Функционирование языков и билингвизм (На материале рамашканских говоров)

LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XXVII (1988) LIETUVIŲ KALBA IR BILINGVIZMAS BAJIEPMIOC YEKMOHAC GYHKLHOHHPOBAHHE S3bIKOB H BHJIHHT BH3M (Ha Marepuajie pamamkaHCKHX rOBOpPOB) 1. B crarbe ONMCHIBAETCH COBPEMEHHAsS COLMOJHHIBHCTHYECKAS CHTVAIIHA B ceBepo-BocTO4HOH 4acTH BopoHoBcekoro p-Ha I pojmeHcKoN 061. BCCP x no nas- HbIM YCTHOW TPaJHUHK DPEKOHCTPYMPYIOTCS OCHOBHbIe 3Tallbl €¢ HCTOpHH 3a IO- CIeAHUE NOJITOpa CTOJIETHA. Hccienyembie TOBOpbi pacnojIOxeHbI B (MHKpo) apeajie Mexkay JI. BeHSKOHH. Ilešsiunurec, IT 'epanėni, Ileperanusi, r. n. Bdponoso (cM. kapTy-cxemy 1). [anee 3TOT (MHKpO)apeas Ha3bIBaeTCS pamawkanckum (I. T epaHeHbi B Hero He BXOJmMmT). B 1959 r. nuroBckuii roBop a. PaMaurgaHiusi (TAT. Ramaškėnys) obcrenoBan MH. lyxuc. Vie Torna B Pamamkaunax H OKPECTHBIX JIEPEeBHAX JIKHTOBCKHH He ObLI A3bIKOM NOBCEAHEBHOrO OOmieHHs. „CeMeh, B KOTOPBIX JA0Ma pa3roBapHBaloOT MO- JIMTOBCKH, MAJIO, XOTS MOYTH BCE XHKTEJIH CTApIuOne 30 JeT YMEPOT rOBOPHTH NO-JIH- TOBCKM HJIH, ITO KPaHHEeH Mepe, IIOHHMAIOT 3TOT S3bIK“ ; OCHOBHBIM S3BIKOM Hacee- HHS cTan Genopycckuii MH, mo MHeHHIo Ū. llykuca, „TOJIbKO B IPHKOCTE/IBHBIX Ce- Jax H ObIBIIMX HMEHHSX B GOJIbIIEH CTEIICHH pacnpocTpaHHJici NnoJIberKHH“ (Mykuc, 1960, c. 177). B KosG6pe 1977 r. Hamu ObUIH CHEJIAHbI MATHHTO(DOHHbIE 3aINiHCH MEC- THOM JIMTOBCKOH, OeJIOpycCcKON H NOJILCKONH peur B A. Cranzambi (mr. Stan’is si) x TycaManusi (mr. Tusamon'ys)!. B uioiie-aBrycte 1983 r. npoBeneHo CIUIOWIHOE ! JIuTOBCKHE Ha3BAHHA [ePEeBEHb H LMTATHI H3 MAIMHHTOOOHHbIX 3alruCeH HAHbI B TpaHCk- punimax. CnoroBbie HHTOHALMH B rOBOPE BECHMA YAaCTO He HMEIOT (DOHOOrHYECKOro 3HAYCHHS. ThensHble HHĖDOpMATODkI (OcoOeHHo H3 a. CraHutrst BH Tycamauisi) CNOpaJLIH4EeCKH TPOH3HO- CAT KpaTkue ynapHbie (OOBIYHO B KOHLE CJIOB), a TAKXKe HHTOHAUMHA | / m | ~ | Ha nmMOTOHTHYE- CKHX COYeTaHHAX. XapakTepHo, “TO Ha3pauue Tusamon’ys Bee HHĖOOpMATODREI IPOHIHOCHT C Kpar- KHM /u/. ¥Y napHble KPATKOCTH H CJIOrOBbIe HHTOHALIHH YaCTO MOSBIISIOTCH B CIIOBAX MOA smbazon H HCIOMB3YIOTCH IUIS DEAJIM3AUKKH ONpeae/eHHbIX Odpa3oBbIxX KOHTYpoB. Takoe xe Habmionaercs H B Genopycckoil peur HHGOpPMaTOpPoB (0COGEHHO Tex, KTO Mepele Ha Gejiopycerkxi yxe B 3pe- JIiOM Bo3pacte). MonodroHru