Лексическая диффузия

LIETUVIU KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI, XXVIII (1989) KALBU RYSIAI IR SAVEIKOS BAYECIIAB MMXAMJIOBM4 MAHBKMH JIEKCHYECKAA IMOoy3nA Camo nous T e ,,MexHayMoHambHoe oGmeHHe“ B cTpyKType OOmlecTBeHHEIX OTHOMIeHHM, XapaKTePHBIX JIA COBETCKOTO MHOFOHAlMOHAaJIbHO O o6mec Ba, BEICTYNaeT Kak CONMOJIMHTBHCTHYeCKad KaTe opua. MexHa MoHambHoe o6uleHHe — HeOOXOJMMOe YCOBHe yKpeleHHA HW pasBUTHA MPOYHOFO SKOHOMMMECKOTO Co}O3a COBETCKHX pecnyOMK, OCyUeCTBIeHHA SKOHOMMYCCKHX, MOMMTHYCCKHX, COMMadIb- HO-OBITOBBIX, KYbTYPHBIX H [py ux cBa3eli MexAy HallMAMH HM HapOAHOCTSAMH c paHb . STH CBaA3H IpHHHMaIOT XapakTep MHTCHCHBHOTO B3aMMoelicTBHA u Oby- COBNMBAIOT WHTeHCMBHOCTh M@xKHAIMOHAaBHOTO OOMIeHHA. Vu encusHoc b MexkHallMoHasIbHO O OOMIeHHA H COMPOBOXTa ollMe Ce IIpOLeccel MHTepHANMOHATM3ZAaNMH SPUMBI Ce OMHA BO BCEX OONACTAX KUSH COBETCKHX JIKO- nei — npou3BozcTBeHHOH, O6ulecTBeHHO-NOMTHYeCKOH, HAay4HOH, XyO%KecTBeH- HOM, (bu3KybTypHO-c lopTHBHOH, TypucTu4eckoli HT. 0. WHTeHCHBHOCTh MexKkHa- TMOHANBHOTO OOMIeHHA, B KAKO ObI OOZaCTH OHO HH OCyIeCTBIANOCb, BIPAKAcTCA npexie Bce o B YNNOTHEHHH HEMOCPeACTBEHHEIX ASHIKOBBIX KOHTAKTOB MO@KIY A3bIKOM MexKHalMOHaIbHOTO OOMeHHA — PYCCKHM HM A3bIKAMH Hal{MOHAJIb~ ypmmn. Ho uemoneyeckoe O6leHHe KaK TAKOBOE H, pa3yMeeTcsa, OOWeHHe MexKHAallHO- HaybHOe, B KOHEYHOM C¥eTe OCyIeCTBJIAeTCA Yepe3 JHUHBIe (BepHEe, SIH4HOCTHEIC) OTHOWeHHA jOMel, CBA3AHHbIX HeMOCpeACTBCHHBIMH KOHTAaKTaMH. B cnyyae MexXHANHOHaNbHO O akTa pe eBoli KOMMYHHKalMH, Ha KaKOM ObI A3BIKe OHO HH OcylilecTBIAIOCh, Nepey| HAMM Ba YeMOBeKA pasHOH HALMOHANBHOCTH, C pasiHa- HBIMH, CCIM Tak MOxXHO BbIPa3sHTbCA, CieludMyecKHMH YepTaMH Hal MOHaTbHO O XapakTepa, HOCHTE/IM pa3HBIX A3BIKOB, TICHXOOFHii, KYJIbTYP, Tpanwunl wT. 2. Vn epnanuonann3anua coseTcKo o o6pa3a 2KH3HM OTHIOZb He Mpeqmoma ac Yc¥e3HOBeHHA HanMOHabHO-c emmusecko o. B cse e ysenus B. VW. Jlenmxa, HA- TepHAal|MOHAJIbHOe He eCTb be3HalHOHAMbHOE. Cose cxue busocodpi H commomO H OTMe4AIOT, UTO ,,HHTePHAL|MOHAH3AaIMA He TOJIbKO He BeeT K HHBEMIHPOBKe BCCX aTpHOyTOB HalMOHAJIBHOTO, K JIMKBH Lal MCTOPHYCCKH COXKHBIIAXCH opM 2kH3- He esATebHOCTH TOTO HH HHOTO Haposla, e o