Фамилии в условиях многоязычия (На материале говоров д. Гервят и окрестностей)

LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XXVII (1988) LIETUVIŲ KALBA IR BILINGVIZMAS ANNA ROMANCHUK SURNAMES IN A MULTILINGUAL SETTING (Based on the dialects of the village of Gervyaty and its surroundings) At present, the area around the village of Gervyaty (Ostrovets District, Grodno Region, Byelorussian SSR) presents a complex and interesting linguistic picture. The territory of the Gervyaty Village Council includes the Lithuanian-speaking “Gervyaty island,” comprising 18 closely situated villages, including the village of Gervyaty, as well as villages with a Polish population. Throughout the Gervyaty Village Council, Byelorussian serves an interdialectal function. Recently, the role of Russian has grown with the development of mass media; it is the language in which instruction is conducted in schools for the most part. In addition, Russian (at least in its written form) is the language of the administration: various documents, reports, and so forth are written and compiled in it. The status of the dialects spoken in the vicinity of Gervyaty is outlined in general terms by J. Kardyalite (1975, pp. 5–8) and T. M. Sudnik (1975, pp. 3–10). The distinctive feature of the sociolinguistic situation here at present is that the status and functions of these dialects vary among different age groups; that is, the relationship among the interacting dialects does not constitute a unified system for all inhabitants of the area. A separate study will be devoted to a detailed description of the area’s sociolinguistic situation; here we will note only those features and characteristics that are relevant to the aims of this paper. At present, only the older generation fully preserves the Lithuanian dialect. The Lithuanian speech of young people is either an impoverished language with numerous borrowings from local Byelorussian, used in everyday speech, or a considerably literary form of the language. There are, however, several villages where the Lithuanian dialect remains predominant to this day not only in families but also in everyday communication within the village (it is spoken at work and in the street); three schools offer two Lithuanian-language lessons a week (during that time, Byelorussian pupils have lessons in their native Byelorussian). Services at the Gervyaty church are conducted in Lithuanian and Polish. Polish does not form a continuous area within the territory of the Gervyaty Village Council. This feature is characteristic of “Vilnius Polish” in general (Čekman, 1982). At present, the spread of Polish in the area under study can be discussed only with reference to 55 the older generation (over 50 years of age). A considerable proportion of younger residents use Byelorussian in everyday communication, and Polish only when speaking with their parents. All local Poles are bilingual; Byelorussian has retained its function as an interdialect for them (see: Turska, 1982, pp. 27, 37), as well as its function as the language of oral communication with the local administration. In addition to the above-mentioned monographs by J. Kardyalite and T. M. Sudnik, a considerable number of studies have been devoted to the area under investigation (Vidugiris, 1972, 1974; Grinavyatskene, 1973; Lipskene, 1972, etc.), dealing primarily with features of the local Lithuanian dialect. The onomastics of our area, and anthroponymy in particular, has so far not attracted the attention of researchers. In N. V. Birillo’s monograph “Byelorussian Anthroponymy” (1966, 1969, 1982), the Gervyaty area is not included among the surveyed localities (1982, p. 315), while the “Dictionary of Lithuanian Surnames” (1985) contains surnames found in the Lithuanian SSR (p. 13). Etymological notes on some Lithuanian surnames from the vicinity of Gervyaty appear in K. Eigminas’s article (see pp. 67–72 of this volume). Meanwhile, the functioning of anthroponyms in the vicinity of Gervyaty provides much information for understanding the mechanisms by which new surname forms arise under conditions of bi- and polylingualism, and for identifying the rules governing their coexistence. Z. Zinkevicius (1977), using the anthroponymy of seventeenth-century Vilnius, and V. Macejuskene (1981) have demonstrated the importance of such facts for understanding the specific features of interaction between languages in contact. The aim of this article is to make a preliminary study of the principal ways in which Lithuanian surnames are rendered in Slavic languages and Slavic surnames in Lithuanian. It must be emphasized that these processes are occurring at present; they are ongoing processes affecting virtually all surnames currently found in our area. The original forms and the newly formed variants coexist, differing only in their spheres of use—in Byelorussian, Polish, or Lithuanian speech, or in official written or spoken usage. The main source for the material analyzed in this article was the household registers (1985) of the Gervyaty Village Council1. The surname forms recorded in these documents are their official forms, identifying individuals as attested by passports and birth registers. We recorded the dialectal Lithuanian, Byelorussian, and Polish surname forms directly from speakers of the respective dialects; that is, they are represented here in their spoken colloquial forms. In all, this article analyzes about 300 surnames in all forms found within the territory of the Gervyaty Village Council. We took the equivalents of Gervyaty surnames found in the Lithuanian SSR and Byelorussian SSR from the “Dictionary 1 We express our sincere gratitude to L. A. Verbitskaya, Chair of the Gervyaty Village Council, for her help and assistance in collecting the material. 56 Lithuanian Surnames” (letters A–K); from L to Z—from the card index of Lithuanian surnames at the Institute of the Lithuanian Language and Literature of the Academy of Sciences of the Lithuanian SSR and from N. V. Birillo’s monograph “Byelorussian Anthroponymy.” The main focus of the study is the examination of the rules for rendering Lithuanian surnames in Byelorussian and Polish, and Slavic surnames in Lithuanian. A separate section is devoted to the specific features of forming official forms. Lithuanian and Polish surname forms are given in Latin script, in simplified transcription; Byelorussian forms are given in Byelorussian script, and official forms in standard Russian script (they are marked with the abbreviation оф.2). 1. Basic rules for rendering Lithuanian surnames in Byelorussian The Lithuanian surnames of residents of the Gervyat area are rendered in Byelorussian both by bilingual Lithuanians and Poles and by speakers of Byelorussian dialect only. The adaptation rules used by the two groups differ only slightly. Adaptation of inflections Lith. dial. -ė ~ Byel. dial. -а: Kiukė ~ Ку́ка, Mock’ėlė ~ Маук’эла, Pūisė ~ Пу́иша; Lith. dial. -à ~ Byel. dial. -а: Al’aksà ~ Ал’о́кса, Аргышка ~ Апру́шка, Barotkà ~ ~ Баро́тка, Blaškà ~ Бла́шка, Buc’kà ~ Бу́ц’ка, Driemà ~ Дре́ма, Gluskà ~ глу́ска, Jagelà ~ Яг’эла, Kalėdà ~ Кал’ада, Krajivà ~ Кару́ева, Karmadzà ~ Карма́за, Кис’кà ~ Ку́ц’ка, L’ap’esà ~ Л’ап’эша, Lapun’а ~ Лапу́н’а, Łyskà ~ Лы́ска, Lukšà ~ ~ Лу́кша, Mackelà ~ Мацк’эла, Magadz’а ~ Маґа́дз’а, Mažeikà ~ Мажэйка, M’aleškà ~ М’ал’эшка, Michnà ~ Мі́хна, Mockà ~ Ма́йка, Mužylà ~ Мужы́ла, Pagadà ~ Пагу́да, Pamec’kà ~ Пам’эч’ка, Radutà ~ Раду́та, Ramaiкà ~ Рамзі́-ка, Rėvokà ~ Рэво́ка, Roškà ~ Ро́шка, Sarokà ~ Саро́ка, S’vilà ~ С’ві́ла, Šėšà ~ ~ Шúша, Šturà ~ Шту́ра, Vėlikà ~ Валі́ка, Znoskà ~ Зно́ска.By origin, many Lithuanian surnames ending in -à are Slavicisms, deriving from Slavic personal names or appellatives, e.g.: Ал’о́кса, Мі́хна, Мужы́ла, and others. Having become words of the Lithuanian language, they acquired stress on -а. Consequently, in this case the sign ~ may mean not only ‘coexist’ synchronically, but also ‘correspond to one another’ diachronically. 