Žodžio ir žodžių junginio neigimas sakinyje

XXV (1986) ELENA OGINSKIENĖ NEGATION OF A WORD AND A WORD COMPOSITION IN A SENTENCE INTRODUCTION § 1. The negation of a word or a combination of words in a sentence (Russian: wacTHOe OoTpnHuAKHHE, German: Wortnegation), compared to the negation of a sentence (Russian: oGmee orpunamne, German: Satznegation), is much less studied, although these types of negation have been distinguished by linguists for quite some time (Bynax 1962, 7—8). The negation of a word or word combination in a sentence has received less attention, apparently jo because the expression in different languages is much more universal and not so diverse. $ 2. It is often asserted that in sentences su with a negative ar word word combination negation is not related to the predicate, or rather —does not affect the predicative relationship (Kynarus 1956, 335; [Tajxuua-- Oenopyk, I'opmkosa, IManckmit 1958, 15; Byjax 1962, 232; Kogerkos 1963, 98—99; Munkun 1963, 11-12; Mamenos 1967, 6; I'opkuHa 1971, 13-15; Jlo6anosa 1971, 41; GOopenen 1972, 7—8; Baraesa 1978, 3). In contemporary Lithuanian literary language, the negation can deny words, word ar combinations, which are secondary parts of the ar sentence with the substantive ir démences of the composite adverb’; can also deny insignificant Words, which are traditionally not included in the structure of sentence parts. Such a definition at first glance seems impeccable, but it does not reveal the essence of the word or word combination in the negation of the sentence. A. ir Peškovskis tried to explain better the difference su between the negotiation of other parts of the sentence, which coincides with the difference between the above-msu entioned types of negations. He pointed out that the connection of a predicate with any other part of the sentence is quite su different from the connection of any other part of the sentence with a predicate. (IlemxoBexnū 1956, 388—389); plg.: I don't Aš read a book ir Ne aš I read a book; I'm Aš reading a ne book. In the first case, there is a negative preposition (with ir sentenco e), the second su negative positive conjunct connects a certain part of the sentence (in examples — factor, complement). O when su negating a part of a sentence connected by a preposition in the affirmative form, we also say that another su part of the same kind of sentence is connected by the preposition (KouerxosB 1963, 98—99). The latter can be stated in the sentence or only implied, e.g. : Ne John, o Peter writes a letter; Ne John writes a letter; John writes an ne epistle, but a statement; John is not writing a letter. § 3. In this case, the su relation is a differential equation. It is not directly su connected to the su adverb when connected with nouns. The denial to of the proposed certificate even * The parts of the sentence are understood here as academic In „Lietuvių kalbos gramatikoje“ (1976, 279-566). 190 (Lithuanian grammar), they are classified into another subspecies of Word negation (Bynax 1962, 236—237; Aunpeiiunkosa 1975, 7). It should be noted that by denying a sign only partially limits the relationship of its sign part of the sentence — the action, the complement, the circumstances — with the predicate, e.g. : He wrote in red, blue ink. ne o (Plg. : He wrote in ink.) ne Undoubtedly, the syntactic position of the sign differs from the parts of the sentence directly related to the conjunct. The statement can be considered part of the sentence only from tradition. However, speaking in general about the negation ar of a word-word combination in a sentence, the negation of words that go with a sign, in our opinion, is not necessary to distinguish into a separate subspecies. The difference in the negation of the words in the attestative is not related to a certain new species variant, but depends on the specificity of the syntactic relationship of the negative word with the adverb. $ 4. The negative of a word or a combination of words differs from the negative of a sentence in the conjunctive level of the sphere of negation, namely, in the case of the negative of a word or a combination of words and the negative of a sentence, the negation functions in unequal syntactic conjunctions. In sentences with a negative word or a combination of words, the negation functions in the lower-than-the-sentence syntactic domain of the word combination, or the syntagm, and in negative sentences — in the sentence paradigm domain (Aitsenmraar 1955, 16 and 31; Kammmaosa 1975, 37). In relation to a certain word or combination of words in the syntax, the negation only denies them, and the meaning of the sentence remains positive2?. This essential feature allows us to distinguish between the above-mentioned types of negation, although their formal expression in some languages (e.g., English, French, German) may coincide (Mixux 1963, 11—12; Topomosa 1978, 63). In modern Lithuanian literary language, the negation of a word or a combination of words is characterized by formal distinctive features (the place of the negation in the sentence, its spelling separately from the negative word or combination of words). $ 5. Negating a word or a combination of words is less universal than negating a sentence (Ilaudujios 1982, 36—49). The negative of a sentence is a phenomenon of both the syntactic structure of the sentence and the logical structure of the statement expressed by the sentence. In contrast, the negation of a word or a combination of words is characteristic only of the syntactic division of the sentence®. § 6. In a sentence with a negative word or a combination of words, the negation is concentrated on one of the logically distinguishable cases in the sentence. Such sentences can be considered as abbreviated forms of positive and negative sentences denoting the same situation (Kpxnxxrosa 1969, 203—204; Ilanyuesa 1974, 145): John reads a book + John does not read a newspaper = John does not read a newspaper but a book. Sentences with a negative word or combination of words are probably historically a later linguistic phenomenon, which arose through abbreviation, but they now have a special purpose in language — they denote different situations than negative sentences — and differ in their structure. These sentences can syntactically form a separate type of negation. They are like an intermediate link between positive and negative ir sentences. 2 However, such sentences cannot be called positive at all, since they have a negative word or word combination (Balčikonis 1982, 134—135; also cf. OpxroBa 1973, 24—25). So we call them simply sentences negative word word combination. su ar 3 In recent theoretical works of the philosophical direction, where logical grammatical ir negation lai komi is a common, inseparable category, the division of negation into traditional types is criticized primarily because it does not correspond to the classification of negation in formal logic (see. TlandnxroB 1982, 36—49; Bonmapenko 1983, 141—191). 