Mpo peccHBHEIX OObIaes H TpalH- Hii, HO, HaNpoTMB, packpeMomlaeT BCe MOTEHI[MH HallMH, CO3TaeT HeOOXOAHMBICe YCHOBMA [JIA BCECTOPOHHETO MpOABJICHHA HalMoHanbHo o~ (cM.: MnTepHauHoHalb- Hoe M HallHOHasIbHOe B COMMAsIMCTH4eCKOM O6pa3e 2%KH3HH COBETCKO O Hapowa 1985, 191), 4 o ,,mpouecc HHTepHalHOHaTH3alMH 6ombmmuc sa cibep 2%XH3HH Hallle o oGulec Ba compoBoxsaeTcA POCTOM Hal{MOHaJIbHOTO camocosHanHua* (Bpomiei 153 1987, 3) Ha OCHOBe 9KOHOMHM¥eCKOTO, COlMasIbHOTO HW KYJIbTYpHOTO Upo pecca COBETCKHX Halli. j YnuIOTHeHHe HeMOCpeACTBeHHEIX A3BIKOBbIX KOHTAKTOB IPH MHTCHCHBHOCTH MpOweccoB MexkHAaHMOHAIbHOTO OOMWeHHA B COBpeMeHHBIi NepHon cbyHkuMOHMpO- BaHHA PYCCKOTO A3bIKa CTHMYJMpyeT HHTCHCHBHOCTbh NPOHUKHOBeHHA JIeKCHYeCKUX eHHHL B PycckHi Mp peasM3allMM e o B Ped Ha yPOBHEe MexKHAl{HOHAIBHOTO OOuIe- Hua. Ha6m oneHua Hay MpolleccaMH MpOHHKHOBeEHHA JICKCHYeCKHX eC/MHHI H3 Ha- I{MOHAJIBHBIX ABLIKOB B PYCCKHii Ha YPOBHE MexHAIMOHATbHOTO OOWIeHHA NpHBeIM Hac K BBIBONY O HasIM4HH B Ka2KOM 3 KOHTAKTHPYIOUIX C PYCCKHM A3bIKOB Ope- AeeHHOTO TacTa cBoeoOpa3Holi (bakTypHOM eKCHKH, KOTOpad MOxeT yHKIMO- HMPOBaTb B PYCCKOM A3bIKe, OCTABAACh BHe CFO CHCTEMBI, BbICTYNas B TO *Ke BpeMA B Ka eCTBe A3bIKOBOTO CpeCTBa BbIPaKeHHA HAaUMOHANbHO O KONOpHTa. Taky1o JeKCHKY MBI Ha3bipaeM AH@dPy3HOHHOL, a caM Mpouecc ee NPOHMKHOBeHHA B PYCCKHMi A3bIK IPH HHTCHCHBHOCTH MexKHAaUMOHAJIbHOTO OOWeHHA M yOIOTHeHUH S3bIKOBbIX KOHTAKTOB HallHOHAJIbHBIX ASbIKOB CPyCCKUM — JIeKcHYecKO nuddy- 3uei (No aHano HH MpuMeHeHuA 9TO O TepMHHa B (bu3HKe). B kHu e AiiGexa »Bemukuii my h“ (M., 1980) TombKo Ha 60 c. o6HapyxeHo 150 yudbdy3HoHHEIx y36eKCKHX JIeKceM: 6eiimb “aBycTMUIMA’, Haceaii “KeBaTeNbHbIi Tabak’, munMd- xXdua “MyXKcKai ToyOBHHa JOMa‘, cdunanyK ‘yKpallleHWe U3 YePHBIX TOJICTBIX Ie€JIKOBBIX HUTeli c cepe6paHbimn G6y6eHamMH H GaxpoMoii Ha KOHaX’ HT. ZT. B nosec u Il. Beiimenammesa ,,Ke man“ (M., 1959) Ha 175 c. 6onee 150 cnyyaes yno pe6nenua uddy3HOHHEIX KMp H3CKHX cuoB: Tysnap ‘cKka304HbIli KOHb’, Mmoado “MysIs1a, HyXOBHOe MUO’, cazadac i (ackoBoe O6pallieH e K eTAM) HT. 11. Apienue Wupy3Hn MoOxKHO HaOsIONaTb B JKOOOM pyCCKOM TeKCTe, OPHeHTHpPOBAaH- HOM Ha u300paxkeHHe HAaNMOHANbHO uM 3apy6exHo cneyupuKu. Hanp., B o ep- xe B. Kopo uya (O onex. 1987, Ne 35) oxon0 30 gucbdy3HonHeIx KuTalicKHx sJeK- cem: yeyx “3uMHuii oBopen’, my ‘n.