Dėl leksinės interferencijos kalbos saloje (remiantis Gervėčių apylinkių leksika)

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES SANDAROS INVESTIGATIONS LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS, XXVI (1987) ANA ROMANČIUK ON LEXICON INTERFERENCIAS LANGUAGES SALOJE (based on (Lexicon of the Middle Ages) The lexical system is the most — variable part of speech due to the ability to lively react to ir extralinguistic things, according to į Vainraich, is the most debt-friendly area'. Of particular interest is the study of interference in language islands. They provide an opportunity to determine to some extent: the history of interaction a) between these language systems; the determination of interoperable language functions at various stages is of considerable importance here se (such discussion of language phenomena is possible by studying them diachronically); the current stage of b) assimilation of the island language, the social status of the contacting languages (by exploring synchronouslir c) y) the prospects of further functioning of these languages. This article attempts to analyze the islands of Lithuanian language — The lexical interference of Gervėčiai — neighborhood, based on one thematic group of the lexical names of residential house — outbuildings and parts, stove, fences in ir Lithuanian Belarusian languages. jų ir The material for this article was taken from: Lithuanian language data — iš of the Lithuanian I Language Atlas (Lexicography). — V., 1977 (hereinafter LKA) ir LTSR MA LKLI dialectology material funds, Belarusian language — iš sources of dialectology of this language: «JĮbrsJrekTajmariuHbi aTJac Genapyckai MoBbl», MIHCK, 1963 ir ‘Cioyix Genapyckix raBopak mayHouHa-3axomHsii Berapyci i se marpaHello, 1—4 tomy, Miuck, 1979-1984. Be of this, additionally both of these languages data were collected In the surroundings of Gervėčiai. The Lithuanian vocabulary of Gervėčiai dialect has long been of interest to ir Lithuanian linguists due to its richness and archaic character. Prof. J. Balčikonis ne once visited In Gervėčiai neighborhoo- — ds this is remembered su with gratitude in monographs about Author of Gervėčiai dialect J. "Kardelj". Due to the long-term encirclement of the surrounding Slavic languages In the Gervėčiai dialect “a number of archaic features of morphology, syntax and lexicon seem to have been preserved, but on the other hand, due to the specific conditions of isolation and close contacts with Slavic ir languages, many new su morphological, especially constructive forms began to be formed here. New syntactic constructions, especially various lexical innovations, changes in the (...), meaning of native words, borrowed words, valuable ir words, old words began to appear”, Baitupaiix — ! V. S3pikoBble Contact us. — M., 1979, c. 95. 2 See. Lipskienė J. Phraseology of the English language. — Kn. : Research of lexicon (Lithuanian language). V., 1972, t. 13, p. 111—141; Vidugiris A. Iš Semantics of dialects. Idem, p. 19—29; Vidugiris A. Lexical dialectisms of Gervėčių dialect. — Lietuvos TSR Scientific The Academy. A batch, 1974, t. 1(46), p. 117—125. * Kardelytė J. Gervėčių dialektas. Morphology ir and Phonetics. — V., 1975, p. 4. * Vidugiris A. Iš Semantics of dialects. — Kn. : Research of lexicon (Lithuanian language). V., 1972, t. 13, p. 20. 140 To this day, judging by the numerous rather controversial data of authors of the end of the last century: and the beginning of our century, more than a hundred years have passed "Slovenski jezik se odvaja od slovenskega jezika". However, the contacts between Lithuanian and Slavic languages in the present territory of the southeastern border of Lithuanian and Belarusian languages have long traditions, and this, without doubt, could not fail to be reflected in the interference of Lithuanian, Belarusian and Polish dialects functioning here. While discussing interference in Lithuanian dialect, we will also highlight some features of this process in the lexicon of the local Belarusian dialect. Since the Polish language is used in the Gervėčiai area on rare occasions — in conversations with Polish immigrants, in conversations of local Belarusians or Lithuanians as a means of language expression and in the confessional sphere — its data are not touched in the article. The lexical group under consideration is characterized by the fact that in it we see the results of historical development. Moreover, due to the higher status of Belarusian compared to Lithuanian (probably not only after the separation of the Lithuanian language island, but much earlier), lexical interference was more pronounced in Lithuanian than in Belarusian. It should be noted that the names of the main realities, which are part of the lexical group under consideration, have their