191 § 7. The structural analysis of the functions of negation presented by I. Boguslavski (Borycnasckmii 1982, 63 —76) also shows the non-uniformity of negation. The author, comparing the negative functions in neutral and prepositional contexts, which essentially correspond to the syntactically distinguished negative functions of sentence and word or word combination from each other (a total of 17 communicational, semantic, syntactic and conjugation differences are indicated- ). $ 8. The expression of the type of negation of a word or a word combination in the present Lithuanian literary language is fairly uniform. It can be used to indicate it, so to speak, by one syntactic means — the negation no. In certain cases, the negation cannot perform the function of the su predikatinį santykį reiškiančiomis veiksmažodžio asmenuojamomis formomis, word’s negation even when it goes with the predicate (see author 1984b, 31—36; also cf.: KosuerxosB 1963, 99—100; OpjioBa 1973, 25). Therefore, it is not sufficient to take into account which parts of the sentence the negation denies. § 9. The prepositional meaning of the distinctive characteristic of word and word-compound negation The negation of a word or a combination of words is the negation of a statement. Therefore, the main feature of the negation of a word or a combination of words, which is more or less characteristic of various languages (cf. Kouerxos 1963, 98—101; OpjioBa 1973, 24-25; Muska 1963, 12; Heinemann, Wiktorowicz 1978, 101; Baraesa 1978, 5), is the opposite meaning, which is most clearly realized in the form of opposition (the sentence is extended by another positive word or combination of words occupying the same syntactic position) and intonation. This is not the case for the negative opposite. In this case, the negative of a sentence can be called non-resistive or neutral, and the negative of a Word or a word combination is called resistive. Since the opposite meaning is the most characteristic feature of the negation of a word or a combination of Words, it is sometimes used to describe the essence of this negation. For example, N. Bulach (1962, 319) considers the contradiction as the most important differential feature of the negation of a word or word combination. $ 10. The retrospective or prospective connection of the negation with the affirmation (ToporroBa 1978, 68), recognized by many linguists, takes on a specific form of expression in the case of the negation of a word or word combination. According to N. Arutiunovas (1976, 215), the negation of a word or a combination of words requires a positive word or a combination of words occupying the same syntactic position, linked to the negative Word or the combination of words in the sentence by an opposite relation, because in this case the existence of the object of the action expressed in the sentence (as well as the subject or circumstances) is not generally denied. It indicates that, for example, in the sentence ff daa dens2u ne ITempy the meaning of the positive verb pasate implies the presence of a recipient of money. Thus, in sentences with a negative word or combination of words we often find a corresponding positive Word or combination of words, which forms the opposite of the negative (cf. T'axnxuna-Oexopyx, [Nopmkosa, 192 Ianckuit 1958, 15—16; Borycnasckuit 1982, 64). In such cases, the negation retains its purest meaning of negation (Kosanes 1941, 31). In sentences with ir negative positive ar words The opposite of word combinations, we not only negative something, but also positive. Because of this characteristic, they are classified by individual researchers as negative-- positive sentences (e.g.: OsepoBa 1973, 17) or their positive nature is emphasized in comparison with negative sentences (Illetnejrbe 1990, 17). 1959, 133). $ 11. According to L. Minkin (1965, 127), a negative word or combination of words can be considered redundant — they do not increase the direct information of the sentence in any way. So what is the purpose of negating a word or a combination of words? A negative word or combination of words (negative opposite member) usually denotes what should be expected from the context, situation, available information, or what is usual, while a positive word or combination of words opposed to it (positive opposite member) denotes something unusual, accidental, undesirable, sometimes even difficult to achieve. In addition, the negative of a word or a combination of words may contradict the opinion of the interlocutor. Therefore, as F. Popov (1969, 81—83) points out, the relationships of the negative and positive elements of the connective compounds have not only an opposite (negative and positive) meaning, but often acquire additional modal meanings and expressive shades. Many linguists generally regard negation as an emotional-emphatic category. The negation of a word or a combination of words realizes one of the main emphatic functions characteristic of the negation – the function of contrastive affirmation. Thanks to this function, a negative word or combination of words in a sentence does not turn into a speech excess; they usually clarify, emphasize the actual content of the sentence and expand the expressive powers of the language. This, it seems, is the specific purpose of the negation of a word or a combination of words, because by omitting the negative element in the sentence, the affirmation is much less emphasized, its expressiveness is weakened, cf. : We live not in the city, but in the countryside and We live in the countryside. $ 12. In modern Lithuanian literary language, in sentences with an opposition of negative and positive words or word combinations, the negative member may go after or before the positive one. It depends on what the attention is focused on, what is contradicted, what is known to the author of the sentence in the first place. But there are no stingrays, and the leaves do not come out of the fur. 215. ^ Michaels. I'm not talking to you, I'm talking to my lord. 93, No. 2. Not a lot of nothing, I think, but knowledge brings, which winds cloud people's brains. 84th 2nd. They did not walk down the central street, but along the old path. We love our homeland with actions, not words. 237 and 238. [It] will teach you to pursue one goal at a time, not ten. ZitMNK 167. Abrūsus (= towels) should be kept in abrūsinyčij (= towel) and not worn in corners Krok (LKŽ, I 13). They live in someone else's mind, not in their own. KrêvPP III 26. § 13. A group of several similar or related homogeneous elements may be opposed to enhance the impression. I found ne my ne daughter, my o child, the judge. MikelLL 590. The woman's feasts were not made of poultry or game, but of black tar and hot water. LVP 151. But it was not a tender feeling, not respect, that took hold of her heart, but again resentment. MarcR I 510. It was not the blood of the angry crusaders that was shed, but the blood of a young boy, 193 only his helmet horse. LVP 149. He should have (...) only tied the antiquarian and shut his mouth, not killed him. P 1982 1 108. In general, the opposition of words or word combinations in the extended form is much more visual. The differences between these two groups are less pronounced than those between the other groups. $ 14. Grammatically, antagonism is expressed by antagonistic conjunctions, which is why they are often regarded as a formal, although not the only, sign of the negation of a word or word combination (cf. HBanosa 1968, 22-26). The opposite conjunctions can also connect Zodiac signs or word combinations denoting compatible signs. In this case, the negation usually performs the function of a negative prefix, forming a negative lexicon, and does not mean the negation of the word or word combination. The opposite conjunctions used with such words or combinations of words do not separate them, but connect them. For example: : The girl was ugly, but good; He spoke quietly, but interestingly. On the other hand, there can be negative and positive words or combinations of words opposite