B NHTOBCKOH NHANEKTHOW pe“ AKUCHTYHPOBAHBI B COOTBET- CTBHA C TpaAHUHEH C Lebo cAenaTh WX 0osiee JIOCTYNHbIMH [UI YHTATENS. B sMToBCKHX TekcTax 3HaKOM [@/ oGo3mauaercs [ef Goiee UIMPOKOE, YeM B JTHTEPATYPHOM A3biKe (y GonbumMHCTBa HHPOPMATOPOB 3TO MPOCTO /"a/); TOYKA BBEPXY MOCJIE COTIACHOrO yKa3si- BACT Ha HEBE/IAPH3OBAHHBIN XapaKTep TBEPABIX LIHTIALIIHX H [r/; 3HAKOM /«/ OTMe4aeTCsH KpaTKui penynxposBaxusri /af; [3/ oGo3HaYaeT 3ByK CpefHero psna CpeaHero mombeMa (THMA PyccKoro HH Genopycckoro [‘ef). Besynapusie JOjIroTbI [UTS TOBOpa HeXapaKTepHbI. VilapHbie [IACHBE TO MUTATE MLHOCTH TIO- no6rei Geropycckum ynapusiM. KiHTHKH yaaperns oObMHO He HMEIOT; C JIOJITHM fa] cnopanm- 4MeCKH JTIOAM CTApUIero MOKONCHHS MPOH3IHOCAT MPHTAKATENBHOE MeCcTAuMeHHe -ma ‘mano’. 37 Tperbio COCTABJISIOT JIMA, CHHTAIOIIHe CEO IOJI5LCKOSBbIUHELIMH (,,A3BIKOBBIE NNOJIAKK“); OCHOBHONH 53bIK y HHX TAaKXe „MDOCTBGI“, HO INOJI5bCKHHĖ OHH 3HAIOT JIy4- ie H rOBOPAT Ha.HeM Vale, YeM NpeliCTaBHTėJIH NepPBbIX ABYX TpyriI. OueBUOHO, KaK H B JIDYTHX MECTHOCTSX JIMTOBCKO-CIABSHCKOTO MOTPAaHHYbS, JIMTOBCKHHŪ TOBOp B paMalllKaHCKOM apealie BbITECHSAJICH H BLITECHSETCH Genopyc- CKHM; HOJIbCKHHŪ Xe TO OTHONIEHHIO K HAM SBJIISIETCS AJICTpAaTHbIM H HE y4YacTBYeT B TIpOIIecCe HX B3aHMOJIeficTBHAa. Kak noKa3bIBAIOT coOpaHHbIE HAMH MATEpHAJILI, 3TO B OOIIEM BeDpHO JŲIS BHenIHerO HAaDJIIOJIATEJIS, ONEpHpyIPOJNIETO OTHOCHTEJIbHO GOJIbIHM MPOMEKYTKOM BpeMenH. [list HOCHTeJIeH ke CAMHX TOBOpOB (BHyTpeH- Hero HAOJINOJATEJIS) MEXAHH3MbI B3aHMOJEHCTBHS YKA3aHHBIX TOBODOB Hpe/icTaB- JAFOTCH HECKOJIbKO HHLIMH. OriKkpasiCb HA HX CYXJIEHHS H HAOJIOJIEHHS NpH aHa- JM36 JIMHAMHKH CONHOJIKHTBHCTHUeCKOJN CHTYALIHH B paMAINIKAHCKOM apeajie, Mbi CTpEMHJIHCb JKCUEpHMEHTAJIbHO BEDHOHUKHpOBATL OCHOBHBIE 3BEHLS TeOpeTHYEC- KOTO IfOCTDOEHHSA, KAKHM SBIISETCA tobast HCTOpHUeCKAS! peKOHCTPYKLHA. 3. Ilo pacckKa3aM xHTeJieh JlepeBeHb OCHOBHONH 30HBI, B HauadjIe BEKA JIHTOBCKHĖ OBbIJI 31ech npeobaaaroniuM S3bIKOM ODLIEHUS [UI BCETO CTApuIeTO HAaCeJICeHHA H nas HHXx caMux. Mo cnoBaM Ū. CaMantr (73 rona, TycaManiusi), NMPHPOAHOrO Ha- bmoaatens H. „CTHXHHŪHOTO COnHOJIHHTBHCOTA“, / maži ir s'an'i Žmėn'as c'ik kal'- b'šjo Vietūviškai / mano /t'3vas su méc’ina c'ik Vietūv'iškai / ani.s gūą3'iškai n'akal'- b'šjo /s'an'i Žmon'sas...an'i.s jajgu