2To distinguish dialectal surname forms found in the vicinity of Gervyat, the notation г. is introduced to denote the Gervyat form. A surname marked лит. г. should be understood as the Lithuanian form of the surname used in the vicinity of the village of Gervyat in the speech of Lithuanians, as distinct from forms of that surname used in other Lithuanian dialect areas. The same applies to the abbreviations бар. г. and польск. г.: they indicate surname forms used in the speech of Byelorussians or Poles living in the vicinity of Gervyat. The sign ~ is introduced to denote surname forms that coexist at present. For example, the notation лит. г. Kišk’alis ~ бар. г. Kiuk’ė’а means that the Lithuanian form Kišk’-alis is currently used in the speech of local Lithuanians, while the Slavicized form Kiuk’ė’а is used in the speech of local Byelorussians. 57 Some surnames ending in -а are stressed on the second- or third-to-last syllable in both the local Belarusian and Lithuanian dialects. These are either old Lithuanian surnames, e.g.: Вис’вила Bel. dial. Був’вила, or surnames of Slavic origin that for one reason or another have not undergone adaptation: Dìška ~ Ды́ска, Kahàrka ~ Кау́рка, Kalènda ~ Кал’э́нда, Kóira ~ Ко́йра, Lazaráṅka ~ Лазарэ́нка, Macéṅka ~ Мацэ́нка, Macóika ~ Мацо́йка, Naliváika ~ Наліва́йка, Nórka ~ Но́рка, Palšíka ~ Палзі́ка, Pèška ~ П’э́шка, Pléuga ~ Пл’а́йга, Sáuka ~ Са́йка, Skérla ~ Ск’э́рла, Skùrka ~ Ску́рка, Stupèn’ka ~ Ступ’э́н’ка, Túřla ~ Ту́рла, Vainílka ~ Вані́лка, Valžika ~ Валзі́ка, Zamára ~ Зама́ра. Lith. dial. -is, -ys ~ Bel. dial. -іс, -ыс. Surnames of this type may lose this ending in oblique cases or retain it with the addition of a Belarusian ending. The use of one or another form of surnames in -іс, -ыс in the Belarusian dialect is determined by the characteristics of its distribution in the area. Those surnames that occur only in Lithuanian-speaking villages are rendered in Belarusian as follows: Trepsỹs: sg. nom. Трани́тыс pl. nom. Трани́ты gen., acc. Трани́тя gen., acc. Трани́тёў dat. Трани́ту dat. Трани́там instr. Трани́том instr. Трани́тами prep. Трани́те prep. Трани́тах Sometimes surnames Kardžis, Šturlỹs are rendered in the same way. The following is the most widespread and customary way of rendering the Lithuanian surnames under consideration in villages with Lithuanian-Belarusian populations: Kardžis: sg. nom. Кардзіс pl. nom. Кардзісы gen., acc. Кардзіса gen., acc. Кардзісаў dat. Кардзісу dat. Кардзісам instr. Кардзісам instr. Кардзікамі prep. Кардзіце prep. Кардзіцах The following surnames are also rendered in this way: Šturlỹs, Kūjỹs, Trėpšỹs. We have recorded another way of rendering surnames of this type, in which Belarusian oblique-case inflections are added to a stem identical to the Lithuanian singular nominative form, and the stress shifts from the final syllable to the penultimate one. In the other cases, the stress remains fixed on the syllable on which it falls in the nominative, even if that syllable is not penultimate: Bazỹs: sg. nom. Ба́зис pl. nom. Ба́зисы gen., acc. Ба́зиса gen., acc. Ба́зисаў dat. Ба́зису dat. Ба́зисам instr. Ба́зисам instr. Ба́зисами prep. Ба́зисе prep. Ба́зисах 58 By this method, practically all Lithuanian surnames ending in -is, -ys are rendered: Kairys, Kardžys, Kūlys, Miklys (used as a nickname), Ramÿs, Šaulÿs, Šturlÿs. The only surname from which this form is not derived is Trėpšys. The surname forms listed occur predominantly in villages with Polish-Belarusian populations, although they are sometimes also found in Lithuanian-Belarusian villages, and some are used in formal speech. This question requires further sociolinguistic study. It cannot be ruled out that Polish speech influenced the formation of surname forms with retracted stress. The methods considered for rendering Lithuanian surnames in -is, -ys represent different stages in their Slavicization. Indeed, in the first case (Trampys, Tramsh), the inflection -ys is uncharacteristic of other words in Belarusian speech; that is, it represents a genuine morphological borrowing in anthroponymy. The addition of Belarusian oblique-case inflections to the Lithuanian surname stem suggests that this method of forming surnames may have been transferred into the Belarusian dialect not by Belarusians themselves, but by Lithuanians. Otherwise, such Lithuanian surnames would be interpreted in Belarusian as analogous Belarusian names ending in a consonant, e.g., Stas, Ales, and the like. At the second stage, the nominative singular form of the surname corresponds to the Lithuanian form: Kardžys ~ Kardzis; the stress position