Интернационализация терминолексики и актуальные проблемы организации терминоупорядочения
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MOKSLO KALBOS KULTŪROS IR TERMINOLOGIJOS
PROBLEMOS
LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI, XXIV(1985)
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! Eesti noukogude entsiiklopeedia, kd. 4.— Tallinn, 1972, mirksona ,,Maailma keeled";
Bomburas coserckast sHunkaonenus. 3-e usx.— M., 1978, T. 30, cr. «<Ąl35ikH Mupa>.
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3 Cwm.: Edasi, 19.11.1970, c. 3.
4 Sprachpilege, 1980, H. 7—12; 1981, H. 1—4.
5 Cp: Bym O,*Bbaaaynunkc IO. O KpHTepHSX BHIACJCHHS JEKCHUECKHX HHTep-
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peBoJiiollHst H npobJjeMbl KyJbTYPhl SI3blKa HAyKH H TepMHHOJIOrHH: Tes. AOKI. H COOČIL.—
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5 caMbIX GOJBIIHX apeanos Ii Ha MHOTHe cyGapeaiam.— Cum.: Akyaenko B. B. Hayuno-
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HO-TeXHHYECKas peBOMOUMS H (YHKUHOHHPOBaHHe 535IKOB MHpa. M., 1977, c. 78—79.
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? Stoberski Z. Miedzynarodowa terminologia naukowa. Problemy. Postulaty.
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ruH.— B ku.: Bonpocki paspaGoTkn HayuHO-TexHHYeCKoil TepMHHOJIiornH. Pura, 1973, c. 140—
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