sus’ic’ifka tai c'ik kal'b'šjo lietūv'iškai / "Majibie H CTApbIe (JItOJIM) TOBODpHJIH TOJIbKO MO-JIATOBCKH, OHM MO-NPOCTY He ro- BODpHJIH; CTADpBIe JIOJIH TOJIbKO MO-JIMHTOBCKH TOBODHJIH, KOT/Ia BCTpe4aJIHCb ApPYr Cc Jpyrom’. AGconroTHOe 6ONLIIHHCTBO HCKOHHBIX JIHTOBLEB ObIO ABYA3BIMHBIM H CBOGO- HO Bjajgeno Gesopycckum rosopom. TemepeliHue CTApPHKH ycBaHBAaJIH 00a 3TH A3bIKA OJIHOBPEMEHHO, MPHYEM He MCKJIIOYEHO, YTO JAOMA OHH CJIbINIAJIH TIDpDEHMY- WIECTBEHHO JMTOBCKYIO peub. 3. Boiimmmc-Bamuukas (PaMaitukanusbi) yTsepkiaa- eT: / mano t'avai s’ilpnai gug'iSkaj kal'b'šjo / odar_agks’c’all (žmonės) n'amok'šį gūa'iškai | “MOH poANTENH IUJIOXO NO-IpocTY FOBOPMIIK; a ellie paHbune (oji) He yMeJiH [Oo-npocTy’. DTan JIMHTOBCKOTO O/JĮHOS3bIuHS, MOXOXKe, HalIHMH KHOOpMATO- paMH peKOHCTpyHpyeTCSHS, CAMH OHM ero He MOMHAT, HO CYILIECTBOBAHHE ETO NOATBEPXAAETCS TeM, YTO B PEAKHX CIy4asX pOJIKTEJIK COBPEMEHHBIX CTAPHKOB COBEPIICHHO HE TOBODpH/IH MO-NpocTy: 00 3TOM pacckKa3biBaeT 5. Y1kesuy: | ma_ mama k’itaip n'agal'šįo / c'ik I'ietuv’iskai | antra katt bobut’s_buvo v’@dus | zmog'@l'is gūd'iškai jis kal'b'šjo / iš jo mok’indlis / “Mos math mo-apyromy He yMeJia, TOJIbKO TIO-JIHTOBCKH; 6abyluka BTOPOIi pa3 BILLA 3aMYX, €€ MYX TOJILKO MO-NPOCTY TOBOPHJ, OT Hero Hay4ujaach'. OTrjgejibubie Galbyluku H KeHIIMHDLI, B Hayajie BeKa rOBOPUBLIHE TOJIbKO TO-IHTOBCKM, OBbUIM B 3THX JepeBHAX CBOe- 06pa3HbkIMH papHTeTAMH, pa3 3TO BPe3ajioch B IfaMSTb TeM, KOMY TOra Osu10 MeHblIe AecsiTh Jer (cp.: / ma_bobut’s n'amok'šį gūd'išk'ai n'ai I'ank’iskai / tik Pietiv'iškai | “Most 6abywika He ymesia HH MO-NPOCTY, HH TO-NOJbCKH, TOJIbKO no-autosck (A. Mykrjnejna, 1904 r. poxa., Cranumer). Anst erelį OCHOBHBIM S3bIKOM Y/IMIBI B HauaJie Beka ObL1 Gestopycckwii: | o tarpusav’i vajkai dažn'aūs'3i kal'b'3davo guy'iSkej / “a mexay coboii meru ro- 41 OYeHb OTpHIHIATEJIbHO OTHOCSTCH K JIMTOBCKOMY CBOHX MYXeii, peJIKO ero nmoHuma- HOT, H BCer/la 3JISTCS, KOT/ia IPH HHX rOBOPST TIO-JIMHTOBCKH. Mi HaOJIHOJIaJIH 310 B HacToOsuee BpeMs, Tak ObInIo, cyns mo paccka3aM HH()OpMATODpOB, B NPOLLUIOM. KeraTH, MyXKuMHbI-6eTOPYCBI K JIMTOBCKOMY S3bIKY CBOMX XeH OTHOCHTCH Gosee TePIMMO. Cyxenne ¢GyHKuMii JMTOBCKOrO roBOpa TPHBOAMIO K YKDEIUICHHIO MO3HIHI MpOCTOTO s3biKa, IaXe ECJIM JTO Cy)eHHe IIIJIO 3a CYeT paciuHpeHH1 QyHKUMIH 