also remains unchanged. The paradigm of oblique-case endings fully corresponds to that of Belarusian nouns ending in a hard consonant (see BG, pp. 68–75). At the third stage of Slavicization (Bazis, Bazisa), surnames are formed that, both phonetically and morphologically, are furthest removed from their original Lithuanian forms. Deletion of unstressed Lithuanian inflections: a) the inflection -as is deleted: Baziūkas (Lith. Baziūkas) ~ Baz’uk, Šul’ukas (Lith. *Šuliukas) ~ Shul’uk; b) the inflection -is is deleted: Augūlis (Lith. Augūlis) ~ Aug’ul’, Gražūlis (Lith. Gražūlis) ~ Grazh’ul’, Vaič’ulis (Lith. Vaičiūlis) ~ Vaich’ul’; Damutis (Lith. *Damutis) ~ Damut’, S’an’utis (Lith. *Seniutis) ~ S’an’ut’, Skirutis (Lith. Skirutis) ~ Skirut’, V’al’utis (Lith. *Veliutis) ~ V’al’ut’; Čepukōicis (Lith. Čepukaitis) ~ Chepuk’oyts’, Česnōicis (Lith. Česnaitis) ~ Chasn’oyts’, G’adōicis (Lith. Gedraitis) ~ G’ad’oyts’, Glatkōicis (Lith. *Glatkaitis) ~ glatk’oyts’, Gudōicis (Lith. Gudaitis) ~ Gudoyts’, Ilijōicis (Lith. Ilijaitis) ~ Ili’yoyts’, Jaskōicis (Lith. Jaskaitis) ~ Yaskoyts’, Jurkōicis (Lith. Jurkaitis) ~ Yur’koyts’, Juškāicis (Lith. Juškaitis) ~ Yushkoyts’, Kulōicis (Lith. Kulaitis) ~ Kuloyts’, Lukōicis (Lith. Lukaitis) ~ Lukoyts’, Masōicis (Lith. Masaitis) ~ ³ Here and below, Lithuanian equivalents of the Gervėčiai surnames are given according to LPŽ and the Lithuanian surname card index of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language and Literature of the Academy of Sciences of the Lithuanian SSR. 59 ~ Mačėių, Matulõicis (Lith. Matuláitis) ~ Mamylõių, Pacõicis (*Pacaitis) ~ Pa-nõių, Ravõicis (Lith. Raváitis) ~ Rabõių, Vilkõicis (Lith. *Vilkáitis) ~ Vilkõių, Buk’alis (Lith. Bukėlis) ~ Buk’el’, Gláud’alis (Lith. Glaudėlis) ~ Glaudz’el’, Gruod’-ālis (Lith. Grūodis) ~ Grodel’, Kišk’alis (Lith. Kiškėlis) ~ Kishk’el’, Kunigėlis (Lith. Kunigėlis) ~ Kunig’el’, Kurm’alis (Lith. Kurmėlis) ~ Kurm’el’, Šuk’alis (Lith. Šu-kėlis) ~ Shuk’el’; c) the inflection -us is deleted: Jõč’us (Lith. Jõčius) ~ Yoch. The deletion of unstressed inflections is a highly consistent phenomenon. Of the approximately 40 surnames in -as, -is, -us that we examined, only the surname Atminis ~ Atmi-nis. retains the inflection -is in its Belarusian form. The reasons for this “nonstandard” behavior of the surname have not yet been established; sociolinguistic factors apparently played a role. Suffix adaptation The suffixes of Lithuanian surnames are adapted in accordance with the rules of phonetic adaptation. One of its most striking examples is the rendering of Lithuanian -a(i)- as Belarusian -o(i)-, which is common in Lithuanianisms in Slavic languages (see: Büga, 1958, p. 227). Three surnames have been found that retain -ai- in their Lithuanian dialect form but have -oi- in their Belarusian dialect form: Juškaitis ~ Юшкой’ич, Lukaitis ~ Лукой’ич, Ravaičis ~ Равой’ич. Surnames with -oi- (< *-ai-) in both their Lithuanian and Belarusian dialect forms are much more numerous: Čepukõicis ~ Чапукой’ич, Česnõicis ~ Часной’ич, G’adrõicis ~ Г’адрой’ич and other surnames ending in -оич (see above). Lith. dial. -’alis, -ėlis ~ Bel. dial. -’эл: Buk’alis ~ Бук’эл’, Gruod’ālis ~ Гродэл’, Kišk’ālis ~ Кишк’эл’, Kurm’ālis ~ Курм’эл’, Šuk’ālis ~ Шук’эл’. Lith. dial. -’ale ~ Bel. dial. — ’эла: Mock’ale ~ Мацк’эла. In some cases, the rendering of Lithuanian surnames in Belarusian shows a phenomenon that may be viewed as a process of distinctive anthroponymic word-formation adaptation. Thus, in some villages, for example in the village of Matski, the Belarusian dialect form Бубл’евич corresponds to the Lithuanian dialect form Būblyš (Lith. Būblyš), which is not recorded in official documents. Similarly, the following forms are recorded in documents and in spoken usage: official Базис, Bel. dial. Базіс, Lith. dial. Bazys (Lith. Bazỹs), alongside official Базевич, Bel. dial. Базевич, Lith. dial. Bazavič’us. Thus, original Lithuanian surname forms are retained in spoken usage and, in part, in documents, from which new forms with the patronymic suffix -евич are formed (= Bel. -зевич, Polish -iewicz). Lith. dial. -áicis (-oicis) ~ Bel. dial. -оич’, official -ович. In the village of Mityuny, the