTKHMH CTaTHCTMYecKHMH psy{aMu, a yBepeHHOcTH, WTO SHAYHTeIbHad YacTh HaOMOMaeMoro He co3qaHa BOOOpaxkeHHeM caMHX Ha6monateneii, Het (cp. Annpees 9. I., Ocunon I. B., 1973, c. 339). Tipumenenue MatematTw4eckux MeTOOB B JIMATBHCTHYeCKHX uccyieqoBaHHax pacticHuBaeTca 10-pasHomy. MM sto ecTecrseHHo, Tak Kak OHH Tl0-pa3HOMYy H IIpHMeHmoTcs. BecbMa OTpullaTesbHO 10 NoBogy npaMeHeHud MaTeMaTH4ecKHX MeTOHOB B NHHIBACTHKE BEICKA3bIBACTCA CpaBHUTebHO HEMHOTO JIMHTBHCTOB, Hamp., H. C. Tpy6enxoit (1960, c. 18), P. A. Bynaros (1978, c. 40-42) u up. Topasyzo Comite chermasmctos upuylepxuBatotcs UPOTHBONMOMOXHOTO MHeHEA, cormacHo KOTOPOMY JIHHTBHCTHKa ,,He MOXET CeOa CBA3EIBATh Pa3 HM HaBcerya 3alaHHEIMH HCcHeHOBATeIbCKUMM MeToamu“ (3BeruAues B. A., 1977, c. 46). 1. Convonmursuctuyeckag xXapakTepuctuka o6texkta. O6snextom HaCTOAMETO HCCle{OBaHA ABIAeTCA COMMANbHO-KOMMYHUKATUBHAS CHCTeMa (CKC) TATOBCKOH pew KOJNeKTHBa KOpeHHEIX NHTOBUEB BusibHIOcueB (JIPKJIB) (Ilseit64 uep A. J., Huxonscxnit JI. b., 1978, c. 67—76). KonkpetuHbim mpeaqmMeTom HCCNeOBaHMA NOCIYKU OAMH M3 KOMMOHeHTOB WaHHOii CKC — muToscKas peub wecnenyemMoro kosmexTupa. Tak Kak Mexay KomMmoHeHTamu CKC cymlecTBy10T OTHOWEeHHA (PYHKUMOHAbHOM MONONHUTeEIBHOCTH, KOTOPbIe 3aatoTCA COUMAasIbHBIMH CBA3AMM Mey “WieHaMM KOJWIeKTHBa, ccbepaMM HCHONb30BaHUA, COWMAIbHBIMH (byYHKUMAMM HM COWMAbHBIMM CHTYallMAMH, B UeOM, B TOM HIM Apyrom acmektTe u3y4anacb Bca CKC pevesoro KOJeKTHBa KOPCHHBIX JIMTOBUEB BHJIbHIOCIEB. C wenbio onpedeneHia HeKOTOpbIX 3aKOHOMepHOCTeii H TeHJeHUM cTpaTHduKaUHMOHHOM WM CHTyaTHBHOM BapwaTuBHocTH JIPKJIB peyesoii konnekTHB Opi pa3s6uT Ha pevesbie OOMIHOCTH Ha OCHOBe COUMAIbHbIX HM COMMAasIbHO-emMorpacpHyeckux MpH3HakoB (Tam xe, c. 67—68). B nacToaulem uccreqosaHuu ObIIM BbIfeweHbI peyeBbie OOWIHOCTH Ha OCHOBe BYX NpH3HaKOB: BO3pacTa H ypoBHA oGpa3zoBaHus. Ilo paspaboTasHoMy many MccileoBaHHA DOMxKeH Ob y4HTbIBATbCA TIpPH3HAaK XapakTepa Tpya, Tak kak WMeHHO JaHHBbIii NpH3HaK ABIAeTCA OCHOBONOararoulMM KpuTepHeM BHYTpeHHeit audpepexuvaunn COUMANBHO-KaCcCOBbIX IpyI B YCNOBHAX pa3BUTOrO comMasHucTuyeckoro o6utectBa (cp. B KH.: HikaparaH O. W., PykaBuunuxos B. O., 1974,- c. 38). Pasmmuua no pozy Tpyta (usnueckuit, yMcTBeHHBIi TpyX cpaBHUTesIbHO ‘ HEBLICOKOM KBaNMHKAaNMH H BbICOKOKBaIMHUMpOBAHHbI YyMCTBeHHEI Tpyl), HMeFOulMe CBOeH OCHOBOM pa3mM4HA B XapakTepe Tpywa (Pyrkesuy M. H., 1972, c. 13), NepBOHaYaNbHO YYHTHIBAINCh H B HACTOALIEM HCCICXOBaHHH,"HO B KOHEYHOM cueTe BCTaa abTepHaTHBa: HIM OTKA3aTbCA OT yHeTa IpH3Haka XapakTepa TpyJa, HIM 3HA4HTeEIbHO yBeIHYHTb OObeM BEIOOpKH. Bein “u36paH nepsbiii nyTb (cp.: 3apaspompicuios A. T., 1969, c. 186—187). B wacTosmiem nccneqoOBaHHM BBIZewa¥OTCH TPH BO3pacTHbIe rpynner: 1) pomuBuMeca Zo 1932 r.; 2) pomnBmmMeca B 1932—1952 rr.; 3) ponmpmmeca B 1953 r. u No3sxKe (cp.: Cpe BO3pacTHBIX LWIKas, pekomenayempix MCM AH CCCP, coxepxutes tpexypopHespan wikana: 1) fo 19 net, 2) 20—39 net, 3) 40—79 ner (.,.9Kcnept-2", 1974, c. 3)). B wacrosilleM uccueqoBaHuH peeBaHTHEIMM CYHTaHOTCA ABa ypoBHa OOpa3oBanus: 1) HEOKOHYeHHOe CpeqHee, cpewHee H CpeaHee cneuHanbHoe: 2) HeOKOHYeHHoe BBIcUIee M BbICHee (GoNee ZpoOHAaA KNaccHuKaluA TakKxKe TpeOoBana yBenHyeHHa OObeMa BEIGOpKH). Tipo6ema o6tema BEISopKH 3aBHCHT OT NpoOreMb! CAHHUIUbI aHaIU3a M eQHHHubi cyeta (Agos B. A., 1968, c. 174—177). B kayecTBe equHHI aHasM3a B ZaHHOM HcceHOBAaHHH BbICTyMaIoT: 1) OTMeNbHbIe COMMONHHTBHCTHYeCKHe TepeMeHHBIe, Halip., COBOKYMHOCTb BapHaHTOB HeyWapHBix 7, é, d, 7 B KOHEYHO! NO3SHUHH HH COBOKYIMHOCTh BapHaHTOB HeylapHbIx ie, vo B HHT€PKOHCOHAHTHOM No3HIMH H T.0.; 2) MHeHHA H CykKeHuA MpelctaBuTeneli w3yyaemMoro peyeBOro KOJWIeKTHBA © cBoeit co6cTBeHHOii pew. B kayecTBe CRHHMIL CYeTa OKa3aJIHCb LWIKasIMpOBaHHBIe 3HAYeHHA COMMONMHTBUCTHYeCKHX MePeMeHHBIX WIM Cy*KTeHHI, BLIOOp asibTepHaHTOB HIM HauMuMe/oTcyTCTBHe H3yYaeMOlt eAMHHUbI B enOM. BuiGopKa oKa3aslacb dpycToponHeii — oTOupasMch A3bIKOBbIC CNMHHUbI H OGcHeTOBaHCh rpyrbt J0Heli, moxTOMy 4HcO KpuTepHeB OOtema BEIGOpKH ObLIO yBeJIMYeHO: B MepBylo O4epedb YIHTEIBAIMCh KPHTepuH Wa yicua npezctasutenei JIPKJIB, t.e. kputepun 5. 949 65 ConMosOrHYecKOl BEIGOPKU, a 3aTeEM MpHHHMasIMCh BO BHHMaHHe KpHTepHn JMHrBucTHYecKoli BEIGOpKU. Takoit xoq elicTBuii Obl MpOAMKTOBaH paHee MpoBeJHHBIMH COUMOMMHTBHCTHYeCKUMM. ucceqoBaKHHAMH. HanGonee yauHbim uccieWoBaHHeM roposcKoii pea, Ha Hal B3raA, cmesyeT cunTaTb paboTy Y. JIabopa (Labov W., 1966). B Heit Gonbuioe BHUMaHHe yaemseTch OTOOpy MHdOpMaHToB, 4¥TO H MOCHYXUIO TaBHBIM 3a0roM yctexa. B wacrosmei paOote reHepasbHad COBOKYNHOCTb HCCJIeMyeMbIX OTBe4aeT cnenyroumm tTpeOosaHisM: pogwMaHch H Oe3 3HAYMTeMbHOrO Mepepbisa %KHIM Br. Busuroce, powuTenu 06a — WHTOBUBI (cp. C aHaOrH4HEIMH TpeOoBaHMamu, Hallp., B KH.: Pycckuii #3bIk Mo AaHHbIM Maccosoro oOcegoBaHus, 1974, c. 20). Xom o6pa3ozanua MW MeHBI JHHTBHCTHYeCKMX CHTYauMi Br. BusbHIOce 3a Mocmeynue 100 net o6ycaoBua HaM4He BecbMa OrpaHMYeHHOrO 4ucia MpescTapaTeseii cTapllero NOKOJeHHA, OTBEYAIOMHX MpeAbABJICHHIM BbIe TpeOoBaHHaM. Ha6bsr0WaeTcs 3aMeTHbIit CKaYOK B pocTe YMCA TaKHX MpescTaBnTeeit Maaqwero NOKOjienus. B KOHeYHOM C¥eTe TIPHINIOCh CieaTb HEKOTOpbie OTCTYNIeHHA OT TpeboBaHuit BHIOOPKH: MpescTaBuTeIH CTapliero MOKOeHHA MOTH ObITh POHOM He 3 rT. BaubHtOCa, HO elle B HeTCTBe NOCeMUTBCA B HEM. TlonyyaemMast COUMONMHTBUCTHYeCKad HHPOpMalMA DOIMKHA OTBeYAaTS TpeboBaHHAM JOCTOBepHOCTH, YCTOM4HBOCTH H peltpeseHTaTHBHOCTH (cp. B KH.: MHbnamentox B. 3., 1973, c. 17). ua o6ecneyenua AocroBepHocTu uHopManMH BEIGOpKa AOJDKHa Oblia OXBATHTb BCe MOKOJeHHA MCCHeAyeMoro peyeBOrO KOJJICKTHBA (c wWesbIo OMMCaHHA peyeBbIX H3MeHeHHI B peasIbHOM BpeMeHH), TaK Kak Tpe6oBaJuCh JAHHbIC JIA WIIFOCTpalHH ASbIKOBBIX CMeLIeHHit H H3MeHeHHH B BUTHMOM BpeMeHH, T.e. IO BO3pacTHBIM rpynmaM HaceeHua (JlaGos, 1975 6, c. 203). HocroBePHOCTb, KaK WH yCTOIYMBOCTS, YHOBMeTBOPAeTCA HaIM4YHeM MaTepHalbHOi duKCalli TepBHYHbIX COUMOJHHTBACTHYCCKHX JaHHBIX (3aNHCH HHTepBbIO Ha MarHuTHOM JleHTe, aHKeTHBIe JIMCTSI, CNeKTporpaMmbl). PempeseHTaTHBHOCTb xXapakTepH3yeTca TeM apeasioM, Ha KoTOpbIit MoryT G6bITb pactpocrpaHeHbi MoyyeHHEIe pesyibTaTEr uccueqoBanus. B wenom TpeOoBaHHa ZocroBepHocTH, ycToitunBocTu H pelpe3eHTaTMBHOCTH YOBNeETBOpAIOTCA NOcpeCTBOM OCyLIeCTBIeHHS HeCMeUIeHHO AocTaTOuHOH BEIOOPKH MU KOppeKTHBIM MpoBeseHHeM MoNeBBIX paOoT MpH ycHOBUH NosyYeHNA MaHHbIX NYTeM MpHMeHeHHA UeNoro pasa MeTOAOB c6opa Matepnana. Bo u36exaHve cmMemleHia Ip oT6ope HH(bopMaHTOB OcyulecTBIANAach Ciyyalinad BLIGCOPKa Ha OCHOBE MOSHOTO NepeyHA NOTeHUMANIbHEIX HHpOpMaHTOB, B POM KOTOPOrO BBICTYNMNH xpaHaltueca B apxupe LICY JIurCCP auKets! Bcecoro3Hoit meperucu Hacenenus 1970 r. TlepeveHb Henb3a cunTaTS coBepINe€HHO TIOJIHbIM, TOTOMY 4TO KOCBeHHBIe JaHHble K BOIIPOcy 0 MposOMKUTeMbHOCTH mpoxvBanus BT. BusbHroce Mors ObITh OGHapyxeHEI HUB B 25%, uMeromluxct auxer. [lia o6ecneyenus cnyyalinocTu npu oT6ope HAopMaHToB NpoHyMepoBaHube Malik C aHKeTaMU OTOupasMcb B COOTBETCTBUM c TabNMMeM cryyaiinEIx ynceN. Han6onpume npo6.empl cBs3aHbI ¢ OObeMoM BEIOOpKH. OH 3aBUCHT OT H3MeHYMBOCTH XapakTepHCTHK OObeKTOB reHepasbHOlt coBOKyNHOCTH HM MOxeT OBITS MaJsIBIM, eCJIM