~0,14 a’, wane “neHexHas eaMHMUAa’, mao- mai “Hanu ox’ wT. 4. B o4epxe A. Boposuxa ,,Bc pe umca y Tpex 2ypasseli< (O onex. 1987, Ne 30) axxe Hanmyec ByeT Gombiloce KOMMYeCTBO Audiby3HOHHEIX ad aHckux jIexcem Tuna Xeap “pexa’, modoaxed “IpoBOAHUK’ HT. 1, a Take ZuCp- Y3HOHHEIX CJIOB, KOTOPbIe OCBOCHEI PYCCKUM A3KIKOM M KBajMMUMpyIOTCA Kak 3aMMCTBOBAHHBIe — KUUMaK, Cypda, Yadpa, Myana HM Tp. Hammune B pyccKoli pedw JeKcHY¥ecKHX e2MHMI Apy o o A3bIKa Tak WM HHaYe OOBACHACTCA A3KIKOBbIMM KOHTAKTaMH, MIpAMBIMH (HeMOCpexCTBeHHBIMH) JI KOCBeHHBIMH (OnocpeqoBaHHbIMu). Ho B TOM UM Apy oM culy4¥ae TIpOHHKHOBeHHe JIEKCHYECKUX CIMHMIL U3 KOHTAKTHpyIOUle O AZbIKa OCYUIeECTBIAeTCA He CaMO 110 cebe, a MocpezcTBoM oGula omlmxca Mexay coboi mozeli, MpoxoAMT Yepe3 TBOp- weCcKOe CO3HAHHe JM4HOCTH — ABYA3bIYHO O MMcaTeIA, *KYpHAIMCTa, NepeBowuuKa (4M T1pocTo 4YeOBeKa, B KaKOli-TO Mepe 3HAKOMOFO CO BTOPBIM A3bIKOM). TiponukHosenue, pasymeeTcs, He O3HAYAeT 3aKpenIeCHHA HOBBIX JeKCeM B KOH- TAaKTHPYIOWeM A3bIKE, B CTO JIeKCHYeCKON CUCTeMe HM CiIOBape — ObuleynoTpebu- TeIbHOM JekcHKoHe. JIA TaKo o 3aKpenNeHHA HEOOXOAMMbI W3BECTHBIC ycOBUA, peasIbHad NOTpeOHOCTS HOMMHAUHH, OLyLaeMan OGIeCTBEHHOM A3EIKOBOM Mmpak- THKOM, HasIM4He B JIeCKCHKO-CeMaHTHYecKOil CHCTeMe JaKYHHO WIM BbICBOOOAUB- 154 weiica A4eiiKH, TOTOBOM BMCCTHTb HOBbIe 3HAaYeHHA, HOBOE TOHATHE, HOBY!O AIA 3aMMCTBYIOWe o A3bIKA MHCOpMAaLiO. Bunuu s He cnyyai Ho mpuGe aeT K MCHOsIb3OBaHHIO B pycckol pe4H cuIOB CBoe- TO POMHO O A3bIKa, OH Kak ObI 3AMMCTBYeT H3 POAHOTO ASBIKA .,Te NOHATHA HIM HX OTTeHKH, TY OKpacky, HaKOHeL, KOTOpble KaxKyTCA eMy HeEOOXOAMMBbI 110 Kakoii- nu6o mpuunne (Iep6a 1974, 69). Cxaxem, mpu ynoTpe6seHHu BYASbIMHbIM y36eKOM B pycCKOi pas oBOpHOii pe4H TaKUX COB POAHOTO ASBIKA, Kak wai - man, ad ipe, dacmapxan, Mamypoocan, xon!, 13bIkKOBaA HHTY HUA mlOACKa3bIBaeT eMy, 4TO OHM He COBCeEM TOXKNCCTBCHHBI PYCCKUM: “epm, XO1MbI, ckamepmb (cmoa), Mamypouu , sadno (xopowo)! Cocyniec By oulme B COSHaHHH 6unMHTBa jiBe NOHATHMHO-CH HUpHKATHBHBIe CeMacHOsO HYecKHe CHCTeMbI