and without conjunctions, e.g. : It was in ancient times, not now (KrēvRR II 183). Although the opposite of a negative and a positive word or word combination may not have a conjunction, conjunctive oppositions are much more commonly used. In sentences with a negative Word or a combination of words, these opposite conjunctions are most often used: oh, but, only. Each of them gives different shades to the opposite relationship of negative and positive words or word combinations. § 15. The opposite is most clearly expressed by the conjunction o, because the difference between the concepts and phenomena expressed by the opposed Words is emphasized (Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 1971, 666). By the way, I wrote this comedy not for fans of humour, but for niggers. ZabA 71. This is not a market for you, but a public institution. KIAAP 192. The next time we also quickly got to run from the fence, but not to the apple tree, but to the olive bush. LVP 229. Bad must be forgotten, not good. Bird (P 1982 7 18). Apparently, the man who lived here was created by the wind, not by another man. KIAAP 68. It was necessary to bend the horns of the little one, not daba (= now). 26 (XXVII). He was used to looking through the horse's ears, far away, not down here. Aput (P 1978 6 57). You have to look for deeper truths, not chase after effects! Page 318. § 16. The second most frequently used is the conjunction ber. It often denotes an opposing relationship with a shade of surprise, especially when the positive member of the opposition follows the negative. It wasn't resentment that was eating up Cordus' heart, but compassion. Mark I 228. You're not a father, you're a heartless animal. 2nd ed. pp. 36. I live not far, but high... UrnP 132. Cow's milk is not in the horns, but in the jar. 23 (1st ed.). I was the original knight of your heart, but not the real one. Mark I 304. A tall brick fence stood next to it. For a motorcycle — an insurmountable obstacle, but not for Andri! ZabA 290. He is clever in trouble, but not in his own. 143 pp. 141. § 17. The verb only (that) is also used in sentences with a negative word or a combination of words to indicate a predicative relation. In contrasting negative and positive words or combinations of words, he retains somewhat the meaning of the separative particle. 194 mę (Lithuanian grammar 1971, 668). Therefosu re, the switch only (that) the opposition of the going Verb or word combination takes on a dažnai distinctive tone. That shade is even more pronounced when consuming only (to) su switches o, but. The position of the conjunction in the sentence is — more constant, much more su often it is a positive opposite member. It was love, just ne an adventure. MarcR I 339. Ne You were born for ne hunting, you grew up for hunting, only for the benefit of your parents' country. LVP 140. Senis Kiaupša |...) ne hid, just o forgot to say about Stillman. MikelLL 205. Many medications should be ne taken at any time, but only with po meals. In some cases, the exclusion value of the switch even takes the upper hand, e.g. : All can betray, only ne tu GrusS 86. To emphasize the exclusion of the positive opposite member, special negative opposite ne members are used (although) other, -a, where ne (although) elsewhere, ne otherwise. In such contradictions the conjunction samo (to) is often used with the particle ako, which, by forming a sampling with it, in turn strengthens the distinctive meaning of this conjunction. It's not someone else's work, it's just the work of a bunch of crappy kids. 399. ^ Michaels. You are powerful in nothing but the wisdom of the ruler. GrušŠ 77. And now, caught by Laurin, he looked nowhere else but down. BaltPV II 146-147. John lies nowhere else but in the Valaknų paradise. LVP 361. When the above-mentioned negative members of the opposition are connected with the positive ones by the conjunction o, the word as or merely intonation, the distinction of the positive member is weakened, cf. : After all, it was not someone else, but some newspapers that turned the head of Chesiu Daut (P 1978 10 76); Fate, old man, is nothing but the passions in man Jac (P 1978 10 43); Apparently, they lose everything with cards, no other way... Daut(P 1978 8 87); Someone planted [the poplar] here, not otherwise SadG 30—31. $ 18. Most often, the values of the opposing members contradict each other. They may occasionally overlap. In addition, the word is often used to refer to a group of words or words that are not related to each other (e.g., a group of words or words that are not related to each other). In this case, the marked contrast is the weakest. And although it is not yet "inpatient treatment" [...], but at least "resort" (etc.). $ 19, More emphasis is placed on the opposite relationship in sentences with two conjunctions, one of which goes with the negative member of the opposition, the other with the positive, e.g. : They would cut off their heads, but not for us, only for those whose hearts beat in fear KrévRR II 105; She gave me a towel, not a tablecloth. § 20. The counters may be without switches. Then the opposite relationship of negative and positive words or word combinations is expressed by intonation alone. The fisherman said this not to Gediminas, but to himself, again plunging into his misfortune. KIAAP 117. Not a stranger, your sister said. Bird (P 1982 7 13). The man does not do so out of malice—out of jealousy. Woe to your 'drunken, not meadows! 89, No. 2. Real women, not nobles!.. 2nd ed. pp. 30. Giants built it, not humans. LVP 138. But life is organized by rules, not by exceptions... 195 $ 21. Instead of conjunctions, the negative and positive opposite members may be repeated with words that go with certain parts of the sentence, but this does not strengthen the opposite relationship further. I'm not a kaliosh, I'm a soap... ZabA 13. We are not evil spirits, we are honorable birds. LVP 465. I am probably not for myself—I am probably for something else. Mark 87. This is not our sister, this is the witch-mother Prng (LKZ XI 20). Men, this isn't the army, this is the Marauders. MiškŽG 46. The adverb to, used only with the positive opposite member, connects the related words by a concession or condition. Not this way, this way. GranMV 70. For married women, not this, not that—everything happens. Mark I 555. § 22. Often contradictory conjunctions (especially but, only(that) with certain homonymous parts of the sentence words, of which one has a negative, are used with a conjunctive meaning. Then, as already mentioned (see § 14), the negation does not mean the negation of the word, 0 goes as the word prefix. The man was unblemished, but tough. MiškŽG 106. At the bottom a pile of yellowish boards, but not new. ZitMNK 48. A small but beautifully looked group of cavalry Rebels. Myk-Put. Beautifully made, but unflavored cooked. KrêvPP IT 67. When the meanings of words separate each other, they are associated by an opposing relationship; when they do not exclude each other, they are associated by a conjunction. However, in the latter case, the correction of the replies requires counter-approximation, e.g. : The father's face was not angry, but only sad and serious (LVP 614); I am only beautiful, but not good GrušŠ 393; I live not far, but high... (UrnP 132). When a negative word is used with adverbs denoting intensity, the opposite relationship with a positive Word is not possible, cf. : The father's face was not at all smiling, but sad and serious; I am only beautiful, but