TeHepasibHad COBOKYNHOCTb O1M3Ka K OmHOpomHOcTH (PaGouas kHura commosora, 1976, c. 259). B Hatem cuyyae zat Monysenna BbIGOPKH BEICO66 xoli penpesenTatTuBHocTu Tpe6yetca BbIGopKa O4eHS Gombutoro OObeMa, Tak KaK w3y4aeMbIii peveBoit KOueKTHB XapaKTepu3yeTca OombMOi HeOAHOPOHOCTSIO. Or o6bema sBEIGopkKH 3aBHCHT HM CTeneHb TOYHOCTH BbIOOpOUHEIX pesy1bTaTos. VUcxona 13 monoxenuii, 4To ,,MO¥TH BCerfa YucNeHHOCTh BBIOOpKU AoCTaTO4HO Benka, eCAM B Heil coxepxHTCA Mo Kpaiiueit Mepe 30 onementos“ (BaiiuGepr [x., IWymexep JDx., 1979, c. 126), uro ,,6a30B0e 4ucno 25—30 eqmHul — MHHUMYM py Maybix BbIGopKax (UeaoBek u ero paGota, 1967, c. 61), 4TO ,,B BbICHIeH cTeeH peryAPHbIe THMbl CTHAMCTHYeCKOH H COuMAaNbHOM CTpaTupukauHA ycTaHaBsmmpaloTes Jaxe B TOM cilywae, KOraa Halla HHIMBHAyanbHad wtyelKa cosepxKUT BCerO MATS TOBOPALIMX H MBI HMeeM He Gomee 4em mo 5—10 mpuMepos WaHHOH nepeMeHHoli Ha Kaxaoro“ (JIaGop Y., 1975 a, c. 115), 4ro Bo3MoxHa BbIOOpKa B npenenax 1 <n<50 (Yecuoxos C. B., 1977, c. 89), ro ,,BbISOpKy CueAyeT CHHTATS Majoit 1b B cryyae ecu Mpa O6paboTkKe MeTOAaMH, OCHOBaHHBIMH Ha TpyiilHposke HaGsiogenHil, HeNb34 HOCTH4b 3afaHHBIX TOYHOCTeH H ocrosepHocTu* (Fackapos J]. B., Wlanosanos B. U., 1977, c. 19), B kKoHedHOM C¥eTe MbI ONpesteswnu o6bem sBbiGopKH gia uccnegosanua JIPKJIB — m0 25 wucopmaHToB 13 ‘Tpex Bo3pacTHbix rpymm (N=75). Mocne o6pa6orKu nepBH4HOH COmMMOMETBHCTHyeckoit HHOpMallMH B ACTICKTe penpeseHTaTHBHOCTH HHOpMaHTOB OCHOBHOM Maccup ux coctasuau 15 mpenctapurenei craputeli, 19 — cpenueit u 26 — Mnammei BO3PACTHBIX Tpyin, a Takxe 9 HHopMaHTOB — AHKTOpOB payHO H AKTEpOB TeaTpa. Tak Kak OObeKTOM HCCHeAOBaHHA B HepBy!O OYepedb ABIANHCh JIMHTBUCTHYECKe CAMHMLbI — BapHAHTH! NPOMSHOMEHHS, CieOBa0 ONpeseIAT M MHHUMAJIbHBIL OGbeM TeKCTOB, Ha OCHOBe KOTOPBIX AOWKHBI ObIM 3akMIOYATECA BEIBOALI. Beab adbeKTHBHOCTh M KOPPEKTHOCTb MCHOMb30BaHHA MeTOAOB MaTeMaTH¥ecKolt cTaTVCTHKM B COMMOSMHTBHCTHYECKHX HCCJIe{OBAHHAX 3ABHCHT OT CTaOHJbHOCTH 4acTOT H OAHOPOMHOCTH CpaBHHTeJbHBIX coBOKyMHOcTeii. ,,CyllecTBeHHbIe H3MeHeHS YACTOT HH MaTeMaTHYeCKUX O*RMAAHH MO3BONMIOT NpeAMoNaraTh Wepexod K TeKcTam Apyroro Tuna“ (Aky6aiiruc T. A., Cknapesus A. H., 1978, c. 60). B ca13H é © RaHHBIM MOsOKeHHEM OTKMOHAeTCA MocTyaT O He3aBHCHMOCTH TOsABJIeHHA SRbIKOBLIX eMHHMH (TAM xe, c. 55; cp. B kH.: Ceram J. M., 1972, c. 7). CratuctuYecKHe COBOKYHHOCTH CHYHTAIOTCA OMHOPOAHbIMH, CCIM COBMAa,alOT OCHOBHBIC napaMeTpbI BYX MPOMSBONbHBIX BbIGOPOK H3 reHepasbHOH coBoKynHocTH. LeslecooOpa3HbIM OKa3a0cb pa3OveHHe COBOKYMHOCTH CoOMpaeMbIX COINMOAMHTBHCTHYECKHX JIAHHBIX, PACCMATPUBAeMBIX C JMHTBUCTHYECKOM TOYKH 3peHHA, Ha TPH COBOKYMHOCTH, OGbeAHHACMBIX TO MIPH3HaKy cTHNa (cp. MoMOxKeHHA B KH.? CrpykKTYpHO-BepOATHOCTHBIT aHaH3 A3bIKa HO ManHbIM pew, 1979; Uccneqosanns cponeTu4eckux ocoGeHHocTeii peyesbix cTuseli, 1979). B HacTosem ucciHeOBaHHM YYHTHIBAIOTCA TPH KOHTeCKCTYA@JIBHBIX CTHJIA, pacCMaTpHBaeMbIe Kak CABHT HeKOTOPbIX COLMMOMMHTBUCTHYCCKUX HepeMeHHBIX B ped unopMaHTOB Tp H3MCHEHHM COMMaJbHOrO KOHTeKcTa HW TeMbi (cp.: JlaGos Y., 1975 6, c. 199-220). Beneg 3a Y. JlaSoBbIM OCHOBHBIM KpHTepHeM B pasvinueHHH -KOHTCKCTYAJIbHBIX CTHJel apTop HacTostleli paOoTbI CHHTaeT CTeMeHb BHHMAHUS, " ¢ KOTOpoi ropopsuMit OTHOCHTCH K pew, CreneHb BHUMAHHs K coOcTBeHHOii pew oF 67 3aBHCHT HE TOJIbKO OT CO3HATEUBHOFO CAMOKOHTPOIA FOBOpPAMero, HO H OT HWeNOrO: pila COMMOMOrMYeCKMX, MCHXONOTMYeCKHX HM MPyFHX 9KCTpasHHrBUCTHYecKHX @axtopos. YcraHoByeHo, ¥TO, HaMp., ..B COCTOSHHM IMONMOHATbHOI HalpsoKeHHOCTH BO3HUKAIOT CyIIeCTBEHHbI€ CHBHTH B OCYIIeCTBIeHMM TeX peYeBbIX oMepaunl, KOTopbie TpeOy!0T cO3HaTeIbHOTO KOHTPOJA 3a KaYeCTBOM ux peasm3ann (Hoceuxo 9. JI., 1979, c. 16), a Beh CAMO IMOMMOHAIbHOE COCTOSHHe 3aBHCHT U OT comMambHow cutTyanmu. TapamerpamMu coumambHoii cutTyalMM B colmMonHHrBHCTHKE CYHTAIOTCA OTHOMICHHA Mey KOMMYHUKAaHTaMH, OOcTaHOBKa peyesoro akTa, KOMMYHHKaTHBHad ycTaHoBKa u Ap. (cp. B KH.: [seiiyep A. J., Huxomscxuii JI. B., 1978, c. 66). B nocuegqHee Bpems B CONMONHHTBHCTHKe MpHHATO cuctemy oT60pa S3bIKOBBIX CpeJCTB B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT COLMaJIbHOl CHTyalHH MOABORHTb nog TepMun ,,perucrp™ (tam xe, c. 75). OGbriHo BbIMensOTCA Tpu perucTpa: Heobulmanbubiii, HeliTpaibubiii, odulManbuBrii, HHOrMa OHM OOO3HAYAIOTCA Kak pe KpaHHUuxX TOYKH Ha INKale CHTYaTHBHBIX NpH3HakoB — HeOpuuMabHBIit HM OduWHaJIbHbIi (CM. B KH.: Pycckas pasropopHas peu, 1973, c. 9-11). Tipu uccueqopanun KOHTeKcTyanbHEIX cTHeit PeeBaHTHEIMH CYHTAaWTCH PONEBbIE OTHOMCHHA Mex Ay KOMMYHUKaHTaMH, UX CTaTyc, O6cTaHOBKa KOMMYHHKaTHBHOTO akTa. B u3yyeHun JIPKJIB Ha ocHOBHOM 93Tane cOopa sMmupHueckHxX AaHHBIX POJeBbIe OTHOMIEHHA Mex Ly HHTEPBbIOEPOM MH MHTEPBbIOMPYEMBIM MOXxXHO PaccMaTpHBaTb Kak NONyOpuIMAIbHBIe OTHOWICHHA He3HaKOMBIX Joel, GeceAyroulux Ha Jerkue OplToBbie Temp. OTHOWeHHT .HHTepBbWep — HHTepBbIouipyeMblii* paccMaTpuBaloTca Kak CTaHapTHble (ONMHaKOBBIe CO BCeMU MHTepBbIoHPY€MBIMH JIMWaMH), XOTA Ha CaMOM Jive, eCTeCTReEHHO, OHM OKa3aJIUCh OTHOCH= TeIbHO pa3HbIMH. OGcTaHoBka KOMMYHHKaTHBHOTO akTa BCex HHTepBbIO TakxKe Oba CTaHAapTHs0BaHHOl: Bce GecemsI NpoBOnHAUCch oma y WHTepBbIOupyeMBIX (a ckIo"eHHeM aKTepos uM MMKTOpoB pazHo, HHTepBbIO C KOTOPbIMH TIpoBozUJIMCb Ha ux pabounx MecTax). . C nomoutpio ctaHgapTu3sauun wu, TouHee, s1mMuHaNUN Hpu3Hakos o6cTa- “HOBKH, cTatyca u Poweit KOMMyHMKaHTOB, pa3sIMYHA KOHTeKCTyaNBHBIX cruel oOecnewmBanuch ocpexcTBoM mpuMeHeHUad OTHOCHTeENbHO AMHIBUCTHYeCKHX KPHTepeB — MeHBI TEMbI HW XapakTepa Tekcta. B uccneqosanuu JIPKJIB pa3sin- “ash TPH KOHTeKCTYyasIbHBIX CTHIA: 1) HeoduuHabHBIi HeHalipaByeHHbiit (ocyMICCTBIAICA B BHUe paccka3za o cebe u pasroBopa c HHTepBbrOepom); 2) ouuuanHbIf HeHallpaBreHHEIt (ocylectBrasIcH BO BpeMA 4TeHHA CTaHapTHOrO cBsx3HOrO TeKCTa, B KOTOPOM MOApOcTOK paccka3bIBaeT 0 CBOHX IIPHKNIOYeHHAX nlepexuBaHuax); 3) ocbuumanbHEiit HanpaBnenusrit (ocymiecTBAasIcH BO Bpema UTeHHS crucka 20 MMHMMabHBIX Wap cyoR) (cM. mpuu. 1), 2. Metogs cOopa connonmursuctuyeckoli uHopMauun o JIPKJIB. B uccneqosanun JIPKJIB conmonmarsuctuueckas uopmMauna coOupanacs paHOM MeTOZOB. STO nosBoMIO MpoBepaTE ee KaveCTBO, ajleKBaTHOCTb u pemnpeSeHTATMBHOCTb elle Ha NepBOM 9Tane OOpaGorKu. B xkauectBe ocHoBHoro metoza cOopa coumommursucrHueckoit mHdopMaunnt o JIPKJIB 651 mpuaaT meron Tou ycTawAapTH30BaHHOTO HHTepBbIOupOBaHHA a (cp. NoHsTHe cTaHjapTu30BaHHoro uHTepBbIo y Monnnoit M. JL, 1974, c. 40—83 }e 68 Crapusloch HeCKOsbKO 3affa4: 1) ycTaHOBHTb bakTSI pew u3y4aeMOrO KOJNEKTHBa B OMpe/leeHHbIX CONMMONMHTBACTHYCCKHX YCIOBMAX; TaKMM O6pa30M, BeCb MaTepHall MHTepBbIOMPOBaHUA ABHJICA TOKYMeHTOM Jd HasbHeitwero aHasM3a; 2) BbiACHHTb OTHOUCHHE MCIIbITYeMbIX K HOPMaTHBHOCTH COOCTBeHHOM pew HK pedi Tpexctaputenei HOpMaTHBHOM pew (qHKTOpOB paqMo u TeeBUyeHHA, aKTepoB Apamteatpos); 3) ycTaHOBHTb MHeHHe 0 HaIM4HM UNM OTCYTCTBAM BHJIbHIOCCKOrO peveBoro KOJWIeKTHBA CO CBOHMM HOpMaMM ped (cloda OTHOCHJIMCh BONpOcbI Tuna .,Y3HaeTe JIM BEI BUJIbHIOCIIa TOAbKO Ha OCcHOBe OcoOeHHocTelit ero pey?“, »lIpu3Han 14 KTO-HuOyap 8 Bac xuTena r. BambHioca, ccbiiaacb Ha Baty peyb?