10JTb- ckoro. TakoB Obl, BUAMMO, OCHOBHOM MEXaHM3M CTHXHHHOH OejiOpyCH3alLiHH HCKOHHOTO JINTOBCKOS3LIYHOI'O HACEJICHUS B 3TOM Kpae. 4. ConnojiuhrBucTHueckas CHTyauus B PamamxaHCKOM apeajie pe3KO H3Me- HseTCS IOCJIe npucoeauHenns K ITlojibine GpiBui. Buaenckoro xpas H 3anamHoi Benopycnu. Kaszanoch 6bl, cMeHa rocy[apCTBEHHOTO f3bika He N0JKHa Obuia Obi CHIBHO ITMOBJIHSITb Ha Tepepacnpe/iciecHHe BHYTPEHHHX (YHKUMH JIMTOBCKOTO H npécToro roBopoB. OHako 3Ta CMeHa 3HaMeHOBaja COGONH HauajIO IITepHO/Ia le- JieHanpaBJIeHHON H HHTEHCHBHON IMOJIOH}3aLHH MECTHOTO HaceJIeHHs, Y4TO He MOTMMIO He CKa3aThCs Ha craTyce H (PyHKUHSX MECTHOrO IOJbCKOrO TOBODpa, KOTOPLIH OT- HbIHE CTAHOBMTCS NEHCTBEHHBIM (PaKTOPOM NpeoOpa3OBaHus TpaJAWUHOHHOIO Ms 3TOTO Kpast COHHOJIMHTBHCTHUecKOTO ,Janzimadra”. [Monbckuii Hacakaaicst H pacIiipocTpaHsJICA NO TpeM KaHajaMm, Ba H3 KOTOPBIX JiegžcTBOBAJIH H panbiie. Ilpexjie Bcero, AKTHBH3HpOBAJI CBOIO JEATEJIbHOCTh KOC- TeJl; BO-BTODEIX, IfOCJIE OTKDbITHS HaYaJIbHBIX HIKOJI HA MOJIbCKOM S13bIKE H BBE CHM 0083aTeJILHOTO Ha4aJIbHOTO OOpa30BAHHSA OYeHb BO3POC HpecTHxX TOH 4acTH Hace- JIEHHS, KOTOpasi H JO 3TOTO Okijia OpHeHTHpOBaHa HA MOJIbCKHĖ (YacTh XHTeJCH MNJISXETCKHX JiepeBeHb, NMPHKOCTEJIbHBIX cesl H Tipou.). M obcTosTenncTBa CJIOXHK- JIMCb TaK, YTO OCHOBHbIM „JIAHTBHCTHYUCeCKHM NMPOTHBHUKOM" TIOJIbCKOTO OKA83AJICH npex/Ie BCero JIHTOBCKHH. Ilns Toro GBUIO HECKONBKO MpHYMH. BO-mepBbIX, KAK Mbl YXKe 3HaeM, B pam- kax curyaumii | H 2 JIKTOBCKHŪ Obkiji HEMAapKHPOBAHHBIM, COHUMAJIbHO „CJIaObIM“ S3bIKOM. BO-BTOpBIX, CTOpOHHHKAMH MH HEMOCPEeACTBEHHBIMH MPOBONHHKAMH HOJIMTHKH TNOJOHH3AaHMM Ha MeCTax OKA3aJIHCb Hla, JIS KOTOPbIX MECTHbIA npOCThl A36IK OLGIJI, PakTHYECKH, OCHOBHBIM S35IKOM. Hakone, HeO0OXO JIM MO yuecTs, 4TO OKKynauus ObiBii. BujieHckoro Kpast HOpO/iiiia OYeHb HaNPSKEHHbIE OTHOLICHUS Mexay Oypxyasubimu JluTBož x Ilojnbimei. Bee 370 BMecTe B3sTO€ NPHBEIO K TOMY, 4TO B PaMauikaHCKOM apeaJtie CJIOXHIach aTMOCĖepa Ype3BbIYaiHO He0100- PHTEJIbHOTO OTHOIIEHMS K MECTHOMY JIHTOBCKOMY TOBODpy, H 3TO HMejIO OY€Hb BaXKHble MMOCIEACTBMSA JIS ero ĮAaJIbHeHuIHX cyned. Hamu uapopmaTopbl MOMHST, Kak B Hawaje 30-x rr. B KOCTeJax 4acTo 3ByYaso MO30PHO-3HaMeHMTOE: | 3’i'vas n'amėka k'itaip c'ik pa pdl'sku / “Gor me NOHMMAET MO-HHOMY, TOJIbKO