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Языковые контакты и словарь

Елена Ивановна Чарикова

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LIETUVIU KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI, XXVIII (1989) KALBU RYSIAI IR SAVEIKOS EJIEHA MBAHOBHA YAPHMKOBA A3bIKOBbIE KOHTAKTbI UW CJIOBAPb B ycnoBusx 2KH3HH Halle o MHO OHalMOHabHO O ocyape Ba, e paBHo- mpaBHO cyulecTBy oT Gosee c a HauMii uM HapomHoOcTeli, B ane oulHx Gomee 4em cTa TpHAUaTbIO A3bIKaMH HapowoOB CCCP, s3bIKOBble KOHTAKTbI HMeCIOT CBOH OCo- GeHHocTH. B COBpeMeHHOM COBeTCKOM A3bIKO3HAHHH 9TH BONPOCKI MpososKAIOT HaXOJIMTbCA B WeHTpe BHUMAaHUA, TeM He MeHee IIPHXOAMTCA OTMEYaTh, 4TO H3bICKa- HHA B 9TOH OONaCTH MOKa HOCAT 4aCTHBIii xapak Tep. OGs 4Ho OHH He BEIXOAAT 13 PaMOK OTJ€JIbHBIX HalHMOHAJIbHBIX pecnyONHK, HCCieqoBaHHA He OXBaTBIBAIOT pa3JIM4Hble JIMHBACTHYeCKHe apeasbI H BCIO CTpaHy B UeJIOM, e MOXKHO HabsK0- HaTb HEKOTOPbIe ASbIKOBbIe 3AKOHOMEPHOCTH H Pe TAK OCA3ACMO KOHTAKTHPOBAaHHe A3bIKOB H HX HOCHTeJeli B CBA3H C MU pallHOHHBIMH Mpo eccamu Hacesenus CCCP, @ TakKe pa3/IH4HBIM HalMOHAIbHbIM COCTaBOM HaceseHHA pecny6sHK. 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WHC. ... Kan. (buon. Hay. Anma-A a, 1959, C. 9. ? Kpsican JI. 1. Msossp ansie cnona COBPEMCHHOM pyccKOM a3bIke. M., 1968. C, 32—33. * Cnopaps coppemenxo o pyccxo o aaTepa ypHo o #3bika: B 17-TH Tomax. M..; JI., 1948— 1965; C osapb pyccxo o s3p Ka: B 4-x Tomax. M., 1981—1984; Tomkosp i COBapb PYCCKOTO A3BI- xa /Tlog pen. J]. H. Yu axopa. M., 1935— 1940; Cnopaps pyccko o s3b1Ka / Coc . C. HM. Oxe os / Tloa peg. H. FO. Wsenosoii. 13-e m3. M., 1981, 160 HBIX CTaTeii, IpMypO4eHHLIX K O4epeHOMY BbIIlycKy KaKO o-sIH60 cOBAapA M Yale BCe O OCBELMaIOWIMX OBIT ETO COCTAaBHTeJei, IPHBOUT K BLIBOJY, 1TO 9TH BOMPOCbl B HUX Takxe He OTpaxKeHbI H He HocTaBseHbI. CocTaBieHHe HANMOHAJIbHOTO CJIOB- Huka — TpyqHas, cepbe3Ha U OTBeTCTBeHHas paboTa, TpeOy oulad mpodeccuo- HaJIbHBIX HaBBIKOB aBTOPOB coBapeii H MX paxkaHcKoli nosunuu. 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