* H Ap.); 4) BbIACHHTh HeKOTOpbiIe BONpOCEI (PyHKUMOHMpOBAHHA COMMAasbHO-KOMMYHMKaTHBHBIX CHCT€M, B 4aCTHOCTH, BOMpocer GHIMHTBH3Ma (MOJMMHHTBH3Ma) WM ABIIOCCHH, ONpeAenuTS cchepbi UcHoOMb30BaHHA pyccKOrO (B HEKOTOPBIX cay4asx WM MOUbCKOFO) A3bIKA HW AHaNeKTOB JHTOBCKOTO, YTOYHUTS CTeMeHb BuaweHut ApyTHMH A3bIKaMM M WMasieKTaMu, BbIACHHT cmocoOb H BpeMa OBNaeHHaA HMu (cM. npan. 2). B wacrosileif craTse MpHBOAATCH HeKOTOPBIe pe3yNbTATHI pelleHHa nepsow M OTYaCTH BTOpOli 3aa4, MOITOMy AaeTca OMMCaHHe MMUIb HEKOTOpBIX MeTowoB cOopa MaTepuaua. Viuteppbio Ha3BaHO MONYCTaHapTu30BaHHBIM H3 Tex cooOpaxeHuif, 4To, B CYWIHOCTH, KaxOMy HHTepBbIOMpyeMoMy 3aflaBasiicb Te «xe BOMpocBI (cM. upu.t. 2), HO BOMPOCI HECKONbKO MOAMAUMpOBasIHCh IPHMeHHTeIbHO K KaxK OMY 3 MHTepPhIOMpyeMBIX C yYeTOM eFO BO3MOXHOCTel H CNOCOOHOCTH ZaTb OTBeT. TIpofomxkutesbHOcTh uHTepBbIo — 20—30 Muu. Xo uwHTepBbIO c He3Ha4HTeNbHBIMA H3MeHeHHAMH OBL ceqyrouuM. Tlomyyus cormacue co6eceqHuka, MHTeEpBbOep YTOYHAT FO ero POKAeCHHA, HABOMHI ClIpaBKH O AMasIeKTHOM MpoHcXOx%KAeHHH ero powuTesei. OrseTsI Ha TaHHBIe BOMpOcsI OOBMHO ObIBaIM KpaTKUMH. Alia MpOBOWMpOBaHUA PaccKa30B HHTePBbIOMPYeMBIX, 4TOOKI yCMbIMaTb MX CIOHTaHHY!O CBASHYIO pedb, SazaBauch Bompocs o6 AX MyTeecTBHAX, Moe3qKax B POwHbIe TepesHu OTHOB H MaTepeii, 06 ornycxe / cp. npumMeneHHEit Y. JlaGosnim (1975Sa, c. 121—122) Bompoc o ,,cmepreabHoit onacHocTu“, KoTOpoi nogBeprazca ompaumpaempiii/. 3yecb HaOmogalca ecTecTBeHHBIi CQBAr KOHTeKCTyambHOrO CTHIA B CTOpoHY HeouuManbHocTH, cnoHTaHHOcTH. Tlocne 5—10 Mun paccKa3a CHeoBal NONYTHBIt BOMpOc HHTepBbIOMPyeMOMy: y3HA JM KTO-HHOyab ero BO BPeMA OMMCbIBaeMOM MOe3—0KH Kak %*KHTeIA Tr. Bunburoca. Jlanee spiacusanocs co6cTBCHHO€ MHEHHE WHTepBbIOMpPyeMOrO OTHOCHTeNSHO CHeuM*pHKH BHJIBHIOCCKOIt peyH, 3a{aBasch BOMpocs! 06 OTHOMeHHH ONpaliMBaeMoro K MpaBHIbHOCTH co6cTBEHHOM pei, K pew AMKTOPOB H aKTepoB, K OOY4eHHIO AMTOBCKOI pew B OOMIeo6pazoBaTesbHBIX WkONAaX. 3aTeM MpeAaranocb MpOyMTaTb BCAYX CBA3HOM TeKCT o6bemom B 1800 me4. 3H. — paccka3 MOApocTKa O CBOMX MpHKO4eHHAX BO ABOpe (cm. mpuut. 1, texct No 1) (cp.: Jla6os Y., 1975a, c. 124), a B 3aKmo¥eHHe — crHCOK, cocTaBieHHbIit 43 20 MHHUMaNbHBIX Nap cu0B (cM, upua. 1, Texct Ne 2) (cp. Tam xe), Oonbllad YacTb KOTOPBIX yx CONepKalacb B CBA3HOM TeKCTe, HO HHTepBBIOHPYeMBIM He Moria 6biTs OOHapyxena. Tlocne 9Toro BBIACHANHCb HeKOTOpBIe MpoOnemer OunuHrBH3Ma (MOAHIMHTBH3Ma) H Qurnoccum. B pe3ynbTaTe HHTepBBIO BbINCIAIMCh TPM YKA3aHHEIX KOHTCKCTY@/IbHBIX CTH. 69 VWutepspiouposanve ononHaioch MeTOwOM akKkeTHpoBanus. Kaxjomy onpammBaeMomy mpeyiarayioch 3anouHHTb aHkeTy (CM. MpHJ. 3), BKIOYaBLIYIO 55 Bonpocos Ha TeMy IpOH3HOWeHHA HW akKIeHTyalHM, MOCTpOeHHEIX NO MpHHUHny aubTepHaTuBbl. : Tperuii B Hameii pabote MeTox — ayauoTecTupoBaHHe. C ero TOMOLIbIO M3yyallach JMIb ofHa ocoGexHocTs JIPKJIB — mpo6nema peanu3alMmM onno3MHAn ONTHX W KpaTKHX TiacHbIX B pa3sIMYAbIX PoHKeTHecKHX TosHMAX. Uccnenyembtit Matepuan — 58 MHHHMaJbHEIX Nap caoB (cm. pug. 4.1) — Spin pa3s6uT Ha 6 THOB OMOHHMOB corsacHo cilenyouwiM KpuTepHam: 1) MpoHCXoxAeHHe TIaCHbIX, COCTOSIIMX B ONNO3HNHH; 2) HanH4une (OTCyTCTBHe) yQapeHus Ha H3y4aeMBIX TyiacHBIX. Tak Kak npakTuka ayqMoTecTupoBaHHa (cM. 0630p HTepatypbi B auc. TapuBb K., 1977) noka3ana, ¥TO BO BpeMs ONHOFO ceaHca ayHOTeCTHpOBaHuA yo6Hee BCerO H3y¥aTb peanH3auMio 4—5 MHHUMAJbHBIX Map, BeCb MaCCHB HccyesyeMBIX Hap Opi pa3s6uT ene Ha 13 rpynm, cuoBa B KOTOpbIX OGbEMHHAIHC HE TOJIBKO cormacHoO JBYM BbIllleyka3aHHbIM KPHTepHAM, HO H TO MOpiouorMyecKUM UpH3HakaM. XOX H MeTOMHKa ayqMoTecTHpoBanua Opin OOprunbIMn (cM. Girdenis A., 1981, p. 33-35). ToT xe JIMHIBHCTHYeCKHii MaTepHan, T.e. 58 MHHHMaJIbHBIX Tap c0B, GbUT HCCHie¢HOBaH MeTOOM cHeKTpawbHOrO aHamH3a 3ByKoB. Ha waHHOM 93Tare peusawach 3aada — yCTaHOBHTL MpOONKHTeNbHOCTE (f) HM 4YaCTOTY OCHOBHBIX bopMant (F, 4 F,) w3y¥aeMbix 3ByKOB C UeNbIO OOHapyxeHHA (bu3M4ecKHX MoKazaTeJleit H3MeHeHHI B MpOMsHOUIeHHH. 116 w3y4¥aempIx 3ByKOB cozepxXannch B 116 npeqoKeHUAX, PacnoNOx*KeHHbIX B COOTBETCTBHH Cc TaOmMUelt cnyyainEx undp. Monyyenst 464 peann3annu w3y4aeMBIX 3BYKOB, Tak KaK TeKCT MpownTamm 4 quxtopa. TuKropamu 6nI0H MyX4HHBI (C. K., 0. K., P. TL. # A. VW.) B pospacre 22—25 ner, orseyaronme o6mmM TpeboBaHHSM, MIpebABISeMbIM HH@OpMaHTaM B HacTosllemM uccnenoBanun. Llens uccieqOBaHUA UM Oba Heu3BecTHa. OTHOCHTeBHO peructpa u TeMOpa ronoca y TpouX H3 HHX Obi GapuToH, y ofHOrO — TeHop. Heiextos pewn He oOHapyxeHO. 3alvich Bewlacb B ampene 1974 r. B KaOwHe ayzuOBH3yanbHO nadopaTopun Busbutocckoro TocyapcTBeHHoro yHMBepcHTeTa Ha MarHUTOdoHe ,,TemGp* co ckopocTb® 19,5 M/mMuH npu HOMO KoHeHcaTopHoro MuKpodboua 19A-3 Ha (beppoMarHHTHOH JeHTe Tuna 6 (NOMpoGHee O TaHHO!t MeToguKe cM.: Statkeviciené J., 1972). Yponerb 3anncuv 219 KaxOro WMKTOpa ycTaHaBsIMBasICA OTIENBHO % B Mpouecce paboTbl annapatypsi He U3MeHaNcs. M3 nonyyenHoro MaTepwana BBIPe€3aIMCh H MOHTMPOBAIHCh COBa C peawM3alieli M3y4YAeMBIX 3BYKOB (TeXHHyeckyio paOoTy BbInowHHna cr. na6opaHT Jladopatopuu sKcnepuMeHTamBHoit donetuxu BIY B. Jlaxene). Jlanee donorpammei o6paGaTbiBanuch Ha cnekTporpade tuna KIIM-69 (e Toi xe na6oparopum) co ckopocTbIo ABWKeHUA MeHTBI 63,6 MM/c, OTMeTKM BpeMeHH NpousBoquINcb KaxnpIe 20 mc (50 Pn) (TexHHYecKy1o paOoTy BEITONHHAH MHXxKeHEpEI Toit xKe Nabopatopuu TT. Marteiikuc, A. JImneitka u C. Kyyac). 3. MeTonbI aHatH3a COUMOTMHTBUCTHYECKOK HHpOpMalHH oO JIPKJIB. B wactomuei pa6ote aa uccneqopanua matepnana, mouyYeHHOrO 70 (mnteppan 30—82); no nMHuH MaTepu x, 1=24 (mHTepBan 11-53), X4,11= 22,6 (wnteppan 20,57 — 63,8), X4,11=75 (anteppax 47—78). Jannbie noKasaTeTH MOXKHO OObACHHT HaJIM4HeM pesHKTOB %KeMaifTcKOii PeMyKUMH KOHEYHBIX OJTUX TaCHbIX B HeyJapHoi NMO3HuMM, MMerOLleli, OMHAKO, ONpeneeHHy!0 cneum@uky (CM. B KH.: Zinkevidius Z., 1966, p. 115—118). B 6-ii quanexTHOw rpynne. pesybTaTbl KoTOpori He OKA3aJIMCb CTATHCTMYECKH PeJIeBAHTHBIMH, Take MOAHO NPOCIeAHTb HEKOTOpbIc PeNMKTLI YKOpayMBAaHMA OKOHYAaHHIi, XapaKTepHbIe ANA MaHeBeACKOTO AMaseKTA (Zinkevitius Z., 1966, p. 119-120). Pesynbrater 3, 5 u 7-i1 rpynm dalle Bcero OKa~ 3bIBAaIOTCA B CepesHHe MHTepBasia CpeqHMX YaCTOT, XOT# NoKkasaTeH 3-it um 7-H aWaseKTHBIX rpym upHOswxKaloTca K NoKa3aTeIAM rpynh, KOTOPbIM cBoiicTBeHHBI KpaTKue BapHaHTbI W3y4aeMoit NepeMeHHOli (3-2 Tpynia — HeTH BMJIbHIOCHEB Hw KayHacueB, 7-1 — TeTH ypoxeHIleB TeppHTOPHH BHJIbHIOCCKOTO wasiexta). VWutepecho OTMeTHTb, 4TO XOTA TPM CTYMeHH HOMTOTS! H NpHCyllM HeEKOTOPbIM aManekTaM, B HACTOAIIeM HcCIeMOBaHUM OULYTHMBIX peHKTOB OOHApyXKUTb He yAasoce. Pesromupya aHaiM3 BO3MOXHOTO BIHAHHA uaJIeKTHOTO MpPOMCXOKACHHA pomuTene, MOXHO OTMETHTb, 4TO OMpeseneHHoe BIHAHHe OOHApyeHO; TAK, B YacTHocTH: 1) HaHGomee YeTKO BbIJeMAeTCA peyb HHOPpMaHTOB, POAMTEM KOTOPIX ABIIAIOTCA YPOXKCHUAMH TEPPATOPHH WHaNeKTOB 1OXKHIX MH 3aWaHHbIX AYKUITaitros, — WIA Hee B MeHbileii creleHH XapakTepHO yKOpa¥MBaHHe OJTHX KOHeYHBIX HeyJapHBbIX TacHbix; 2) HamMyHe B POMHTebCKHX AMaSeKTAaX (Hamp., %KeMaliTCKHX, WaHeBeXCKOM H Jp.) HEKOTOPbIX 3aKOHOMepHOCTelt yKopayMBaHHa HeyapHbIX OKOHYAaHH clocoOcTByeT YcHJIeHHIO TeHIeHUMM YKOpayHBaHHA HOJITHX TacHbIX B HeyapHOM KOHIle cloBa, HMerOUleli MecTO B JIPKJIB. Jlo wacrosmero