very bad; I live quite close, but high up. $ 23, Often in sentences with a negative word or a combination of words there is no positive opposite member. This is the case for the first-order and second-order (or first-order and second-order) arguments. In some cases, the affirmative article is implied from the context or clear from the situation and its repetition would be superfluous, in others — it is undefined, unknown or not intended to be said, i.e., it only contradicts the affirmative form of the word that accompanies the negation. The opposite relationship of the negative word or word combination expressed by intonation alone with the unspoken positive member of the opposite is weaker, thereby reducing the expressiveness of the negation of the Word or Word combination. We are not guarding the castle from them. More frightening crusaders, which can be met not only at night, but also during the day. LVP 320. Not since this day she has been visiting us. From small days everywhere together. KrévRR II 76. We're not here to fight. KrévRR II 87. It's not the years that make you old. Mark I 286. I'm not telling you. 382 pp.. But not everyone thinks so. KrévRR II 78. Life does not always bring joy... KrévRR II 31. This quality was developed [...] not by ordinary véjavaikism. 112. In the Blue Antiquity, thinking was valued no less than work. LVP 463. You don't get so dirty in a day. 196 ZitMNK 13. That's more interesting. Like ne everyone else. Aput(P 1978 6 101). Aš ne iš immediately understood what a city it was. KIAAP 34. $ 24. A negative that enters į the sample word's word ar sampling composition or goes as a prefix does not mean the sampling word's ar negation. In orienteering sports, you can't do it without thinking ne ką (tsp.) They'll ne come back wherever they go. TreinLJ 43. The Obelaičių radus ne [vaccins] grew well. LS(LKZ XI 13). Ne iš Good morning. BaltPV II 14. No, thought Adam Venckus, tomorrow will be a holiday. KIAAP 177. 11 The wise are taught by misfortune, but the fool is drowned. KrêvPP III 142. The heights of feeling — are silent. MarcinkDD 118. In this sense, we have done a lot (tsp.) I don't think it would feel good to work (tsp.) NEIGINIO PLACE The $ 25. Be negative of a word or a combination of words of opposite meaning, which, as we have seen, is often expressed only by intonation, can also be distinguished by the place of the negation in the sentence. This criterion, too, may not be applicable in all cases. In negative sentences, the negation always goes with the adverb*, and in the case of the negation of a word or a combination of words — with the word or the combination of words that is being negated. For example: : The father did not beat him (SimonR IV 164) is a negative sentence; Not the father beat him, the father did not beat him — sentences with the negative word. When a negative word combination, the denial is at the beginning of the word group. In this case, the two opposing members are usually expressed in the sentence (a). Without the said or at least clearly implied positive member of its opposite, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish whether the negative is only the Word that follows the negation or its combination with other words (b). a) You have to look for deeper truths, not follow the facts! Page 318. A beautiful virgin not in a bought shirt, but in woven cloths. 73 pp. 3. Now, not individual people, but whole flocks of them are walking and driving on the highway. BaltR I 50. For the eternal rest of Mr. Petro grandfather spent all his life not in the aristocracy was not meant menėse, o vežiko pasostėje ZabA 119. Kasakauskas, rašydamas savo gramatiką, any Žemaičių dialect, but Lithuanian language in general. SabLKTI 22. Not one young head, but several old ones. KrėvRR IT 168. b) he was not really concerned about the new home. PocLM 51. Not for stupid jokes to spend their rubles. Jac (P 1978 11 61). It is not possible to differentiate between the functions of the predicate and the negative. This is because, apparently, the negations that do not perform the function of negation of the sentence go only with such uniform adverbs, which in the sentence are linked by an opposing relationship with the adverbs of the positive form. I'm not telling you, I'm asking. BaltPV II 237. I'm not walking anymore, I'm just floating in the thickened evening breeze. NGC 235. He didn't walk around the room, but just ran around. Page 131. 4 For the place of the denial in the sentence, see. aut. 1984a, 97—107. 197 $ 26. In the written language, the cases of negation of a word or a combination of words can be distinguished by another formal feature characteristic of the Lithuanian language — the spelling of the negative separately from the negative Word (Lietuvių kalbos rašyba ir skyryba 1976, 71 —82). The exception is a separately written negation in samples that does not mean the negation of a word or a combination of words, e.g. : But there is also not much (Zit MNK. 206); Uli did not do much better (SajP M 74); Not so easy to catch Vaidas (Jac); Yeah, not as much as it's going to be ir (LVP 124); I'm working, ne toad, where will you go (BubnVD 268); He looked į inside the cup. "Not too much," he said, shaking his head. Bružas will be brought to the cottage anyway ne į (Gran) The words that form the conjugation may not have a phraseological connection. Then their elements retain their direct meaning, and the negation performs the function of denying the word, e.g. : Aš ne such as tu (plg. : Aš ne so good); I don't imagine a married life like that... (Daut(P 1978 10 71) (cf. : It is not so easy to imagine married life). $ 27. The denial of a ar word-word combination in colloquial language is helped by special phonetic means. Usually, the word or word combination that follows the denial is pronounced stronger in the sentence (it has a logical accent) and the pause that follows creates an intonation of contradiction. Sometimes, depending on the situation, the positive member of the opposite can be more emphasized. I am not speaking to you, but to my master. 93, No. 2. Not with a fork | —toasted potatoes with a knife put into the mouth. P 1982 I 47. But not you | understand. Page 367. It was in the old days, but not now. 105, 2nd ed. When a negative denies a sentence or is a prefix in affirmative sentences and belongs to a sample, the Word that goes with it or after it is not pronounced stronger. NEGATION OF WORDS AND WORD COMPOSITIONS THAT GO WITH PARTS OF THE SENTENCES AND THEIR SUBJECTS $ 28. In the sentence there may be negative words in various parts of the sentence and their accents word combinations. ar Although most often these ar words are word combinations in negative positive sentences, but this is not a necessary condition. In the same sentence, both types of negation can function independently, i.e. words or combinations of words can be negative and negative sentences, e.g. : Forgive me, but I can't be not an actress — I can't (etc.); It is not a voice of conscience that prevents him from riding nicely — just laziness (Jac). Most often, we are talking about the denial of words or combinations of words that go as a factor, adjective, indicative and circumstance. In this case, the negation is associated with the possessor of the attribute or other components of the situation expressed by the sentence (MaMejjoB 1967, 6—9; Jlo6axosa 1971, 41; Baraesa 1978, 3; Jisnox 1979, 206). A much less common form is the counter-negative of the taric (cf. KouerxoB 1963, 99—100; OpjioBa 1973, 25). In the case of a non-negative verb, the personifying form of the verb can only be denied without negating the sentence. Negative words or combinations of words with the significant elements of a compound adverb may or may not have the positive members of the opposing expression*. 