Словообразовательное калькирование как способ образования современных литовских физико-технических терминов

MOKSLO KALBOS KULTGROS IR TERMINOLOGIJOS PROBLEMOS LIETUVIY KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI, XXIV(1985) AHPEJIE KAYJIAKEHE CJOBOOBPA3OBATEJIBHOE KAJIBKHPOBAHHE KAK CNOCOB OBPAZOBAHHA COBPEMEHHDIX JIMTOBCKUX ®H3HKO-TEXHUYECKHX TEPMHHOB 1. Beogup e 3ameyanua 1.1. Co nacho y Bepaxqenuam uccaeqoBa eme pyccKoH meKkcuKoao nH (B. M. Tepu6aca, JI. Tl. Eppemopa, B. B. MUsanopa, K. Oaexenm eiina, H. M. UWlancxo o, j . H. Uimenepa u ap.) KanbKupoBanne — 9To He MexaHH- yecKOe KOUMPOBaHHe, a TBOPYCCKM MpOUecc, OTpaxalouiHii B cBOeM pesyub- TaTe B TOM WH HHO Mepe OcOOeHHOCTH Kak CBOEe o, Tak HM 4yxKO O a3bika. Takum 06pa30M, B HTO e KabKHPOBaHHA AWTOBCKad JeKcHKa (B TOM 4HCJe H AHTOBCKad (bH3HKO-TexHW4ecKaa TepMHHONO HA) OOo alllae ca HOBbIMH A@KCHYCCKUMH H CCMAHTHUCCKHMH CAHHHUAMH, a B OTACAbHEIX CJIYYaAX H HO- BBIMH COBOOGpa3s0BaTeALHBIMH MOATHMaMH. OWHakO CUHTaTh KadbKHpPOBa- HH OJHHM H3 OCHOBHBIX CpeCTB OOo allleHua CMOBAaPA MHTOBCKOTO A3bIKAa BCe 2Ke Hemp3aa. CaeqoBaTeAbHO, Mpo ecc KaubKUPOBaHUA H e o pesyubTaT — KaJIbKH — B AMTOBCKOM ASbIKe WedecooOpa3sHo OWeHHBaTb Kak ABJeHHe, OT- YacTH aKTHBU3Hpylollee HEKOTOPble JIeKCH¥eCKHe HM CeMaHTHYeCKHe BO3MOXxK- HOCTH JMTOBCKO O A3bIKa. 1.2. IIpu kambKHpOBaHHA AHTOBCKHX (*H3HKO-TeXHH4eCKUX TeEPMHHOB 3a- HMCTBYeTCA CNOBOOOPAas0BaTebHaA HIM CeMaHTH¥eCKaH MOTHBUPOBaHHOCTh “ HHOASBIYHOTO TEPMHHA, a CTPOHTeAbHbI MaTepHad (3BYKH, KOpHH, adduKchl H cl0Ba) NpHBAeKaeTCa “3 AHTOBCKOTO A3bIKa. IloaTOMy WeecoobpasHo C4H- TaTb, UTO TEPMHHI-KaIbKH 3aHHMAIOT MpOMexKYTOUHOe NOMOReHHe Mey _HCKOHHO JIHTOBCKOM MH 3aMMCTBOBaHHOM (U3HKO-TeXHHUeCKON TepMHHOWeK- CHKOH. 1.3, CyniHocTh KaqbKHpOBaHHA COCTOHT B TOM, 4YTO OHO TOXTECTBCHHEIMH WIM ONH3KHMH ASHIKOBBIMH CPeACTBaMH BOCIIPOH3BOAHT MOTHBHPOBaHHOCTD, CTpyKTypy, a TEM CaMbIM H COJlepxKaHHe KalbKHpyemo o OOBeKTa. C emenb TOYHOCTH H a eKBaTHOCTH Nepeaun KabKUpyeMo o OObeKTa MPH 9TOM 3a- BHCHT OT CTPyKTYPbl H C€CMaHTHKA COB OOOHX A3BIKOB. B JHTOBCKOH usH- KO-TeEXHH4eCKOH TePMHHOMeKCHKe BCTPeyaloTca Ciesyiollwe FpyNMbl KaseK: CNOBOOOpasoBaTeMbHble, CeMaHTHYECKHe, Ppaseomo uyeckue, cocTaBHEle. Ilo CTeMeHH aeKBaTHOCTH H TOUHOCTH K KaIbKHpyeMOMy OObeKTY aHHble pyn- TIbl KANeCK elle MOXKHO PasqeHTb Ha NOATpPynMBl. 67 1.4. B yannoli c a be Ha G6ase TPeX COBP€MeCHHBIX TepmMuHOmO MuecKHx cuopapei : «Rusy-lie u iy kalby poli echninis zodynas» (1959) — Pyccxo- JHTOBCKHH MOJHTeXHHYeCKHH cuOBaph, «Rusy-lie u iy-angly kalby skaiéia- imo echnikos e miny zodynas» (1971) — Pyccko-an oscko-an aniicKni TepMHHOO HYeCKHi COBapb 0 BLIYHCAMTeMbHOM TeXHUKe H «Fizikos e mi- ny Zodynas» (1979) — Cnopapp usnyeckux TEPMHHOB (JHTOBCKO-pyccKo- aHTJO-HeMelKKHe TepMuuHBI) 4 npegma ae ca Gonee TOoApo6uoe ucceqOBaHHe TOMbKO OHO pymmbl KaneK —T. e, CNOBOOOPasOBaTebHLIX, KOTOPHIe co- CTaBAIOT OKONO 60% Bcex Kazex, NIPHBeACHHBIX B JaHHbIX COBapsx. O6b- CKTOM HCCJICAOBaHHA ABIAIOTCA KAbKH-CYUCCTBHTebHBIC 1 KaJIbKH-IIpusia- aTebHble. 