BpeMeHH B HallleM HcCweMOBaHHH H3y4aOch BapbHpoBaHHe COMMOJMHTBUCTHYeCKON MepeMeHHOi (HeyZ. Vt), paceMaTpuBasicb ero McTOYHHKH H HECKONbKO MeHbIe BHUMAHMA OTBOUMIIOCh MecTy NaHHOii Bapwalau B JIMHT— BuCTHYecKoit cucreme JIPKJIB B uenom. Tlostomy HMxKe IpMBOAsTCA MaTepHasibr ayMMOTeCTHPOBaHHA M CIeKTpaNbHOTO aHaW3a 3BYKOB, MPOBEACHHbIX B PaMKaX MeTOXOB TpasHiMOHHOM sKcnepHMeHTabHO! doneTHKu. TlockoubKy eAMHCTBeHHBIM 9KCHepHMeHTaIbHBIM MeTOHOM (OHOJOTHH ABUIAeTCA aytuOTeECTHpOBAHHe (Girdenis A., 1981, p. 14), To pesymbTaTbI, HOObITHIE MeTOJOM CHeKTpasbHOro aHa~ W348 3BYKOB, 3/lecb pacCMaTpHBaloTcd Kak BCHOMOraTeMbHbIc pH OObACHEHMM pe3ybTaTOB ay{WHOTecTMpOBaHHA. Meroylom ayiMoTecTHpoBanusa HCCHeHOBasIcaA MaTepHasl, NpHBeAeHHbIt B T.HTIONHOM cTHe, T.e. Ge3 y4eTa KOHTeKCTyaJIbHbIX cTuei. Tposezeno 8 9KclepuMeHTOB, B KOTOPBIX W3y4asIach viv B HeyfapHoit MO3HIHH B AOCOMIOTHOM KOHHe CJIOBa. Matepuan oxcnepuMentos ayanotectuposanua Ne 5—9, 11, 12 m orsactu 13 COCTaBUIM KBa3HOMOHHMBI, pa3iMualollvecd HaJIMYHeM BbILeyKa3aHHOM Ommlo3HUHH. B 9xcnepumentax Ne 5—8 paccMaTpHBasiHcb KBa3HOMOHMMbI C onnosuuueit i/t: 5) mifti — mifti; vyti — vyti, skilti — skilti, karti — karti, skysti — skpsti; 6) kértys — kartis, dntys — dntis, méntys — méntis, pdltys — pdltis, kdndys — kdndis; 7) pasibaigusi — pasibaigusi, pylusj — pylusi, daindwusj — daindvusi, FF svafsciusi — svafsciusi, sukaitusj — sukaitusi, 8) asdty — qséti!, Salty — Salti!, médy — médi!, tiosy — dosi!). Tipu o6paborke aanHpix ayMHOTecTHpoBakHA nomyyeHa BeposTHocTb, papHax 0,95—0,999, uro onnosHiuna VIV cyuecTByeT. ‘CnexTpasbHbiii aHaw3 3BYKOB MOKa3aJl, 4YTO KOJIMYECTBCHHBIX pa3zHuHii B peaJIM3aluH aHHoii onmosHuNu He HabmogaeTcs, aOcomoTHad mposojKHTesIbHOCTb H3yYaeMBIX 3BYKOB pa3JIM4aeTCA He3HayHTesbHO: X;=40 mc; jy; =38 Mc; _ $g=13; sy=21, tak kak t=0,67>1,98 (P=95%). [posenenueiit ananu3 KayeCTBeHHBIX pa3H4nii TaHHOH ONMO3HUMH NOATBEPAM HaNM4ve ONpeAeeHHbIX pa3JMU B HanpsaxKeHHOCTH 3ByKOB. [loacuer cymMMapHoro orksoHeHua Af (bopMaHT F, u F, or dopmant xeiirpanbuoro raacuoro [ex] dan crexyroume pe3ynbTathl: (ZAF;|=260)) — (ZAF;=|210)) =|50. B oxcnepumente Ne 9 u3yyasacb onnosnuua é/é, ocyulecTBeHHasx B (opMax é-OCHOBHBIX HMeH CYLJeCTBUTCIbHBIX ef. 4. TB. H BAH. 11. (verte — vert, silke — silk®, Iéle — 1él'@, dukle — dukle, bjaurjbe — bjaur$be). Moxcuersi apudmeTHYeCKUX CpeqHUX aScOMOTHOM MpOMOMKUTeNbHOCTH peamH3auHM AaHHOit onNOSHIIMH MOKa3asIH, 4TO T.H. KPATKHii ryiacnBiit oTAMYaeTCA OObUIel NpOZOmKHTeJIbHOCTbIO, YeM T.H. Homruli: Xs=59 Mc, a Yg=64 mc, Se=27; sy=24; t=0,59< < 2,04 (P=95 %). Ananu3 KayecTBeHHOM CTOpOHbI H3y4aeMbIX 3ByKOB (M3MepeHHe «popmaut F, u F,) BbiaBu daxT, 4TO pa3IM4Hii B HallpaxeHHOcTH é M & He CyulecTByeT: XZ Afz=|280| == A fs=|280]. B akcnepumente No 11 n3y4anacb onmo3nuua G/d B bopMax a-OCHOBHBIX HMeH IpHaraTesbHBIX H O-OCHOBHBIX HMEH CYILICCTBHTeJbHBIX B HM., BUH. H TB. I. eu. 4. {képqa — képa, ipa — ipa, duong — diona, kidura — kidura, 1évq — I6va). TIpH aywotTectuposaHum oOsyYeHa BepOATHOCTb CyIlecTBOBaHMA oOnTO3HKH, papnas 0,99. CnextTpambHblit ‘anaiu3 Noka3asI MHMHUMaJIbHOe pa3sH4He a6coJHOTHOH MpoxomKUTeMbHOCTH d u @ (cTAaTHCTHYeCKH HepeseBaHTHOe): Xz =60 Mc; Jq@=58 Mc; sg=35; sy=25; Tax kak t=0,29< 1,99 (P=95 %). KauecrBenupie pa3mWHS CYIMECTBYIOT, HO OHH OTHOCUTeBHO HeBemMKU: (LAF; = |290|)— (LAF; = |270|)= = |20|. B sxcnepumente No 13 w3yyanuch 2 Napbl yCHOBHBIX KBa3HOMOHMMOB (ciOBa ‘© ABYMA onno3Hiuimn). B Hux ocytlecTBAAIMch onmo3suuun a/a u w/t: bopmet THarONOB H3SbABHT. HakII. HACT. BP. 3 1. WH O-OCHOBHBIX MMeH cyIleCTBHTeNBHBIX B BUH. H. ey. 4. (sdla — sdlq, bdla — balq, rd@stu — rasty, prakéstu — prakasty). Tlony4eHb pesyIbTaTbi, anaulorM4uHble pesybTaTamM 9KcnepuMenta Ne 11. B oxcnepuMente Ne 12 usyyanach onmo3uuma a/i, peanu3opannaa B dbopmax a- % id-OCHOBHBIX HMeCH CYI€CTBUTeIbHBIX POs. I. MH. 4. MW TB. Tl. ex. 4. Cnacunie WH &@ ayAuTOpaMM pa3zM4auch C BeposATHOCTHIO, paBHoit 0,999. Cnextpanpusiit aHaJIM3 3BYKOB BbIABHJI, YTO CTaTHCTHYeCKM 3HAYMMOe pa3iMyne abcomoTHOt TPOMOIMKUTCMBHOCTH JAHHbIX [ACHbIX OTCYTCTByeT: Xg=70 Mc; fg=56 Mc; sg=38; Sy=28; Tak kak t=1,48<2,01 (P=95 %). Ananu3 Kayecrsennoi cropoxsi omnosuuun ii/% WoKa3an, 4YTO HallpwMkKeHHee Npou3HocuTCA T.H. UH: (© A fa=|240|) — (2 A fz =[290|) =|50]. , 78 Metosama 9KCHepuMeHTaIbHOK (oHeTHKM yHanocb ycTaHOBHTS ciesytolllee: ‘CyUeCTBYIOT JIMIb MMHMMAaJIbHbIe KayeCTBeHHbiIe M KOMHYECTBEHHbIC pas/iM4nA ‘TpeX BapHaHTos (Heys. Vit), HO BapnaHTEI xopomio pazimyaotca ayHuTopaMH. Tlo-suqumomy, Gosbilylo poh MrpaeT KOHTeKCT, JIMHTBUCTHYeCKHe mipecyrmo- ‘SHUN: B CBA3HOM TexKcTe OcyIecTBsIeHHe viv MeHee peJIeBaHTHO, 4eM B Ciy4aax NPOUZHOWeHHA OTMENbHBIX COB. TOT PakT, ¥TO aYMMTOPbI pasHYaIH COBa He co 100 %-Hoii BepOATHOCTbIO, MOZXeT CHY%KHTb MOKAIATEbCTBOM cyllecTBOBaHHA o6wero mpouecca HHBeETMpoBaHHA ViV. Counonunrsuctuyeckoe u3yyenue JIPKJIB umeno ape CTOpoHbI — OObEKTHBnyto u cyOsextusuyt0. Jlo Hacrosuero BpeMeHH paccMaTpHBasIach OObEKTHBHAA cTopoHa BapbapoBanna (Heys. V+). B VII pa3yene counommHrsuctuyeckol aHkeTbI (cM. mpi. 3) uNcopMaHTam mpessaranocb yKa3aTb COOcTBeHHOe Mpou3HOmenue mepeMeHHoH (Hey. V+): 1) dvi valtis unm dvi valtys, 2) dvi antis unn dvi antys, 3) dvi ausis unu dvi ausys (yKa3bIBa0Ccb, YTO 9TO (popMbI MM. 1. MH. 4.). Hactosuie faHHble XapakTepH3yloT WeHHOCTHY!0 OpHeHTalMio, KoTOpot mpxzepSKMBAIOTCA YICHbI BUJIbHIOCCKOrO peyeBOrO KOJIIEKTHBa B OTHOMIeHHM BbIGOpa (HeyZ. Vt), HHBIMM cHOBaMH — cCyOBEKTHBHYIO CTOPOHY A3bIKa. Matepuassi anketuposanua (cM. pyc. 6.1) cauaerembeTBytoT, 4To 13 pectoHgeutos, T.e. 18,57%, yKa3aiM Ha MpoM3HOWeHMe KpaTKUX BapHaHTOB (Tpex, AByX uM OfHOFO), 8 (11,43 %) — Ha KpaTKoe NpoM3HOMeHHe BCeX TpexX TIpHMepoB. Cpeau undopMaHTos, ykKa3aBlIMx Ha KpaTKuif BapHaHT, HET TaKHX, y KOTO PoAHTenu BeyT MpOucXoxKAeHve C TeppHTOpHA 3allagHoayKWTaiTcKorO AManeKTAa, JIMWIb Y OAHOTO MHC*OpMaHTa OTe GeLI C TeppHTOpHH 1OxKHOAYKUITATCKOrO WHaexta. Pogurenv AaHHbix 13 pecioOHJeHTOB B OCHOBHOM IIpOMCXOAMIM C TeppHTOpuH BOcTO“HOAayKUITaiTCKOrO jHaNeKTa, TopoyoB BusbHioca Hu Kaynaca. Kak ToKa3asi AHCHepCHOHHBIt aHaH3, ped MHOPMAHTOB, POAMTeH KOTOPbIX BeYT cBOe MPOMCXOxAeHHe C TeppUTOPHH AaHHBIX AHaNeKTOB, He BbIJeAeTCA Ha cone peun Bceit copokynHoctH uHdopmanTos JIPKJIB, Ho c apyroi cropoHst, No-BHAnMOMY, 9Ta pedb HM Hagenena cBoiictsom JIPKJIB — TeHzenuHel yKopaynBaHna KOHCYHBIX JOUTHX HeYMApHbIX TIaCHbIX. ConocrapuTessHbiit avannu3 MarHHTHBIX 3anmuceii pew yKa3saHHEIx 13 undopMAHTOB HM HX CyYObEKTHBHBIX cyx*kKAeHuii, COMepxalIMXCA B OTBeTaX Ha BOIIPOCbI AHKeTBI, MOKA3aJI, YTO B WeIOM pedH BCeX HX CBONicTBeEHHO yKOpayMBaHHe ZONTUX HeyapHbIX THACHLIX B KOHeYHO! MO3HUHH, HO B MeHbUeli cTeleHH, 4eM yKa3aHo Mu CaMUMH: YeOBeK ynoTpeOmaeT KpaTKHe BapuMaHTH! (Heyy. V4), Ho cam ayMaeT, ‘4To yoTpeOsseT HX Yale, YeM 9TO OKA3bIBaeTCH Ha Hele. Coumonuarsuctwueckas HopMa (Heya. V4t), XOTH M HaxomuTcs ele Ha 3Tare ‘CTAHOBJICHUA, YK HAYMHACT OCO3HABATECA MpeCTABUTeNAMH BHJIbHIOCCKOTO peteBoro KomsexTusa. B nogTsep%xAeHMe MOXHO MPHBeCTH OTBETEI Ha COLMOJMHTBHeTHyecKylo aHKeTy, €aTakxe TOT dakT, YTO npezcTasuTenu JIPKJIB npu3xatot: B WesIOM OHV CKJIOHHbI K yKOpayHBaHHlO MOJITAX PaCcHbIX. 