5 For further details on the counter-negative of the taric, see aut. 1984b, 31-36. 198 in them is also weak. The negation may even lose it altogether, forming new lexems meaning “weak; poor; mažai“ (Lithuanian spelling and punctuation 1976, 77 and 81). The uneven spelling of the negation with the mentioned pronouns and adverbs does not always differentiate its functions. For others it might not be cold without changing the heater, but for Kristina it is not. 188. I'm not asking for anything. MarcR 1 214. In orienteering sports, you can't do anything without thinking (e.g.). He took his family overnight to a senq, a cave worthless to anyone. PietRR 300. Uli did not do much better. Page 74. That little-known trail ran far away, winding around the hill, not visible without binoculars. SadG 120. My health was not good either. 265. And everyone was in a bad mood. Vienl, 235. Ragulki — fish not very tasty. 40 (1980) Op. There was not a lot of land, but a lot of bees. BilR, I 183. The artistic depth of the book was not felt at that time. Birds 137. There's not much time left. MikelGYM 50. Negative adverbs often have a new meaning: where, when, how. I'm working, toad, you're nowhere to go. BubnVD 268. Stay, you never come. LKG II 555. On a long journey, a horse can't run without a boot. 11) and 11 (p. 4. The pronouns koks, -ia, toks, -ia can be elements of the sample. (These cases can be distinguished only by comparing both the negative and positive members of the opposite- .) The negation preceding the pronouns negates the whole sample (has the meaning of negation- ). This is Kregždė from Byčiai, not some gentleman from New York. BaltSKVD II 61. The younger daughter of the neighbors, who live across the lake, is not a teenage girl, but a mature lady. Baltr (P 1978 8 67). Oh, you'll get a better husband with your beauty, not such a drunkard. SimonR I 276. USE OF THE NEGATIVE BEFORE IMPLICIT WORDS § 42. In the sentence, the negation can be against prepositions, the answering words of comparative phrases and the conjunction as. With these words, the negative functions can also be different. In the case of the negation of words without full meaning, the effect of the negation on the content of the sentence is even smaller — the negative word is not the part of the sentence or its focus, but only the relationship of the latter with other Words or the nature of their combination. DENIATION OF APPENDIX AND APPENDIX CONSTRUCTIONS $ 43. A negative against prepositional constructions can deny only the preposition (a) or the entire construction (b). This can be determined by comparing the negative opposite member with the positive one. In the case of prepositional negation, prepositional constructions are opposed, which are made up of different prepositions with the same syllables of the Word. Everyone loved to take it all to themselves, as the world says: all to life, not out of life. LVP 77. Who goes to the grave is not from the grave. Mark I 362. 205 In the case of the negation of a prepositional construction, the opposing constructions may have the same prepositions or differ from each other in prepositions. Ne I'm talking about myself, about others. KrévRR II 156. Įvedė mouse ne į your room, 0 to the pastor's room. 113 Birds. Man does not do this out of malice—out of jealousy. LVP 232. Smuckt smuckt, squeezes the witty, not through the air, through the naked body (etc.). After all, it was not an abstract generation, but colleagues. PP-79 109. The fallen crumbs were fed to the eater on his knees, even on the floor, but on a specially brought tray. ZabA 47. I even close my eyes, but not from the sound, but from horror. Wheat MNK. 47. ne ne $ 44. The entire prepositional construction is denied by the ir be expressed positive opposite member. In this case, as mentioned earlier, the meaning of the negation is weaker. In turn, the degree of negation depends on the particularities of the use of prepositional structures. The negative has a stronger negative meaning when it denies free, unconditioned prepositional constructions. Green wine of joy on ne your table. DegSN 44. We're going to talk about ne business. PocLM 113. They did not take a taxi because of a desire for luxury. 121. The daughter is not at all devoted to her mother. 148. It's not up to me. MikulDND 71. And this bus was not on schedule. Balt SKVD II 209. And I didn't shed my blood here for gold. 279. In the case of the prepositional constructions, the negation gives some shades of new meaning and the meaning of its negation is considerably blurred. This is particularly true for prepositional constructions, which are usually used only in the negative. ga su Of course, tu ne iš Cowards. KrėvRR II 150. He still fully ne understood the words he had heard. PocLM 17. Andriukas did not immediately agree. LVP 316. He did not become such in one day. UrnP 148. They live not by pocket. It's not good that he's crying so. Not against good it shone over the castle. LVP 321. It would be a good idea to wash after the trip. 153. Be The negative of the said positive opposite member is usually used as a su preposition without constructions. Their denial is quite peculiar. The negative is here only associated with the preposition, but it does not mean an opposition with it either. The interaction of the negative no and the preposition without similar negative meanings results in a positive meaning. From the meaning of the direct affirmation, it differs in less categoricity. It is used with a preposition without construction when a non-categorized, attenuated statement must be made, when it is not possible to assert something without certain non-prevalent negation clauses. Ne be jo effort ir I'm out of iš the office. MikelHL 306. Nors ir ne be weirdness, but a man with a head. 64. And war is not without purpose. MarcR I 385. Some of the prepositions used with the negation without construction have become objectified and have become templates of generalized meaning, e.g. not without reason, not without foundation, not without that. 206 It was not without reason that my best friends were books about Robinson, scalp hunters, headless riders, and all sorts of other things. CvR II 47. Uošvis did not go there for nothing. 61st BnR. It seemed to him that not every cook could compare with him. 112. Of course, not without something not sticking to the nails of the dealers. 16th 2nd. § 45. Rejecting Retorical Words and Comparative Phrases A strong negation has the negation before the noun taks, -ia and adverbs so, as, which are the responsive Words in sentences with comparative sentences (for their negation as sentence parts, see $ 41, 2). The cow herds are not like those in Benutis meadow. Aput (P 1978 6 66). Kaunas was not the same then as it is now. Birds 26. No, Peter was not like John, and not like everyone else. LVP 371. I don't feel as good as I should. Mark I 286. Last night I screamed at the stump—it isn’t as loud as before the swarm. Myk-PutR VI 425. When he returns home, he will have to live differently than he has done so far. 235. It's not as clever as it could be. Aput (P 1978 6 86). Cows don't give milk as much as before. Mark I 237. Still, I'm probably as changed as that guy. ne Myk-PutR III 156. When the form of comparison emphasizes only some qualitative or quantitative difference between the things being compared, the negation of the words does not deny either, but together with them it denotes a certain degree or quantity (usually less than that expressed by the second singular part of the sentence). She wasn't as sorry for the silk scarf as she was for me, the boy. LTt 231. But I wasn't so much concerned about the horses as I was about the spells of the summer night. VienR VI 560. This time the lady was not so much surprised as offended. ZabA 265. Mikėlis Dudjonis was also a handsome man—and perhaps not as handsome as he was interesting. 