2. A anus caoBoo6pasopaTeabHEIx KaseK 2.1. C osoo6pasona embHoe KaJIbKHpOBaHHe — JBycTOpoHHee aABNeHHe: Cc OAHOH CTOpOHEI O6pa lenHoe K cBoemy O6beKTY, 110 OTHOUIeHHIO K KOTOpOMy OHO TipeAcTaBuneT Cobol NepeBog, a c Apy ol c opons — xk cBOeMy pe3ysb- TaTy, NO OTHOIJeHHIO K KOTOpOMy OHO npescTaBaAeT coboi CJIOBOO6pasoBa- Hue. Takum O6pa3som, gua KiaccnukallHH CAOBOOOpas0BaTeMbHBIX KaweK Weecoo6pa3sHo cchlaTEca Ha Ba KaccuukalHOuHEIX mpHununa: 1) oTHO- WmeHHe KaJIbKH K KaJIbKUpyeMoMy OObeKTy u 2) OTHOLMIeHHe KaubKH K CO- OTBETCTBYIOULEMY COBY AHTOBCKO O A3bIKa. 2.1.1. To o Homenuwo x KaJIbKHpyeMOMy OObeKTy cOBOOOpas0BaTeAbHbIe KaIbKH MOXKHO PaseTHTb Ha Cie ylollMe NOATpynnbl: TOUHBIe H HeTOUHEIE (0 ceMaHTuKe), aqeKBaTHbIe H HeayeKBaTHEIe (lo cno0B006pasoBanuio), Koc- BeHHBI€ H HeMOCpeACTBeHHbIe (Mo npoHcxomyZeHHIO). Ouenb yacTo nox Tep- MHHAaMU TO“WHAA KAAbKa UW HeTOUHAA KAKA NOMpasyMeBalOTCA CTpyKTyPHO aMeKBaTHble HH CTPYKTYPHO HeasleKBaTHble COBOOOpasOBaTeAbHble Ka Ib- ku*. TepMHHaMH TOWNaA KanbKA UM HETOUNAA KaAoKA Ilelecoo6pa3Ho HMeHO- BaTb TOJIbKO CCMaHTHYCCKH TOUHIe H CCMaHTHYECKH HeTOUHBIe KaJbKu. B cBa- 3H C TEM, 4TO B JaHHOM Cily4ae peub HET 06 UACHTHYNOCTH HH HEHeHTHIHO- CTH KaJIbKH KaJIbKUpyeMOMy OO'beEKTY TO cnoco6y cnoBoobpasoBaHua, TakHe NOAPPYIlbl Ka lek Wemecoo6pasHee HMCHOBaTb AOeKeaTHOIMU KaAbKaMU H HeadeKGATHOLMU KAAbKAMU. 4 CM. cnucox coxpan enni . ?Cm.: Baxuna H. HW. Pyccxne xanpxu B KHPIHSCKOM JIHTepaTypHoM s3bIKe.— Yu. san. Kup . 2encK. neg. nH- a um. B. B, Masxoscxo o, Cep. uson. nayx, 1963, Bem. 7, c. 5; Bapnesusan A. K. @pannysckne sexcuyeckne SaHMCTBOBaHHA HM KalbKH B SallaqHOapMAHCKOM JInTepaTypHOM asbike. (Ha Ma epHasie nepesogos mpouspexenni B. Ti0- o): Ap oped. quc. ... Kany. (puion. Hayx.— Epesan, 1975, c. 21; Tepu6ac B. M. O sammc sopannn mM KasbKupoBanHH mpoM3BoO_HEIx cnoB B PYCCKOM s3bIKe (Ha MaTepHase MpHcTaBouno-cypuKkcabunix cyllecTBuTembHEX).— B KH: S amono wueckue HCCIeqOBaHus lo pycckomy aspiky. M., 1972, pum. 7, c, 72; Hapkesuy H. @, Kadbkupopanune copa PyCcko o MpoOHCxo*KTeHNA B COBPEMEHHOM HeMeLKOM A3biKe: Ap oped. auc. ... Kany. buson. Hayk.— Kues, 1978, c. 17; Ocuops TeOpuM JeKCHYeCKO O KabKHpOBaHuA: Yu, nocobue.— Anma-A a: Wag-no KasI'Y, 1974, c. 103. 68 HenocpeAcTBeHHBIMH CYHTalOTCA TaKHe KasIbKH, KOTOpPble HelocpescTBeH- HO KaJIbKHPOBaHbI C Apy o o A3bIKa, Halp., c pyccko o (Hedo2ue—>nep ie- pyla (PJITIC 223), naameysosu enaes—liepsnogaudis (PJITIC 283)), c He- meuxo o (Neusilbe —>naujasidab is (PJITIC 223), Ube spannung—an - j ampis (PJITIC 274, TCBT 185)), c au muiicxo o (subsequence—>posekis (TCBT 197), sky-c ape —+dango aizis (PJITIC 222)) u . a. Onnaxo yc a- HOBJCHHE KOCBCHHBIX KaJIeK ABIACTCA YaCTO 3aTPYAHHTebHbIM, MOCKOJIbKy BO MHOPHX CJly¥aAx PyCCKHli KaJIbKHpyeMbIli OOBEKT KaJleK, IPHBeACHHBIX B SHTOBCKHX (PH3HKO-TEXHHYCCKHX COBapAX, HMe€T COOTBETCTBHA aHasO H4- HOM CTPyKTypbI H C€MaHTHKH B APy Hx A3bIKax (aH MlicKOM, HeMeILKOM, dbpanuysckom), Hanp.: puslaidininkis (PJINIC 305, COT 238, TCBT 202)<pyc. noaynpoeodxux||an a. semiconduc o ||ppanu. semiconduc eu , p ieSs ip in u is (TCBT 333)<pyc. npedycuau e o||Hem. Vo e s a ke wT. 0. J[anuble KabKH MO yT ObITh KaK HeMOcpescTBeHHbIe — c pyccKo o, aH sHiicKo o, HeMeI[Ko o HM paHMy3cKO O ASbIKOB, TaK H KOCBeHHBIe, 10- MaBlIMe B JMTOBCKY1O (PH3HKO-TeXHHYECKYyIO TEPMHHOJOFHIO Yepes NOCpeAHHK, T. €. pycckHi a3bIkK. CneqoBaTeabHO, B 1aHHOM CJly¥ae HEMOCpeACTBeHHOCTh HW KOCBCHHOCTb TaKHX KaJI€K ABJIAIOTCA PCATHBHEIMH. 