ABYX A3bIKOB B mpouecce meKcu4eckoii auysHu Kak Obl ypaBHOBeLIMBAaIOTCA, BbipaBHUBa oT- ca, H MBICIb HaXOHT a leKBaTHOe ClOBeCHOe BbIpPAaxKeHHe. O6unbuan anbdy- 3H B CHOHTAHHOM pyccKO pew ABYA3bIYHO O HAaCeJICHHA MOXKET 6niTh O6bAC- HeHa HM S3KIKOBBIM JeHIHTOM, HeOCTaTOYHBIM OGbEMOM PYCCKOFO JIeKCHKOHA y JIM HepyCCKOH HalMOHAbHOCTH, He3HAHHeM TOYHOFO 3Ha¥eHHA TO O HIM HHO- o pyccko o cyopa (,,koTOpoe BepTHTCA Ha sa3bike“), O6ycMOBIeHa MPHHIIMIOM 9KOHOMHH A3bIKOBbIX CpeCTB. B pesysb a e slexcu4eckoii audby3HH B seKCHKy PyCCKO O A3bIKa Ha YPOBHe MeXHalMOHAIbHOTO OOMICHHA NPOHUKaeT O pOMHOE KOJIMYeCTBO TaK Ha3. pe Ho- HaIbHO- HM JIOKaIbHOMapKMpOBaHHO seKCHKH, OOJIbIMHCTBO CAMHHIL KoTopoii ocTaeTcCd HeH3BeCTHBIM pyccKOMy OOUleNHTepaTypHOMY A3bIKy. 3a mocnemHee JecaTHsIeTHe B OTeYeCTBEHHOM A3bIKO3HAHHU MOABHJIMCh HHTC- pecHble TPY/bI, B KOTOPbIX JeslaeTCA MONbITKA COOpaTh MO OTACbHBIM ASBIKOBBIM pe HoHaM Takylo Aupy3HOHHY!0 JIeKCHKy B cBoeo6pa3Hble yioccapHl, CIMCKH, cnopapu (cm.: Tanbuenxo, 1975: Hasapos, 1984). Pa3ymee ca, pe ucTpalua audby3HOHHOH seKCHKH, H3y¥eHHe BOMpocoB ee (byHKUMOHMpOBaHMA, BbIABICHHe KOHHOTATHBHOM cnenm KH — BaxKHOe 3BCHO B ccHenOBaHHM Mpo6sIeM sASIKOBEIX KOHTAKTOB H IIpOleccoB B3aMMOBIHAHHA Hi B3aHMOObo allleHHsA A3BIKOB Hapozos CCCP, mu epa yp M KyJIbTyp. Tudysnon- Has JIeKCHKa 3ak1o4ae B cede HHOPMALMIO O HallMOHAIbHO-CHeUMPH4eCKOM KY JIb- TYPHOM HacyleqHM To o MIM MHOTO Hapoa Hal ed MHOFOHalHOHaJIbHOW CTpaHbl, HOMO aeT BBICBETHTh PeTPOCHeKTHBHBIT B3 IAT Ha HCTOPHIO OoubLIOTO H MaJIO- TO Hapola H OOLEKTHBHO OLeHHTh COMMAIIMCTHYECKOe lepeycTpoiicTBO e o 2kH3HH. Y swu esuc os HeT MOKa MOCTATOYHBIX OCHOBAHHM CHHTAaTh TaKHe auddy3Hou- HBIe COBa, Kak, Hamp. yoma, dapea, mupad, »Mupanu™, as2anbl, KOcbl (kacei) 4 MHOXeCTBO JPy HX 3aMMCTBOBaHHAMH, Beb OHH He OTBeYaIOT TeM MapaMeTpaM, TIpu3HakaM, KOTOpbIe YYCHBIe BBIABHFAIOT B KAYeCTBe JIMHTBUCTHYECKOTO ,,M@Hi1a- a“ Ha MpH3HaHHe HX COCTaBHO YacTbIO pyccKO O JIHTepaTypHO o JIeKCHKOHa (cm.: Kpsicun 1968, 49; Jenucos 1980, 108). TepMH#H 9K30TH3M IIpHMeHHTesIbHO K Takoii jeKCHKe MBHO yCTapeN, Tak KaK KBaMHKAUMA ,,9K3OTHYCCKAA jekcuka“ HCHOMb3OBAaNACb B MIPOULIOM, Ko ga peasbHad AeliCTBHTeIbHOCTh HepyCCKUX Ha- pogos, BxoAMBUIHX B cocTas Poccuu (6bIT, TpanunAn, KyJIbTypa), BOCIPHHUMasIach 3 ce WeHTpa CKBO3b POMAHTHYeCKyIO IPH3My Kak HedTO WaleKOe H AHKOBHHHOC. 