IIO-IOJIbCKH' (3. Boiimmuc-Banmuxas)®. b. Vrre- 5 IIpoBOAMTHECSH B KH3Hb 3Ta Mes HaYaja ropasjio passe, eue B Kouue XIX — Badajie XX B., O 4M ECTb CBE/EHHSA B MEPHOAWYECKON NewaTH TOro BpeMeHH (cM., Hamp., Viltis, 1911, Nr. 93 (578), roe npmBoauTCs CireAyiou@s (pasa MECTHOrO XHTeNst M3-moa Acasbl, HbiHe BOpoHOB- ckoro p-msa: ,, Pan Jezus pa litousku nia havariu, ale pa polsku“). 45 į JIMTEpaTYypHELIĖ S3bIK He OKAa3aJI TJIYDOKOTO BJIKAHHSA, HO GOJILINHHCTBO HAINHX HHODOpMATOpOB MOXET IPH HeOOXOJIMMOCTH HeCKOJIbKO „OJiMTepaTypHBAaT5L“ CBOH 535IK H B 3TOM OTHOILIECHMH. 5. Pemraroniee 3Hadenue sa cyneb MECTHOTO JIMTOBCKOTO roBOpa H, CJIe/[0BA- TeJIbHO, [JIS COLUMOJIMHIBHCTHYECKOH CHTYyAIIMH B apeajie Boobie, HMEeJIH roast BTOpOif MHPOBO# BOHHELI. Kak M3BeCTHO, B 3THX KpasX NeHCTBOBAJIM OTPSIbI IIOJIb- CKHX HAIHOHAJIHCTOB — ,,6enbix nmapTusan®. JIrojiKH XOponIO 3anOMHHIA HX Bpax- JteGHbIe AeHCTBHS IIPOTHB MeCTHOTO Hacenenus. O6 3ToM paccka3bIBAJIH OYKBAJIbHO Bce HHĖDOpMATODEI, Mbl IIDHBOJIHM TOJIbKO OJMH M3 TakMX paccka3os: | par kara Pankai labai blogai su T'ietūv'sis al'g'as'i | bal’t’iéji būvo V'ankū partwizinaj / labai kapk’ino ir musa ir v'isa at'imda iš V'atuv'ū / pas mus v'isus rūbus at’s- m3 |...] gal’ sak'ic' kat kdžnunakc" at3ina ir kėžnu nake’ ko tai randa pajimc’ | ir dar pr'igani3'ina ir musa ir šaudo / su V'atūv'ais t*3p dara | ...] nurog'in'šjo kura nušauj'ic' kurd apr'stūkc' su kurū ir kas padarmic’ p'il'ack'is kūn'igas / “Bo BpeMsi BOHHbI IOJISKH OYeHb IUIOXO OOpalNajJiHCb € JIKTOBIJAMHM; ŠŠELUJIH GejIbIe TfAapTH3AHbI IIOJIbCKHE, OHH OYeHb MY4KMJIH H GHJIM JIATOBIEB, H BCE Y HHX OTHHMA- JIK; Yy Hac BCIO OJexAy 3a0pajJiK; MOTY cka3aTh, KAXKYRO HOUb INIpHXOJIKJIK H HAaXOJIKMJIH, YTO B3STh; H ellie IMyraioT, H OLIOT, MH CTDPeJISIOT, BOT Tak C JIATOBIAMH oGpautajJiHCb; YyKa3bIBAJI, KOTO 3aCTpeJIHTb, KOTO O0606paTb, kak C KEM o60RTHCL KceH23 Ilansugaū) (H3 T'epsannniex) (3. Boiuriuc-Bajrrauras). B roger Boiusi mo3TOoMy / kuršį dar ir mok'šjo [Pietuv’isSkai kalb3c' | tai is'ižad'šjo /sak's kat aš m'amėku ir aš n’> V'ietūv'is / daūk ték’u būvo žmon'ū / ‘KOTOpBIE ellie H YMEeJIH IO-THTOBCKH TOBOPHTH, TaK OTKA3AJIHCb; TOBODHJIH, 4TO SL He YMEPO, si He JIMTOBell; MHOTO GbiJIO Takux moze#’ (3. Boiimmmc-Banwukas). CrenoBaTeNIbHO, B JIATOBCKMX JACPEBHSX OCHOBHOMW 30HBI CKJIa/IbiBaJiach CHTYyaIHs THA 3, C TON pasHMLEeH, YTO JIMTOBCKMI, yTpaunBasi CBOH (DYHKIMH, CTAHOBHIICK SB3bIKOM IACCHBHBIM, A IOJIbCKHŪ B YCJIOBHAX THTJIEDOBCKONH OKKYTNMAUKH He MOT paciuHpHTb chepy CBOero QyHKIHOHHPOBAHHS. 