149. The temporary capital seemed not so much peaceful as foreign. 587. Not so much the trouble, as all the chatter. Ds(LKZ, I 35). $ 46. In comparative sentences with adjectives, the conjunction is not used as a negative. It can be preceded by a negative only in comparative sentences without answering words (a) and when the comparative phrase (b) is also the positive member of the opposition. a) You will not act like a brother at all! PocLM 150. That's more interesting. Not like everyone else. Aput (P 1978 6 101). And it's beautiful here! Not like in our market! 2nd ed. pp. 87. Only his apartment was not like ours, but large, four rooms. Balt SKVD I 196. b) We live not as we want, but as we can. 25th Pt. He took my rudeness as sympathy, not as a lack of tact... BirdDAJ 89. * * * § 47. The negative no is a necessary accent in coupled conjunctions not only(it)... but also, not only... but also. This is the first part of the series that is written in the first person. This denial is special—it is not supported by the contradiction inherent in word denial. The two parts of the coupled conjunctions are connected by a connective link, the same relationship connects the Words or word combinations connected by them. 207 Synonymic conjunctions not only... but also, not only... but also, while having the form of the Word made, retain a completely positive meaning — they combine limited cases with additional®. The meaning of the negation is neutralized here by the following particles rik, en, which provide distinctive shades. Not only did he not fall asleep, but he did not wake up. UrnP 71. Not only to read, but also to "write learned. LVP 124. At that time no one would have dared not only to chase us, but to attack us. LVP 595. And Zeldiniai—not only beauty, but also health (etc.). And not only with his father, but also with his teachers he was rude. LVP 581. Now not only horses, but also sheep and geese can not be defaced in our country... Incidentally, not only translators, but also the “creators” of the originals (etc.) are faced with these troubles. The second part of a conjunction can be either but, and or o. This variety of connections allows to show different shades of meaning and expressiveness. The contrast between the connected things and the shade of surprise are greater when the second part of the junctions is either a but or it is omitted altogether. Other cases are more neutral. Yeah, I not only understand you, I know you through and through. Page 258. He is not only not a brother, but a real enemy. Mark I 635. It is not only for him alone, but for everyone from that scarf. SInSLP 112. Not only the horses, soon the hats will start to pull off our heads... VienR VI 451. Many situations may seem not only unusual, but also contradictory to the truth. P 1978 8 151. Our novels have become more relevant. However, it is not only the topic, but more the relevance of the problem (tsp.) I can't talk, I can't breathe. MG 48. Not only women and children, but also large, strong men were put to sleep. LVP 396-397. And not only the life of the princes, but the freedom and glory of the whole country. LVP 183. $ 48. When only the first part of the conjunctions is used, not only (it), not only, the unexpectedness of the connected things is further emphasized by the inverse order of words. This concerns everyone, not just young people. LVP 545. I won't leave the grass, not just the tree, in the woods. 120 pp. 2nd ed. And in those days people had to live, not just fightfor the idea. Jac (P 1978 10 50). In our press [...) there is too little enrichment of the deepest thought with the principled statements of Marxist-Leninist science, with the combative scientific spirit of the communist worldview, precisely with the spirit, and not just with quotations (tsp.) Not only the second part of the conjunctions can be unsaid, but also the part of the sentence that is connected by them. Often the latter has no implied specific content. As a result, the connective function of the expressed part of the conjunction (not only (that), not only) is significantly weakened. In addition to the fact that they are used to deny the respective particles, it is also said that the thing expressed by the part of the sentence that goes with them does not constitute an exclusion. * Conjunctions with similar functional characteristics exist in other languages as well (cf. Kucenena 1967, 114—128; Kammmiosa 1975, 25-27; Bynax 1962, 256—257). 208 You're talented, and—don't think so—you're not just nice to me. 10th ed. But it was not only good for the eyes. LVP 371. However, Peter’s nightly wanderings did not give rest only to the master. LVP 375. Sparrows are not only useful during the day. LVP 232. The seabed is not only sand (etc.). The connective function of the conjunctions not only (that)... but also, not only... but also and their variants is incompatible with the opposite meaning. This means that the negatives used with these conjunctions can only be irresistible, e.g. : Oh, the canoe is light, swift: it keeps moving, cruises, throws to the side, stops with a splash. And not only does it not get harder (= does it not get harder), but it requires more and more work. 304. ^ Michaels. EMPHATIC MEANS OF WORDS AND WORD COMPONENTS NEGATION § 49. The expressiveness of the negation of a word or a combination of words is usually given by the oppositemeaning (especially when the positive member of the opposite is said). This is its distinctive feature. However, the emphatic means typical of the sentence negation can also be used to deny a word or a combination of words. The latter are more commonly used to deny a word or a word combination without a positive member. The categorical nature of the negation of a word or a combination of words, as well as of a sentence, is emphasized by the adverbs anaiprieš, toli gražu, which, when combined with the negation, give the nei-ging expressed by it certain shades of modal-expressive meaning. In addition, these adverbs give the negation clarity, strengthen its impression. There was a spark of hope on his face, but not a desire to joke. P 1982 1 106. It is not only curiosity and far from jealousy that attracts them (etc.). He was wearing a white robe just over a not very clean, not a festive jacket. 