own names in both Lithuanian and Belarusian dialects, e.g.: atšlaimas ~ brus. d6apviuja, nanadedpax "farm"; Lit. garžinė ~ brus. “ adpsina ‘hay-stalled huts’; liet. namai, buys ~ brus. xdma ‘living hut’; lit. bath ~ brus. 1d3HA ‘bathing cabins’, ‘linen drying room’; lit. fvora ~ brus. n10m ‘Creation’. Each of these languages has its own names for the main parts of these realities, for example: lietuv. abūšlėtė ~ brus. sdcaanka ‘oven lid’; lit. ažudarinys ~ brus. 3deapadka ‘animal enclosure’; lietuv. darymas (darymas) ~ doing. cmpaxd ‘roof’; lit. jduja (also used trisienis) ~ brus. mpeicyénnix “place in the barn where hay is cut” (flax was dried in separate cabins – saunas); liet. laying ~ brus. mok ‘acorn-roaring’; lit. laitas ~ brus. cnod ‘oven base’; lit. fox ~ brush. sdxpymra means ‘type of door latch’; lit. in the mouth ~ brus. cmaasednne "lubos": lit. pirkia ~ brus. xdma ‘room in residential building’; lit. prienė ~ brus. cėni ‘frontal- ’; lit. stūmė (var. stūmiklis) ~ brus. sdcayka ‘type of door latch’; Lit. šalinė ~ brus. 3acmaponxa “Jenta or log that separates the grain loading place from the ripening area”; lit. columns ~ rows. cayn ‘a log to which fence posts are attached’; let. Go ahead. ~ x3pdki ‘card fence’, ‘cards of a fence to which boards are pinned’; Lit. žemė ~ brus. amas ‘asla’. Some of the listed Lithuanian names have Slavic doublets, e.g.: daržinė adrynia®, ažudarinys zaharadka, lūpė zakrutka, but the use of these — dublety is determin- — ed by the age of the — speakers (borrowing adrynia and zakrutka many times $ Taywac II.,, Bugyrapac A. DTHONMHTBHCTHYECKAs CHTYalHs JMTOBCKO-Genopyc-- ckoro norpaanybst kona ¢ XVIII mo mavano XX BB. — Lietuvos TSR higher education institutions Scientific works. Geography, 1983, pp. 19. p. 44-50. * n softening in the word adrynia occurred probably in Lithuanian dialect as brus. adpsina ir liet. vegetable contamination after crossed ir Belarusian snitch į (for the spread of this word in Belarusian k. dialects see „ĮlsisjrekTajiariunbi atnac Genapyckait Mosel, c. 794, p. 236). 141 ‘more used by younger people from mixed families) or other characteristics (e.g., -aZudarinys usually denotes a livestock shed in a barn, zūharadka —in the field). The word cėxi in Belarusian colloquial language, sometimes in addition to the above-mentioned meaning, also refers to the second unheated side of the dwelling hut, which usually contains a storeroom. In the Lithuanian dialect this part of the hut is called pirkdite, vns. ward. buy it. The number of Baltisms in the Belarusian dialect of our chosen lexical group is small:.2apyo “plough”, xpywna “stove built of stones in the sauna”, xpš3ūra “top of the roof”, ceipan “barn”, mapnd “place in the barn where hay is piled”, “hay piled in the barn” (all these words are used in the same senses in the Lithuanian dialect, cf.: ariodas, krosnis, kriekūs, svirnas, terpūpėdis). These borrowings are mentioned in historical sources from the 15th to 16th centuries, when the territory under consideration, located on the border of ethnographic Lithuania and Slavic lands, was an active contact zone of Baltic and Slavic languages, but the aforementioned borrowings are characteristic only of this territory; they are widespread: -eapyd detected in Belarusian, Polish Russian languages; xpywnA kpsiika Belarusian Polish; ceipan Belarusian, Polish, Russian and Ukrainian; mapnd in Belarusian, Denk and Russian". There were no newer ne borrowings found in the selected group of vocabulary because of the already formed “system of this part of ir the vocabulary, and the ir status of — Lithuanian and ir Belarusian languages — also played a significant role here. — It can be stated that the process of lexical interference in this lexical group in Belarusian spoken language has ended. The lexical interference in the Lithuanian dialect of the Gervėčiai area is much more diverse than in the Belarusian dialect. In the diachronic aspect, several stages of Slavic borrowing can be distinguished here. Universally accepted is the word tuinas "fence of buildings" -Slavic origin. This loanword is the oldest in iš the group of Slavic vocabulary under consideration. In order to distinguish further borrowing stages, in our opinion, it is appropriate to clarify the spread of these borrowings in other dialects of Lithuanian language. The most common in Lithuanian dialects are the following Slavisms, characteristic of ir "Lithuanian language: the foundation of the language" (in Lithuanian). : LKA, p. 35), Gonkos ‘priebutis’ (LKA, p. 39), Criuk (pitcher) "the hook on which the door is hung" (LKA, p. 56), feet ‘bakery oven’ (LKA, p. 42) ir derivatives: furnace for heating (LKA, p. 42), Pechdangte ‘krosniadangtė’ (LKA, p. 44, map also 8); borrowed "„pddmurkas (padmurkas, padmūrkas) „fundament“ (LKA, p. 36), sklepenia ‘krosnies dangus (gomurys)’ (LKA, p. 43), Stankich ‘fence type’ (LKA, p. 60), Zoviidae ‘door hinges’ (LKA, p. 56). These debts are more or less common throughout Lithuanian territory, so it is possible to assume that they entered the Lithuanian į language earlier than Thank you. Other lexical groups under consideration area eastern, southeastern, — southern parts of the Altay dialects islands of Lithuanian language ir BTSR®. These locations include the following 7 Jlaywiore IO. A. Cnosaps Gajiru3MoB B CJIaBABCKHX s35IKAX, JI,, — 1982, c. 27, 46, 22, 33. 