6. Ilocje Benmrkoii OreuecTBeHHoh BOHHbI BO3HHKJIH BCE YCJIOBHS JŲIS BOC- CTAHOBJIEHHSA B paMAaINIKAHCKON 30He CHTyauuii THIOB | H 2, B KOTOpbIX OyHKIHH COCYILIECTBYIOIIMX TOBODpOB He ObIJIH Obl Pe3KO pa3rpaHH9eHbl, H OCHOBHONH S3bIK JUIS KAXJIJON H3 Tpyriū HacelneHus CTAaJI Obi 3THOONpe/]eJISIOLIMM. Ho cCOObITHSZ IIpOLIJIbIX JIET He TIpOLIJIH Geccneno. JIMTOBCKHI cTAJI He STHOONDpejIeJISIONLIHM, a TMPOCTO MAJIOpacIipocTpaHeHHbIM S3BIKOM I'PYNIbl HACENEHHS CTapInerO BO3pac- Ta. 3HA9HTEJILHO VYMEHbINHJIOCb KOJMYECTBO MECTHBIX XHTeJIeH, KOTODpbIe CYKTAJIH cet MOJIbCKOSI3BIYHBIMM TIOCJIe „penaTpHanHH“ u4acTH Hacenenus B Tlojisury. Io 970i ripHuuHHe TIOJIbCKHŪ TAKXKe CTAaJi NMPAKTHYECKH MACCHBHBIM S3bIKOM CTap- 1Iero NOKOJIEHHS JXHTesled BO BeeX cdepax, KpOMe KOH(peccHOHanbHOI. B pe3yJI5- TaTe CJIOXHJIACb CHTyauus 4, ,IPOABHHYTHINH BapMaHT KOTOpOH Mbl H Haburo- JlaeM B HACTOSIee Bpems: 4. 1880 | 49 DakTHYECKH Y BCEX PYM HACENEHHN OTMESEeHO OTDpHI|ATEJIbHOC6 OTHONICHHE K MECTHOMY GeJIOpyCCKOMY roBOpY, HO MPOSBJINETCS OHO B pa3HON CTEMeHH H MO pa3HkIM NMPHYHHAM. Jlaua, cuATalouUme CeOS MOABCKOSIBIYHBIMH, T. €. BIACIOIHe MNOJILCKHM, HO B TOBCEHEBHOH XH3HH MONb3YIOLIHECH NMPEHMYUIECTBEHHO NPOCTHIM S3bIKOM, TPAKTYIOT NpOCTh Kak | pdl'sk'i m'ašany z b'slorūsk'im|, xora m Moryr mpu- 3HaTh, 4TO OH | v'šncei podobny na b’slariski | (a. Bepxinu). UeM MeHbine OHH TOBOPAT IO-IOJIbCKH, TeM GOJbIlle COMHEBAIOTCK B CHPaBe UIHBOCTH TaKOH KBa- nnėkrKauga npčdcroro. | i amxyoa 63’djwbic’ maxi jasvik | — yIRBAANCK OKH H3 HanHX wHbopmaTopos. A momymas, cam cebe oTBeTHN: | ndascki am naa’dkay, 6’esdpycki ad 6'eaapycay, a npécmet — ad A'yd3'ėjį | (mn. Bepxūnn). Tlomsckos- 3bIYHOE HACE/ICHHE CKJIOHHO OYeHb pe3KO MPOTHBONOCTABIATD MOJLCKHH H MPOCTHI no chepam Hx ymorpebrenms: / Vug'i n'a xco Zéby po prostu do n'ix muv'il'i v kos’c’él’e / n’axcé do ks’énza gadae' tak jak do krévy / (a. Koupénuuikm). MecTROe JIHTOBCKOS3BIYHOE HACEJNEHHE ,,raBaphillh ma-npocTy“ mnepeaaer cnosamu [dud’'@n’c’ gūg'iškai |. I'ydac xe — | n'šį Jis_l'4nkas n’3i Vietūv'u n'sį... jis pac n’s>Zino | "HH OH NOJISK, HH