155 Bosbumuc so aud by3MoHHbix jeKceM He 3aKsHOYaIOT B CeGe NOTeHIMH CTAaTE 3AHMMCTBOBAHHAMH, XOTA OHH H Mpeda a oT ceOa pyccKoi eKcHyecKo cucTeMe; 4TOOBI CTaTb 3AMMCTBOBaHHEM, COBO OIDKHO OFITB He TOKO NHHTBUCTHYeCKH a2anTHpOBaHHBIM, HO H aCCHMHJIMpOBaHO MICHXOJIO HYeCKM PyCCKHM s3bIKOBLIM cosHaHHeM. SToT (bakT No_TBepxKAaeTcA TeM OOCTOATeENBCTBOM, YTO MHOTHe 13 Au py3HOHHEIX seKceM, HeCMOTps Ha HeKOTOpy o anlanTalu o, cKaxKem, pacem- HO~POHOMOTM4eCKyIO, He OTBeYaIOT MIpH3Haky pe yiapHoc a pamMMaTHyecknx 3HaYeHH (OCHOBHOMY MIpH3Haky KaTe opuasbHOcTH) (cM.: Cynpyn 1975, 10) u Pe YAAPHOCTH B JIeKCHKe, MposBIAKOUelicA KAK B JIEKCHKO-CeMaHTHYeCKOi ciepe, Tak H Ha CeMaHTHKO-lapagqHTMaTH4eckoM yposHe (meen 1966, 10, 11). Luddy- 3HOHHBIC CIOBa (MOJHOCTbIO He OCBOeHHEI€ PyCCKHM s3bIKOM) xapakTepH3y loTos napaqM MaTH4eckoli HeOnpeslesIeHHOCTbIO, 3ABHCHMOCTBIO OT KOHTeKCTA; c TpaMMa- THH€CKOH TOYKH 3PCHHA, OT TAKUX CJIOB-CyM[eCTBUTeNBHLIX, Kak TmpaBusio, oBops- lle MO-pycckKH He OOpa3y!oT YMeHBIIMTebHbIe CyMIECTBUTeNbHBIC, YTO ABIIAeTCA O2HHM M3 IpH3HaKOB pe yJIApHOCTH MT. TL. B pycckos3p Hoi xyqoxecTBeHHOI wMTepa ype HalMOHAaJIbHBIX aBTOpOB, a Take B PYCCKOA3BIYHOH NYOMMIMCTHKe, B Apy Hx JMTepaTypHEIX KaHpax (Hay4Ho- NONY.AAPHBI O4ePK, NYTeBbIe 3AMCTKH H T. T1.), TeMaTHYeCKH c enHabHO opHeHTu- POBAHHEIX Ha ONMCaH e KUSH H ObITa TOTO uM MHOFO 9THO padH4uecko o pe no- Ha CTpaubl, Kaxkad eqMHMMa NeKcM4ecko o Ha6opa Audy3sHoHHO!i WeKcuKH — KaK PeSYIbTAT HENOCPEACTBCHHBIX AZBIKOBbIX KOHTAKTOB (QBYA3IUHEIH aBTOp) HH OmocpeOBaHHO (epeBoz4HK) — He TOKO CHYXKHT A3bIKOBLIM CpeCTBOM BBIpaxe- HHA HAMOHAIbHOTO KONOPHTa, HO M Kak ObI NpesCTAaBNAeT MHTepeceI CBOeTO PoL- HOFO A3bIKa, T. €. 3HAKOMHT COBETCKOTO YTaTeIA C TEMH HAlMOHAIbHBIMH CnoOBa- MH, KOTOpbIe HaMOosee OTYETIMBO BEIPAxKAIOT ,, yx“ A3bIKa, MOM4epKUBAaIOT e o HapOAHY!0 OCHOBY, HHBIMH CJIOBaMH, BEITOJHAIOT B PYCCKOM A3bIKe MeTAJIMHTBHCTH- yeckyi0 (YHKUHIO posHo o s3BIKa. J[ndpy3snonneie seKcu4ecKne eHHHUbI O6sa- AaOT PANOM CHleuMpu4eCKUX YepT: yNoTpeOsMeHHBIe