2.1.2. Tlo o HomenH o K COOTBeETCTBYIONLEMY COBY JHTOBCKOTO A3bIKa CJI0- BOOOpasOBaTeVIbHble KaJIbKH Pa3eJeHbl Ha PeaJbHble H Pe/JATHBHBIC, HI wHLyKTH. Iloq TepMHHOM UNOYKT TlOApa3syMeBaIOTCA TaKHe HEOJIO H3MBI, KO- TOpble 10 OTHOMIeCHHIO K KasIbKUpyeMOMy OObEKTY MOXKHO CUNTATb KabKaMH, a M10 OTHOWI€HHIO K COOTBETCTBYIOINEMY COBY JHTOBCKOTO S3bIKa — lIpoHs3- BOAHBIMM COBaMH. B pynlly TakKHX HHAYKTOB BKIOeHHI: 1) TepMHHBI, c10- BOOOpasoBaTeAbHble MOATHII KOTOPHIX cOBNaLaloT co cMOBOOOpasoBaTesb- HBIMH MOATHMAMH TepMHHOB Apy ux AsHIKOB (Hamp.: iSk au u as (PJITIC 344) <pye. pasepysa enel|nem. Auslade ||au n. discha ge , inia aukis (PJITIC 65)<-pyc. eeosdodép); 2) HeonO H3MBI, He HMEIOMIHe IPAMBIX COOT- BETCTBHM COBOOOpas0BaTeMbHBIX NOATHNOB B APYFHX A3bIKAaX, HO c10B000- PasOBaTeAbHbI aHaJIH3 KOTOPBIX KOCBeHHO yKa3bIBaeT Ha 9TH NOATAMbI (Hanp.: cuoBoo6pasoBa embHBIi HHAyKT a puma is —wwyn, cp. CHO*KHYIO coBoobpasoBaTe bHy!0 KasbKy bangoma is<pyc. soaxomep|lau a. wa e- me e |juem. Wellenmesse u 1. 0.). 2.2. Ha ocuope cnoco6a o6pa30BaHHaA COBOOOpas0BaTebHble KasbKH pas eneHbl Ha peuKcambHble, cyPuKcabHble, PAeCKTHBHBIe H COXKHBIe. 2.2.1. Tipebuxcanbuble cnoBpoo6pa3s0BaTebHble KaJIbKH B JIHTOBCKOM cu- 3HKO-TeXHHYeECKOH TEPMHHOMeKCHKe Yallle BCe o ynoTpeOssioTCA co cemylo- WHMH mpedukcamu: an -, cp. pyc. na0-, ceepx-, HeM. iibe -, aH a. supe -, o e - (an slégis (PJITIC 371)<pyc. ceepxdaeazenuellan a. supe p essu e, an s o is (PJITIC 372, COT 15, TCBT 260)<pyc. ceepx ox||an a. o e cu - en ||luem. Ube s om); ne-, cp. pyc. He-, Hem. nich -, au a. non-, un- (ne- laidininkas (PJITIC 224, COT 197)<pyc. nenposoduux||nem. Nich lei e , nesa aeigé [ba za] (PJIIIC 23)<-pyc. necamoxodxnan [6apxa]); pa-, po-, cp. pyc. nod-, nem. un e -, au a. sub- (papakopé (PJIIIC 297)<pyc. nod- 69 eTynexoK, pojuos is (COT 224) —pye. nodnoaocal| au a. subband||uem. Un- le band); po-, cp. pyc, nocae-, au a. aj e - (po aizdis (COT 229) pyc. noc eu306 paoenuellau n. aj e image, po eiksmis (PJITIC 309, COT 229) — pyc. nocaede ic eue||au n. aj e -ej ec ); p ies.-, cp. pyc. npo ueo-, nped-, HeM. gegen-, o -, au a. coun e - (p ieSs o é (PJITIC 331, TCBT 219) <pyc. npo ueo ox ||Hem. Gegens émung, p iess ip in u is (TCBT 333) pyc. npedycuau e ol|uem. Vo e s a ke ). Ilpepuxcanpusie KanpKu COCTaBJIAIOT 9% o Bcex ClOBOOOpasoBaTeNbHLIX KaseK, MPHBCACHHBIX B JMTOBCKUX (pu- SHKO-TexXHMYeCKHX cOBapax. Yc anosu eno, 4To Ipe@ukcabube cOB006- PasOBaTeIbHble KaJIbKH Yale Bce o oOpasobanel o cyduKcanpunix nepu- BaTos (Hanp., nelaidininkas, po eiksmis, p ieSs ip in u is) . Cnejopa enp- HO, KaJIbKHpoOBaHue ykpenaseT cKNOHHOCTD JMTOBCKHX m1peHKcabHBIx HCOMOPH3MOB ONMpaTbea Ha cyulecTBUTeABHBIE ¢ MPOH3BOHOH OCHOBO:. Kaapku c npuc asKo p ie§-, cp. pyc. NpoTuéo-, HeM. gegen-, nponyK- THBHEe MpouHX npeduKcapanx cloBoo6pasoBaTenbHBIx KaneK. Ax moxuo OOHapyXuTb TakxKe HB APyTHX TepMHHONO H4ecKHX cucTeMax, KaK Hamp.: p iesménulis (me eoposo us) <pyc. npoTusoazyxal|Hem. Gegenmond, p ies- su emis (me eopono us) “pyc. npoT