145. However, it is not always meaningful to go head-on against nature in order to curb it (etc.). Outer attributes were far from decisive in this picture of memory. P 1978 10 12. It is far from everybody who, as soon as they say hello, hurry to lay out their biography. ZabA 245. The verb correlation includes far from all verbs. LKM These adverbs are also used with a denial, which in combination with the corresponding words (see $ 41, 2) indefinitely indicates a certain degree or quantity of the attribute or goes with the prefix of the word. Then they color the semantics of the new lexems with analogous shades… And this work was far less dangerous. NGC 370. In your eyes you will not be able to see nosed soles, but multi-colored sparks, because you will turn your round head to the far from round edge of the section. ZabA 46. The degree of archaicism of the peripheral proto-Baltic dialects was far from uniform. Mažl PTK 9. [They] start 137. a conversation about things that are far from funny (tsp.) When the negation is used with adjectives or adjective adverbs, the adverbs do not help to differentiate its functions. However, with these adjectives, it has more often the function of an opposing negation than without them (plg. § 32). 209 Temperamental, far from Nordic improvisation — perhaps the most attractive feature of the Tallinnians. Of course, his preparation for teaching literature was far from perfect. MK 1979 2 9. This quality was not developed by simple windyness. 112. It seems that the negations used with adverbs can also deny adjectives and adjective adverbs, which in the sentence are connected with the positive opposite member by a conjunction. (In the absence of emphatic means, the negation in the analogous position usually goes with a prefix, see $ 22.) The realities of the countryside |...) become particularly concrete, but far from unambiguous (etc.). He treats her calmly, but not coldly (etc.). Later, though, the young people were given more serious, but far from prime roles (e.g.). $ 50. Similarly, the categoricity of the negation is emphasized by the synonymous word combination in no way. [There would be] no real, by no means temporary decision, the only one for life. Jac (P 1978 11 66). $ 51. The negative with the noun part of the adverb without the conjunction is reinforced by the ironically used adjective anoks, -ia. You're not a worker, you're just a tongue-in-cheek. I'm R I 90. For the categorical negation of adjectives and adverbs of the higher degree, the negative adverb né kiek is used. He wasn't any bigger than you. We need our own newspaper no less than in those post-war years. § 52. Some of the corrective particles that form conjunctive and conjunctive particles with the negative ne may be closely related to it, for example: skoro ne, skoro (kuone), mažne. Its negation of a Word or a combination of Words, expressed by a negation, is nuanced in the opposite direction to categoricity – it indicates that there is not much left until a negative word or combination of words can be affirmed. Therefore, the negation of the proposition in the focus of the corrective particles is quite close to the limit of the affirmation. And soon he almost ran into the garden. PocLM 24. Sometimes he almost took her by the chest. 124 pages. We see butchers almost every day. ZabA 136. He gnashed his teeth and looked at her almost angrily. 214. He walks and almost sweeps the ground with his belly. Mikel (P 1978 5 92). The court summoned almost half of the entire Užuožerių slaughterhouse as witnesses. Vienl, 215. Its bushes and meadows extended along the Siaubiino creek for one and a half vars. VaizgP, I 326. It's about two miles. 344 pp. 1st ed. § 53. In addition to the usual negative no, the negative conjunction nei...nei can be used to deny a word or a word combination. It is used to deny two or more words and Zodiac compounds in affirmative pronoun sentences. This measure does not increase the effectiveness of the negative, but only additionally shows a certain mutual connection (usually similarity) of negative Words or Words combinations. We moved slowly, because all that was left was neither earth nor sand, but the crumbs of some insanely hard rock. KI AAP 23. I'm not a drunkard, nor a pa210 a little boy, just a father's son, a little landlord. LTRn 78. He was neither a brother to me, nor a relative, but sadly enough. BaltSKVD II 20. The emphatic negation measures describe the various degrees of negation of a word or word combination and reflect the evaluative attitude of the speaker. Conclusions 1.In contemporary Lithuanian literary language, as in other languages, the negation can deny not only the whole sentence, but also a single word or a combination of words. The latter function is usually performed when it is used with Words or combinations of Words, as a factor in the sentence, secondary sentence parts and significant elements of the compound participle, as well as with words with a partial meaning that are not included in the structure of the sentence parts, i.e. when it does not affect the predicative relationship. 2. The expression of the negation of a word or a combination of words is quite uniform. It can be said that one syntactic means is used to signify it: the negative no. A negative in a sentence always goes with the word or word combination it negates, and is written separately from them. This shows that the negation of a word or a combination of words is also distinguished from the negation of a sentence by formal characteristics. 3. In certain cases, the negation can also perform the function of the word’s negation, i.e. with the adverb. Therefore, in distinguishing the types of negation, it is not sufficient to take into account only the syntactic positions of the negative words. 4.The main characteristic of the negation of a word or a combination of words is the opposite meaning, which is most clearly realized in the form of opposition (the sentence is extended by su predikatinį santykį reiškiančiomis veiksmažodžio asmenuojamomis formomis, another positive word or combination of words occupying the same syntactic position). In this case, the negative of the word or the combination of words can still be called antagonistic. Grammatically, antagonism is expressed by antagonistic conjunctions, of which the most commonly used are o, but, only. Each of them gives different shades to their opposite relationship: o—more difference, but —surprise, only —exception. In the case of a word or a group of words, the negative is represented by a special intonation. In sentences with negative and positive words or word combinations, the negative part of the sentence can go before or after the positive part. It depends on what the attention is focused on, what is contradicted, what is known to the author of the sentence in the first place. 6. Often sentences with a negative word or word combination are without a positive opposite member. The exception is the denial of words with adjectives or their accents (especially the first one). In some cases, the positive member of the opposite is implied, in others it may be indefinite, unknown or unwanted to say. The opposite relationship of the negative word or word combination expressed by intonation alone with the unspoken positive member of the opposite is weaker, and the negation of the word or word combination is as expressive. Words or combinations of words are usually negative in positive sentences, but they can also be negative in negative sentences, e.g. : Not him, but I don't have this book. ne 211 In the latter case, both types of negation function independently in the same sentence. 