4.1.2. Heywapupre 7, é, a, u B HEKOHCYHOH WO3HMHH B crOBe. B JIMTOBCKOM JIMTepaTypHOM A3bIKe AONTHe THacHble MpoMsHOCATCA ONTO Hh HaTpwkKeHHO HECMOTPA Ha MO3HI[MIO B CHOBE H HAaNMUMe yapeHua. 79 B WHTOBCKHX DHaweKTax HaOmoRalOTCA takTbI Npou3HOoWeHUs 7, 2, d, i B HeKOHE4HO! MO3HUMH B CIOBe He NOX yHapeHHeM BMeCcTO 7, é@, @, 7 ("puMepHO Ha 4eTBepTH TeppuTopun, cm.: Zinkevitius Z., 1966, p. 109—110). B Hexoropsix ropopax aykulTaifros cylilecTByeT YeTKas CHCTeMa OJITOTbI TaCHbIX Tpex cTyneHei, 109TOMY AouIrMe HeyfapHble racuble TaM NepexogsAT B NouyMonrue. Yacte xemaiiTOB TakxKe yKOpauHBAarOT JOIIMe riachble B TaHHOM NO3HNMK, HO 43-34 CO%KHOCTeI akUeHTyalM Takad 3aKOHOMepHOCTh MpHoOperaeT onepenenenHy+o crenupuKy (cm. Tam xe, c. 111). B uet0M mpHMepHoO Ha NosOBHHeE TeppuTopHn JInTBEI ZeifCTByeT 3aKOH YKOpa4MBaHHA DOMTHX HeyapHbIX PlacHbIX, B PasIM4HbIX TOBOpaX XapakTepH3ylollniics paoM ucKIIOYeHHH u ocobeHHOCTeii. CoumonmHrsucTHyeckad DepeMeHHad HeyapHbIx 7, @, d, 7 B HeKOHeYHO! MO3HHH B cuoBe (Heyx. VC) aBnseTcx omHOi 3 caMpIX apKHXx B JIPKJIB: na6stonaeTca o¥TH BceoOuiee ymoTpe6ieHHe KpaTKoro ee BapHaHTa. Tpanauna (Heyn. VC) ylponieHa Mo cpaBHeHutoO c rpanauneii (Heyn. Vi), Tak Kak pa3uM4¥eHHe T0HyHoONroro BapHaHTa OKa3aNOCb 3aTpPyYIHHTeJIbHLIM: TO cyliecTBy ymotpe6nsyoTCs KpaTkHe H NosyIOIrHe BapHaHTbI, HO B IMiba3e NONyAOArMe THacHbIe MoryT ObITh TIpOH3HeCeHE! Kak TourHe. Hacuntbipaetes vent pa no3nunii, B KoTOpEIxX BcTpeyaeTcs (Heya. VC) : 1) B a6comFoTHOM Hayane cuoBa, Hamp.: [i] mm [i.] ([i-]) — [ipat’ingas] unm [i.paVingas] ..ypatingas“, [is’in’es’e-] um [i.s’in’e8’e"] ,,isineSé“ (poct. mpout. Bp., 3 11.); [a] wan [a.] ({a"]) — [aZuol’inas] wan [a.Zuol’inas]. .azuolynas*; [uj] unm [u.] ({u']) — fukv’ed’is] uau [u.kv’ed’is] .ikved¥s“; 2) soll w ganee npexynapHpix cnorax, Hanp.: [i] um [i.] ([i-])—[r'is’tingimas]) unu [11.8 ingimas] ..ryztingumas“, [n’eis’ibrays’i] nau [n’ei.s’ibraus’i] ..neisibrausi* (6yn. Bp. ea. 4., I n.); [e] um [e.] (fe']) — [Pes’in’is] usm [t’e.s’in’is] ,,tesinys“; [a] umm [a.] ([a*]) — [saz’in’ingas} wm [sa.Z°in’ingas] ..saziningas“: [u] um [u.] ([u']) — [kud’ik’€l’is] umm [ku.d’ik’éVis] ..kiidikélis“: 3) I mpenyaapHom cuore: a) ecnw raacubiii B cnore mom yapeHueM Jouruii, namp.: fi] usu [i.J ({i-]) — [g’iv’éna] una [g’i.v’&na] ,,gyvéna* (wact.sp., 3 2.): [a] usm [a.] ([a°]) — [razZ’it’is] wom [ra.Z’it’is] .razytis“; [u] um [u.] ((u']) — [ruk’ivi) wm [ru.kit’i] .rikyti* m 6) ecm raacueiit B cnore nox ynapeHHeM KpaTkuii, Hanp.: [i] usu [i.] ([i-]) — [sugr’iZ’imas] ua [sugr’i.Z’imas] ,,sugrjZimas“; [e] umm [e.] ([e-]) — [prat’es’imas] usm [prat’e.s’imas] ,,pratesimas“; [a] usm [a.] ((a"]) — [graz4] unm [gra.za] ,graza“; [u] umm [u.] ({u']) — [n’esurids} uum [n’esu.ris] .,nestirts": 4) B 3ayqapHeIx cyorax, Hamp.: [iJaam [i.] ({i-]) — [pus’- ri@ei] um [pis’r'i.c’ei] .,pusryciai*; [e] usm [e.] ([e-]) — [iz’gr’eze"] mam [iz’gr’e.- Ze'] ..i8grezé“ [Mpocr. npom. Bp., 3 1.); [a] wm [a.] ([a-]) — [mazaje-] unm [maZa.je'] ,.mazaja“ (Bun. u.ex.4.); [u) um [u.] (fu']) — [pdsuk’is] uma [pdsu.k’is] »posikis*. AnamM3 MaTepvasia WI uccueqoBaHua (HeyZ. Vc), MoIy4eHHOTO TyTeM HHTepBbIO, MpoBodusica Oe3 yyeTa MOSM, B KOTOPbIX BCTpeyaeTca AaHHas TepeMeHHad B CIOBe, TaK KaK eFO OKAa3aJIOCb HeOcTaTOYHO a Tako wen. YuutiBaJIMCh Bo3pacTHbie (Aj, Ay, Az) H oOpa30Batenbubie (C;, C.) rpynmet, a TaKxe Ba KOHTeKCTYaJIbHBIX cTHIA (By u B,) (B crue Bs, T.e. Up uTeHUH KBa3HOMOHHMOB, JaHHasd MepeMeHHaa BCTpeyasdcb cIMINKOM pemKo). Bbia nopcuntana 4ac80 ToTa Jouroro M KpaTkKoro BapwaHTa (Heys. vo) (B %) HM cocTaBseH rpacbuK c yueTom (bakropos Bospacta (A), yposHa o6pazosanua (C) u cruna (B). Yunrerpanacp W pewb pyMitbl akTepow 4 AuKTOpoB paguo (C;) (cm. puc. 5.1). Bapsuposanue (Heyy. VC) B nenom 6e3 yyeta peum rpymmbl akTepow M AUKTOpos HeGonbuoe. Bombuioro capura He HaOmogaeTca, B O*PHUMAbHOM HeHalIpaBJeHHOM cTuue (B,) THM He3HAayHTeIEHO Gombe ynorpeOseTca QONrHX BapHaHTOB, JOBEpUTeIbHbIC MHTepBasIbl MepekpeuimBaioTca. YnotTpeOsenHe DONTHX BaPHAHTOB CTaTHCTHYCCKH 3HAYMMO pa3JIM4AeTCA IMIUb B pPeYH Milage rpynmer c 6omee HH3KHM M BBICOKAM ypOBHeM OOpa30BaHHA: DOBEPHTeIbHbIe MHTepBasIbL He nepexpemmBarotca — 11+17% u 0+8 %. B rpymme axtepos 4 QuKTOpoB n0Ka3aTeyb YACTOTHI AONTOFO BapHaHTa, XOTA H 3HAYUTEIHO BbILMIe, YeM B OCTAJIBHBIX rpynnax (B Apyrux rpymmax oH KoneOueTca B MHTepBane 4—24 %,), Bce xe OTHOCHT@IbHO HeBBICOK: 66 % BB, u 70 B By. i PesymbTaTbl aHasm3a pacnpeyenenua (Heyn. VC) w JIPKJIB no3Bonstor seWaTb BbIBOX, ¥TO MaHHad MepeMeHHas mpHoOpena aMATBucTHYecKHil cTatyc: ona HOYT He HOMMaercs HA CTrpaTHukauwMOHHOMY, HH CHTyaTHBHOMy BapbHpoBaHHO H Bce xe (Hey. VC) ocTaeTca comMONMATBUCTHYeCKOl MepemMeHHOif, Tak Kak BapbupoBanue cyllecTByeT: He BCerfa i, é, d, i B HeKOHeYHOM Ge3syzapHoit no3HllMM NpousHocatca Kak I, é, d, % — Mulls UpHOnu3uTenbHO B 4/5 cayyaes. AxamM3 pew HH*OpMaHTOB, IJId KOTOPBIX He XapakTepHO yKa3aHHOe ynoTpebwleHwe (Heya. vo), NOKa3asl, YTO PHaBHbIM PakKTOPOM, OObACHAIOWIMM ,,HexapaKTepHocTh” ux pew aaa JIPKJIB, apnserca quaneKTHOe MpoHcxoxKDeHHe Ux poaHTene. O6a ponutena (uM oMH) uHopMaHToB M3 TpynMbl .,.HexapakTepHBIx* B 7@HHOM OTHOIICHHH Oni c TeppHTOpHH TeX JHTOBCKHX THalIeKTOB, KOTOpPbIM HeCBOMCTBEHHO yKOpauMBaHHe JOJIFUX TacHbIX B HeKOHeYHOM NO3HuHH. Uccnegopanue cyObekTuBHOli CTOpoHI WaHHOrO BOmpoca, T.€. aHanH3 OTBeTOB Ha aHKeTy, MO3BOJIMJI YTOYHMTS COMMONHETBHCTHYeCKyIO HOPMYy KpaTKOrO npow3Homenua (Heyx. VC) (B auxete uMenHch mpuMepsr (Heym. VC) Bo Bcex BEImeyKa3aHHbIX MO3HIMAX B cJ0Be). Ynorpe6neHue (Heya. VO), peanm3yemoii B aOcomIOTHOM Havase cloBa, ompeZeaoch 10 OTBeTaM O MpOU3HOUMIeHHH cHOB qsotélis, qsélé, qzuolynas, iistiotas. B yesom YacTota yKasaHuit Ha ynorpeOneHHe TonToro BapwaHTa B HepBbIX Tpex cNOBaX OTHOCHTeIbHO HeBbICOKad (uHTepBa O—40 %) (cM. puc. 6.2), 4ro B ompeHeweHHoH Mepe MOYTH cooTBeTCTBYeT peambHOMy ynoTpeOseHuto (Heyz. VC), u306paxkKeHHOMY B poaHasIM3HpOBaHHOM BpIWe rpatbuKe. He Bo Bcex Tpex coBax yka3biBaeTCaA OMHAKOBOe NpoUsHOMeHHe G: B cHoBe qZuolynas ynoTpebmeHue DoONToro’ Bapwanta wae (22—40 %), B cose qsélé — pexe (0O—40 %). Untepecno OTMeTHTb, 4TO HaOMOMAIOTCA HEKOTOPHIe PacXOx*KeHAA yKazaHHit pecnoHzeHTOB OTHOCHTCIbHO ypoBHs O6pa30BaHHA, OcObeHHO B epBbIX ABYX CJIOBaX: pecnoHseHTbI C BbICOKUM ypOBHeM O6pa30BaHus, OCobeHHO B cTapuleii H cpepHeii Bo3pactTHBIX FpyiMax, pexke yKa3biBaloT Ha ynorpe6nenue UMM JonToro Bapuanta (Heys. VC) B WaHHBIX CNOBaX, ¥eM pectiOHeHTI c Oouee HH3KUM ypoBHeM OOpa30BaHHa. 