usocymepxu u T. 1. TIpeduxcanpu ie CHOBOOOpasoBaTeIbHbIe KaJIbKH, IIPHBeeHHbIe B HTOB- CKHX (H3HKO-TexHHyecKHx CHOBAPAX, ABAAIOTCA YaYHbIMH H HOPMATHBHLI- MH. 2.2.2. B coppemenuo i JMTOBCKOH dH3HKO-TexHHYecKOl TePMHHONeKCHKe cypouxkcanbusie CIOBOOOpas0BaTeAbHble KaMbKU COCTABIAIOT 37,4% o pcex CAOBOOOpasoBaTeNbHBIX Kas eK. IIpH KONMpOBaHHH CydpuKcambHBIx cNO0B006- PasOBATeIbULIX KaleK Yallke Bce o ynoTpebsoTCH c eny oulue cyuxcsi: -imas, cp. PYC. enue, -aHue, HeM. -ung, au a. -ing, -ion (ap andeninimas (PJITIC 229) <pyc. o6e00xenuell nem. Bewdsse ung, janglinimas (PJITIC 222) —pyc. Haye eponcueanuel|Hem, Du chkohlung); -inis, -€, CP. pyc. -xouii, -060 (bangolaidinis { ezona o ius] (C®T 254, TCBT 254) pyc. eoano- 600ne1% [pesona op], i sga sinis [g ei is] (COT 104, TCBT 260) pyc. C6epx3eyxo6aa [cKopoc s]); - u as, CP. PyC. -Te1b, -HUK, -4UK, HeM. -e , au . -e , -o (iSk au u as (PJITIC 344) pyc. pasepysa eno|uem. Ausla- de ||au a. discha ge , nuim u as (PJHIC 418, TCBT 310)<pyc. coém- xukllxem. Abnehme ); -ik is, Cp. Pyc. -Te26, -4uK, aHTa. -e , -o , Hem. -e (a sky iklis (TCBT 162) pyc. o deau eap, pe jungiklis (PJINC 271, COT 218, TCBT 182)<pyc. nepekA oua eno||uem. Umschal e ); -éjas, - ojas, cp. PYC. -TeN6, -4uK, AHI. -e , -O , HeM. -e ( naudo ojas (TCBT 202) pyc. noso- s0¢a e o|lau n, use , neséjas (TCBT 154) <—pye. xocu easllau a. ca ie ||Hem, T age ); -umas, cp. pyc. -oc o, au n. -bili y, nem. -kei , -hei (apdi bamu- mas (PJITIC 234) pyc, 06 paba eieaemoc o||nem. Bea bei ba kei , (p i) ai- komumas (TCBT 218)<pyc. npumensemoc ollau a. adap abili y). 2.2.2.1. CnoBoo6pasosa eanunie KaJIbKu C cyuKcom -imas yame pce o oOpasyio es oT npedbuKcanbuix Ta ooB. B nocneqHee spema p T exHuyue- cKOli TepMuHOeKCHKe nosBHOCh MHOFO COBOOOpasoBaTenbHBIX KaleK c 70 cyuKcom -imas, o6pas0BaMHbIx OT ia ouoB, HMeIOULAX MPHCTaBKy NUu-, nanp.: nuplaukinimas (PJIIIC 230)<pyc. o6eseozawmueanue, nu iebinimas (PJITIC 230) <pye. o6esscupusanuel|nem. En e ung. Januble kanbKu ABIA- jOTCH HeHOpMaTHBHLIMH. HeHopMaTHBHOCTh TaKHX KaleK OOyCOBIMBaeTCA no60poM HeyZauHo o c0Ba —Taa ojga c mpucTaBKol nu-. B pyccKoM a3bl- Ke ClOKHAA NpUcTaBKka O6e3-, CBOMCTBEHHaA TOMbKO MpedbuKcambHO-cyppuK- CaJlbHbIM Tla ouwaM, OOpasyeT ua oubl CO 3HaYeHHeM <«JIMUIMTb 4e o-s., OCBOGOMUTb OT e o-J.2; OOesd0AUTb, O6esmUpUTo. DTO 3HaueHHE «MIUNeHHE ye o-TO» BHECeHO B Hee IpHCTaBKOi 6e3-, KOTOpad OOIMHO He CUMTAeTCA la-, TOJbHOH MpHcTaBKOM: OHa CyKHT [In OOpasOBaHHA MpHMa aTe/bHbIxX H cyMleCTBHTeIbHLIX CO 3Ha eHHeM <HINeHHDI Ye o-TO>*. B HTOBCKOM A3bI- Ke C MPHCTaBKOl Nu- OOpasoBaHbi a o/bl, a TaK%Ke OTIa oubHuble aOcTpak- Tb ¢ cyd@uKcom -imas, KoTopbie JaHHO O 3Ha¥eHHA He uMeloT. Kak ia- TON, TAK WH OTTMa OMbHbIe aGcTpakTbl C MPHCTAaBKOH nu- ykKa3bIBaloT Ha oTmeneHue (BbIeneHue) Ye o-To OT COBOKYNHOCTH, HanpaBeHHe AelicTBHA BHH3 HJM Buladib C NOLepKUBAHHeM OKOHYaHHA STO O AelicTBuA HT. A.+ Kpo- Me TO O, HEHOPMAaTHBHOCTb JIaHHBbIX KaJieK CBA3aHa Take CO CJeMbIM KaJIbKH- poBaHHeM 9sTO O po a OTTMa oNbHbIX aOcTpakToB, Halip.: nu andenini- mas<pyc. obeseoaueanue|luem. En wdsse ung u T. 0. CeqoBaTeabHo, mp ynOps o¥eHuu *USHKO-TeXHHYeCKOM TePMHHONOTHH AaHHble KaJbKH C cy- uKcom -imas wenecoobpasHo 3aMeHUTb Oo/lee MpHeMAeMBIMA COOTBETCT- BHAMH. 