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Методологические аспекты упорядочения понятий научных областей знания

Виктор Филиппович Журавлев

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MOKSLO KALBOS KULTŪROS IR TERMINOLOGIJOS PROBLEMOS LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI, XXIV (1985) BUKTOP ®WJ/IUITTIOBUY J)XKYPABJIEB METOJLOJIOTH4ECKHE ACNEKTHI VIIOPSJLOUEHHSA MOHITHH HAYYHbBIX OBJIACTEN 3HAHHSA B nocjiejtuee BpeMs mHPOKOe pacnpocTpaHeHHe NOJIYYHJI TEDMHH ynopado- “enue TEDMUROAOLUU, CIyKAWMA JŲIS 0603HAYEHHS] HOPMATHBHOH JESTEJIb- HOCTH B OGJIaCTH TEPMHHOJIOTHH HEKOTODPOiH OOJIaCTH 3HAHHS. Ynopsgoue- HHe TEPMHHOJIOTHH HMEeT CBOEH HeJIbIO yCTPaHEHHEe TaKHX ee HeJ0CTATKOB, KaK MHOrO3Ha4HOCTb, CHHOHHMHS H Jp. [IpakTHueckn ynopsiioueHue TepMH- HOJIOTHH OCYIIECTBJISI€TCS NyTeM pa3pa60TKH CJIOBAapeH CHCTEMHOTO THIIA, TOL KOTOPBIMH HMEIOTCS B BHAY COODHHKH DEKOMEHIyeMbIX TEDMHHOB H TEPMH- HOJIOTHYECKHE CTaHAapTHl. OCHOBHBIM TOJIOXKEHHEM COBETCKOH H 3apyO0eXHbIX TepMHHOJOTHUECKHX LIKOJI TPH3HAETCS OmpejeJsioniee 3HayeHHe GOPMHPOBAHUS CHCTEMBI IOHS- THH HEKOTOPO¥ OOJIacTH 3HAHHS TPH YNOPSIIOYEHHH ee TePMHHOJOTHH. 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Hanp., nousitne R peghaexcusro (R) o606mįenHo npejicraBJIseT KJliacc OTHOLIEeHHA R, OGJaHNAPONMHUxX CBOHCT- BOM, KOTOpOe BbipaxaeTCcsS npejiukKaTOM yy XR(x, x). B atom caydae R sBas- eETCA YyxEe He ONpeJIeJIEHHbIM, OHKCHDOBAHHbLIM OTHOIUEHHEM, a INpejiHuKATHOŽ rnepeMeHHOHK, Npe/jlcTAaBJISIONIeRKi KJIaCC OTHOLIeHHĖ. * Tepmunoaunamuka. Tepsnnojiorus. Ilpoekr.— M.: Hayka, 1982. 62