6, 949 81 CuenyetT 1oa¥epKHYTb, 4TO MOKa3aTeMb YaCTOTBI AONTOTO BapHaHTa B ped rpymnbt akTepOB H JHKTOPOB BeCbMa HeBBICOK — 33'S. Cnosa asotélis u qiuolynas ObisM. BKMIOYeHLI B CBASHOM TKCT, KOTOpbIii pH WHTepBbIOUpOBAHHM MpowTanH BCe HHOpMaHTEI. CpapHenue peaybHoro yuoTpeOneHua Houroro BapHaHTa B WaHHBIX CIOBaX C cyObeKTHBHBIMH Cy2K}¢HAAMU pecHOH{eHTOB NoKa3ailo, YTO 3AaBbICHIIM CBOH MOKA3ATeM B AHKeTAX HMCHHO re PeCHOHACHTHI, B PEI KOTOPEIX HUKOT{a WH MOUTH HUKOTa He BCTpeqaeTcs qomruit BapuwauT, Hanp.: B peuH cTapmieit rpymbi c Gomee HU3KUM ypOBHeM o6pa3opanna (A,C,), 10 TaHHSIM MHTePBbIO, B CIOBaX qsotélis u qzuolynas 4actoTa Honroro BapHaHTa cocTaBisaeT Mtb 4%, a B AHKeTAX yKa3aHO 40. Taxoe nonoxenue 3abHKCHpoBaHo BO BCeX rpymmax, ocoGeHHO c Oosee HH3KHM ypoBHeM o6pa30BaHMS, 34 HCKMIOUCHHEM FpyMMs! akTepOB HM AHKTOPOB: OHH 3aHM3HIIH cBo moKa3aTem B auKketax (33 %) mo cpaBHeHMio c AelicrsutenbHocT1 (90% ynorpe6enna qosroro BapuaHTa B TeKcTe). Ananv3 ynotpeOsenmsa Zomroro BapHaHTa B culoBe iisiiotas (XOTA OHO H OTHOcuTca K WaHHOi rpymme cop) comepxKUTCH HUKe, Te UccHelyeTca rpyitia COB C (Hey. VC) B TO3HNHH Mepex MONTHM yapHbIM CIOTOM, Tak KaK MOAMHHACTCA 3aKOHaM 3TOM TpyMibt. CpapHenve peamu3aluu Zonroro BapHaHTa (Heya. vc) B OulwasIbHOM HeHaIpaBeHHOM CTHJIe C CyOBCKTHBHEIMM CyKeHHAMM TOBOPAIIUX MOSBOMACT CHEATS BLIBOL, YTO WOKa3zaTemM ynoTpeOseHuA WoMToro BapHaHTa B ped SABbILICHEI: j10-BHMMOMY, HMes0 MecTo BuIMAHMe TpadbH¥ecKoro u306paxKeHHA CIOBA. Jlonruit Bapuant (HeyA. VC) BgaScomoTHOM Hayane cyoBa B JIPKJIB scrpeyaeTCd BECbMa PeIKO, YeMy MpHIMHO!!, 1O-BAMMOMY, CY2%KHT TOT akT, YTO ToNroTa TlaCHbIX B JaHHOM NOJO%KeHUM YaCTO ABJIACTCH UCTOPHYCCKHM PeJIMKTOM H HHKaKOli TMCTHHKTHBHOM (yHKIMM He BBIMOIHAeT. Pacnpenenenue yactoT omroro sapwanta (Heya. VO), peamu3yemoe Bo II u Jlanee mpefymapubix cylorax (B aHkeTe MJIMFOCTpHpyeTca cioBaMu tesinfs, grezinjs), HOCHT HECKOJIbKO HHO XapakTep, 4eM B NOSMIMH aOcomIOTHOTO Hayasia CIOBAa (cm. puc. 6.3). B o60ux croBax yka3bIBaeTCA OTHOCHTEJIBHO PaBHOMEPHAA H HE CIIMUIKOM BBICOKad YacToTa ynoTpeOxenus AoNroro Bapuanta @, B cpemHem 30 — 40%. Tloxa3aTenb B culoBe greZinys B cpejHeit Bo3pacTHOM rpymme c Gosee HU3KHM YpPOBHeM OOpa30BaHHaA, papa, pe3Ko Toppumaetca — fo 56 %, HO B Mamuueli rpymme ¢ BBICOKHM ypoBHeM oOpa30BaHuaA Magaer Wo 14%. 3necb, Kak HM pH aHasM3e OTBeTOB aHKeTHI O paciipeseueHun BapHaHTos (Hey. VC) 8 a6comoTHOM Haase cioBa, HaOmofaeTca CHWKeHMe MoKa3aTeneit YacTOT JouToro BapHaHTa B rpymme c Gomee BBICOKAM ypOBHeM OOpa3oBaHua. B rpynitie akTepoB HM AMKTOpOB NOKa3aTeb 4acTOTSI BEICOK: 68 % Mua cnoBa grezinys u 78 % ana cnoBa tesinys. CpapHenue yacToTsI ynoTpeOseHua Momroro BapwaHta (Hey. VC) 8 peambHOM peyH MHOpMaHTOB C HX CyOBCKTHBHBIMM Cy>%KeHHAMM PHCyeT AHAJIOTHYHYtO KapTHHYy, Kak H UpH pa3sOope (Heyz. VC) B 1O3HuMM AOCOUFOTHOTO Hatasa CiLOBa: B aHKeTaX 1oKa3aTesIM HECKObKO 3aBbIIeHbI, OCOOeHHO B rpynmax c Gonee HUSKUM ypoBHem oOpa30BaHHa, M 3aHWKeHBI B rpylilie aKTepoB M AUKTOPOB. 82 , B ynotpe6menmm Yonroro BapuaHta (Heya. VO), peamu3yemoit Bo II u aasee mpetyfapHbix cuorax, HaGmoqaeTcA TeHeHUMA Tepexona K yloTpeOseHHIO KpaTKOTO BapHaHTa, OcoGeHHO B CHOBaX C HCTOPHYeCKH MONTHMH TidCHbIMM — HOCOBLIMH q H ¢. Tlanupiit Bbisox NOATBepxaeT aHaliM3 OTBETOB Ha aHKeTy, HalpaBuleHHEIi Ha wayyeHHe paciipesenenua Jonroro BapuaHta (Heya. VC), peanu3yemoit B I mpeaynapHoM ciore nepex{ AouIruM yrapHEm. JlanHas nosuuus (Heys. VC) 8B anKeTe WIsuocTpupyetca cieftyrouluMu mpuMepamu: plytélé, gyvénti, vyridusias, drasudlis, Zqsélé, riukjti, griidai. B rpaduxe (cm. puc. 6.4) 4eTKO pa3qenatoTca Ape rpyntbl cyos: suHuM YactoT drqsudlis u rukyti pucyroT aHaslorMyHy!O KapTHHy, Kak M B qipuMepax kK mo3HuMH aOcomOTHOrO Hayasla cioBa (asotélis, qsélé, qzZuolfnas, cM. puc. 6.2), mun cos plytélé, gyvénti, vyridusias, rukyti, griudai — kak mHHUA copa iistiotas, T.c. B HosHuMM aOcoMFOTHOTO Havana cioBa. B HacTosumx 6 cnoBax PecHOHJeHTSI yKa3bIBalOT Ha ynoTpeOseHHe MMM AoNroro BapHaHTa (neya. VO) ropa3qo Yate (aHTeppan 33—100 %, ocHoBHbIe YaCTOTHI paciipeyeueHbI B HHTepBane 60—90 %). 3necb HaOmogaetcs oOpaTHad KapTHHa, 4eM B MpHBeeHHBIX BbIe IpuMepax: ecu B aGCOIOTHOM Hayasle cuOBa Ha ynoTpeOeHMe ouroro BapHaHTa Yallle yka3pIBanM MpescTaBuTeiM rpym C MeHbIIMM ypoBHeM O06pa30BaHUsA, TO B NO3MNuM B I MpexyLapHoM cyore Mepex MOMTHM yAapHbIM CIOrOM Ha ynotpe6enue Jouroro BapHanTa Yallle yka3biBasiM MpeAcTaBuTemM rpyli C BbICOKUM ypoBHeM oOpa30BaHHa. Cuosa plytélé u gyvénti ObiH BKIIOVEHEI B CBASHOH TEKCT, KOTOPHI MpowTaH ‘sce HHTepBbioupyeMble sua. PeawbHoe ynorpeOseHue Houroro BapHaHTa (Heyz. VC) B AaHHEIX cHOBaxX He COOTBeETCTBYeT CYOBEKTHBHBIM Cy>KeHHAM PpectloHeHTOB O CBOeit CoOGcTBeEHHOM peuH: 3a HCKIIOYeHHeEM Pe4H ZMKTOPOB H aKTepoB, AOlTuli BapHaHT BO BCeX rpynmax He yNoTpeOsssca vate yem B 20 % cuyaaes. ToKaaTeIM 4YaCTOTbI JONroro BapHaHTa B H3y¥aeMOl MO3MNMH B OTHOIMeHHH BO3PaCTHBIX py HeCKOMbKO BbITCNAMOTCA JIMIb B CTapileli Bo3spacTHoi rpymme © M€HBIIMM ypOBHeM oOOpa30BaHHa — OHH PpactOOXKeHbI HWKe, B HHTepBalie 20—60 °. [pu yrenuu TexcTa Homrue BapHaHTEI yHOTpeONAN IMI OAH MpectaBUTE AaHHOM rpyMitbl, poAHTeH KOTOporo poOM H3 MeCTHOCTH Ha TeppHTOpun JOKHBIX ayKMITAHTOB, — OHH, KAaK H3BeCTHO, COXpaHsAIOT JONroTy riacHoro B TaH- ‘Ho MOSHE. Visysenne pacipenenenus Wonroro BapHaHta (Heya. vo), peamusyemoi B I mpelyapHoM ciiore Mepex KpaTKHM yapHbIM CJIOFOM, BeOCh Ha MpHMepax sugrizimas, Kestitis, tre’imas, sugrazino, siystivas, BKIOYeHHBIX B aHKeTY. B WaHHprx cnoBax U3y4¥aeMy!O TepemeHHy!o MpepctapmatoT j, e, @, 4. JImHMM pacupeneneHus wacToT Zonroro BapHatita B coBax Kestitis, tresimas, sugrqzino (cM. puc. 6.5) ‘CXOKH C JMHUIMH Jpyrux WpoaHasIM3HpOBaHHBIX MpHMepoOB C HOCOBbIMH TJlaCHBIMu: Ha Gosee yacroe ynoTpeOmeHHe Jouroro BapHaHTa 37eCb TakxKe yka3biBasH TpyMIbt C MeHBIIHM ypoBHeM oOpa30BaBHa, YacToTa yKa3aHMii Ha yroTpebseHHe onroro BapnauTa B WeIOM cpaBHUTesIbHO Hu3Kast (25—57 %). JImHMM cmOB sugriZimas w siystiivas kak Obi UpHHaexaT ApyrOMy THI: OHH PacoOX*KeHbl 3HayH6* 83 TeIbHO Bbite (JOCTHTaIOT OTMeTKH 90 %) H He CHMMETPHYHbI B OTHOMICHHH ypOBHA OOpa30BaHHs, HalIp.: BbICLIMe MHKH NpHHaexaT cTaplieli BOspacTHoH rpymme © BEICOKHM ypoBHeM oOpa30BaHHa H Maniieli c Gomee Hu3KHM. Ilo-BuMMOMy, 3ilecb urpaeT pos TOT akT; 4YTO B pew YacTO yNOTpeOAIOTCA POACTBEHHEIe C10Ba ¢ HammaeM yapeHua Ha W3yYaeMBIX TOJITHX TacHbIx: sugriZo, siijsti M T.0. Cosa sugrizimas, Kestitis, sugrazino Obi BKIIOYCHEI B CBASHOHM TeKCT, KOTOprti npowsTamu wHTepBbioupyempie. Bo Bcex coBax DoNTHe riacHbie MpoHusHeCciH JMS JUKTOps! pawvo HW Ba UpeAcTaBUTe# CpeAHeTO NOKOJICHHA BHJIbHIOCH EB, POUHTeNM KOTOPEIX GEM POAOM H3 MecTHOCTeli Ha TeppHTOPHH 3alaMHBIX HW 1OxKHBIX aykuITaiiros. XoTa B roBopax WWMpOKO paciipocTpaHeHo ZoNToe MpoM3HoLieHHe HOCOBBIX racHEIx, B JIPKJIB pemukTos 2aHHOrO sBIeHUA HOYTH He HaOmOaetca. [axe B peu akTepoB JOJIroe MPOH3HOMeHHe TaHHbIX FiaCHbIX B TeKCTe HMenO MecTo smb B 40% scex 3acukcuposaHHBIX coyyaes. Enunwunpie dbaxtst MpousHeceHus TOsTOro TiacHOro B OJHOM HJIM JBYX yKa3aHHBIX COBaX 3acBHseTeIBCTBOBAHEI B 9 % Bcex cHy4aes (6e3 yseTa PpyMMbl TMUKTOpoOB H akTepos), Yale B cnose sugrizimas. Hu ofHoro cnyyad UpOM3HeceHHA DoIroro BapwaHTa (HeyA. VC) 8 u3y4aemoit no3HIMM He BCTpeTHsOCE B peyH MpepcTaBuTeseit crapmiero m0KOJICHHA. iy : Pacnpegzenenue Zomroro Bapuanta (Heya. VC), peamu3yemoii B mocueyqapHOoM ciore, W3y¥alocb Ha MpuMepax Siiostyti, krdustyti, dzidustyti, BKT}OYeHHEIX B aHKery (cM. puc. 6.6). PectloHZeHTbI yKa3aiIM Ha OTHOCHTeIbHO YacToe ynoTpeOseHue HMH JOuroro BapHaHTa (600bUIMHCTBO YacTOT paciionoxeHO B HHTepBae 60—80 %). Yerxo# crparubuxaumu He HaGsoaeTca HA TO IMHHH BO3pacTHOrO, HH 10 JHHHH OOpa3oBaTebHOrO dakTopos. Heckombko BbienseTca cpetHaAd BO3pacTHas rpylilta c