2.2.2.2. Cybbuxcanbubie cOBooOpasoBaTeMbHble KaJIbKH-lIpHa aTedb- HbIe c cyduKcom -inis, -é o6pasyioTcA B OCHOBHOM OT CJIOXKHBIX KaJIeK-Cy- IeCTBHTeIbHBIX. J[aHHble MpHa aTeAbHble COOTBETCTBYIOT cOBOOOpasoBa- TCAbHHIM IpaBHsaM JIMTOBCKOTO S3bIKa, OHH ABAIOTCH HOPMATHBHBIMH H npuemaempimMa. B AHTOBCKOM (bH3HKO-TexHHYeCKOM TepMHHOMeKCHKe MWIMpO- Koe paciipoc paHeHHe NosyyHnH B TocweqHee BpeMA THMOCTasHble HMeHAa mpHsa a esbuble c cydduKcom -inis, -é. Takue umoc asuble o6pa30BaHua — KasIbKu-lipusia aTesbHble c cyduKcom -inis, -é—ua le Bce o o6paso0BaHbl oT copocoueTaHHi cyllecTBHTeMbHEIX c Mpedo amu be, po, p ies, i s, Hanp.: bep o a pinis [kabinimas] (PJIIIC 113)<pyc. 6essasopxoe [sanen- aeunne], poislankiné [len a] (PJIIIC 95)<pyc. nodxpysicanonan [aocxka], p ieSske diminis [ga das] (PJITIC 105)<pyc. npedyOo inei [sa on], i s- ga sinis [g ei is] (C®T 104,. TCBT 260)<-pyc. ceepxseyxosaa [cKo- poc s] lau a. hype sonic||nem.. ibe schall u . 1. ORHaKO YaCTb AaHHBIX Ka- Wek ABIAIOTCA HEHOpMaTHBHLIMH. HenopMaTHBHOCTh TaKHX KaJieK 3akJIIO¥a- e es B calegyiomem. Bo-nepBbix, HMeHa mpuua a enbuble, OOpasoBaHHble OT npea io a be HW UMeHM CyYlecTBUTeNbHOTO, OOpMaAIOTCA He MPH MOMONIH cydduxca -inis, -€, a pH NOMOWLM OKOHYAHHA -is. J,aHub ii c10B006pa30Ba- ? Poganosa T. C. K o6pasosanmw OTHMeHHEIX Tia odoB c mpHucTaBKol 06e3-.— B xu.: Bonpoce pamma uxn pyccKo o aspiKa. Tya a, 1974, c. 21. 4 Lie u iy kalbos g ama ika—V.: Min is, 1971, . 2, p. 279; Kalbos p ak ikos pa a- imai.— V.: Mokslas, 1976, p. 159. 71 TCJIbHBI NOATAN uMeH MPHa aTeIbHBX ABAseTCA NPOAYKTHBHEIM TakKxKe y B TepMHHOJo un, Hamp.: bebégis, -é «Oespembcospiii», bekibi ks is, -é «6e3- HCKpoBoli» (PJITIC 24—25), bega sin u is [ga siakalbis] «Oespynopupii [ pomKo opopu esns] » (PJITIC 76) u . 2. Caexosa eanuo, BBILeYNOMAHYTHIe CIOBOO6pasoBaTenbuLie KaJIbKH-IpHJla aTebHBIe, oOpasoBanubie npucoenune- HHeM lpeduo a be K uMeHn CYIL€CTBHTeBHOMY H OcbopMseHHEIE Opa nomMomu cypduxca -inis, -é, HYKaloTca B KOPpekTupoBanuu: bep o a pinis (=bep o- a pis) [kabinimas] «0e33a30pHoe [sanennenue]», a BMecTO beslégiminis (=beslégis) [ anden akis] «OesHanopHE i [BoqoB0g] », NOCKOJIbKy B (pusH- KO-TeXHHYeCKOi TepMuHOMeKcuKe Coulee npuemaemEn ABIAeTCH TepMuH slé- MHHOJI€KCHKe mpeoOnazaio CHOBOOOpasoBaTeNbHBIe KanbKu (yame uuayK- TH) ¢ cyhpukcamu - u as, -iklis, Cp. pyc. -Tene, -xuK, “4UK, aH JI. -e , -o , HEM. -€ , KOTOpbIe OOpazoBaHEI oT upeduxcanbunix aa onos. Taxaa TeHeH- WHA BO3HHK.a, TO-BHAMMOMY, BCJeACTBHe BAHAHHA TepMHHONO HH Apy ux (oco6eHHO PYccKo o) s3bIkoB, Tax KaK B JIHTOBCKOM JHTepa ypHoOM s3BIKe MpeoOzazaio npoussogun e cnoBa C AaHHbIMU cypduKcamu, na KOTOpbIX MOTHBUpyiollHe cioBa — HenpeduKca bHBe aa ouu , Boabumuc so cx opo- OOpasoBaTenbHEIX KaneK c cypuxcamu - u as, -iklis annso ea HOpMaTuB- HBIMH H MIpHeMJeMbIMH, 3a HCKJNOYCHHEM HEKOTOPHIX, TaKHX Kak: p aplau- u as ( = plau u as), CP. pyc. npomoea e c, a sky iklis (=sky iklis), cp. Pyc. o deau eno u mp. 2.2.2.4. B auToscKol (PHSHKO-TexHHUecKoy TEPMHHOJEKCHKe C10B006pa- SOBaTCIbHbIC KaIbKH Cc cybuKcamu ~€jas, - ojas (cp. pyc. - ens, -4UK, au a. ~€ , -OF, HEM. -e ) 110 cBoemy sHaueHHio Gonee 61M3KH K HOCHTeIAM aa o b- Ho o mpu3Haka. Cuegosa eapuo, HeOAyIeBeHHBIM nmpeqmMeTam npHzae cs MepeHOCHoe sHayeHHe HocHTeng Ta ONbHO O MpHsHaka, cp. TaKxKe TexHH- 4eckHe TepMHHE gamykla amin oja, pyc. 3a600-npousgodu ens, gamykla e séja, pyc. 30600-saepasHuTeny y . A. O HakO H3-3a CemanTu4ecKoii ABOHCTBeEHHOCTH caOB ¢ cybpuxcom - e 65 B nu oscKoii (pusuko- Texunye- CKOH TepMHHOJeKcuKe B pane cayyaes oOHapyxuBaw cs HeHOpMaTHBHbIe cNOBOOOpasoBaTebHBe KaIbKH c cyppuxcamu -éjas, - ojas. Hexopma up- HOCTb NaHHBIX KaJleK 3aKmOuae cH RB cmeRy ouyem. Bo-nepsbix, Henopma Tup- “ecKad CONPAXKeHHOCTH KaJbKH y cooTBeTcTBy olle o eli cnoBa. Janne KAJIbKH ABISOTCA CTPyKTYpHO aneKBaTHMy cBOeMy KabKupyemomy o6b- °*Copoxun 10. Cc. Paspu ue CHOBapHOo o coc aBa Pyccko o HTepa ypHo o saasiKka B 30—90-e ogu XIX nexa.— M.---JI.: Hayxa, 1965, c. 229. 72 exTy, HO CeMaHTHYeCKN HeTOUHLIMH, Hanp.: neséjas, cp. pyc. wocu eno, au a. ca ie , Hem. T age : izo opo neséjas® (COT 198)<pyc. wocu eas uso o- nallan a. iso opic ca ie |Hem. Iso open ige , k ii io neséjas (COT 198)<pyc. xocu ens sapsdallau a. cha ge ca ie ||Hem, Ladungs ige . B TEPMHHOOTHYECKOM CIOBape NO BEIYHCAHTeAbHOM TeXHUKe TIpHBeLeH WebIi PAN MaHHbIx HOCUTesel: lais as neséjas (TCBT 154) <pyc. ceo6odnoiii no- cu eno|lau n. ee ca ie , pag indinis neséjas (TCBT 154) <pyc. ocnoenoii Hocu TeAo||au a. majo i y ca ie , s o és neséjas (TCBT 154)<pyc. nocu- Te e Tokal|au n. cu en ca ie u . 1. Be3 comuenna, Lannp e TepMHHOMIO- THYCCKHE CJIOBOCOYeTAHHA BOSHHKJH NOL BAMAHMeM aHanO HYHIx cmoBoCcoO- “eTaHuii Apy ux s3bIKOB, cp. TaK%xKe pyc. 2a3-NoOCUTeAd U HeM. T age gas, pyc. pac éop-xocu eas u nem. T dge losung (HPC 738) u ap. Ceman uka aa ona nes i «nec u» w ceman uxa KaJIbku neséjas «Hocu- TeIb>, KOTOPaH HMeHYeTCA TepMHHOMO HYeCKHM JecH HaToM, MIpOTHBOpeyaT Apy? Apy y, MOckoNbKy Nox AaHHo KasbKoi noApasymepae ca sHauenue <HanHune, Nepezaya>. C eqoBaTeibHo, 1a UMeHOBaHuA WaHHEIX nOHATHI WemecoobpasHo noxoOpaTh uHoe c0BO, uMeIOMee Apy ok Kopexb, noqo6Hoe TepmuHy k i ininkas, yno pe6semomy B usnyeckoii TEPMHHOJO THH BMe- CTO HeTOYHOTO TepMuHa k i io neséjas «HocuTe b 3apaa>. Bo-BToppix, He- HOPMATHBHOCTh COBOOOpasoBaTebHBIX KaeK C cydb@uKcamun -éjas, - ojas O6ycOBMBaeTCA HETOGHEIM yio peOeHHem camux cydduKcos-éjas, - ojas, Hanp.: pe eikéjas (TCBT 154)<pyc. nocu ene, au a. ca ie , b aizy ojas [au oma inis] (TCBT 371) <pyc. 4ep exHux [aBTOMaTHYeckuii], au a. de- signe u . 4. Jlawuble KanbKu npoTHBopeya CMOBOOOpasoBaTeAbHBIM 3aKO- HOMEPHOCTAM MPOHSBOAHEIX c cydduKcom -éjas, - ojas nuToBcKo o A3bIKa. B TepMHHOsO HH 2A HaMMeHOBaHHA NOMOGHEIX TipH6opos, MexaHu3MoB, a - TapaToB HT. 1. yno peOaioTca NepuBaTbI c Apy uMu cydduKcamu, KoTO- PbIe MOXKHO cheluHanHsHpoBaTh 7. 