8.The differences in the prominence of words or word combinations in the negation sentence do not depend on their syntactic position, but on the lexical and usage characteristics of the words themselves that we are denying. More pronounced negative those words that (a) has a specific meaning, (b) does not form a conventional combination with a negative, or (c) with which the negative is not used as a prefix. In these cases, negative Words are opposed to positive Words, regardless of whether the positive opposing member is present in the sentence or not. 9.Negating adjectives, adjectives and corresponding adverbs, with which the negation is usually used as a prefix, must be said in the sentence the positive article of the opposition. The exception is the negation of the upper and lower forms of adjectives and adverbs that do not have a prefix. (In other cases, it is difficult to distinguish a negative statement with a negative function from a negative prefix, so negative prefixes are used in similar cases.) 10. There is a significant weakness in the negation of words of undefined or generalizing meaning, such as: kiekvienas, -a, vienas, -a, bet kas, bet koks, -ia, visada, bet kaip, šiaip (sau). Because of their ambiguity, they are often difficult to associate with the positive members of the opposite. This also blurs the meaning of negation. Some words of this type, such as toks, -ia, taip, tiek, are often associated with adjectives and adverbs in the sentence. In this case, the negation with them forms compounds with an ar indefinite degree of quantity. Here, the negation is characterized by an intermediate function between the negation and the provision of a new meaning with the prevalence of the latter. It denotes the degree of ro value of a certain thing more ar than it negates it when used ir with the su words who, what, -ia, where, when, how, how much. 11. In a sentence, the negation can deny words with a partial meaning – prepositions, the answers of comparative phrases. Negative is a necessary accent in coupled conjunctions not only... but also, not only... but also. He peculiarly denies the first part of these conjunctions, because this denial is not supported by the contradiction characteristic of word denial. The two parts of the coupled conjunctions and the words connected by them are connected by a connective link. ar 12. There are ar various emphatic means used to describe the degree of negation of a word-compound. The categorical nature of the negation is emphasized by the adverbs anaiptol, toli — gražu, the adjective anoks, -ia, the word combination no way and so on. ir In addition to the above, there is a number of other types of fractions, which are not defined by the definition of fractions, such as the fractions of a fraction, ir fractions of a fraction, and fractions of a fraction. APPENDICES ABBREVIATIONS Aput — Juozo Aputis Letters. , Balčšš — The Cold V. Heart / Value Balčikonis J. — V., Baltr 1977. — Alexo Baltrūno raštai. BubnNRZ — Drum V. Neséty rye flowering. — V., Being 1976. a JRC People I J. Knew. — V., Daut 1978, — Vlado Daoud's Letters. 212 DegSN —Degutytė J. Between the Sun and Loss. —V., 1980. Gran — Romualdas Granauskas' writings. GranMV —Granauskas R. Treetops. —V., 1969. "Gruß J. Schweitrigail". —V., 1976. Jac —Leonidas Jacinevičius' writings, KIAAP —Klimas R. Vacation after the plenitude of Aukštaitija. —V., 1976. KrévRR —Krévė V. Selected Writings. —V., 1982, t. 1-3. LKM — Morphology of Lithuanian Language. —V., 1976. LKRS —Lithuanian spelling and punctuation. —V., 1976. LVP —Lithuanian children- 's prose. —V., 1977. MarcinkDD —Marcinkevičius Just. Diary without dates. —V., 1981. MarcinkGŠP —Marcinkevičius Just. The gentle touch of life. —V., 1978. MartL —Martinkus V. Lašai. —V., 1980. MazIPTK —Mažiulis V. Languages of the World's Peoples. —V., 1979, MiežA —Mieželaitis E, Self-portrait. Aviaenquiry. —V., 1962. Mikel — John Mikelinski's writings. MikelGYM —Mikelinskas J. Genys is a mottled... —V., 1976. MikelHL —Mikelinskas J. Beyond the Horizon —Freedom. —V., 1978. MikelLL —Mikelinskas J. Where are even fields? —V., 1981. Myk-PutS, —Mykolaitis-Putinas V. Sukilėliai, —K., 1979. MikulDND —Mikulėnaitė E. Day, night, day. —V., 1976. MiškŽG —Forestinis A. Žaliaduonių May. —V., 1977. The New York Times (Periodic publication). "P - Victory (magazine)". Birds of the World - Birds of the World. Birds -—-Bird J. I often remember them. —V., 1979. PietRR —Pietaris V. Selected Writings, —V., 1973. "Interview with J.P. Snyder". —V., 1982. PocLM —Pocius A. Through the fields to the city. —V., 1979. PP-79 —Spring of Poetry. —V., 1979, SabLKTI —Sabaliauskas A. History of Lithuanian Language Research (up to 1940). —V., SadG —Sadauskas R. Goodnes1979. s. —V., 1979. SajDŠ —Saja K. Nettle silk. —V., 1972. SajPM —Saja K. After they turned into trees. —V., 1976. Slančiauskas M. Tales of Northern Lithuania. —V., 1974. TreinLJ —Treinys P. Laumės juosta. —V., 1976. UrnP -—Urnevičiūtė D. Pagonė. —V., 1975. A. A. Monroe, A. A. Monroe. —V., 1975. Vagabond - Vagabond. The Naturalist. —V., 1972. ZabA —Zabielskas A. Atviraširdis, —V., 1978. 2000. "Žit MNK —Žitinskas R. Mūsų nerimo keliai". —V., 1972. LITTERATUR Balčikonis J. Selected Writings. —V., 1982, t. 2. Heinemann W., Wiktorowicz J. Negation in German and Polish. —Deutsch als Fremdsprache, 1978, 2, S. 100—104, Grammar of the Lithuanian language. —V., 1971, t. 2; 1976, t. 3. Spelling and punctuation of Lithuanian language. —V., 1976. 9. 120 213 Oginskienė E. Negative statements in contemporary Lithuanian literary language. —Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Series A, 1984 (a), Vol. 1(86), p. 97—107. Oginskienė E. Counter-- denial of a counsel. —The culture of language. V., 1984(b), 46, pp. 31-37. Aiizenmraar O. WU. Knaccndukauuss Thiiob OTDphiahhsa B COBPEMEHHOM AHIJIMHCKOM S3bIxe. K sompocy 06 sMmda3e oOTpHUAHHS B COBPEMEHHOM AHIITHIHCKOM s3bike. —V4. 3 a.m. MOCKOBCK. obnacTH. my. me-Ta. M., 1955, 1. 31, EIB. 1, c. 3-30; 31-41. Aunapeiiunxosa M. B. Kareropns OTpHIuxxaHHSA B A3bIKe PAHHCHOBOBEPXHEHEMEIIKOTO TIepHojia (sa matepuane mamstaakos XIV —XVII BB.): Asroped). mo.... kann. Orjioji. HayK. —MuHCK, Apyrionosa H. JĮ. Ilpemrioxenne H ero 1975. cmeicit. —M., 1976. Baraesa JI. K. BapuaTHBHOCTb YaCTHOIO OTPHUAHHS B pa3HOCHCTEMHEIX S3bIKAX (HA maTepHAJie AHTJHICKOrO HM OCETHHCKOTO 535IKOB). —B KH. : BapHaTHBHOCTb €MHHI[pa3HbIX YPOBHEH S3BIKOBOM CTpyKTYpEsI. Opmxonukuse, 1978, c. 3—7. Borycnascruii H. M. Orpniuanne H mporusonocrasienne. - B xu. : IIpoOjreMbi cTpykTypHOM JIiMHTBHCTHKH —1980. M., 1982, c. 63-76. Bonaapenko B. H. Orpuuanmne Kak JIOTHKO-TrpaMMATH4ecKa1i xareropus. —M., 1983. Byaax H. A. CpejicTBa OTpHIuaHHA B HEMELKOM JTHTEPATYPHOM f3bIKe. - You. 3rd. SipocJraBeKk. mex. HH-Ta. Spocnaens, 1962, sem. 57. Topknra H. C. OTpruaTensubie IIPEUIOKEHAS C OJHOPOJHBIMH WICHAMH B COBPEMEHHOM afr HiickoM s3bike: AsToped. Aw... Kana. dmiron. HayK. —M., 1971, Taaxuna-- ®enopyx E. M., I'opmkosa K. B., Mlancknit H. M. Cospemennsiit pycckmif s3bIK. CunTrarcac. — M., 1958. HMiBanosa B. X. MuuMoe H HCTHHHOE OTpHIAHHE [IPH IHpOTHBOIIOCTABJIeHHH, —B kH. : Mareprams XII MexBy30BcKOH 30HaJILHOH KOHĖjepeHIIHH S35IKOBejIOB Cpemmero x. Haxner IloBomkest (20—23 May 1968): Kparkue noxmanst. Mejiexec, 1968, c. 22-26. Kammuaosa P. H. I'paMMaTHKO-CTHITHCTHYECKHI AaHAJIH3 MPEUIOKEHHS C CHHTAKCHYCCKHM MPOTHBOMOCTABJICHAEM „OTpHuHAHHe-YTBepx/IeHmMe“: luc.... KAHJI. 1975. dpmion. HayK. —Yensbunck, Kuceaesa H. M. Ilapnsie COIO3bI C KOMIIOHCHTOM HE MOAbko B COBPEMEHHOM DPYCCKOM a3bike. - Vu. 3 a.m. MITA am. Jlenmna. M., 1967, Ne 264, c. 114-128, Kosaaes II. K. Kateropuansaoe H QyHKIIMOHATBLHOE 3HAYCHHE YaCTHIBI He. —PYCCKH A35IK B mone, 1941, Ne 1, c. 30-35. Kouerkos A. K. Belpaxenne OTpHIIAHAS B COBPEMEHHOM PYCCKOM si3bike, —B ku. : Bonpocsr CHHTAKCHCA H CTHIHCTHKH pyccKOro Jjmrepatypuoro s35IKa: Tp. III-IV xond. xadenp pyc. 3. men. HH-TOB IToBoimkes (1959—1960- ). 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