JIKTOBEL, HH... OH CAM HE 3HAeT’: | jiė doku- mafitosa rššos...v'is'i 'ankai rašos /o jičė g'i v'isai n'3i p’irk’dn kal'b'šk Pank’iskai/ jie n'3mėka / "B NOKYMEHTAX OHH ITHILYTCH BCe MONSKH, A Om COBUEM HH CJIOBA NO-TIOJIbCKH He YyMeIOT' (foc. "B H36Y He rOBOPH HM MA-IOJIbCKH", T. €. Jake He 3I0POBAHCS C HHMH MO-MONBLCKH). MecTHble XHTEH, rOBOPAIIHE TOJIbKO MO-MPOCTY, CKJIOHHbI JOBOJBHO HeTKO NpOTHBONOCTABJISTb MPOCTHI JIHTEPATYPHOMY ŠGeJIOpyCCKOMY — S3BIKY IIIKOJILI, PajiHo, NEHTPAIbHbIX H PAHOHHOH raseTsl, TeleBHAeHHS. [10 MOHM HAOJIOJIEHHSM, 3TO MPOTHBOMOCTABJIEHHE OCHOBAHO HE CTOJIbKO Ha (AKTax S3bIKA, CKOJIbKO Ha caMoM akTe (CaMO)OTHECEHHOCTH K mOJiTkaM. B moBepHTenbHOI Gecejie OHH Mo- TYT HPH3HATBCS: | jakija mb! nas’axi| mei i na nér’cky we yméjom | (mn. Tapma- HALIKH). MeCTHBIH NONBLCKAN OHH MOTYT KBaIHHUHPOBATE Kak ,,IPOCTHI OIBCKK™, NOYEPKHBAs, YTO H MECTHBIC MOJISKH — He HaCTOSINHe, a HMEHHO MecTHbie. [10 cnosam Y. Kazakéd (Mapk6sumsna), [na néa’cky (nonskw) ia “aedpay’ | mer we pas’6’apom | (oun) na masypeky “amdpan’ |. Kak BHIMM, THNbI OTHOWEHHH K MECTHBIM TOBOpaM JOBOJBHO TOYHO KOD- PEJIHPYIOT C OCOBEHHOCTSMH HX (QYHKUHOHAJIBHOH HATPY3KH H CTENeHbIO pac- npocrpaHeHHOcTH. JIHTOBCKHH TOBOp — HaHMeHee PaCIPOCTPAHEHHBIH H (yHK- UHOHAJILHO HATPYXEHHbIH — OTPHIATE/IbHO MApDKHPOBAH y GOJBIIMHCTBA XKH- TeJleH apeana, T. e. AB/AfeTCH a6COMOTHO HempecTHXHBIM. TIPOCTHI x3bIK, HECOM- HEHHO, TOJIOXHTEJbHO MAPKHPOBaH IO OTHOIIEHHWIO K JIATOBCKOMY, HO SBHO He ABJIETCS BbICOKHM S3bIKOM. Ha 3TO MecTO B mpecTwXHONH HepapXHH IfpeTeH- AYeT MONBLCKHH, HO IO3KHUHKH ero SBHO IOJJOpBAHKbI H3-3a Y3KO# COepbI yriOTpeOJIe- HHS H 3HA4HTEJIbHO MEHbILICH PACIPOCTPAHEHHOCTH, YeM npdeToro. Takum o6pazom, IIpOCTbI ABJIAETCH HE TOJIbKO CAMBIM PACIPOCTPAHEHHBIM H CAMBIM GyHKUHOHAB- HO HarpyxeHHbIM A3bIKOM B apeajie, HO H B CHCTeMe IPECTHXHBIX ONEHOK OH 3a- HUMaeT camoe ripouHOe MecTo, Oyayum HeHTpaJIbHbIM. 4 51 NpOTHBONOCTABJIEHbI GoJiee NPeCTHXHOMY (OCOGEHHO B He[NAaBHEM IIPOMUIOM) NOJNBCKOMY A3bIKY. MMeHHO MO3TOMY H eCTeCTBEHHAs, H IieJieHaNpaBJIeHHAN IfOJIO- HH3AIHA NPHBOJHIA, B IEPBYIO OvYepellb, K OCJIAOJIEHHIO IIO3HIMHŪĖ JIATOBCKOTO roBopa, HO pacHpOCTPaHsUICK HM YKpeIUIAJI CBOH IIO3HIMH IIipex/Ie Bcero Gemopyc- CKHH, IIpOCTLI FOBOP, KOTOPHIH B CHTyallMH 3 Haya TPAaKTOBAaTHCA Kak