BbICOKAM ypoBHeM OOpa30BaHHa: OHM Sosee ckelITHYeCKH pacIeHMBaIOT CBOIO COOCTBeEHHY!0 pe4b, OMHAKO yKa3aHHad UMM YacTOTa BCe x*Ke 3aBbilMeHa — 33—56 % ynotpeOneHuii Donroro BapwaHTa, Kora Ha caMoM ese 9Ta Wnpa LouxKHa OLITb UpHMepHO HallomoBMHY MeHBILe. Cnoso krdustytis Obi0 BKIO¥eHO B CBASHOM TeKCT A uHTepBbIO. YoTpebwleHve JONroro BapHaHTa 3aduKcupoBaHo B 23% cuyyaes (6e3 yyeTa rpylMbi aKTePOB H AUKTOpoB), B OCHOBHOM B peu HHOpMaHTOB cpewHero MoKOeHUA, POAHTeM KOTOPbIX MpOHCXxONsT c TeppATOpHH 1OXKHOHIM 3alaqHOayKUITaiircKux AMaseKTOB. Wsysenue cyObextusHoit cTopoHbI yNotpeOmeHud Toro un MHOTO BapwaHTa MPOW3HOWMeHHA MWO3BOMAeT TewaTh BbIBOM O CYLIeCTBOBAaHHM AByX COMMOMMHTBucTHYecKHX HOpM. Ileppast pactipoctpanseTca Ha cOBa C HOCOBIMH TylaCHBIMH, Hamp.: Kestitis, qZuolfnas, sugrqzino & Ap., 4’ MoxeT ObITh chopMyMpoBana cyieHy!0uHM 06pa30M: UpousHeceHMe JOITHX HOCOBBIX PIaCHbIX B HEKOHEYHOI Hey/apHOM MO3MINHH B CHOBE HeOOA3aTeMbHO, XOTH HM BO3MOXHO. HepesKo BEIOOp BapHaHTa (neya. VC) 3apucuT oT @opMambHOcTH cuTyalun (pm YTeHMM TeKcTa JomrHit BapuaHT ynorpeOnseTca Yale, 4YeM B HeIpHHyxKeHHOM peq), OT cyObeKTHBHOTO OTHOMeHHA K cBOei pew (B OpMIMaIbHEIX CHTYallMAX HEKOTOpbIe CTpeMsTCA MpaBHJIbHee NpousHOcHTS (Hey. VC)) u, HaKOHe, OT AHaseKTHOTO IIpoucxoxKseHut pofuTenel (ecu YeNOBeK cpoyy He CULIXaN DoNToro BapwaHTa JaHHol mepemex84 Holi, B ero cOOcTBeHHO! pew axe IpH cpeqHUX ycuIMAX coOIO2aTb IpaBAbHOCTh pew WourMe BapHauTEr GynyT BecbMa penKu). Jannerit Tu BapualyaM COmMONMHTBUCTHYeCKOH MepeMeHHOM MOxXHO CYMTaTb THIIOM BHYTPHJMYHOCTHEIX BapHanulit (cm. Bean P., 1980, c. 58); BappupoBaHue o6yciOBeHO He JMHTBHUCTHYeCKMMH He CTaTHCTHYeCKMMM KaTeropaimu DeMorpaduu, a WHHaMMYeCKUMM aciieKTaMa CMTYaTMBHOTO HcHOb30BaHHA A3bIKa. WM ace xe MepeMeHHYy!O HeJIb3A CYMTATb CHTYaTHBHOH, Tak Kak OHa He MoMMaeTca cruMcTHYeCKOH crpaTuduKaluu. Bapuaua WaHHOw MepeMeHHOM MoxeT OBITh XapakTepw30BaHa KaK BCTpedaeMOcTHad (vam xe, c. 61): oHa HUKOrla He MOxeT ObITb MpescKa3aHa. Bropas coumouMHrBHcTHYecKad HOpMa yrorpeOsenna (Heyd. VC) pacnpoctpaHAeTCH Ha COBa C AONTHMH, HO He C HOCOBBIMA rlacHBIMH, Hallp.: gyvéna, Sypsdtis, plytélé w ap.: cyulectByeT HopMa BBISopa Jomroro BapwaHTa NepeMeHHOH, 1103B0jimomlat, OfHaKO, 6e3 onpeseweHHOrO cTpaTHuKkalMOHHOTO WIM CHTyaTHBHOTO orpaHw4eHua ynoTpeOiaTb Kpatkuit BapHanT. Ha sto yKa3biBaeT TOT @aKT, 4TO cJIOH Haceylenua c Gomee HU3KHM ypoBHeM OOpa30BaHua pH CyObeKTHBHBIX cyxKAeHMSX O CBOeH peIH BbIOMPAIOT KpaTKHit BapHaHT MepeMeHHOM 4allle, YeM COW C BBICOKHM YPOBHeM OOpa30BaHHA, 4TO CBMeTeNBCTByeT. 06 OTCYTCTBAH CTHIIMCTHyeCKOrO BapbUpOBaHUA M 3aKperLeHHA 3a NONTHM BapHaHTOM (HeyA. VC) cratyca TipecTwKHOH peqH. TIpunatue Gomee crporo HOpMBI, KakOBO sB/IAeTCA uepsas, o6o03Ha4a0 Gi SBHEI MOBOPOT K yTPaTe OMMO3HUMH AONTHX H KpaTKHX TWaCHBIX B UesIOM 3aMeHe ee ONMO3HUMeli YAapHBIX H HeyJapHBIx riacHBix. CyObekTHBHBIe cyxTeHHt PeCHOHAeHTOB TaK CHJIbHO pacXOAATCA C pealbHBIM NOJIOKeHHEM MOTOMY, 4TO s JIPKJIB na Hactosileli craqum ee pasBuTHA HepBadt OnMO3HIMA He MoxeT OxITB TIOMHOCTEIO 3aMeHeHa BTOPO!i: cosHaTeMbHOe UpH3HaHHe cbakTa, yTo B 4/5 cnyyaes aomruit HeynapHsti raacustii mpousHocurca KpaTKo, oOo3HaYano OBI: HOpMoit MpOwsHOMeHHA ABIACTCA KpaTKHi BapHaHT, T.c. yrpaTa VyV. Takum o6pa3om, KpaTkuii BapHaHT Wpou3HouleHHa (Heya. VC) cyulecTByeT KaK HOpMa, KOTOpas, B BPOTHBOMONOKHOCTL HOPMe MPOM3HOWIeHMA MCTOPHYECKHX HOCOBBIX TwlacCHbIX B HeEKOHCYHOM HeyAapHOi NOsHUMM, ABIAeTCA HeOcOsHaHHON. 4.2.1. Yoapunte i, é, dé, ii 8 KoHedHOH TO3HNMM B crOBe. B nATOBCKOM JMTepaTypHOM sA3bIKe, KaK H B THasleKTax, yapule 7, 2, d, ii B aAbCOMIOTHOM KOHLe cuoBa WIM Mepey -s Bcergja MpousHOcATCA KpaTKO. B HeKOTOpBIX NOrpaHHUHBIX CO cwlaBsiHAaMM TOBOpaX H B pedH HeKOTOpBIX GunMHTsoB HaOmOMaeTCA MoMyZoNToe HIM Wosroe MpousHOMIeHMe AaHHBIX rlacusrx (cm. Zinkevitius Z., 1966, p. 104, 107). B pew BumbHiocies BcrpevaloTcs dbakTsI KpaTKoro, Momyyzonroro u Touroro (B smca3e) Mpom3HoMeHua H3y4aeMBIX TIACHBIX B CHeMyromx nosunusx: 1) mocue cylora c OurHM rnacHEIM wu OByrnacHbiM, Harp.: [i] an [i.] ({i]) — [suri] wm {sur’i.] ,,siri“, [e] unm [e.] ((e']) — [k’el’ds2] am [k’el’tds’&.] ,,keliuosé* (mpea. ut, MH. 4.), [a] am [a.] ({a‘]) — [ruo8a] vam [ruoSa.] Tusa, [u] unm [u.] ({u]) — [ru‘s’t) wm [rus’t.] ,,rasii (rs. i. en. 4); 2) mocne cora c KpaTKHM rjlacHBIM, nanp.: [i] um [i.] ({i']) — [n’e8'i] amu [n’e8'i.] ,neSi* (2 a. eg. 4. Hac. Bp.), [e] umm [e.] ({e"]) — [kat’e] uo [kat’é.] ,,katé“ (vs. m. eg. 4.), [a] mm [a.] (fa‘))"— 85 [bala] unm [bala.] ,,bala“ (am. wm Ts. m. ex. 4.), [u) usm [u.] ((u])—[g’erd] mi [e’erd.] ,,geri* (TB. m. ex. 4.). , Ikana coumonMArsucTruyecKoii nepeMeHHOi KpaTKHX YylapHBIX TwlaCHBIX B KoHewHO Mo3sunMH (Hanee yz. V+) comepxur apa 3HayeHMs: KpaTKoro H Aonroro sapuantos. Tonyzonrnit riacusiit B 9Mdase MOXeT WOCTHYb NOMTOTHI HACTOsMero Wouroro ruacHoro. JlanHas nepeMenHas He XapakTepHa jt JIPKJIB, Ho Tak Kak CHCTeMa MHTOBCKOrO S3bIKa MpOTHBOPeyHT MOABeHMIO OrorO BapHaHTa (ya. V+), (bakTbI ero MOABIeHHA B PCY CTAHOBATCA OYCHb 3aMCTHBIMM Hi paciyeHMBaIOTCA KaK KaprOHHEle WH UHTepepeHTHEIe. B Hacrosmem uccieqobanuM TaHHad MepeMeHHasd W3yYasach TOKO Ha MaTePale CONMOMHHTBUCTHYeCKOrO HHTepBb}O B CTHIAX B, u Bo. VWi3-3a nepeMeHuMBocTH akUeHTyalnMM, KOTOpat 3[ecb He paccMaTpuBaeTcs, Hammune cB c (yz. V+) BapbupyeT OT HHOpMaHTa K HH(bopMaHTy. Ecum cyoBa, namp., balti (uM. 1. Mu. 4.), namé (mpenn. 1. ex. 4.), Kalba (uM. unm TB. Ht. eX. 4.),. kitis (Buu. 1. MH. 4.), BCe HHOpMaHTE! MpousHocar c (yz. Vib), To Takue cj0Ba, Kak Hamp., aStuoni, musé (TB. 0. eq. 4.), diends (BuH. 0. MH. 4.), maloniiis (BuHi. Ma. 4.), B JIPKJIB yacro tepsrot (yz. V+): yHapeHwe OTTArHBaeTcA Ha MpeyTocnenuuit cnor. B peakux ciyyasx HabmonaeTca NosBenue (yz. Vib) 6naromapa TuMepKoppekUMH, T.e. MepeHocy yapeHua Ha MocyeHui cnor, Hanp., Jirdis (Bux. Tl. MH. 4., = Sirdis), nendrés (BMH. 1. MH. 4., = néndres), galvds (Bu. 1. MH. 4., = galvas), risciis (BMH. 0. MH. 4., = riscius). Hanp., upu yreHuM cBax3HOrO TeKcTa BO BPeMA HHTepBLIOHPOBAHHA BCTPeyalOTCA ClleMyHoulMe cyYaH rulepKoppekiMu, cioco6cTByroulme NosBieHuto (yz. Vit): devynis (pun. 0., = devynis), vient (TB. 1, = vienu), auklé (vB. tt. en. 4., = dukle), mergaités (pun. 11. MH. 4., = mergdites), bjaurybeé (TB. 1. en. 4., = bjaurybe). Visyyenue TekcToB HHTepBbIOHPOBAHHA NOKa3ao, YTO AONruit BapuaHT (yA. V#) 8B JIPKJIB scrpeyaetcs penko (cM. puc. 5.2): uHTepBal YaCTOT KpaTKOro BapHaHTa mepeMeHHoli Bricox — 76— 100%. Hecxonbko Gombe JonrHx BapHaHTOB 3acuKcuPOBaHO B PeYH MONOMEKU, XOTA CTATHCTHYCCKH 3HAYHMO Pa3NMYAIOTCA JIMIU DBE YacTOTEI B CTuJe By: crapileli TpyNbl C BBICOKHM ypoBHeM OGpa30BaHHA H MuIanwleli c Gonee Hu3KUM (86+ 96% Hu 70+ 82%). 