Lithuanian dialect surname form Jánkaicis (Lith. Jankáitis) corresponds to the Belarusian dialect form Янкой’ич and the official form Янкович. Similar variants of another surname have been found in the village of Rimdyuny: Lith. dial. Šl’achtõicis (the form with the suffixal diphthong -ai- is not used) (Lith. Šlektáitis), Bel. dial. Шл’ахтой’, official Шляхтович. Such cases should be interpreted as a process of substituting the Lithuanian suffix with patronymic meaning — aitis—with the Polish or Belarusian suffix with a similar meaning, -owicz (-ович), although the reverse process of substitution—from Polish into Lithuanian—cannot be ruled out either. 60 Sound substitution in the stem Lith. dial. ᵃ~Bel. dial. ᵃ: M’aškỹs~M’эшкис, Ramỹs~Рэмис. Lith. dial. o~Bel. dial. а: Moška (Lith. Moška)~ Майка, Mock’ālė~Мацк’яла. Lith. dial. ė~Bel. dial. а: Trėpšỹs~Трапшыс, Vėlaika (Lith. Vėlius)~ Валэйка. Lith. dial. uo~Bel. dial. o: Gruod’alis~Гродэл’, Grúodis~Гро́дз’. Lith. dial. g~Bel. dial. γ: Augùlis~Аугу́л’, Gláud’alis~γлáуд’эл’, Gražùlis~γражýл’, Grúodis~γродз’, Gudzinskas~γудзíнски, Gudóicis~γудóіц’, Gul’bi-nãvič’us~γул’біно́віч, Gul’bickas~γул’бі́цки. Lith. dial. š’, ž’~Bel. dial. ш, ж: Mažeika~Мажэйка, Pūšė~Пуша, Šėmis~Шэмис. Lith. dial. r’~Bel. dial. р: Kairỹs~Кайрыс, Trėpšỹs~Трапшыс. Confusion of s and š (before k, t): Lith. dial. Skirùcis~ Bel. dial. Скіру́ч’, Шкіру́ч’; the confusion of s and š is also reflected in the official forms of these surnames: Скіру́ть (village of Matski), Шкіру́ть (village of Bobrovniki). Lith. dial. Šturlỹs~Bel. dial. Штурлис, Стурлис, official Штурлис, (village of Gelyuntsy), Стурлис (village of Viktasina). It should be noted that in the speech of Lithuanians, initial s(t, k)- and š(t, k)- do not become confused; the variants s(t, k)-/š(t, k)- arise specifically in the speech of Belarusians⁴. Relithuanisation of surnames In studying Lithuanian dialect forms of surnames in the Gervėčiai area, it was found that Slavicized Lithuanian surnames, for one reason or another, begin to be formed according to the rules of the Lithuanian language. We have called this process the relithuanisation of surnames. Relithuanized forms arose among those Slavicized surnames (Lithuanian in origin) that were used more actively than their corresponding indigenous Lithuanian forms. In such cases, the Slavicized form ousted its Lithuanian parallel from use. Thereafter, the Slavicized form could be adapted a second time in accordance with the rules established for rendering Slavic surnames in Lithuanian. The second reason for relithuanisation is the arrival in a Lithuanian-speaking village of new residents bearing surnames that were Lithuanian in origin but Slavicized. In this situation, the surname of the newcomer is perceived by local Lithuanians as Slavic and adapted to the norms of the Lithuanian language. Let us consider the process of relithuanisation at one level—the morphological level. Lithuanian inflections -as, -is, -us are added to Slavicized surname forms while retaining the phonetic features of Byelorussian forms. If an inflection is added to a Slavicized form that is identical to the nominative singular of the Lithuanian form, surnames with double 4 О смешении c/ш в белорусском языке при освоении заимствований см.: (Чэкман, 1970, с. 67–69). 61 Lithuanian inflections are formed: Lithuanian dialect Miklys (Mikl’o…) ~ Polish dialect, Byelorussian dialect Miklic (Miklica…) > relith. Miklisas (Mikliso…); Lithuanian dialect Ramys (Ram’o…) ~ Polish dialect, Byelorussian dialect Рэмис (Рэміса…) > relith. Rзmisas (Rзmiso…); Lithuanian dialect Šėmys (Šēm’o,…) ~ Byelorussian dialect Шэмис (Шэміса,…) > relith. Šėmisas (Šėmiso…); Lithuanian Vinckus ~ Byelorussian dialect Вінцкус’ ~ (Вінцкус’а…) > relith. Vinckus’us (Vinckus’aus…). If an inflection is added to a Slavicized form that is identical to the Lithuanian stem, new surname forms are created: Lithuanian dialect Grūodis (now preserved as a nickname) ~ Byelorussian dialect Гродзь’ > relith. Gródz’us; Lithuanian dialect Lukāčicis ~ Byelorussian dialect Лукойц’ > relith. Lukóicis, and other surnames ending in -oicis (see pp. 59–60). 