B PyCcCKOM KOHTeKCTe, OHH Tpe6yioT ompenenenHbix cnocoG6os cemaHTu3alMH — MOcpescCTBOM aBTOpCKHXx PeMapoK, TOKOBaHAH Ip MOMOUIM pyccKHX CoB HT. 1. (Cp.: Kapanapom, mo ecm 4epHbIM HapOM OH npo3sbi6aAcA Hecnpocma. — 4. Aii mMaTos. Bypanus i nomyc a- Hox). Judy3HonHpie meKcempl, yno pe6neHHEIe B PyCCKOM TeKcTe, BXOZAT B KOHKPeTHBIe COYCTACMOCTHBIC OTHOMCHAA NO IpH3HAaKy CeeKTHBHOCTH C pyccKH- MH CJIOBAMH, HalIp.: 3uHdaHbl TeEMHBIe, KOWMA MSTKAK, CayKase BEICOKUIi, doica i- Asay TOPHBIli, KeHe- eKe YepHbIi HT. 0., OOpa3ya yc owumBbie c oBocoyeTaHHA (uxcupyemble y pasnH4HEIX AByA3bEHHEIX ABTOPOB, B Ppa3sIM4HbIX MPOH3BeNeHUAX). Alubbys onnas nekcuka xapak Tepu3yeTca OHM BaXKHBIM ToKa3aTenem — ona TPaH3HTHa. BKpanMBadch B pyCCKM WMTepaTypHbI TeKcT KaK HeOOxonMMoe, a nopoi u aBHO u36sITOUHOe CpeacTBo Mepenayn HalMoHasIbHO-cneuMuyecKko o, OHa He 3a/[epxKUBaeTCA B AKTHBHOM CJIOBaPHOM cocTaBe, B ,,lleHTpe pyccKo o o6mleyno pe6u embHo o seKcuKoHa, a BO3BpalllaeTcaA B KOHTAKTHY!O cpeay wun HenOCpeCTBCHHO B ,,1aMATb“ PONHOTO sA3bIKa (HALMOHANbHbIC JeKcHYecKHe ap- XaM3MBi). 156 Vccneyosanne mpo6seme slexcuyeckoii audy3HH pH KOHTAKTHpOBaHHH pyc- ckO o s3bIKa C A3bIKaMH Hapogos CCCP BecbMa uesecooOpa3Ho HM akTyaJIbHO, Tak Kak JlaeT HecseMOBaTesO KJOU K pa3zpellleHMso eToTO pa a MpoOseM, cyllecTBeH- HBIX [IX TEOPHH PyCCKO O ABbIKA KAK Cpe CTBA Me2KHALMOHAJIbHOTO o6m eHua. JIATEPATYPA Bpomaei 10. Ha wonambubie mpo eccs B CCCP: aoc uxenua w mpo6smeme // Mpapga. 1987. 13 exp. Taasuenxo H. E. Pnoccapui nexcuku a3b1KkoB HapowoB CesepHo o Kapxa3a B pyCCKOM s3bI- xe. OpmxonuKuse, 1975. J euucos I. H. JIexcuxa pyccko o #3bika M MpHHIAMIbI €¢ OMHCAHHA, M., 1980. Viu epnaunonasbuoe M HaunoHasbHoe B COMMasIMCTHYeCKOM oGpa3se KH3HH COBeTCKOTO wapona. M., 1985. Kpsicun JI. HW. Wnossp anpie copa B PyCCKOM A3bIKe. M., 1968. Has3apos O. Typxmexckue cosa B PyCCKOM ASBbIKe. Aumxa6an, 1984. Cynpyn A. E. Jlexcnueckaa cucTema a MeTObI Ce H3y4eHAA // Me op w3y4eHHs JeKCHKH. Muuck, 1975. Imenes JI. H. JIexcuxko-cemanTuyeckHe H3MCHeHHA B COBPe¢MCHHOM pycckoM s3biKe // PAHIM, 1966. N 3. Dlep6a JI. B. O noxa un cMemIcHHA A3bIKOB /[ WepG6a JI. B. Aspikopaa cuc ema # pexeBaa qea embHoc s. M., 1974.