2.2.2.5. BoabiiMHc Bo cnoBoo6pas0BaTeIbHBIX KaseK (a TakxKe HHZyKTOB) ¢ cyuKcom -umas o6pasopano o c paga enbHbIx npH acTu HacTosue o Bpemenu. OOpasopanue nepusa os c cydhuKcom -umas o npuyac ui Bo- OOIe B HTOBCKOM A3bIKe ABAKeTCA HEOOHYHLIM sB eHHeM. Bce aOcTpakTbl AaHHOl pynnbl, Kak yKasbiBae ca B <P paMMaTHUKe wHTOBCKOTO ASbIKa», AB- MHOTCA HEONOTHSMAMH JIHTOBCKOTO MHTepaTypHOTO A3bIKa, KOTOpbIe alle Bce o ynoTpeOsloTcA B TepMuHOsO HH®, CnenoBaTembHO, Takad TeHeHIHA NOKA3bIBaeT, YTO PyCCKaA TePMHHONOTHA aKTUBUSHPyeT OOPasOBaHHe AHTOB- CKHX TCPMHHOB — UMCH CYIL€CTBHTEJIbHBIX C CyduKCOM -umas, o6pasoBaH- © Tlog qaHHBIMH coc aBHEIMH TePMHHAMH He MOApasyMeBaloTcA COBOObpas0BaTeMbHHIE kKaabKH. O Hako OZUN WS KOMMOHeHTOB Takux TePMHHOB — neséjas «HOCHTeIb> — aBasaeTca CNOBOOG6paszoBaTeAbHOH KaAbKoil, MOSTOMY aHaJIHSHpyeTca ee CeMaHTHKa. *Keinys S . P iesaginé lie u isky e miny da yba.— Lie u iu e minologija (Lie- u iy kalbo y os klausimai), 1975, . 16, p. 24. ® Lie u iy kalbos g ama ika— V.: Min is, 1965, . 1, p. 307. 73 HBIX OT CTpaqaTeIbHbIX MpHYacTHi HacTOsMe o BpeMeHU H MMCIOWHX 3Ha- 4eHHe OTBeYeHHOFO NpH3Haka. 2.2.3. B cbusuKo- exuuyecknx CNOBAPAX (JICKTHBHBIX cOBOO6pa3so0Ba- TebHBIX KaJI€K NPHBeACHO HemuO oO. IIponeHT aHHBIX KaweK cooTBeTCTByeT MpOueHTy mpeuKca bHBIX CMOBOOOPasOBaTeNbHBIX KaJeK, Tlockompxy u3-3a KpaTKOCTH H CTPyKTypHO NpocToTE leKTHBHBIe AepuBaTH ABIAIOTCA on- HHM H3 OCHOBHBIX H YJOOHBIX CpeAcTB NONOMHeHHA mHTOBCKOT TePMHHOWO- H ®, PeKTHBHBIC KaJIbKH B TePMHHOMOTHA TaKxKe MOFyT 6bITb HCHOWIb30OBa- HbI wupe. B aNTOBCKHX dusuKo-TexHHyecKUuX CNOBAPAX MIPHBOLATCA eK- THBHBI€ COBOOOPas0BaTeIbHbIe KabKU, OOPas0BaHHble co cnelyouluMa buekcuamu: -a (ap auka (PJITIC 236) pyc. o6 x0Ka, p ielaida (PJITIC 315, COT 230, TCBT 209)<pyc. npeOnocelaka, nep iepyla (PJITIC 223) <— <pyc. xedoaue, p alaida (PJIMIC 330)<pyc. nponyck), -as (an s a as (PJITIC 212) pyc. xadc po ixalluem. Ube bau, ap epas (PJITIC 231) <—pyc. o6masKa), -is (pe lékis (PJITIC 273)<pyc. npoxé , pox y is (PJITIC 310, CT 228, .TCBT 205) <pyc. nocaecese enue|lau a. a e glow, saskambis (PJIIIC 391, COT 268)<pyc. coseyauellau a. acco d||em. Akko d). B usuxko- exuwyeckux cnopapax coscem He IIPHBOAATCA OTBIMeHHBIe @.1eKTHBHBIe cOBOOOpasoBaTe buble KasbKH. Bce aHaJIM3HpyeMble (biek- THBHBI€ CIOBOOOPasoRaTeAbHBe KaJIbKH ABAAIOTCH OTTAa OAbHBIMU, CKMOH- HOCTb OOPasOBLIBATh TOKO OTTa ONbHBIe (bAeKTHBHIE cmoBoo6pa3oBa- TeIbHBIE KAJIbKH OOYCOBIMBAeTCH HECKONLKUMH TipudMHaMu. Bo-nepBLIx, B AHTOBCKOH TepMHHONO HH GOAbINMHCTBO GeKTUBHEIX JepHBaToB o6paso- BaHO OT a om0B*. Bo-BTopbHIx, Taka TeHJeHIMA OOHApyxMBaeTCA TaKxe B cHOBooOpasoBaTesbHO! cHcTemMe pyccKo o s3bIKa, e HMeHa cymecTBH- TeJbHbIe C HyJeBbIM cypuKcom yale Bce o O6pas0BaHEl oT ma omoB !!. Beaegc sue s To o Oompuiag yacTh AMTOBCKHX OTTAaTOABHEIX (paeKTHBHBIX KaweK O6pasoBana 10 IpHMepy pyccKo o A3bIKa. 2.2.3.J. Cnosoo6pasona enb ble KaJIbKH c dbileKcueli -a, IIPHBeAeCHHbIe B USHKO-TexHHYecKUX COBAPAX, UMeIOT MpeduKcB, Taka cKOHHOCTD TIpo- ABAACTCA KAK B JIMTOBCKOM JIMTepaTyPHOM S3bIKe, TaK H B PyCCKOM, KOTOpBI‘ B AauHOM Ciys4ae ABIAeTCH KabKUpyeMbIM OObeKTOM. CooTBeTcTByiomHe CAOBa — la OJbl — HEKOTOPHIX CMOBOOGPasOBaTebHLIX KasleK c ¢bseKcueli “4 uMeCIOT NO ABa UpeduKca (nep iepyla (PJIIIC 223)<pyc. nedoaue, ne- p ie anka (PJITIC 223)<-pyc. xedo6op), Cnosoobpasopa enbuble KasbKu c pekcneli -a uallle Bce o O6pasoBaH OT la om0B, HMeIOMHX cmeny oulne npe@uken: is-, a -, pe -, p a-, p i-. ‘ 2.2.3.2. CnopooOpasoBaTembHBIX KasleK Cc cbekcunei -as B PH3HKO-TexHH- 4CCKUX COBapAX UPHBEeHO TOpasAO MeHbINe, YeM COBOOGPasOBaTeAbHBIX Kamek ¢ @acKcueli -a. Henposyk upnocTs aHHbIx KaeK o6ycnoBaAuBaeTca, * Keinys S . Galiininé e miny da yba— Socialinés ling is ikos p oblemos (Lie- u iy kalbo y os klausimai), 1979, . 