8 In the surroundings of ir Gervėčiai (Lithuanian Belarusian dialect) this word has another meaning — ‘spherictų al shed ceiling’. 9 Su Lithuanian islands Punk (LLR) lexicon common to this group only one name marked — ‘none’. 142 Other names: adrynia (ir var.) "hay-held huts" (LKA, p. 57), Dzedzifit (ir var.) "large courtyard", "manor courtyard" (LKA, p. 45), late (ir var.) "slope tų ceilings" (LKA, p. 49), padlogas (falling) (ir var.) ‘floor’ (LKA, p. 37), palace (ir var.) ‘plautas’ (LKA, p. 59), Pripečkas (ir var.) ‘furnace hood’ (LKA, p. 44. map 7), staliavonia (ir var.) ‘type of ceiling’ (LKA, p. 36), zēsauka (ir var.) ‘door latch’ (LKA, p. 41). A small part of the Slavisms found in the Lithuanian dialect of the Gervėčiai neighborhosi od have spread from the narrow — Lithuanian-- Belarusian border ir Belarusian TSR islands; e.g.: creator (ir var.) ‘chicken’ (LKA, p. 52); buckwheat (ir var.) ‘dust’ (LKA, p. 54, map 15), padnebenia (ir var.) ‘furnace roof (gomurys)’ (LKA, p. 43), padmurduka (ir var.) ‘base’ (LKA, p. 35), pečka (ir var.) “furnace fireplace” (LKA, p. 44); zascénkas (ir var.) "a small village" (LKA, p. 46). Tik The word padvėlas (pavėlas) "vaulted barn ceilings" is found in Gervėčiai neighborhood. (LKA, p. 49), but this may be an accidental use, since the word has not been heard in the speech. The most recent borrowed words from Slavic languages in the Gervėtiškiai iš Lithuanian dialect are the names of realities related to collective farming life, e.g. kanušna „kolkhoz horse stable“. su (for the distribution of variants of this word see : LKA, p. 51), kardunykas ‘kolkhoz cow’, kuriūtnykas ‘kolkhoz chicken’ (and var., for distribution see LKA, p. 52), Dryer “kolkhoz grain drying rooms”, spring “kolkhoz piglet” (for prevalence see. : LKA, p. 52), "Steering Committee of the National Park Service" (PDF). LKA, p. 50). Unlike the older Slavic borrowings, which entered į the Lithuanian language iš mainly from Polish through ar Belarusian iš simply of these languages, the latter į Lithuanian borrowinbą gs came through Belarusian to Russian iš language These words are perceived iš as barbarisms, foreign to the language, therefore in conversations with Lithuanians who have arrived and t. y. speak a jų common language, they ir replace them with a more su “neutral” word, e.g., farm. In everyday speech, these words do not have jų duplicates. In borrowing they were only slightly adapted to the phonetic morphological system of the Lithuanian language, e.g. sušilka ir —hard pronounš ced softly In the villages of Girių, Knystūškių, where consonants are not joined. These words in the dialect of Lithuanians of Gervėčiai district show such a stage of dialectal development of the island, when, without having internal resources to supplement its vocabulary with its own word ar compounds, the dialect assimilates foreign language words. Šį the phenomenon can probably be explained by the fact that due to the large flow of new objects that suddenly appeared, it was easier to simply adopt the names of jų the iš language that already had them, t. y. iš Belarusian language. This shows the increasing assimilation of Lithuanian language on the island, although its main lexical base remains its own. Thus, it can be concluded that lexical interference in the development of Lithuanian language į There are many more Slavic languages in the Belarusian language than į Lithuanian languages. Ir in one case or ir another we see the results of the already ended lexical interaction of Lithuanian-Belarusian languages; ir During this process, certain “correspondence rules” were established between these languages, and a kind of “Lithuanian-Belarusian dictionary” was formed, known to all representatives of the bilingual dialect. This process took place in several t. y. stages, which is shown by the spread of the — words of the lexical group 143 by under consideration in the dialects of the Lithuanian language. — iš Lexical interference The Lithuanian dialect of Gervėčiai was a continuation of this process, which took place in other dialects. K MPOBJIEME ONHCAHHS JIEKCHYECKOR HHTEP®EPEHUHWH B OCTPOBHOM TOBOPE (Ha Marepmaje JiekcHKH OKpecTHocTex A. 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