COIHOJIHH- rBHCTHYSCKH (DYHKIHOHAJIBHBIH CTHJIb MOJBCKOTO. ĮlymMaercs, H3y4eHHe AHHAMHKA COIMOJIMHIBACTHYECKON CHTYAIMH B OT- JIeIbHBIX MHKpOapeaiaX JIATOBCKO-GeJIOpyCCKOTO HOTPAHUYbS IIOMOXKET HE TOJIb- KO Gojiee peaHCTHYECKH DPEKOHCTPYHPOBATH S3bIKOBYK) HCTODHIO 3TOH 30HH B HEJIOM, HO H HOCHYXHT CBOero pojia jJaGopaTtopHedf, NO3BOJMIONIEH HarJISJŲHO HAOJIPO/JJATb caMble HHTHMHBIE MEXAHH3MbI B3aMMOJICHCTBHS A3BIKOB, a TaKke npouecchl GOPMHPOBAHHA ITHHYECKOrO CAMOCO3HAHHA. * * * Vi3yuenxe roBopoB paMAIIKAHCKOroO apeana ČEUIO MPOJO/DKEHO BO BPeMs JIETHHX IKCITe IRIE 1984 u 1985 rr. B HAX yYacTBOBaNIH, KPOME aBTOPA CTaThH, cTyAeATH BIV T, Bodimmuc, B. Yap- Hadite, I’. Yepnaiite (3antaraBurae B 1986 r. mamioMesie paboThl, BLINOJIHEHHEIC Ha OCHOBE CVO- paBHbIX AME MaTepranos), E. Jlekapkuna, E. Kanssenaiite H xan. duno. Hay. JI. I'pymanese, HAYW9HLIŪ coTpymEuk MHCTHETYTA 3bIKA H JiaTeparTypsLi AH JIarosckoit CCP. Mckpersne Graro- JIAPHM TIepBOTO cekpeTapst BOPOHOBCKOro paiiomHoro komurera maptan H. H. Mockesnya H cex- peraps paiikoma H. A. Ilornsutama 32 OOMONIL B OpraHH3al[HH THX SKCINeEJIHIOAMĖ, JlaroBcrai roBop paMaurgackoro apeaJia J0XHBAaeT CBOH IOce are roasl. B 1983 — 1985 rr. yMepjia A. Myxknena, 5. Yrresaaų, C. ĮlyjioBuY; cOcTapHJICA H IpaKTH9eCKH NepecTa!!i rOBOPETH n0-JMTOBCKH Ū., Cmana; 3. Boiurakc-Barrmukasi Bee pexe roBOpHT IHO-JIHTOBCKH, IIOCKOJIbKY OHA NO4TH NOCTOAHHO NpOXHBaer B A. Jlamaxki; caMOMy MOJIOJJOMY HOCHTEJIPO DpaMAINKAHCKOMO ro- Bopa B. Boiturancy B 1986 r. HCIOMHAIOCH 55 JIET, HO-THTOBCKH OH TOBODHT HEOXOTHO H C TpyJIOM. Tomsxo B ceMse 3. x A. Boituraucos (PamMamkasifsl) ente H3pejika 3BYSHT JHTOBCKAA Peds. B GonsumacTBe NepeBenb apeana (3a HcKIIOZeHxeM Ileperanues m. HaBHsHkH) MOJIOJIEXNH NpaKTH4eCKH HET, MOITOMY AKTYAJILHOH ABISETCA 3ajiaua H3Yy4eHHA MecTHOTO ČejiOpycckoro ro- BOpA, BO3HHKINĖTO HA JIATOBCKOM CyOcTpaTe, H OCTATKOB IONBCKOM peun. V. CEKMONAS KALBŲ FUNKCIONAVIMAS IR BILINGVIZMAS (Ramaškonių tarmių pamatu)! Reziumė Straipsnyje aprašyta sociolingvistinė situacija šiaurės rytiniame Baltarusijos TSR Voronovo (Varenavo) rajono plote ir, remiantis gyventojų pasakojimais, rekonstruojama šios situacijos isto- rija per paskutinius 100— 150 metų. Parodyta, kad lenkų kalbos plitimas buvo svarbiausia vietinės lietuvių tarmės nykimo priežastis. 53