19, p. 180. 10 Tam xe. ‘ Pycckas pamma uka.— M.: Hayxa, 1980, 7. 1, c. 219. 74 10-BHAHMOMY, TEM, YTO B TEPMUHONOFHN BOOOLe U3 BCeX *pJEKTUBHEIX JepH- BaTOB MpeoONaa wo T AepuBa el ¢ Psekcueii -a. C opoo6pa30BaTebuble Kasib- Ku ¢ cbulekcuei -as umeio mpeduKcel. OOpasopanne AaHHEIX KameK BOOOIIE He MpOTHBOpeunT OOpasoBaHnio AepHBaToOB c dleKcueli -as AUTOBCKOTO JH- Tepa ypHo o ssbika. Tlox omy aHHble KabKH ABIAIOTCA IpHeMAeMBIMH H HOPMATUBHBIMH. 2.2.3.3. M3 Bcex QJCKTHBHBIX COBOOOpasOBaTeIbHbIX KaeK, MpuBeeH- WbIX B (USHKO-TEXHHYCCKHX COBAPAX, MeHbIe BceX OOHapy2KeHO c0BO06- pasOBaTeNbHbIx KaneK c cbaeKcueli -is—ux B [Ba pasa MeHBIe, Yem cCzO- Loo6pasoBaTeAbHLIX KaeK c PleKkcueli -as. CnopooSpasoBpaTembHble KabKH c buekcneli -is uMeloT Takxe npeduKcHl. Uac o Takada TeHeHUUA BOSHHKa- eT NO BAMAHHEM Apy ux A3bHIKOB. Hanp., cnoBooOpas0BaTebHble KaIbKH C aexcueli -is (pos y is—pyc. nocaeceeu enuellan a. a e glow), ume oune mpeuKke po-, O6MaaiwT 3HayeHHeM, KOTOPOe HECBOLCTBCHHO NMOMOOHEIM Je- PHBaTaM JHTOBCKOTO A3bIKa HM ABHO CBASAHO C peAMo amMu: pyccKHM — No- cae, an aniickum — a e u ux 2KBABaIeHTAaMH B JHTOBCKOM AS3bIKe po, pas- kui. : 2.2.4. Cnoxuble CAOBOOOpAas0BaTeMbHbIe KAJIbKH-CYICCTBHTeIbHBIe CO- CTaBIAIOT JOBOADNO OOWIHPHY!O Noz pynmy Kamek (oKon0 28,6%) H3 Bcex, CHOBOO6pasoBaTeNbHbIX (Mpedukca bHbIx, cyPuKcabHbIx, MMeKTUBHEIX, CAOKHDIX) Kasek. Jn AHTOBCKOM CH3HKO-TeXHHYeCKOl TepMHHOMeKCHKH XapakTepuO HaMune JByxX BHAOB JaHHbIX KameK: 1) cnOxKHbIeC KabKH C ONOPHbIM KOMMONCHTOM -— OCHOBO cyHecTBHTebHOTO H 2) COAKHbIe Ka Ib- KH € ONOPHEIM KOMMOHCHTOM —TJla ouIbHO ocHOBOH. Han6onee npodyKTHB- HbIMH ABJINIOTCA CHeyIOlHe CMOBOOOpas0BaTeIbHble CTPYKTYPbI COMKHBIX KaJI€K-CYIL€CTBHTCJIBHBIX: a) ajleKBaTHbIX KaJieK: HMA CYyILeCTBHTeMbHOe+HMHA cyleCcTBHTebHOe /S+S/, uma mpuna a enbHoe+uma cywlec BuTebHoe /A+S/, uape- 4yue+uMa cyllecTBuTenbHOe /Ay+S/ uw uma cyllecTBHTenDbHOe+ sa- oa /S+V/. Jlanubie c pykTypbl KaweK COOTBeTCTBYIOT CeLyIONIUM cOBO- OOpasoBaTeIbHbIM CTpyKTypaM KasbKupyemo o o6bex a: /S+S/=/S+S/ pusbangé (PJITIC 304), cp. pyc. nozyeoaxa|lHem. Halbwelle||an a. hal -wa- e, Sa aploks e (PJIIIC 32), cp. pyc. 6poxenau al|Hem. Panze pla e; /A+ +S$/=/A+S/ aukS ak osné (PJITIC 94), cp. nem. Hocho en, naujasidab is (PJIMC 223), cp. nem. Neusilbe ; /Ay+S/=/A:+S/ daugias aklininkas (PJITIC 199), cp. pyc. aoeoc anownux; /S+V/=/S+V/ bangoma is (PJITIC 52, CHT 31, TCBT 29), cp. pyc. sozxomep||uem. Wellenmesse '?|| lan a. wa eme e , smélias aidis (PJIIIC 278), cp. pyc. neckome ; 2 Kaapku co caoBsoo6pasona enbHo cTpyKTypoii (S+V), onopHs ii KoMnoHeHT KoTO- PpIX —-ma is, B aHTAHIICKOM H HeMEIKOM A3bIKaX COOTBETCTBYIOT C/IOKHBIM CYIeCTBHTe/b- HbIM CO ClOBOOOpasoBaTeIbHOH cTpyKTypoi (S+S). Oguako B qaHHOM cayuae GOouee yese- cooGpasHo cpaBHuBaTE cnoBOCOpasz0BaTeAbHIe CTPYKTYPbl KaJbKH H pyccKO o KaJbKUpye- Mo o OObeKTAa, NOCKOMbKy PYyCCKHi a3bIK ABAAeTCH MOCPpeAHHKOM HH HellocpezCTBeHHLIM o6beKTOM KONHPOBaANaA KaIbKH. 75