3necb cuetyeT BHECTH HeKOTOpBIe KOPpeKTHBEL: B pe¥H NpelcTaputelei ctapwero MoKoneHuA AONTu BapHaHT BCTpeyaeTcaA axe yale, YeM 8B pew MOnoZexU. Ho Boobute (yz. Vit) B HX pean HaOsiOaeTca OYCHb peKO, — NpelcTasuTesM cTapWero NOKONeHHA Yale OTTATHBaloT yilapeHue Ha Mpexbizyumit cnor. B pew MonocexKM Yale BCTpeyaloTca THMepKoppexTHble opMbI, 4TO B Obuleli cHoxKHOCTH cIlocobcTByeT CHWKEBHIO WoKa3aTesA YACTOTLI KpaTKoro BapHaHTa. B cBa3HOM TekcTe HHTepBLIOHPOBaHHA CoAepxKaoch 36 upuMepos e (yz. Vi) B MHOTOCJIOXKHBIX cIOBaxX H 2] — B onHOCHOKHEIX. Bce o2HOCHOxKHBIe cuoBa B MOTOKe Ped, 3a MCKIHOYeHHEM CIOBa dvi, CTAHOBUIMCh NPOKIMTHKAMH HIM SHKIHTHKAaMH, JIHUIb B HEKOTOPBIX culyyasx B CloBax nét, bét, nés, cid HaOMOAaocb ynoTpeOnenue Aosmroro Bapuanta (ya. Vi). JImmp 1/3 43 36 MHOrOCHOXKHEIX CIIOB Cc Hasmanem (yi. V+t) Bcera coxpaHsana yapeHue Ha NocneqHeM cuore: mane (BUH, 1. en. 4.), tadd, kuris, tikri: (Te. m. en, 4.), niekadd, namé (npean. 0. en. 4.), aplinka, 86 Jla6os Y. Viccnenosanme s3b1ka 8 ero CONMAbHOM KoHTexKcTe, — HoBoe B HHTBHCTHKE. M., 1975 (B ccbiike: a), BbIny 7. JlaGos Y. O mexannaMe s3bikopbix #3MeHeHHi, — Hopoe 8 annrsuctuxe. M., 1975 (e ccauiKe: 6), Bin. 7. Maxoscxuii M. M. CootHomienue sHaMBEDyaIbHbIX HW COMMAIbHBIX dbaxTopos 8B A3bIKe. — BA, 1976, Ne 1. Monuna M. JL. Kpuraueckuii ovepk MeTOROB HW TCXHHKH COUMONOTHYECKHX HecleqoBaHHl 3a pyGexom. — Mint. Giron. Cep. Matepnaasi 1 coo6menua | Ore pez. B. B. KonGanoscxult. M., 1974, Ne 1. Huxoascxuii JI, B. Cunxponnaa coumonmsrsuctaka (TeopHa 1 mpo6nemsi). — M., 1976. Hocenxo 9. JI. Cnemmuxa npossnenua B pew COCTOSHMA IMOUMOHATEHO! HanpsxCHHOCTH: Astoped. noxr. mac. — M., 1979. Tloausanos E, Pyccxuii s3bik Kak NpeAMeT rTpaMMaTHYecKOTO ODBCAHHA. — B xu.: 3a MapKCHCTCKOe saprkosHanne. M., 1931. Tlocrosasxosa B. HM. Ucropmueckas @oxonorus 4 ce OcHOBAaKHS. OnbIT JOrHKO-MeToxONOrB4ecxoro aHamu3a, — M., 1978. Tlocrosasosa B. HM. Cnenmdbuueckne yepTbi rHnoTe3bi B HMHTBHCTHKe. — B xa.: D'umote3a B COBpemennoit nuursuctaxe / Ors. pez. KO. C. Crenaxos. M., 1980. Pa6ouas kuura counonora / Ors. pea. I. B. Ocunos. — M., 1976. Pyceckas pasropopHas pew / Tog pen. E. A, 3emcxoii. — M., 1973. Pycexnit 9351K nO JaHHEm Maccosoro o6cnezoBaHHa. OnzIT COMMA IbHO-JIMETBHCTHYCCKOTO H3Y~ xenna / Tom pen. JI, 1. Kpsicuna. — M., 1974. Pyrxesny M. H. Merononormseckue npoGsemsi H3y"eHHa coumanbHOl CTpyKTypbl coumasHcrwueckoro o6urecrsa. — CaepioncK, 1972. Ceran JI. M. Ocuosst doxonormyeckot cTaTHCTHKH (Ha MaTepHase NOJbCKOTO sapika). — M., 1972. Cepe6pennukos B. A. BepostHocrubie O6ocHoBaHHA B KOMMAapaTHBHCTHKC. — M., 1974. Cxsopuos JI. HW. Teopernueckne OCHOBbI KYJIbTYpbI Pew: Astoped. noxT. auc. — M., 1978. Crarucruyeckue MeTOBI aHasH3a HAOPMAaLMH B CONMOMOTHYCCKEX HCCICMOBABHAX | Ors. pen T. B. Ocunos. — M., 1979. : Crenanos I’. B. K npo6neme s3tKonoro Bapbuposanua. — M., 1979. Crpykrypio-peposTHOcTHEIii aHa7H3 93bIKa 10 JaHHBIM pew; Beecoros. c6. Tes. nox. Kon. — Xappxos, 1979. Tpy6euxo& H. C. Ocuossi boxonorm. — M., 1960. @ant I. M., Axo6con P., Xanae M. Baenenne B aHamHs pew. — Hosoe » amursuctuxe. M., 1962, sem. 2. Yenowex u ero paGota. — M., 1967. Yecnoxos C. B. O npencrapHTeMbHOCTH Pe3YIbTATOB COMMOMOTHYCCKEX HccneoBaHHl, MpoBeTeHHbIX NO MalBIM Hecnyyaiinsm BEIGOpKaM. — B xx.: [IpoekTaposanne # OpraHnHsalHn BEIOOpOYHOTO couMoNorMYecKoro HCcnenoBaHHS. M., 1977. Hiseiinep A. JI. Cospemennax conmommarsuctuxa. Teopus, npoO.eMbl, MeTOaBI. — M., 1976. Iseiinep A. J, Huxoancruii JI. B. Brezenwe B coumonmursuctuxy. — M., 1978. Ikaparan O. H., Pykasnmnnkos B. O. Coumambnaa crpyktypa HaceneHDa coneTcKoro ropoza H TeHNeHIMM e¢ pasBHTHA. — COUMOMHHTBHCTAYCCKHE HCC/ICHOBAHES, 1974, Ne 2. Iasnenrox B. 9. TpoGnemet ZOcToBepHOCTH CTATHCTHYECKOM HHOPMALHH B COMHOMOTHTCCKEX uccnefopanuax. — M., 1973. Sinos B. A. Merosonorus 4 npouenypsl CouMOMOrHYeCKHX HoCTeMOBaHAH. — Taprty, 1968. SAxy6aitruc T. A., Ckaspesua A. H. BeposTHocTHbie XapaKTePHCTAKH CBS3HBIX TEKCTOB, — Puta, 1978. Bell R. Language samples.— In: Universals of Human Language: Method and Theory / Ed. by J. H. Greenberg. Stanford, 1978, vol. 1. 93 ‘Puc. 6.4. Pacnpenenenue Aomroro Bapmanta (Heya. VC), peasM3yemo Bp I mpenymapHom cuore neped, AOITHM ylapHBIM CJIOrOM, nO OTHOWIeCHHIO K BO3paCTHbIM 4A, Ag, Ag) 4 O6pa30BuTenbHEIM (Cy, Cy, Cy) rpyntam B cioBpax plytelé (1), gyventi (2), vyriausias (3), drasuolis (4), zqselé (5), wiikyti (6) « gridai (7), % Puc. 6.5, Pacnpenenenue Azonroro sapwanta (Heya. VC), peasusyemo B I mnpezywapHOM cuore nepea KpaTKHM yapHBIM cioroM, 10 OTHOUIcHHIO K BO3PaCTHBIM (A,, As, As) & O6pa30BaTebHEIM (C;, Cs, Cs) rpynmam B cHoBax sugrizimas (1), Kestutis (2), treSimas (3), sugrazino (4) 4 siystuvas (5), % Puc, 6.6. Pacnpenenenue aomroro sapnanta (Heya. VC), peamH3yeMolt B mocieyqapHOM cilore, 110 -OTHOMICHHIO K BO3pacTHBIM (A, Ag, As) u o6pa3opatenbHbiM (Cy, Ca, C;) rpynmam B caopax Sluostyti (1), kraustyti (2) u ddiaustyti (3), % 78 se sw & § &@8 = 8 88 8 Ag, Aglp AG Asbo Odpasobamenbro-bospacmuele zpynnet A,C. uy AG At 4 AG Ae & Odpasobamensuo-bospacmuele 2pyrinb! 30 ALG, Aify Al, Aly ASC, AL, Obdpascbamenna-bospacmusie zpynnbt & Puc. 6.10. PacnpeaeneHue KpaTKoro papwanta (ya. VC), rae V — a, €, peamm3yemoll neped c10TOM ¢ KpaTKHM [/lacHBIM, 10 OTHOMeHHIO K BOSPAaCTHBIM (Aj, Ay A,) # oGpa3onatembEBiM (Ci, Ca, C,;) rpymam B cnosax Zalesnis (1), mesti, vesti, lesti 2), neka- “AC, AC, Act, Alp Ash Ads. bets sa (3), baltasis (4) « paima (5), % OdcascbamensHo-bospacmuple 2pynnst L. GRUMADIENE SOCIOLINGVISTINIS VILNIECIY LIETUVIU KALBOS TYRIMAS Reziumé Straipsnyje analizuojamos kelios sociolingvistiniais metodais tirtos vilnietiy lietuviu kalbos vokalizmo ypatybés, ieSkoma jy jvairavimo priezas¢iu. Nustatyta, kad vilniegiy kalbai yra badinga tendencija trumpinti nekirgiuotus ilguosius balsius ir ilginti kiréiuotus trumpuosius balsius. Beveik visi vilniegiy lietuviy kalboje vartojami balsiy variantai turi atitikmenis ir tarmése. Tik viena ypatybé (kiréiuoty galininiy trumpyju ilginimas) téra biidinga kai kuriu dvikalbiy paribio tarmiy lietuviy kalbai. Statistiniais metodais jrodyta, kad vilnieciu kalbos nevienal: lytiskumui turi jtakos tiek lingvistiniai, tiek socialiniai faktoriai. Pvz., vieni balsiy variantai Zodyje salygoja kity balsiy varianty var- ‘tojima, , bet kitoje sociolingvisting} je situacijoje iStartas tas pats Zodis jau gali i$ esmés skirtis is. IeSkant vilnietiy lietuviu kalbos désningumy, buvo pasinaudota statistiniais metodais ir jrodyta, kad kalbos ivairavimui didele jtaka turi tévu tarmés ir samoninga vertybiné kalbos orientacija, taip pat amiius ir iSsilavinimas. L. GRUMADIENE A SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDY OF LITHUANIAN SPOKEN IN VILNIUS Summary The sociolinguistic variances of Lithuanian spoken in Vilnius were studied. Special attention was paid to the vocalism. Over 70 informants were examined and their speech was thoroughly investigated using a complex of methods and technique. The average value of sound frequencies was calculated and estimated in order to evaluate the role of some social and linguistic factors. 13 graphs and 2 tables are introduced to simplify the discussion. The existence of some systematically appearing sociolinguistic variances and their close connection with sociolinguistic norms have been established. It might be concluded from the data obtained that the great variance of the urban language is due to the influence of the social factors, and that the main linguistic characteristics of Lithuanian spoken in Vilnius are similar to those known in the Lithuanian dialects.