2. Rules for rendering Slavic surnames in Lithuanian Here we use the term Slavic for both surnames of Slavic origin proper (e.g., Василёнак, Собаль, Верабей) and surnames of Baltic origin that have Slavic word-formational components (e.g., the suffixes -евич, -ович, -ски, as in Бярнюкевич, Гульбинович, etc.). In the speech of the local population, surnames of the latter type undergo practically the same adaptation rules as surnames of Slavic origin (with a Slavic root). Adaptation of inflections Belarusian dialect -а ~ Lithuanian dialect -as; thus, the formal (grammatical) gender of surnames changes: in the Belarusian dialect form, such surnames belong to the feminine gender, whereas in the Lithuanian dialect they belong to the masculine gender, e.g., Ал’охна (Ал’охны…) ~ Al’āknas (Al’ākno…), Пукимта (Пукимты…) ~ Pūкštas (Pūkšto…). If, however, the ending -а of a Belarusian surname is retained in Lithuanian speech, it may agree with other words in the feminine gender, cf.: Ti Šč’kā ravbudijus (lit.) 'There Pike built a house'. Belarusian dialect -о ~ Lithuanian dialect -a: Буйко ~ Buikà, Буч’ко ~ Buc’kà, Юшко ~ Juškà. Belarusian dialect -а ~ Lithuanian dialect -a: Ал’окса ~ Al’oksà, Апрэйка ~ Aprēškà, Блашка ~ Blaškà, Баротка ~ Barotkà, Баруйка ~ Barùikà, Буч’ка ~ Buc’kà, Вайнілка ~ Vainilkà, Глушка ~ Gluškà, Даніла ~ Danilà, Дыска ~ Dyskà, Замара ~ Zamàra, Зноска ~ Znoskà, Кагарка ~ Kaharkà, Кал’ада ~ Kalėdà, Кармаза ~ Karmàzà, Куц’ка ~ Kuc’kà, Лыска ~ Lyskà, Магудз’а ~ Magudz’ à, Міхна ~ Michnà, Мужыла ~ Mužilà, Налівайка ~ Nalivàika, Норка ~ Norkà, Рэвака ~ R’avokà, Рошка ~ Roškà, Свила ~ Svilà, Сарока ~ Sarokà, Стаціна ~ Stacinà, Штура ~ Šturà. Belarusian dialect -о ~ Lithuanian dialect -as: Бохан ~ Bòchanas, Баз’ук ~ Baz’ùkas, Баравік ~ Baravýkas, Васіл’чык ~ Vasil’čikas, Басін ~ Vāsinas, Вэштар ~ Vėštaras, Драп ~ Dràpas, Жаўн’эзык ~ Žaunerikas, Кулак ~ Kùlokas, Лібар ~ Libaras, Маўчан ~ Maucėnas, Пастранак ~ Pastarnòkas, П’этрык ~ Pėtrikas, Стакун ~ Stakūnas, Сыс ~ Sìsas, Улан ~ Ulònas, Ўл’він ~ Ul’vinas, Філіпчык ~ Filipčikas, Пішчак ~ Pišč’òkas, Ярмак ~ Jarmokas, Яромін ~ Jaraminas. Belarusian dialect -ø ~ Lithuanian dialect -us: this inflection is added to Slavic surnames ending in a sibilant: Burych ~ Bùrič’us, Kikich ~ Kikilič’us, Makhnach ~ Machnoč’us, Milosh ~ Miloš’us, Ramai ~ Ramoš’us, Savich ~ Savič’us, and to 62 surnames with the suffixes -ович, -евич; this same ending is also acquired by the surname Собал’ ~ Sòbal’us. Belarusian dialect -i, -y ~ Lithuanian dialect -as: Baravy ~ Barāvas, V’aliki ~ V’ alikas. Suffix adaptation In the vicinity of Gervyaty, Slavic surnames with the suffixes -(’)евич, -ович are most widespread (76 surnames, 24% of all surnames surveyed by us). These suffixes are rendered in Lithuanian in two ways. The first—the usual and traditional one—consists in replacing them with the suffix — (’)avič’us: Аўс’ук’з’віч ~ Aus’uk’avič’us, Б’арн’ук’з’віч ~ B’arn’uk’avič’us, Валанс’авіч ~ Valans’avič’us, Янц’авіч ~ Janc’avič’us, Вайц’аховіч ~ Vaic’akavič’us, Лаўрына́віч ~ Laurinavič’us (≈ 49 surnames). This way of rendering the suffixes is characteristic of local surnames, especially those that have long been well known to residents of the Gervyaty area. In the same way, surnames are rendered for people who appeared in the area comparatively recently and live in Lithuanian-speaking villages, even though they themselves are not Lithuanians. The other way of rendering the suffixes -(’)евич, -ович in Lithuanian is for them to take the ending -us while retaining their Belarusian sound: Радз’евич ~ Radzevič’us, Ал’хімовіч ~ Al’chitòvič’us, Пуховіч ~ Puchovič’us, Саковіч ~ Sakovič’us, Субатк’евич ~ Subatkèvič’us (27 surnames in all). This way is used for surnames in villages with a predominantly Belarusian-speaking population, where they occur in Lithuanian speech comparatively less often than those described above. In the speech of older Lithuanians, a way of rendering the Slavic suffixal combination -ск- with the combination -ck-, characteristic of many Aukštaitian dialects, is sometimes observed; e.g., Захароўскі ~ Zacharõckas, Каліноўскі ~ Kalinačkas, Казлоўскі ~ Kazlauckas, Лаздоўскі ~ Lazdauckas. Belarusian dialect -ан ~ Lithuanian dialect -ėnas: Майчан ~ Mačėnas. The surname Качан ~ Kačėnas, now extinct in the area, is rendered in the same way. Substitution of individual sounds. Belarusian dialect ’э before j ~ Lithuanian dialect -ie: В’эраф’йі ~ Verabiejus, Дараф’йі ~ Darafiejus, Міз’йі ~ Mizejus. Belarusian dialect х ~ Lithuanian dialect k: Ал’охна ~ Al’åknas, Бохан ~ Bòkanas, Стахоўскі ~ Stakauskas, Махнач ~ Maknõč’us. This substitution is characteristic only of the speech of the older generation of Lithuanians; it is not observed in the speech of younger generations of Lithuanians (under 50), nor in the Lithuanian speech of Belarusians. In one example, in accordance with the phonotactic rules of Lithuanian (see: Girdenis, 1981, 76), the Belarusian combination мл- at the beginning of a word is simplified: Млынкоўскі ~ Lønkauskas. In the Belarusian speech of Lithuanians, the second, “re-Belarusianized” form is used—Лынкоўскі. 63 3. Rules for Rendering Lithuanian and Slavic Surnames in Official Documents As already mentioned, we have called the forms of surnames that are currently used in official documents (in Russian) official forms. In many cases, the official form of a surname does not strictly correspond to any one of the currently existing unofficial forms—the Lithuanian form of Ger-vyat or one of the Slavic forms—and often represents a peculiar blending of these forms. The official form most often differs from the Lithuanian and Belarusian forms of Gervyat in the position of stress. Thus, Lithuanian surnames stressed on the final syllable receive stress on the penultimate syllable in the official form (see surnames ending in -a, p. 62, -is, -ys, p. 59). In some cases, Belarusian surname forms retain the stress of their corresponding Lithuanian forms, whereas when these surnames are rendered in the official form, they are stressed on the penultimate syllable, unlike the Belarusian and Lithuanian forms: Lith. Gerv. Kairys~ Bel. Gerv. Kairis~ off. Кайрис; Lith. Gerv. Kūlys~ Bel. Gerv. Кулис~ off. Кулис; Lith. Gerv. Šturlỹs~ Bel. Gerv. Штурлис~ off. Шту́рлис; Lith. Gerv. Vai-c’ulis~ Bel. Gerv. Vaič’ū’l~ off. Во́йтоль; Lith. Gerv. Savič’us~ Bel. Gerv. Савич~off. Савич; Lith. Gerv. Šuk’ālis~ Bel. Gerv. Шук’ā’l~ off. Шукель. It is noteworthy that in all the cases listed, the stress position in the official forms corresponds to that in the local Polish form, which, in accordance with the rule of Polish, is stressed on the penultimate syllable. The observed shift of stress is therefore apparently explained by the influence of the Polish forms of the corresponding surnames. In proposing this hypothesis, we take into account that until recently the local Polish language (polszczyzna kresowa, litewska, wileńska) served as the language of administration in the area under study, was spoken by the local gentry, and Polish was generally a prestigious language (Turska, 1982, pp. 19, 27, 37; Gaučas, Vidutiris, 1983, pp. 26–74, etc.). Since a surname’s form, and the surname itself, are important sociolinguistic characteristics of a person, it is understandable that the local population would seek to give its surname a form closest to the norms of the prestigious language. It should also be taken into account that, according to local residents, officially identifying oneself as Polish during the period of bourgeois Poland was associated with certain social advantages (for example, the right to purchase land). It cannot be ruled out that Polish influence also accounts for cases in which unstressed a in the Lithuanian and Belarusian forms of Gervyat is rendered as o in the official form: Lith. Gerv. Vaic’ulis~ Bel. Gerv. Vaič’ū’l~ off. Во́йтоль; Lith. Gerv. Mchnōč’us~ Bel. Gerv. Махнач~ off. Мохнач; Lith. Gerv. Maičėnas~ Bel. Gerv. Майчан~off. Мовчан; Lith. Gerv. Ramaikà~ Bel. Gerv. Раме́йка~ off. Роме́йко. This way of rendering a in the Lithuanian and Belarusian forms of Gervyat is also reinforced by the influence of Russian tradition. The following variants can apparently also be explained by the influence of Russian, currently the most prestigious language in the hierarchy of languages used in the vicinity of Gervyat: 64 spellings of surnames that reflect features of their pronunciation: a) variants with soft / hard r: off. Бурич ~ off. Бурыч, off. Ринкевич ~ off. Рынкевич; b) variants with soft / hard ч: off. Чепукойть ~ off. Чапукойть, off. Чеснойть ~ off. Часнойть. The Belarusian form of Gervyat Шашок ~ off. Шёхо also conforms to this pattern. It cannot be ruled out, however, that the first two forms with soft consonants may have arisen under the influence of Lithuanian; c) variants with ц ~ т: off. Марункевич ~ off. Мартинкевич, as well as the written rendering of ть in place of Belarusian ч' and Lithuanian с': off. Войтюль ~ Bel. Gerv. Вайчу'ль ~ Lith. Gerv. Vaičialis, off. Рекеть ~ Bel. Gerv. Рак'эй' ~ Lith. Gerv. Rek'acis, and also surnames ending in -оиц ~ -oicis, which are written with -оить. At present, it is difficult to establish whether Polish or Russian influence gave rise to the hypercorrections of Belarusian surnames of appellative origin: off. Соро́ко, Саро́ко < Bel. Саро́ка, off. Веробе́й < Bel. Верабе́й. The complex sociolinguistic situation in the vicinity of Gervyat and the changing status of one language or another at different times have left their mark in the abundance of variants of official surname forms today. Most of them combine Polish and non-Polish variants (or Russian and non-Russian): Данайло — Данила, Дрёмо — Дрёма, Лукино — Лукина, Колтан — Калтан, Махнач — Мохнач, Мацкела — Мацкёло, Пазлевич — Позлевич, Пуйша — Пуйшо, Пукита — Пукино, Субаткевич — Суботкевич, Тварогаль — Творогаль. The official variants of some surnames reflect variants in their pronunciation: off. Емельян — Эмельон — Эмилён — Эмилён (cf. Bel. Gerv. Аміл'ён, Lith. Gerv. Amil'onas). Lithuanian and non-Lithuanian official variants are few: Лукайтис — Лукойть, Сысас (!) — Сыс. This article has addressed far from all the problems associated with studying the functioning of surnames in multilingual settings. It seems that further expansion of the material studied will make it possible to substantiate more fully the assumptions and conclusions proposed in this work, as well as to shed light on questions that for one reason or another have remained outside our attention. A. ROMANČIUK SURNAMES IN CONDITIONS OF MULTILINGUALISM (Based on material from the environs of Gervėčiai) Summary The article analyzes the rules for rendering Lithuanian surnames in Belarusian and, in part, Polish, the rules for rendering surnames of Slavic origin in Lithuanian, and the ways these surnames are written in official documents. Lithuanian surnames are transformed into Belarusian and Polish according to the following rules: a) adaptation of Lithuanian endings: dropping endings or replacing them with Slavic ones; b) adaptation of suffixes: replacing suffixes, especially patronymic ones, with Slavic ones; c) sound substitution; d) shifting the stress in the surname. Slavic surnames are transformed into Lithuanian according to the following rules: a) adaptation of endings; b) adaptation of suffixes; c) shifting the stress, usually to the ending. 5. 1880 65 The article analyzes the relithuanization of surnames, that is, a process in which a Lithuanian surname is understood by local residents as Slavic and adapted according to the rules of the Lithuanian language. It was established that Polish-language norms influenced the writing of surnames in official documents. A. ROMANCHUK SURNAMES IN POLYLINGUALISM (Based on material from the environs of Gervėčiai) Summary In the article the rules of rendering Lithuanian surnames into Byelorussian and partly into the Polish language as well as the rules of rendering Slavonian names into Lithuanian and the ways of their spelling in official documents are analysed. Lithuanian surnames are rendered into Byelorussian and Polish according to these rules: (a) reduction of Lithuanian endings or abbreviations; (b) the adoption of suffixes: changing of suffixes, changing of vowels in suffixes; (c) sound change in the root; (d) changing stresses in the surname. Surnames of Slavonian origin came into the Lithuanian language according to the following rules: (a) the adoption of endings; (b) the adoption of suffixes; (c) the change of stresses. Relithuanisation of surnames is discussed separately. 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